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MANAGEMENT 16E
Stephen P. Robbins
San Diego State University

Mary Coulter
Missouri State University

Lori K. Long
Baldwin Wallace University
 To my wife, Laura
Steve

To my husband, Ron
Mary

To David, Henry, & Emerson

Lori

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Library of Congress Control Number: 2023922765

ScoutAutomatedPrintCode

ISBN 10: 0-13-809064-5

ISBN 13: 978-0-13-809064-7
 Brief Contents

Preface xxi
Acknowledgments xxx

Part 1 Introduction to Management 1

Chapter 1: Managers and You in the Workplace 1
Chapter 2: The Evolution of Management 21
Chapter 3: Making Decisions 46
Part 1 Management Practice 68

Part 2 Basics of Managing in Today’s Workplace 71

Chapter 4: Influence of the External Environment and the Organization’s Culture 71
Chapter 5: Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion 93
Chapter 6: Managing in a Global Environment 122
Chapter 7: Managing Social Responsibility and Ethics 144
Part 2 Management Practice 170

Part 3 Planning 176

Chapter 8: Foundations of Planning 176
Chapter 9: Managing Strategy 195
Entrepreneurial Ventures Module 219
Part 3 Management Practice 233

Part 4 Organizing 236

Chapter 10: Designing Organizational Structure 236
Chapter 11: Managing Human Resources 262
Chapter 12: Managing Change and Innovation 290
Part 4 Management Practice 318

Part 5 Leading 321

Chapter 13: Understanding and Managing Individual Behavior 321
Chapter 14: Motivating Employees 354
Chapter 15: Managing Groups and Teams 385
Chapter 16: Being an Effective Leader 409
Chapter 17: Managing Communication 441
Part 5 Management Practice 461

Part 6 Controlling 465

Chapter 18: Management Control 465
Planning and Control Techniques Module 493
Managing Operations Module 507
Part 6 Management Practice 518

Glossary 522 • Name Index 534 • Organization Index 547 • Subject Index 550
iii
Contents

Preface xxi
Acknowledgments xxx

Part 1 Introduction to Management 1

Chapter 1: Managers and You in the Workplace 1

Who Are Managers, and Where Do They Work? 1
Who Is a Manager? 2
Where Do Managers Work? 3
Why Are Managers Important? 4
Management Versus Managers 4
What Is Management? 4
What Do Managers Do? 5
Managerial Challenges Today and into the Future 7
Focus on Remote or Hybrid Work 7
Focus on Technology 8
Focus on Employee Well-Being 8
What Careers Are in Management? 10
What Skills Do Managers Need? 10
Why Study Management? 11
The Universality of Management 11
The Reality of Work 12
Gaining Insights into Life at Work 12

Boxed Features
Learning from Failure: Successful Managers Learn from Their Failures 9
Workplace Confidential: Dealing with Organizational Politics 13
Preparing For: Exams/Quizzes 14
Chapter Summary by Learning Objectives 14
Review and Discussion Questions 15
Preparing For: My Career 15
Ethics Dilemma 15
Skill Exercise: Developing Your Skills as a Manager 15
Working Together: Team Exercise 16
My Turn to Be a Manager 16
Case Application 1: Working with Artificial Intelligence 17
Case Application 2: Nike: Taking Customer Focus to a New Level 18

iv
 Contents v

Chapter 2: The Evolution of Management 21

Early Management 22
Classical Approaches 24
Scientific Management 24
General Administrative Theorists 26
Social-Person Approaches 28
The Early Advocates 29
The Human Relations Movement 31
Behavioral Science Theorists 32
Quantitative Approach 33
Putting the Quantitative Approach into Perspective 34
Systems and Contingency Approaches 34
Systems Approach 34
Contingency Approach 35
Recent History 36
The New Industrial Revolution: Technology and Computerization 36
Globalization 37
Sustainability and the ESG Movement 37

Boxed Features
Learning from Failure: Learning from Failing Start-up Businesses 29
Workplace Confidential: Looking Back to Move Forward 38
Preparing For: Exams/Quizzes 39
Chapter Summary by Learning Objectives 39
Review and Discussion Questions 41
Preparing For: My Career 41
Ethics Dilemma 41
Skill Exercise: Developing Your Skills as a Manager 41
Working Together: Team Exercise 42
My Turn to Be a Manager 42
Case Application 1: Uber’s CEO Gets Behind the Wheel 42
Case Application 2: Managers Still Need to Be Data-Driven 43

Chapter 3: Making Decisions 46

The Decision-Making Process 46
Step 1: Identify a Problem 47
Step 2: Identify Decision Criteria 47
Step 3: Allocate Weights to the Criteria 47
Step 4: Develop Alternatives 48
Step 5: Analyze Alternatives 48
Step 6: Select an Alternative 48
Step 7: Implement the Alternative 48
Step 8: Evaluate Decision Effectiveness 49
Approaches to Decision Making 49
Rationality 50
Bounded Rationality 50
vi Contents

Intuition 51
Evidence-Based Management 52
Types of Decisions 52
Structured Problems and Programmed Decisions 52
Unstructured Problems and Nonprogrammed Decisions 53
Comparing Decision Types 54
Decision-Making Styles 54
Decision-Making Biases and Errors 56
Using Technology to Improve Decision Making 58
Big Data 59
Artificial Intelligence 59
Machine Learning and Analytics 60
Technology and Human Judgment 60

Boxed Features
Learning from Failure: James Dyson: A Man of a Thousand Failures 55
Workplace Confidential: Making Good Decisions 58
Preparing For: Exams/Quizzes 61
Chapter Summary by Learning Objectives 61
Review and Discussion Questions 62
Preparing For: My Career 62
Ethics Dilemma 62
Skills Exercise: Select the Best Alternative Decision-Making Skills 63
Working Together: Team Exercise 63
My Turn to Be a Manager 63
Case Application 1: Making Decisions with Bad Data 64
Case Application 2: A Major League Baseball Rule Change 65

Part 1: Management Practice 68

Continuing Case: Starbucks—Introduction 68
Practice Your Data Analysis Skills 70

Part 2 Basics of Managing in Today’s Workplace 71

Chapter 4: Influence of the External Environment

and the Organization’s Culture 71
The Manager: Omnipotent or Symbolic? 71
The Omnipotent View 72
The Symbolic View 72
Reality Suggests a Synthesis 72
The External Environment: Constraints and Challenges 73
Defining the Environment and Environmental Uncertainty 73
Monitoring the General Environment 74
The Specific Environment 75
Managing the Environment 77
 Contents vii

Organizational Culture: Guiding Employee Behavior 78

What Is Organizational Culture? 78
Strong Cultures 79
Where Culture Comes From and How It Continues 80
How Culture Is Sustained 81
Remote Work and Culture 84
How Culture Affects Managers 85

Boxed Features
It’s Your Career: Reading an Organization’s Culture: Find One That Is a Right Fit for You 82
Workplace Confidential: Adjusting to a New Job or Work Team 83
Preparing For: Exams/Quizzes 86
Chapter Summary by Learning Objectives 86
Review and Discussion Questions 87
Preparing For: My Career 87
Ethics Dilemma 87
Skill Exercise: Developing Your Environmental Scanning Skill 87
Working Together: Team Exercise 88
My Turn to Be a Manager 88
Case Application 1: Environmental Uncertainty at HBO 89
Case Application 2: Organizational Culture at Vice Media 90

Chapter 5: Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion 93

Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in the Workplace 94
What Are Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in the Workplace? 94
Benefits of a Diverse, Equitable, and Inclusive Workplace 95
The Changing Workplace 97
Characteristics of the US Population 97
What About Global Workforce Changes? 99
Types of Workplace Diversity 100
Age 100
Gender 101
Race and Ethnicity 102
Disabilities 102
Religion 103
LGBTQ+: Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity 104
Socioeconomic Status 104
Challenges in Managing Diversity 105
Personal Bias 105
Glass Ceiling 105
Pay Inequities 107
Workplace Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Initiatives 107
Top Management Commitment to DEI 108
Mentoring 108
DEI Training 108
Employee Resource Groups 110
Measuring and Reporting on DEI Initiatives 110
viii Contents

Boxed Features
Workplace Confidential: Working in a Diverse Environment 98
Learning from Failure: Denny’s Answer to Its Diversity Problem 109
Preparing For: Exams/Quizzes 111
Chapter Summary by Learning Objectives 111
Review and Discussion Questions 112
Preparing For: My Career 112
Ethics Dilemma 112
Skills Exercise: Developing Your Valuing Diversity Skill 113
Working Together: Team Exercise 114
My Turn to Be a Manager 114
Case Application 1: Gusto: Making a Difference in Gender Diversity 115
Case Application 2: Bring in Diversity . . . and Then What? 116

Chapter 6: Managing in a Global Environment 122

Clarifying Terminology 122
A Brief History of Globalization 123
The Case For and Against Globalization 126
The Win-Win Argument 126
The Downside of Globalization 127
Globalization Today 128
What Does This Mean for Managers? 128
Different Types of International Organizations 128
How Organizations Go International 129
Managing in a Global Environment 131
The Political/Legal Environment 131
The Economic Environment 131
The Cultural Environment 132

Boxed Features
It’s Your Career: Developing Your Global Perspective—Working with People from Other Cultures 133
Workplace Confidential: Succeeding in a Remote Job 136
Preparing For: Exams/Quizzes 137
Chapter Summary by Learning Objectives 137
Review and Discussion Questions 138
Preparing For: My Career 139
Ethics Dilemma 139
Skills Exercise: Developing Your Collaboration Skill 139
Working Together: Team Exercise 139
My Turn to Be a Manager 140
Case Application 1: Glencore: Conducting Business in Countries Where Others Might Not 140
Case Application 2: Lululemon Power of Three × 2 Growth Strategy 141

Chapter 7: Managing Social Responsibility and Ethics 144

What Is Social Responsibility? 145
Two Opposing Views 145
From Obligations to Responsiveness to Responsibility 146
 Contents ix

Social Responsibility and Economic Performance 148

Corporate Philanthropy 148
Green Management and Environmental Sustainability 149
How Organizations Go Green 149
Reporting Social Responsibility and Sustainability 150
ESG Reporting 150
Managers and Ethical Behavior 151
Factors That Determine Ethical and Unethical Behavior 152
Ethics in an International Context 155
Artificial Intelligence and Ethics 156
Encouraging Ethical Behavior 157
Employee Selection 157
Codes of Ethics 158
Leadership at the Top 158
Job Goals and Performance Appraisal 158
Ethics Training 158
Ethics Officer or Committee 159
Protecting Whistle-Blowers 159

Boxed Features
Learning from Failure: From Greenwashing to Electric Cars 157
Workplace Confidential: Balancing Work and Personal Life 160
Preparing For: Exams/Quizzes 161
Chapter Summary by Learning Objectives 161
Review and Discussion Questions 163
Preparing For: My Career 163
Ethics Dilemma 163
Skills Exercise: Developing Your Trust Building Skill 163
Working Together: Team Exercise 164
My Turn to Be a Manager 164
Case Application 1: Chobani: A Different Kind of Yogurt Company 165
Case Application 2: Every Kid Fed: Addressing Childhood Hunger Through Social Entrepreneurship 166

Part 2: Management Practice 170

Continuing Case: Starbucks—Basics of Managing in Today’s Workplace 170
Practice Your Data Analysis Skills 174

Part 3 Planning 176

Chapter 8: Foundations of Planning 176

The What and Why of Planning 176
What Is Planning? 176
Why Do Managers Plan? 177
Planning and Performance 177
Types of Plans 178
Strategic versus Operational Plans 178
Short-Term versus Long-Term Plans 178
x Contents

Specific versus Directional Plans 179

Single-Use versus Standing Plans 179
Static versus Scenario Plans 180
Contingency Factors in Planning 180
Level in the Organization 180
Degree of Environmental Uncertainty 181
Length of Future Commitments 181
Objectives: The Foundation of Planning 182
Stated versus Real Objectives 182
Traditional Objective Setting 183
Management by Objectives 184
Contemporary Issues in Planning 185
Environmental Scanning 185
Using Artificial Intelligence to Support Planning 187

Boxed Features
It’s Your Career: Planning Your Time 181
Workplace Confidential: When You Face a Lack of Clear Directions 186
Preparing For: Exams/Quizzes 188
Chapter Summary by Learning Objectives 188
Review and Discussion Questions 189
Preparing For: My Career 189
Ethics Dilemma 189
Skills Exercise: Making a To-Do List That Works and Using It 190
Working Together: Team Exercise 190
My Turn to Be a Manager 191
Case Application 1: Johnson Controls Using OpenBlue to Reach Net Zero 191
Case Application 2: Living Up to Goals at Tesla 192

Chapter 9: Managing Strategy 195

What Is Strategic Management, and Why Is It Important? 196
Defining Strategic Management 196
Why Is Strategic Management Important? 196
Supporting the Strategic Management Process 197
The Strategic Management Process 198
Step 1: Start with Purpose: Identifying the Organization’s Current Mission 198
Step 2: SWOT Analysis 198
Step 3: Formulating Strategies 200
Step 4: Implementing Strategies 200
Step 5: Evaluating Results 200
Corporate Strategies 201
What Is Corporate Strategy? 201
What Are the Types of Corporate Strategy? 202
How Are Corporate Strategies Managed? 204
Competitive Strategies 205
The Role of Competitive Advantage 205
Sustaining Competitive Advantage 205
Examples of Differentiation Strategies 207
 Contents xi

Boxed Features
It’s Your Career: Learning Your Strengths and Weaknesses 201
Workplace Confidential: Developing a Career Strategy 203
Preparing For: Exams/Quizzes 210
Chapter Summary by Learning Objectives 210
Review and Discussion Questions 211
Preparing For: My Career 211
Ethics Dilemma 211
Skills Exercise: Developing Your Business Planning Skill 211
Working Together: Team Exercise 213
My Turn to Be a Manager 213
Case Application 1: Nvidia’s Gaming and AI Strategy 213
Case Application 2: Saving Lives Through Strategy at RapidSOS 214

Entrepreneurial Ventures Module 219

The Context of Entrepreneurship 219
What Is Entrepreneurship? 219
Why Is Entrepreneurship Important? 219
The Entrepreneurial Process 220
What Do Entrepreneurs Do? 220
Social Entrepreneurship 221
Side Hustles: A Hybrid Path to Entrepreneurship 221
Start-Up and Planning Issues 222
Identifying Opportunities 222
Researching the Venture’s Feasibility: Ideas 222
Researching the Venture’s Feasibility: Competitors 223
Researching the Venture’s Feasibility: Financing 223
Planning: Developing a Business Model 224
Organizing Issues 225
Legal Forms of Organization 225
Organizational Design and Structure 227
Human Resource Management 228
Leading Issues 228
Entrepreneurial Mindset 228
Personality Characteristics of Entrepreneurs 228
The Entrepreneur as Leader 229
Control Issues 230
Potential Control Problems and Actions 230
Exiting the Venture 230
Review and Discussion Questions 231

Part 3: Management Practice 233

Continuing Case: Starbucks—Planning 233
Practice Your Data Analysis Skills 234
xii Contents

Part 4 Organizing 236

Chapter 10: Designing Organizational Structure 236

Six Elements of Organizational Design 237
Work Specialization 237
Departmentalization 238
Chain of Command 240
Span of Control 240
Centralization and Decentralization 242
Formalization 243
Mechanistic and Organic Structures 244
Contingency Factors Affecting Structural Choice 245
Strategy and Structure 245
Size and Structure 245
Technology and Structure 245
Environmental Uncertainty and Structure 246
Traditional Organizational Design Options 246
Simple Structure 247
Functional Structure 247
Divisional Structure 247
Organizing for Flexibility in the Twenty-First Century 248
Team Structures 248
Matrix and Project Structures 248
The Virtual Organization 249
Offering Flexibility for Today’s Workforce 249
Remote Work 250
Flexible Work Schedules 250
The Contingent Workforce 252
Implications for Managers 253

Boxed Features
Workplace Confidential: Coping with Multiple Bosses 241
Learning from Failure: Return to Office? Workers Say No Way! 251
Preparing For: Exams/Quizzes 253
Chapter Summary by Learning Objectives 253
Review and Discussion Questions 254
Preparing For: My Career 255
Ethics Dilemma 255
Skills Exercise: Developing Your Acquiring Power Skill 255
Working Together: Team Exercise 256
My Turn to Be a Manager 256
Case Application 1: Making a Flat Organization Work at Punchkick 257
Case Application 2: Life as a Digital Nomad in Foreign Cities 258

Chapter 11: Managing Human Resources 262

Why Managing Human Resources Is Important 262
The Human Resource Management Process 263
 Contents xiii

External Factors That Affect the Human Resource Management Process 264
The Economy 264
Laws and Rulings 264
Demographics 266
Social and Cultural Factors 266
Labor Unions 266
Identifying and Selecting Competent Employees 267
Human Resource Planning 267
Recruitment and Decruitment 268
Selection 270
Technology in the Hiring Process 272
Training and Developing Employees 273
Orientation and Socialization 273
Employee Training 274
Developing Employees 276
Retaining Competent, High-Performing Employees 276
Performance Feedback 277
Compensation and Benefits 277

Boxed Features
Workplace Confidential: Job Search 269
It’s Your Career: Nailing the Behavior-Based Interview 280
Preparing For: Exams/Quizzes 281
Chapter Summary by Learning Objectives 281
Review and Discussion Questions 282
Preparing For: My Career 282
Ethics Dilemma 282
Skills Exercise: Developing Your Interviewing Skills 283
Working Together: Team Exercise 284
My Turn to Be a Manager 284
Case Application 1: Employees with Side Hustles: It’s No Secret 285
Case Application 2: Keeping Dealership Sales Staff from Leaving at Nissan 286

Chapter 12: Managing Change and Innovation 290

The Case for Change 291
Living with VUCA 291
External Forces for Change 291
Internal Forces for Change 292
The Change Process 293
The Calm Waters Metaphor 294
The White-Water Rapids Metaphor 294
Areas of Change 295
Strategy 295
Structure 296
Culture 296
Technology 297
People 297
Managing Change 298
Why Do People Resist Change? 298
Techniques for Reducing Resistance to Change 299
xiv Contents

Exploring Innovation 301

Creativity Versus Innovation 301
Disruptive Innovation 301
Breakthrough Innovation 303
Sustaining Innovation 303
Driving Innovation 303
Creating an Environment to Stimulate Innovation 304
Ideation 305
Incubation 306

Boxed Features
Workplace Confidential: Coping with Job Stress 300
Learning from Failure: Giving Up on Google Glass 308
Preparing For: Exams/Quizzes 309
Chapter Summary by Learning Objectives 309
Review and Discussion Questions 310
Preparing For: My Career 310
Ethics Dilemma 310
Skills Exercise: Developing Your Change-Management Skill 311
Working Together: Team Exercise 311
My Turn to Be a Manager 312
Case Application 1: Change from Within at Google 312
Case Application 2: Microsoft: Innovative Again 313

Part 4: Management Practice 318

Continuing Case: Starbucks—Organizing 318
Practice Your Data Analysis Skills 320

Part 5 Leading 321

Chapter 13: Understanding and Managing Individual Behavior 321

Focus and Goals of Organizational Behavior 322
Focus of Organizational Behavior 322
Goals of Organizational Behavior 322
Attitudes and Job Performance 323
Job Satisfaction 323
Job Involvement and Organizational Commitment 325
Employee Engagement 325
Cognitive Dissonance Theory 326
Assessing Attitudes 326
Can Artificial Intelligence Help Improve Employee Attitudes? 327
Implications for Managers 327
Personality 328
MBTI® 328
The Big Five Model 329
The Dark Triad 330
Additional Personality Insights 331
Personality Types in Different Cultures 332
 Contents xv

Emotions and Emotional Intelligence 332

Implications for Managers 334
Perception 336
Factors That Influence Perception 336
Attribution Theory 337
Shortcuts Used in Judging Others 338
Implications for Managers 339
Learning 339
Social Learning 340
Shaping: A Managerial Tool 340
Implications for Managers 341

Boxed Features
Workplace Confidential: An Abusive Boss 333
Learning from Failure: Troublesome Leader’s Personality 341
Preparing For: Exams/Quizzes 342
Chapter Summary by Learning Objectives 342
Review and Discussion Questions 343
Preparing For: My Career 344
Ethics Dilemma 344
Skills Exercise: Developing Your Shaping Behavior Skill 344
Working Together: Team Exercise 345
My Turn to Be a Manager 345
Case Application 1: Heat Waves Cause Employees to Walk Off the Job 346
Case Application 2: Getting Your Company’s Logo as a Tattoo 347

Chapter 14: Motivating Employees 354

What Is Motivation? 354
Early Theories of Motivation 355
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory 355
McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y 356
Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory 357
Three-Needs Theory 357
Contemporary Theories of Motivation 359
Goal-Setting Theory 359
Reinforcement Theory 360
Designing Motivating Jobs 361
Equity Theory 364
Expectancy Theory 365
Integrating Contemporary Theories of Motivation 367
Current Issues in Motivation 369
Technology and Motivation 369
Managing Cross-Cultural Motivational Challenges 369
Motivating Unique Groups of Workers 370
Designing Appropriate Rewards Programs 372

Boxed Features
It’s Your Career: What Motivates You? 355
Workplace Confidential: Feelings of Unfair Pay 366
xvi Contents

Preparing For: Exams/Quizzes 374

Chapter Summary by Learning Objectives 374
Review and Discussion Questions 375
Preparing For: My Career 376
Ethics Dilemma 376
Skills Exercise: Developing Your Motivating Employees Skill 376
Working Together: Team Exercise 377
My Turn to Be a Manager 377
Case Application 1: Motivating Employees Who Love the Outdoors at REI 378
Case Application 2: Motivating Under Constraints at Televerde 378

Chapter 15: Managing Groups and Teams 385

Groups and Group Development 385
What Is a Group? 386
Stages of Group Development 386
Work Group Performance and Satisfaction 387
External Conditions Imposed on the Group 388
Group Member Resources 388
Group Structure 388
Group Processes 391
Group Tasks 394
Turning Groups into Effective Teams 394
The Difference Between Groups and Teams 394
Types of Work Teams 394
Creating Effective Work Teams 397
Technology and Teams 398

Boxed Features
It’s Your Career: Maximizing Outcomes Through Negotiation 396
Workplace Confidential: Handling Difficult Coworkers 399
Preparing For: Exams/Quizzes 400
Chapter Summary by Learning Objectives 400
Review and Discussion Questions 401
Preparing For: My Career 401
Ethics Dilemma 401
Skills Exercise: Developing Your Coaching Skills 402
Working Together: Team Exercise 402
My Turn to Be a Manager 402
Case Application 1: US Women’s Soccer: A Team in Transition 403
Case Application 2: Taylor Swift’s Bonuses Cause Their Own “Swift Quake” 404

Chapter 16: Being an Effective Leader 409

Who Are Leaders, and What Is Leadership? 409
Early Leadership Theories 410
Leadership Traits 410
Leadership Behaviors 410
 Contents xvii

Contingency Theories of Leadership 413

The Fiedler Model 413
Hersey and Blanchard’s Situational Leadership Theory 415
Path-Goal Model 416
Contemporary Views of Leadership 417
Leader–Member Exchange (LMX) Theory 417
Charismatic Leadership 418
Transformational-Transactional Leadership 419
Authentic Leadership 420
Ethical Leadership 420
Servant Leadership 421
Emergent Leadership 421
Followership 422
Integrating Theories of Leadership 422
Traits 422
Behaviors 423
Contingency Factors 423
Leadership Issues in the 21st Century 424
Managing Power 424
Developing Credibility and Trust 424
Leading Virtual Teams 426
Leadership Training 426
When Leadership May Not Be Important 427

Boxed Features
Learning from Failure: Childhood Lessons on Failure 419
Workplace Confidential: Dealing with a Micromanager 425
Preparing For: Exams/Quizzes 428
Chapter Summary by Learning Objectives 428
Review and Discussion Questions 430
Preparing For: My Career 430
Ethics Dilemma 430
Skills Exercise: Choosing an Effective Group Leadership Style Skill 430
Working Together: Team Exercise 431
My Turn to Be a Manager 431
Case Application 1: Transforming the Fashion Industry at Stitch Fix 432
Case Application 2: New Endorsements Give Power to College Athletes 433

Chapter 17: Managing Communication 441

Understanding Communication 442
What Is Communication? 442
Functions of Communication 442
The Communication Process 443
Modes of Communicating 443
Barriers to Effective Communication 444
Overcoming the Barriers 446
Effective Organizational Communication 447
Formal Versus Informal 447
Direction of Flow 448
Networks 450
xviii Contents

Communication and Technology 451

The 24/7 Work Environment 451
Social Media 451
Artificial Intelligence 452
Virtual Meetings 452
Becoming a Better Communicator 453
Sharpening Your Persuasion Skills 453
Sharpening Your Speaking Skills 453
Sharpening Your Writing Skills 453
Sharpening Your Reading Skills 454

Boxed Features
It’s Your Career: I’m Listening! 447
Workplace Confidential: An Uncommunicative Manager 449
Preparing For: Exams/Quizzes 454
Chapter Summary by Learning Objectives 454
Review and Discussion Questions 455
Preparing For: My Career 455
Ethics Dilemma 455
Skills Exercise: Developing Your Presentation Skills 456
Working Together: Team Exercise 456
My Turn to Be a Manager 457
Case Application 1: Communicating as the Company Grows at Hootsuite 457
Case Application 2: No Meetings? 458

Part 5: Management Practice 461

Continuing Case: Starbucks—Leading 461
Practice Your Data Analysis Skills 463

Part 6 Controlling 465

Chapter 18: Management Control 465

What Is Controlling, and Why Is It Important? 465
What Is Controlling? 466
Why Is Controlling Important? 466
The Control Process 467
Step 1: Measuring Actual Performance 468
Step 2: Comparing Actual Performance Against the Standard 469
Step 3: Taking Managerial Action 470
Summary 470
Controlling for Organizational and Employee Performance 471
What Is Organizational Performance? 471
Measures of Organizational Performance 472
Controlling for Employee Performance 473
Tools for Measuring Organizational Performance 474
Feedforward/Concurrent/Feedback Controls 475
Financial Controls 477
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kotiin.

Liisa kiersi kätensä miehensä kaulaan.

— Ja minä kun luulin, että sinä kohta aivan kokonaan hylkäisit

minut.

Oli jo pimeä, kun he lähtivät taloon. Liisalla oli nukkuva lapsi ja

Hannes kantoi pikku Penttiä. Myrsky riehui heidän ympärillään,
mutta sitä he eivät huomanneet.
 Pellonveräjällä seisahti Hannes ja osoitti vaimolleen taloa, jonka
yhdestä ikkunasta vain tulet tuikkivat.

— Katso, talo on kuin suljettu kirja. Ei, se on niinkuin sokea. Minä

olin vähällä puhkaista sen silmät. Ymmärtänet, Liisa, että jos olisit
mökkiin jäänyt, eivät sieltä olisi tulet tuikkaneet yöhön.

Liisa ei puhunut mitään, puristi vain hiljaa miehensä kättä.

XXIV.

Muutamat työmiehistä olivat ehtineet ilmaista; kyläläisten tietoon

Liisan siirtämisen mökkiin jo samana päivänä kun se tapahtui.
Uutista levitettiin talosta taloon ja siinä oli verratonta juorunaihetta.
Jos oli kylällä ennenkin soitettu suuta Hakalan asioista, niin nyt sitä
enemmän, ennenkuin saatiin tieto, että Liisa liikkui emännän
tehtävissään Hakalassa niinkuin ennenkin.

Sitä tietoa ei saatu muutamaan päivään ja juoru kierteli. Oli

sanottavaa kaikenmoista. Useimmat vetosivat isään, vanhaan
Eerikkiin. »Niin se olisi tehnyt sekin, jos olisi osannut. Poika on
kätevämpi järjestämään.»

Juorut tulivat Hanneksenkin kuuluville ja hän kertoi siitä

naureksien Liisalle. Olivatpahan nyt kerrankin astuneet suohon.
Oikeat ihmiset häpeisivät tietäessään, miten oikeastaan asiat olivat,
mutta mitäs nämä. Aloittivat jostain toisesta. Oli suuri kansallinen
häpeä, että sydänmaiden asukkaat eivät tahtoneet edes huomata
tätä ilkeätä pahettaan. Valistunut kansa mukamas! Sydänmaalaiset
ruokkivat henkistä nälkäänsä roskajutuilla ja valheilla.

Oli sunnuntaipäivä. Ulkona pohjoistuuli lennätteli lumihiutaleita.

 Tuvassa oli hiljaista. Pitkän pöydän ääressä istui muutamia
miehistä kirjojen ja sanomalehtien ääressä. Toiset olivat menneet
perheittensä luokse.

Hannes istui keinussa karsinaikkunan ääressä lukien jotain kirjaa,

jäsenissä sunnuntaipäivän suloinen rauha. Liisa puuhaili lasten
kanssa heidän leikkejään järjestellen.

Saattoi hyvin siinä hiljaa keinahdella ja lukea sivun pari aina

yhteen menoon. Ei ollut mitään erikoista mieltä painamassa. Elämä
kulki nyt Hakalassa tasaisia lainaan. Palvelijatkaan eivät lakkoilleet.
Työn ilo oli tarttunut jokaiseen ja odotettiin vain talvea, jolloin pääsisi
taas talontöihin miesten väsymättömällä voimalla.

Iltapäivällä tuotiin sana Liisalle, että hänen isänsä, joka oli

sairastellut, oli nyt heikompi ja tahtoi ennen lähtöään puhutella
tytärtään.

Liisa meni Haanpään mökkiin.

Pienessä tupasessa makasi sairas vuoteessaan. Näytti pian

muuttavan uusiin oloihin.

— Hyvä, että tulit, virkkoi sairas hiljaa. Minulla on sinulle erikoista

sanottavaa ennen lähtöäni.

Vanhus näytti miettivän, miten aloittaisi ja katsahti avuttomasti

vaimoonsa, joka istui ikkunan ääressä. Tämä sai jotain asiaa
poistaakseen tuvasta ja vanhus aloitti:

— Olen kuullut, että Hakalassa on sattunut joskus yhtä ja toista

sinun ja Hanneksen välillä. Se on sukuvikaa sinussa, niinkuin ehkä
olet itsekin jo tullut sen huomanneeksi. Isoäitisi lopetti elämänsä ja
äitisi on minua piinannut sairaalla epäluulollaan ensimäisestä
avioliittovuodesta näihin asti. Näin tehdään miehelle perhe-elämästä
helvetti. Mikään ei ole sen pahempaa.

Minä en tiedä, miten teillä siellä Hakalassa nyt on, mutta koita
voittaa itsesi. Taistelun kautta päästään uuteen elämään.

Vanhus näytti odottavan.

— Minä olen jo voittanut, sanoi Liisa hiljaa hänelle ja sairas näytti

saavan rauhan. Puristettuaan Liisan kättä kääntyi hän seinään päin
ja sanoi epäselvästi.

— … sukuperintö. Kuka sen seurauksia saattaa arvata…

kolmanteen ja neljänteen polveen… puhu lapsillesikin.

*****

Liisa sulki isänsä silmät. Rauhallisena poistui hän tuvasta.

Vanhus oli häntä käskenyt puhumaan lapsille. Siinä olikin äidille

riittävästi elämäntehtävää. Kunpa hän voisi antaa mahdollisimman
paljon hyvää ja kaunista heille perinnöksi.
XXV.

Kevät oli tullut. Taivas kaareili väkevän sinisenä ja lauhkea etelätuuli

veteli juovia järvenselkiin. Laitumilla helisivät karjan kellot ja pelloilla
kylvettiin ja kynnettiin.

Oli kyntäjän ja kylväjän iloisin aika. Jalka painuu pehmeään

multaan kuin siunaten maata, joka antaa elämän kaikille.

Hannes katseli lupaavaa orasta, johon tuuli veteli tummia juovia.

Hyvältä näyttää, kun vain sadetta ja kauniita ilmoja riittäisi.

Valoisa ilme oli Hanneksen kasvoilla tarttuessaan taas

kylvövakkaansa. Pikku Pentti astui vakavana hänen perässään. Äiti
oli ommellut pienen pussin, josta Pentti siroitti siementä maahan
niinkuin näki isänkin tekevän. Se oli melkein liikuttavaa katsella.
Poikanen sanoi tahtovansa rakastaa maata niinkuin isänsäkin.

Puutarhassa penkoi äiti lavoja ja pieni konttaileva Pauli oli hänen

mukanaan. Pellolle, jossa Hannes asteli kylvövakkoineen, kuuluu
Liisan laulu puutarhasta.

Elämä kulki nyt tasaisena ja riemurikkaana Hakalassa. Ei

kertaakaan ollut sattunut sitten viime syksyn mitään vakavaa
perhekohtausta. Liisa tahtoi tuhlailemalla osoittaa luottamustaan
Hannekselle.

Pelto oli tullut kylvökselle ja Hannes aikoi mennä pihaan

auttamaan Liisaa istutuksessa. Tiellä tuli häntä vastaan nuori mies,
huonosti puettu ja kulkurilta näyttävä. Arkaillen hän lähestyi isäntää.

— Olisiko sitä asiaa?

Mies kertoi olevansa työnhaussa. Oli käynyt kaikissa taloissa tien

varrella, pääsemättä yhteenkään työansiolle.

Hannes tahtoi tietää, miksi mies oli joutunut kuljeksimaan ja miksi

häntä ei tehtaan työ huvittanut.

Mies kertoi vaiheistaan. Ei sanonut tehtaaseen menevänsä, vaikka

nälkäkin pakottaisi.

Joukossa on monenlaista, mietti Hannes. On miehiä, jotka

pakenevat maatyötä, on sellaisiakin, jotka kaipaavat maan kanssa
askartelua. Ehkä tämäkin edustaa niitä, jotka ikänsä kaipaavat
maata, saamatta sitä ennenkuin kirkkotarhassa oman ruumiinsa
pituuden ja leveyden.

— Kyllä sinä meillä työtä saat, jos vain teet sitä niinkuin mies.
Osaat kai sinä ojaa kaivaa?

— Kyllä. Minä olen mökkiläisen poika.

— No et tahtonut olla mökissä?

— Kyllä, mutta isäntä ajoi pois.

 Se oli vanha satu. Isäntä ajoi pois, kun mies oli saanut mökkinsä
hieman jotain antamaan. Tuhansia oli siten joutunut kiertolaisiksi.

Annettuaan lapion miehelle meni Hannes Liisan luokse

puutarhaan. Siellä oli jo Pentti auttamassa äitiä, niinkuin hän
innokkaasti selitti.

— Kuulehan Liisa, minä olen nyt juuri keksinyt jotain. Anna nyt sen
olla ja tule tänne istumaan, että saan puhua. Minä perustan
työkoulun.

Hannes keskeytti ja odotti uteliaana, mitä Liisa sanoisi.

Liisa seisoi siinä posket hohtavina, kädet mullassa.

— No?

— Niin minä teen. Äsken otin kuljeksivan miehen työhön ja

tästälähtien otan niin monta kuin tulee. Kyllä Hakalassa maata on,
vaikka sata miestä perkkaisi. Minä opetan heille työnteon taitoa ja
siitä koituu siunausta monelle. Katso nyt, Liisa, miten hyviksi
työmiehiksi meillä ovat kaikki oppineet. Ja kaikki ovat tyytyväisiä.
Tupa tuvan viereen kohoaa nyt useammille heille ja he saavat aivan
omakseen pienen palstansa, jota viljellen oppivat rakastamaan
maata ja opettavat lapsensakin sitä tekemään. Uskohan vain, että
tulevaisuudessa tulee näin käymään joka paikassa, mutta me
aloitamme nyt jo. Saammehan olla uranaukiasijoita. Mitä sanot
Liisa?

— Sinä olet niin hyvä… kunpa minä voisin siinä auttaa sinua.

— Kyllä sinä voit.

 — Mutta enhän minä mitään osaa.

— Osaat kyllä. Sinä opastat uuden »onnentupayhteiskuntamme»

vaimoja ja lapsia.

— Oletko sinä jo sille nimenkin keksinyt! Mutta eihän minulta riitä

aikaa. Omat lapset ja talous… Niissä on työtä.

— Niin kyllä, muta työtä ei ole koskaan liian paljon, eikähän sinun
aina tarvitse.

— Kyllä minä tahdon auttaa sinua, missä vain voin.

Hannes nojasi aitaan ja näytti kiinteästi miettivän.

— Kun nyt sinä vain onnistuisit siinä, sanoi Liisa kuin toteuttamista
epäröiden.

— Miks'en onnistuisi. Kalle saa taas palstan ja rakennushirret.

Hänellä
kuuluu olevan tyttö tiedossaan. Jo ensi viikolla aloitetaan rakennus.
Ennen ensi kesää on näitä pikku pesiä jo lukuisasti Hakalan maalla.
Mitä luulet siitä kyläläisten sanovan?

Hannes naurahti iloisesti.

— On hyvä, että heillä on toisenlaista puheenaihetta, virkkoi Liisa.

— Ja muustahan ei enää olekaan, sanoi Hannes ja puristi

vaimonsa multaisia käsiä, siten kiittääkseen häntä kuluneista
kuukausista.

Ruokakello helähti pihassa. Pelloilla riisuttiin hevoset ja lukuisa

työväki kerääntyi vainioilta pirttiin ja pihamaalle.
 Käki kukahteli hakametsässä. Tuuli toi pelloilta väkevää tuoreen
mullan tuoksua. Hannes sieppasi pojat syliinsä ja nosti korkealle
ilmaan.

— Ja näistä kasvatetaan terveitä ja reippaita työmiehiä.

— Niin, tulevaa polvea vartenhan meidän on työskenneltävä,

virkkoi
Liisa.
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