Unit 2 Computer Software | Windows OS | Translators and

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Computer Software
Computer software is programming code executed on a computer processor.
The code can be machine-level code, or code written for an operating system.
An operating system is software intended to provide a predictable and
dependable layer for other programmers to build other software on, which are
known as applications. It also provides a dependable layer for hardware
manufacturers. This standardization creates an efficient environment for
programmers to create smaller programs, which can be run by millions of
computers. Software can also be thought of as an expression that contrasts with
hardware. The physical components of a computer are the hardware; the digital
programs running on the hardware are the software. Software can also be
updated or replaced much easier than hardware. Additionally, software can be
distributed to a number of hardware receivers. Basically, software is the
computer logic computer users interact with.

Types of Software
Software is a set of programs, which is designed to perform a well-defined function. A
program is a sequence of instructions written to solve a particular problem.

Software is the language of a computer. And like human language, there are many different
computer languages. Essentially, computer software can be divided into three main groups
depending on their use and application. These are system software or operating system
referred simply as the OS, application software and programming languages. Usually most of us
interact with a computer using application software.

There are two types of software:

 System Software
 Application Software

1. System Software
The system software is a collection of programs designed to operate, control, and extend the
processing capabilities of the computer itself. System software is generally prepared by the
computer manufacturers. These software products comprise of programs written in low-level
languages, which interact with the hardware at a very basic level. System software serves as
the interface between the hardware and the end users.

Some examples of system software are Operating System, Compilers, Interpreter, Assemblers,
etc.

Here is a list of some of the most prominent features of a system software ?

 Close to the system
 Fast in speed
 Difficult to design
 Difficult to understand
 Less interactive
 Smaller in size
 Difficult to manipulateGenerally written in low-level language

Application Software

Application software products are designed to satisfy a particular need of a particular

environment. All software applications prepared in the computer lab can come under the
category of Application software.

Application software may consist of a single program, such as Microsoft’s notepad for writing
and editing a simple text. It may also consist of a collection of programs, often called a software
package, which work together to accomplish a task, such as a spreadsheet package.

Examples of Application software are the following:

 Payroll Software
 Student Record Software
 Inventory Management Software
 Income Tax Software
 Railways Reservation Software
 Microsoft Office Suite Software
 Microsoft Word
 Microsoft Excel
 Microsoft PowerPoint

Features of application software are as follows:

 Close to the user

 Easy to design
 More interactive
 Slow in speed
 Generally written in a high-level language
 Easy to understand
 Easy to manipulate and use
 Bigger in size and requires large storage space

Introduction to Operating System

An operating system acts as an intermediary between the user of a computer and computer
hardware. The purpose of an operating system is to provide an environment in which a user can
execute programs in a convenient and efficient manner.

An operating system is software that manages the computer hardware. The hardware must
provide appropriate mechanisms to ensure the correct operation of the computer system and
to prevent user programs from interfering with the proper operation of the system.

An operating system is a program that controls the execution of application programs and acts
as an interface between the user of a computer and the computer hardware.

A more common definition is that the operating system is the one program running at all times
on the computer (usually called the kernel), with all else being application programs.

An operating system is concerned with the allocation of resources and services, such as
memory, processors, devices, and information. The operating system correspondingly includes
programs to manage these resources, such as a traffic controller, a scheduler, memory
management module, I/O programs, and a file system.

Operating system as User Interface:

 User
 System and application programs
 Operating system
 Hardware

Hardware

Every general purpose computer consists of the hardware, operating system, system programs,
and application programs. The hardware consists of memory, CPU, ALU, and I/O devices,
peripheral device, and storage device. System program consists of compilers, loaders, editors,
OS, etc. The application program consists of business programs, database programs.

The operating system is a set of special programs that run on a computer system that allows it
to work properly. It performs basic tasks such as recognizing input from the keyboard, keeping
track of files and directories on the disk, sending output to the display screen and controlling
peripheral devices.

OS is designed to serve two basic purposes:

 It controls the allocation and use of the computing System’s resources among the
various user and tasks.

 It provides an interface between the computer hardware and the programmer that
simplifies and makes feasible for coding, creation, debugging of application programs.

The Operating system must support the following tasks. The task are:
(i) Provides the facilities to create, modification of programs and data files using an editor.

(ii) Access to the compiler for translating the user program from high level language to machine
language.

(iii) Provide a loader program to move the compiled program code to the computer’s memory
for execution.

(iv) Provide routines that handle the details of I/O programming.

Examples of Operating System are:

 Windows (GUI based, PC)

 GNU/Linux (Personal, Workstations, ISP, File and print server, Three-tier client/Server)
 macOS (Macintosh), used for Apple’s personal computers and work stations (MacBook,
iMac).
 Android (Google’s Operating System for smartphones/tablets/smartwatches)
 iOS (Apple’s OS for iPhone, iPad and iPod Touch)

Functions of OS

An operating system includes all the programs of a computer system that

control and monitor the operations of the system. Operating systems typically
consist of a kernel that manages the hardware of the computer, as well as basic
system programs that are used to boot the operating system and configure it.
We are going to discuss main functions of the operating system.

Functions of Operating System

Operating system performs the following functions

Booting
Booting is a process of starting the computer operating system starts the
computer to work. It checks the computer and makes it ready to work.

Memory Management
It is also an important function of the operating system. The memory cannot be
managed without an operating system. Different programs and data execute in
memory at one time. if there is no operating system, the programs may mix with
each other. The system will not work properly.

A program is loaded in the memory before it can be executed. Operating system

provides the facility to load programs in memory easily and then execute it.

Data Security

Data is an important part of computer system. The operating system protects

the data stored on the computer from illegal use, modification or deletion.

Disk Management

Operating system manages the disk space. It manages the stored files and
folders in a proper way.

Process Management

CPU can perform one task at one time. if there are many tasks, operating
system decides which task should get the CPU.

Device Controlling

Operating system also controls all devices attached to computer. The hardware
devices are controlled with the help of small software called device driver,

Printing Controlling

Operating system also controls printing function. It a user issues two print
commands at a time, it does not mix data of these files and prints them
separately.

Providing Interface

It is used in order that user interface acts with a computer mutually. User
interface controls how you input data and instruction and how information is
displayed on screen. The operating system offers two types of the interface to
the user;

(i) Graphical-line interface: It interacts with of visual environment to

communicate with the computer. It uses windows, icons, menus and other
graphical objects to issues commands.
(ii) Command-line interface: It provides an interface to communicate with the computer by

Types of OS
An Operating System performs all the basic tasks like managing file,process, and
memory. Thus operating system acts as manager of all the resources, i.e.
resource manager. Thus operating system becomes an interface between user
and machine.

Types of Operating Systems: Some of the widely used operating systems are as
follows:

Batch Operating System

This type of operating system does not interact with the computer directly.
There is an operator which takes similar jobs having same requirement and
group them into batches. It is the responsibility of operator to sort the jobs with
similar needs.

Advantages of Batch Operating System:

 It is very difficult to guess or know the time required by any job to complete.
Processors of the batch systems know how long the job would be when it is in
queue

 Multiple users can share the batch systems

 The idle time for batch system is very less

 It is easy to manage large work repeatedly in batch systems

Disadvantages of Batch Operating System:

 The computer operators should be well known with batch systems

 Batch systems are hard to debug

 It is sometime costly

 The other jobs will have to wait for an unknown time if any job fails

Examples of Batch based Operating System:- Payroll System, Bank

Statements etc

Time-Sharing Operating Systems

Each task is given some time to execute, so that all the tasks work smoothly.
Each user gets time of CPU as they use single system. These systems are also
known as Multitasking Systems. The task can be from single user or from
different users also. The time that each task gets to execute is called quantum.
After this time interval is over OS switches over to next task.

Advantages of Time-Sharing OS:

 Each task gets an equal opportunity

 Less chances of duplication of software
 CPU idle time can be reduced

Disadvantages of Time-Sharing OS:

 Reliability problem
 One must have to take care of security and integrity of user programs and data
 Data communication problem

Examples of Time-Sharing OSs are: Multics, Unix etc.

Distributed Operating System

These types of operating system is a recent advancement in the world of
computer technology and are being widely accepted all-over the world and, that
too, with a great pace. Various autonomous interconnected computers
communicate with each other using a shared communication network.
Independent systems possess their own memory unit and CPU. These are
referred as loosely coupled systems or distributed systems. These system’s
processors differ in size and function. The major benefit of working with these
types of operating system is that it is always possible that one user can access
the files or software which are not actually present on his system but on some
other system connected within this network i.e., remote access is enabled
within the devices connected in that network.

Advantages of Distributed Operating System:

 Failure of one will not affect the other network communication, as all systems
are independent from each other
 Electronic mail increases the data exchange speed
 Since resources are being shared, computation is highly fast and durable
  Load on host computer reduces
 These systems are easily scalable as many systems can be easily added to the
network
 Delay in data processing reduces

Disadvantages of Distributed Operating System:-

 Failure of the main network will stop the entire communication

 To establish distributed systems the language which are used are not well
defined yet
 These types of systems are not readily available as they are very expensive. Not
only that the underlying software is highly complex and not understood well yet

Examples of Distributed Operating System are- LOCUS etc

Network Operating System

These systems run on a server and provide the capability to manage data, users,
groups, security, applications, and other networking functions. These type of
operating systems allow shared access of files, printers, security, applications,
and other networking functions over a small private network. One more
important aspect of Network Operating Systems is that all the users are well
aware of the underlying configuration, of all other users within the network,
their individual connections etc. and that’s why these computers are popularly
known as tightly coupled systems.

Advantages of Network Operating System:

 Highly stable centralized servers

 Security concerns are handled through servers
 New technologies and hardware up-gradation are easily integrated to the
system
 Server access are possible remotely from different locations and types of
systems

Disadvantages of Network Operating System:

 Servers are costly

 User has to depend on central location for most operations
 Maintenance and Updates are required regularly

Examples of Network Operating System are:- Microsoft Windows Server

2003, Microsoft Windows Server 2008, UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X, Novell NetWare,
and BSD etc.

Real-Time Operating System

These types of OSs serves the real-time systems. The time interval required to
process and respond to inputs is very small. This time interval is called response
time.

Real-time systems are used when there are time requirements are very strict
like missile systems, air traffic control systems, robots etc.

Advantages of RTOS:

 Maximum Consumption: Maximum utilization of devices and system,thus more

output from all the resources
 Task Shifting: Time assigned for shifting tasks in these systems are very less.
For example in older systems it takes about 10 micro seconds in shifting one
task to another and in latest systems it takes 3 micro seconds.
 Focus on Application: Focus on running applications and less importance to
applications which are in queue.
 Real time operating system in embedded system: Since size of programs are
small, RTOS can also be used in embedded systems like in transport and others.
 Error Free: These types of systems are error free.
 Memory Allocation: Memory allocation is best managed in these type of systems.

Disadvantages of RTOS:

 Limited Tasks: Very few tasks run at the same time and their concentration is
very less on few applications to avoid errors.
 Use heavy system resources: Sometimes the system resources are not so good
and they are expensive as well.
 Complex Algorithms: The algorithms are very complex and difficult for the
designer to write on.
 Device driver and interrupt signals: It needs specific device drivers and interrupt
signals to response earliest to interrupts.
 Thread Priority: It is not good to set thread priority as these systems are very
less prone to switching tasks.

Examples of Real-Time Operating Systems are:- Scientific experiments,

medical imaging systems, industrial control systems, weapon systems, robots,
air traffic control systems, etc.

Booting procedure
Booting Procedure

Booting (also known as booting up) is the initial set of operations that a computer system
performs when electrical power is switched on. The process begins when a computer that has
been turned off is re-energized, and ends when the computer is ready to perform its normal
operations. On modern general purpose computers, this can take tens of seconds and typically
involves performing power-on self-test, locating and initializing peripheral devices, and then
finding, loading and starting an operating system. Many computer systems also allow these
operations to be initiated by a software command without cycling power, in what is known as a
soft reboot, though some of the initial operations might be skipped on a soft reboot. A boot
loader is a computer program that loads the main operating system or runtime environment for
the computer after completion of self-tests.

The computer term boot is short for bootstrap or bootstrap load and derives from the phrase to
pull oneself up by one’s bootstraps. The usage calls attention to the paradox that a computer
cannot run without first loading software but some software must run before any software can
be loaded. Early computers used a variety of ad-hoc methods to get a fragment of software
into memory to solve this problem. The invention of integrated circuit Read-only memory (ROM)
of various types solved the paradox by allowing computers to be shipped with a startup
program that could not be erased, but growth in the size of ROM has allowed ever more
elaborate start up procedures to be implemented.

There are numerous examples of single and multi-stage boot sequences that begin with the
execution of boot program(s) stored in boot ROMs. During the booting process, the binary code
of an operating system or runtime environment may be loaded from nonvolatile secondary
storage (such as a hard disk drive) into volatile, or random-access memory (RAM) and then
executed. Some simpler embedded systems do not require a noticeable boot sequence to begin
functioning and may simply run operational programs stored in read-only memory (ROM) when
turned on.
The order of booting:

In order for a computer to successfully boot, its BIOS, operating system and hardware
components must all be working properly; failure of any one of these three elements will likely
result in a failed boot sequence.

When the computer’s power is first turned on, the CPU initializes itself, which is triggered by a
series of clock ticks generated by the system clock. Part of the CPU’s initialization is to look to
the system’s ROM BIOS for its first instruction in the startup program. The ROM BIOS stores the
first instruction, which is the instruction to run the power-on self-test (POST), in a
predetermined memory address. POST begins by checking the BIOS chip and then tests CMOS
RAM. If the POST does not detect a battery failure, it then continues to initialize the CPU,
checking the inventoried hardware devices (such as the video card), secondary storage
devices, such as hard drives and floppy drives, ports and other hardware devices, such as the
keyboard and mouse, to ensure they are functioning properly.

Once the POST has determined that all components are functioning properly and the CPU has
successfully initialized, the BIOS looks for an OS to load.

The BIOS typically looks to the CMOS chip to tell it where to find the OS, and in most PCs, the OS
loads from the C drive on the hard drive even though the BIOS has the capability to load the OS
from a floppy disk, CD or ZIP drive. The order of drives that the CMOS looks to in order to locate
the OS is called the boot sequence, which can be changed by altering the CMOS setup. Looking
to the appropriate boot drive, the BIOS will first encounter the boot record, which tells it where
to find the beginning of the OS and the subsequent program file that will initialize the OS.

Once the OS initializes, the BIOS copies its files into memory and the OS basically takes over
control of the boot process. Now in control, the OS performs another inventory of the system’s
memory and memory availability (which the BIOS already checked) and loads the device drivers
that it needs to control the peripheral devices, such as a printer, scanner, optical drive, mouse
and keyboard. This is the final stage in the boot process, after which the user can access the
system’s applications to perform tasks.

Start up sequence
Start-up Sequence

To diagnose and correct a startup problem, you need to understand what occurs during
startup. Figure below provides a high-level overview of the different paths startup can take.

The normal startup sequence for Windows 10 is:

(i) Power-on self test (POST) phase.

(ii) Initial startup phase.

(iii) Windows Boot Manager phase.

(iv) Windows Boot Loader phase.

(v) Kernel loading phase.

(vi) Logon phase.

This sequence will vary if the computer is resuming from hibernation or if a non-Windows 7
option is selected during the Windows Boot Manager phase.

Windows OS
An Operating System (OS) is an interface between a computer user and computer
hardware. An operating system is a software which performs all the basic tasks like
file management, memory management, process management, handling input and
output, and controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers.
Some popular Operating Systems include Linux Operating System, Windows
Operating System, VMS, OS/400, AIX, z/OS, etc.

Introduction to GUI

GUI is an interface that uses icons or other visual indicators to interact with
electronic devices, rather than only text via a command line. For example, all
versions of Microsoft Windows is a GUI, whereas MS-DOS is a command line. The
GUI was first developed at Xerox PARC by Alan Kay, Douglas Engelbart, and a
group of other researchers in 1981. Later, Apple introduced the Lisa computer
with a GUI on January 19, 1983.
The actions in a GUI are usually performed through direct manipulation of the
graphical elements. Beyond computers, GUIs are used in many handheld mobile
devices such as MP3 players, portable media players, gaming devices,
smartphones and smaller household, office and industrial controls. The term GUI
tends not to be applied to other lower-display resolution types of interfaces,
such as video games (where head-up display (HUD) is preferred), or not
including flat screens, like volumetric displays because the term is restricted to
the scope of two-dimensional display screens able to describe generic
information, in the tradition of the computer science research at the Xerox Palo
Alto Research Center.
How does a GUI work?
A GUI uses windows, icons, and menus to carry out commands, such as
opening, deleting, and moving files. Although a GUI operating system is primarily
navigated using a mouse, the keyboard can also be used to navigate using
keyboard shortcuts or the arrow keys.
As an example, if you wanted to open a software program on a GUI operating
system, you would move the mouse pointer to the program’s icon and double-
click the icon.

Benefits of GUI
Unlike a command line operating system or CUI, like Unix or MS-DOS, GUI
operating systems are much easier to learn and use because commands do not
need to be memorized. Additionally, users do not need to know any
programming languages. Because of their ease of use, GUI operating systems
have become the dominant operating system used by today’s end-users.
What are examples of a GUI operating system?

 Microsoft Windows
 Apple System 7 and macOS
  Chrome OS
 Linux variants like Ubuntu using a GUI interface.

Are all operating systems GUI?

No. Early command line operating systems like MS-DOS and even some versions
of Linux today have no GUI interface.
What are examples of a GUI interface?

 GNOME
 KDE
 Any Microsoft program (e.g., Word, Excel, and Outlook).
 Internet browser (e.g., Internet Explorer, Chrome, and Firefox).

How does the user interact with a GUI?

The user uses a pointing device such as the mouse to interact and use most
aspects of the GUI. However, it is also possible to interact with a GUI using a
keyboard or other input devices.

Translators and Languages

A translator is a programming language processor that converts a computer
program from one language to another. It takes a program written in source
code and converts it into machine code. It discovers and identifies the error
during translation.

Purpose of Translator
It translates high-level language program into a machine language program
that the central processing unit (CPU) can understand. It also detects errors in
the program.

Complier

A compiler is a computer program that translates computer code written in one

programming language (the source language) into another programming
language (the target language). The name compiler is primarily used for
programs that translate source code from a high-level programming language
to a lower level language (e.g., assembly language, object code, or machine
code) to create an executable program.
However, there are many different types of compilers. If the compiled program can run on a
computer whose CPU or operating system is different from the one on which the compiler
runs, the compiler is a cross-compiler. A bootstrap compiler is written in the language
that it intends to compile. A program that translates from a low-level language to a
higher level one is a decompiler. A program that translates between high-level
languages is usually called a source-to-source compiler or transpiler. A language
rewriter is usually a program that translates the form of expressions without a change
of language. The term compiler-compiler refers to tools used to create parsers that
perform syntax analysis.
A compiler is likely to perform many or all of the following operations:
preprocessing, lexical analysis, parsing, semantic analysis (syntax-directed
translation), conversion of input programs to an intermediate representation,
code optimization and code generation. Compilers implement these operations
in phases that promote efficient design and correct transformations of source
input to target output. Program faults caused by incorrect compiler behavior
can be very difficult to track down and work around; therefore, compiler
implementers invest significant effort to ensure compiler correctness.
Compilers are not the only language processor used to transform source
programs. An interpreter is computer software that transforms and then
executes the indicated operations. The translation process influences the
design of computer languages which leads to a preference of compilation or
interpretation. In practice, an interpreter can be implemented for compiled
languages and compilers can be implemented for interpreted languages.

Interpreter and Assembler

Interpreter:

In computer science, an interpreter is a computer program that directly

executes instructions written in a programming or scripting language, without
requiring them previously to have been compiled into a machine language
program. An interpreter generally uses one of the following strategies for
program execution:
(i) Parse the source code and perform its behavior directly;
(ii) Translate source code into some efficient intermediate representation and
immediately execute this;
(iii) Explicitly execute stored precompiled code made by a compiler which is part
of the interpreter system.
Early versions of Lisp programming language and Dartmouth BASIC would be
examples of the first type. Perl, Python, MATLAB, and Ruby are examples of the
second, while UCSD Pascal is an example of the third type. Source programs are
compiled ahead of time and stored as machine-independent code, which is then
linked at run-time and executed by an interpreter and/or compiler (for JIT
systems). Some systems, such as Smalltalk and contemporary versions of
BASIC and Java may also combine two and three. Interpreters of various types
have also been constructed for many languages traditionally associated with
compilation, such as Algol, Fortran, Cobol, and C/C++.
While interpretation and compilation are the two main means by which
programming languages are implemented, they are not mutually exclusive, as
most interpreting systems also perform some translation work, just like
compilers. The terms “interpreted language” or “compiled language” signifies
that the canonical implementation of that language is an interpreter or a
compiler, respectively. A high-level language is ideally an abstraction
independent of particular implementations.

ASSEMBLER
An assembler is a type of computer program that interprets software programs
written in assembly language into machine language, code and instructions that
can be executed by a computer.
An assembler enables software and application developers to access, operate
and manage a computer’s hardware architecture and components.
An assembler is sometimes referred to as the compiler of assembly language. It
also provides the services of an interpreter.
An assembler primarily serves as the bridge between symbolically coded
instructions written in assembly language and the computer processor, memory
and other computational components. An assembler works by assembling and
converting the source code of assembly language into object code or an object
file that constitutes a stream of zeros and ones of machine code, which are
directly executable by the processor.
Assemblers are classified based on the number of times it takes them to read
the source code before translating it; there are both single-pass and multi-pass
assemblers. Moreover, some high-end assemblers provide enhanced
functionality by enabling the use of control statements, data abstraction
services and providing support for object-oriented programming structures.
Types of computer languages

Just as humans use language to communicate, and different regions have

different languages, computers also have their own languages that are specific
to them.
Different kinds of languages have been developed to perform different types of
work on the computer. Basically, languages can be divided into two categories
according to how the computer understands them.
Two Basic Types of Computer Language
Low-Level Languages
Low-level computer languages are either machine codes or are very close them.
A computer cannot understand instructions given to it in high-level languages
or in English. It can only understand and execute instructions given in the form
of machine language i.e. binary. There are two types of low-level languages:

 Machine Language: a language that is directly interpreted into the hardware

 Assembly Language: a slightly more user-friendly language that directly
corresponds to machine language

(i) Machine Language

Machine language is the lowest and most elementary level of programming
language and was the first type of programming language to be developed.
Machine language is basically the only language that a computer can
understand and it is usually written in hex.
In fact, a manufacturer designs a computer to obey just one language, its
machine code, which is represented inside the computer by a string of binary
digits (bits) 0 and 1. The symbol 0 stands for the absence of an electric pulse
and the 1 stands for the presence of an electric pulse. Since a computer is
capable of recognizing electric signals, it understands machine language.
(ii) Assembly Language
Assembly language was developed to overcome some of the many
inconveniences of machine language. This is another low-level but very
important language in which operation codes and operands are given in the
form of alphanumeric symbols instead of 0’s and l’s.
These alphanumeric symbols are known as mnemonic codes and can combine in
a maximum of five-letter combinations e.g. ADD for addition, SUB for
subtraction, START, LABEL etc. Because of this feature, assembly language is
also known as ‘Symbolic Programming Language.’
This language is also very difficult and needs a lot of practice to master it
because there is only a little English support in this language. Mostly assembly
language is used to help in compiler orientations. The instructions of the
assembly language are converted to machine codes by a language translator
and then they are executed by the computer.
High-Level Languages
High-level computer languages use formats that are similar to English. The
purpose of developing high-level languages was to enable people to write
programs easily, in their own native language environment (English).
High-level languages are basically symbolic languages that use English words
and/or mathematical symbols rather than mnemonic codes. Each instruction in
the high-level language is translated into many machine language instructions
that the computer can understand.
Types of High-Level Languages
Many languages have been developed for achieving a variety of different tasks.
Some are fairly specialized, and others are quite general.
These languages, categorized according to their use, are:
(i) Algebraic Formula-Type Processing
These languages are oriented towards the computational procedures for solving
mathematical and statistical problems.
Examples include:

 BASIC (Beginners All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code)

 FORTRAN (Formula Translation)
 PL/I (Programming Language, Version 1)
 ALGOL (Algorithmic Language)
 APL (A Programming Language)

(ii) Business Data Processing

These languages are best able to maintain data processing procedures and
problems involved in handling files. Some examples include:

 COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language)

  RPG (Report Program Generator)

(iii) String and List Processing

These are used for string manipulation, including search patterns and inserting
and deleting characters. Examples are:

 LISP (List Processing)

 Prolog (Program in Logic)

(iv) Object-Oriented Programming Language

In OOP, the computer program is divided into objects. Examples are:

 C++
 Java

(v) Visual Programming Language

These programming languages are designed for building Windows-based
applications. Examples are:

 Visual Basic
 Visual Java
 Visual C