NIET; Greater Noida; Prepared by: ECE Department; Confidential

NIET; Greater Noida; Prepared by: ECE Department; Confidential

NIET; Greater Noida; Prepared by: ECE Department; Confidential
NIET; Greater Noida; Prepared by: ECE Department; Confidential
NIET; Greater Noida; Prepared by: ECE Department; Confidential
NIET; Greater Noida; Prepared by: ECE Department; Confidential
NIET; Greater Noida; Prepared by: ECE Department; Confidential
NIET; Greater Noida; Prepared by: ECE Department; Confidential
NIET; Greater Noida; Prepared by: ECE Department; Confidential
NIET; Greater Noida; Prepared by: ECE Department; Confidential
NIET; Greater Noida; Prepared by: ECE Department; Confidential
NIET; Greater Noida; Prepared by: ECE Department; Confidential
NIET; Greater Noida; Prepared by: ECE Department; Confidential
NIET; Greater Noida; Prepared by: ECE Department; Confidential
Cathode Ray Tube (CRT):
• A CRT has the following components:

1. Electron gun 2. Deflecting system 3. Florescent screen

Operation or Working:

• In the electron gun section, electrons are emitted, converted into a sharp beam and focused upon the
fluorescent screen.

• The electron beam generated by heated cathode and then passes through a control grid, a focusing anode
and an accelerating electrode.

• The electrodes are connected to the base pins. The cathode emitting the electrons is surrounded by a
control grid with a fine hole at its centre.

• The accelerated electron beam passes through the fine hole.

• The negative voltage at the control grid controls the flow of electrons in the electron beam, and
consequently, the brightness of the spot on the CRO screen is controlled.

• Deflecting system consists of horizontal and vertical deflection plates, which are used to send the beam
in appropriate direction on the CRO screen.

• Florescent screen is used for measuring the amplitude (voltage) in vertical divisions and the time period
in horizontal divisions.

• Phosphor (P31) is used as screen material on the inner surface of a CRT. Phosphor screen is protected
with a calibrated flat piece of hard plastic called “Graticule”.

• P31 layer of phosphor convert electrical energy into light. Thus portion of screen which is struck by
electron beam will emit light. Thus waveform appears on the CRO screen.

NIET; Greater Noida; Prepared by: ECE Department; Confidential

Digital Storage Oscilloscope (DSO):

Block diagram:

Operation:

• DSO means Digital Storage Oscilloscope. For digital operation it has ADC and DAC.
• DSO differs from simple CRO because it has memory.
• Attenuator unit attenuates the input analog signal according to DSO specifications.
• Offset unit removes the imbalances inside the amplifier.
• Amplifier amplifies the incoming signal if it is required.
• Now Analog signal is converted into Digital with the help of Analog to Digital Converter (ADC).
• Sampling rate is high in DSO compare to analog oscilloscope.
• Record control unit record the data and save it to word memory for further analysis.
• DSO used advanced triggering circuit.
• When triggering unit triggers timing and mode logic unit, then it synchronize the record and output
control unit.
• Due to storage capacity manipulation is possible at any time.
• Digital data can be obtained directly from output control.
• For analog output we have to convert digital signal into analog with the help of Digital to Analog
Converter (DAC).
• The final analog signal is applied to simple CRO for visual display.

NIET; Greater Noida; Prepared by: ECE Department; Confidential

Comparison of DSO with Analog Oscilloscope:

S. No.
Digital Storage Oscilloscope Analog Oscilloscope
(DSO) (Simple CRO)

1 DSO stores and analyzes the signals digitally. Analog oscilloscope cannot store signals.

Analog oscilloscope used normal triggering

2 DSO has advanced triggering circuit.
circuit.
Simple analog oscilloscope does not have
3 DSO has memory.
any memory.

Manipulations are possible at any time Manipulations are not possible at any time
4
because of read out memory is available. because there are no read out memory.

5 DSO has USB 2.0 port. It does not have USB 2.0 port.

Computer and Printer is attached using USB

6 Not applicable.
port.

DSO measure and displays all values in

7 In it tracing is required for all measurements.
numeral forms on flat screen (LCD).

Sampling Rate is higher than analog

8 Sampling Rate is low compare to DSO.
oscilloscope.

Smaller and finer adjustments in DSO are Smaller and finer adjustments in analog
9
easier. oscilloscope are not easy.

10 Complex circuitry. Simple circuitry.

11 ADC & DAC are required for operation. There are no needs of ADC & DAC.

12 Bandwidth is limited due to ADC & DAC. Bandwidth is more comparing to DSO.

13 DSO is more expensive. Analog oscilloscope is less expensive.

14 It can measure L and C. It cannot measure L and C.

It is possible to integrate or differentiate

15 Signal cannot be integrated or differentiated.
signals.

NIET; Greater Noida; Prepared by: ECE Department; Confidential

Comparison between Analog and Digital Multimeter:
S.NO. DIGITAL MULTIMETER ANALOG MULTIMETER

Leaves no doubt about the measured quantity. Wrong scale might be used, or might be read
2 incorrectly.

Superior resolution and accuracy. Inferior resolution and accuracy.

3
Indicates a negative quantity when the terminal Pointer attempts to deflect to the left of zero
4 polarity is reversed. when the polarity is reversed.

5 Not usually damaged by rough treatment. Can be irreparably damaged when dropped
from bench levels.

NIET; Greater Noida; Prepared by: ECE Department; Confidential

 FAQs
1. Draw the neat and clean diagrams of Ramp type Digital voltmeter (DVM).
10 MARKS [2011-12, 2012-13, 2015-16]

2. Draw and explain the Block diagram of Digital Multimeter (DMM). Mention its merits and demerits.
10 MARKS [2008-09, 2010-11, 2011-12, 2015-16]

3. Write down applications of DMM and explain in detail. 5 MARKS [2012-13]

4. Explain the role of trigger circuit in CRO. 2 MARKS [2015-16]

5. Draw the block diagram of Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO).

10 MARKS [2009-10, 2012-13, 2014-15, 2015-16]

6. Explain how we can measure the Voltage, Current, Frequency, Time Period and Phase difference
using CRO? 10 MARKS [2010-11, 2012-13]

7. Explain frequency measurement using Lissajous pattern. 5 MARKS [2015-16]

8. Draw the Lissajous pattern for fv = 3fh. 2 MARKS [2015-16]

9. Explain working of Cathode Ray Tube (CRT). 5 MARKS [2010-11, 2011-12]

10. With the help of block diagram explain the working of DSO. 10 MARKS [2016-17*]

11. Compare DSO with analog oscilloscope. 5 MARKS [2016-17*]

NIET; Greater Noida; Prepared by: ECE Department; Confidential

 SUGGESTED ANSWERS OF FAQs
1. Draw the neat and clean diagrams of Ramp type Digital voltmeter (DVM).

10 MARKS [2011-12, 2012-13, 2015-16]

ANS.

2. Draw and explain the Block diagram of Digital Multimeter (DMM). Mention its merits and demerits.
10 MARKS [2008-09, 2010-11, 2011-12, 2015-16]

ANS.

NIET; Greater Noida; Prepared by: ECE Department; Confidential

NIET; Greater Noida; Prepared by: ECE Department; Confidential
 3. Write down applications of DMM and explain in detail. 5 MARKS [2012-13]

ANS.

1. Checking circuit continuity.

2. Measuring dc/ac voltage and currents.

3. Measuring resistance.

4. Explain the role of trigger circuit in CRO. 2 MARKS [2015-16]

ANS.

5. Draw the block diagram of Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO).

10 MARKS [2009-10, 2012-13, 2014-15, 2015-16]

ANS.

NIET; Greater Noida; Prepared by: ECE Department; Confidential

 WORKING OF CRO

• CRT emits electrons that strikes the phosphor screen internally to provide a visual display of signal.
• Vertical amplifier is a wide band amplifier used to amplify signals in the vertical section.
• Delay line is used to delay the signal for some time in the vertical sections.
• Trigger circuit is used to convert the incoming signal into trigger pulses so that the input signal and
the sweep frequency can be synchronized.
• Time base generator is used to generate the saw-tooth voltage before it is applied to horizontal
deflection plates.
• Horizontal amplifier is used to amplify the saw-tooth voltage before it is applied to horizontal
deflection plates.
• Power supply: There are two power supplies, a –ve high voltages and a + ve low voltage supply.
• - ve HV is of the order 1000V to 1500V are required by CRT to genrater and accelerate an electron
beam..
• + ve low voltage is required for electron gun, which emits the electrons.
•
11 Explain how we can measure the Voltage, Current, Frequency, Time Period and Phase difference
using CRO? 10 MARKS [2010-11, 2012-13]

ANS.

NIET; Greater Noida; Prepared by: ECE Department; Confidential

NIET; Greater Noida; Prepared by: ECE Department; Confidential
NIET; Greater Noida; Prepared by: ECE Department; Confidential
12 Explain frequency measurement using Lissajous pattern. 5 MARKS [2015-16]

ANS.

8. Draw the Lissajous pattern for fv = 3fh. 2 MARKS [2015-16]

ANS.

NIET; Greater Noida; Prepared by: ECE Department; Confidential

9. Explain working of Cathode Ray Tube (CRT). 5 MARKS [2010-11, 2011-12]

ANS. A CRT has the following components:

1. Electron gun 2. Deflecting system 3. Florescent screen

Operation or Working:
• In the electron gun section, electrons are emitted, converted into a sharp beam and focused upon the
fluorescent screen.

• The electron beam generated by heated cathode and then passes through a control grid, a focusing anode
and an accelerating electrode.

• The electrodes are connected to the base pins. The cathode emitting the electrons is surrounded by a
control grid with a fine hole at its centre.

• The accelerated electron beam passes through the fine hole.

• The negative voltage at the control grid controls the flow of electrons in the electron beam, and
consequently, the brightness of the spot on the CRO screen is controlled.

• Deflecting system consists of horizontal and vertical deflection plates, which are used to send the beam
in appropriate direction on the CRO screen.

• Florescent screen is used for measuring the amplitude (voltage) in vertical divisions and the time period
in horizontal divisions.

• Phosphor (P31) is used as screen material on the inner surface of a CRT. Phosphor screen is protected
with a calibrated flat piece of hard plastic called “Graticule”.

• P31 layer of phosphor convert electrical energy into light. Thus portion of screen which is struck by
electron beam will emit light. Thus waveform appears on the CRO screen.

NIET; Greater Noida; Prepared by: ECE Department; Confidential

10. With the help of block diagram explain the working of DSO. 10 MARKS [2016-17*]

ANS.

Operation:

• DSO means Digital Storage Oscilloscope. For digital operation it has ADC and DAC.
• DSO differs from simple CRO because it has memory.
• Attenuator unit attenuates the input analog signal according to DSO specifications.
• Offset unit removes the imbalances inside the amplifier.
• Amplifier amplifies the incoming signal if it is required.
• Now Analog signal is converted into Digital with the help of Analog to Digital Converter (ADC).
• Sampling rate is high in DSO compare to analog oscilloscope.
• Record control unit record the data and save it to word memory for further analysis.
• DSO used advanced triggering circuit.
• When triggering unit triggers timing and mode logic unit, then it synchronize the record and output
control unit.
• Due to storage capacity manipulation is possible at any time.
• Digital data can be obtained directly from output control.
• For analog output we have to convert digital signal into analog with the help of Digital to Analog
Converter (DAC).
• The final analog signal is applied to simple CRO for visual display.

NIET; Greater Noida; Prepared by: ECE Department; Confidential

11. Compare DSO with analog oscilloscope. 5 MARKS [2016-17*]
ANS.

S. No.
Digital Storage Oscilloscope Analog Oscilloscope
(DSO) (Simple CRO)

1 DSO stores and analyzes the signals digitally. Analog oscilloscope cannot store signals.

Analog oscilloscope used normal triggering

2 DSO has advanced triggering circuit.
circuit.
Simple analog oscilloscope does not have
3 DSO has memory.
any memory.

Manipulations are possible at any time Manipulations are not possible at any time
4
because of read out memory is available. because there are no read out memory.

5 DSO has USB 2.0 port. It does not have USB 2.0 port.

Computer and Printer is attached using USB

6 Not applicable.
port.

DSO measure and displays all values in

7 In it tracing is required for all measurements.
numeral forms on flat screen (LCD).

Sampling Rate is higher than analog

8 Sampling Rate is low compare to DSO.
oscilloscope.

Smaller and finer adjustments in DSO are Smaller and finer adjustments in analog
9
easier. oscilloscope are not easy.

10 Complex circuitry. Simple circuitry.

11 ADC & DAC are required for operation. There are no needs of ADC & DAC.

12 Bandwidth is limited due to ADC & DAC. Bandwidth is more comparing to DSO.

13 DSO is more expensive. Analog oscilloscope is less expensive.

14 It can measure L and C. It cannot measure L and C.

It is possible to integrate or differentiate
15 Signal cannot be integrated or differentiated.
signals.

NIET; Greater Noida; Prepared by: ECE Department; Confidential