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Ch1 Introduction To Vibration
Ch1 Introduction To Vibration
Vibration
Prepared By
Dr. Mahmoud Hamed
Course Syllabus
Chapter 5:
Chapter 4: Forced
Vibration Analysis
vibrations analysis
of two degree of
of a SDOF system
freedom systems
Grading and Evaluation System
Assessment Weight
Student Assessment
Grades %
Attendance and lecture notes 10 10%
Semester Course
Quizzes 15 15%
Assignments 15 15%
Total 60 60%
Final Exam (end of the term) 40 40%
Total 100 100%
CHAPTER ONE
Fundamentals of Vibrations
What are Vibrations?
When body particles are displaced by the application
of external force, the internal forces in the form of
elastic energy are present in the body. These forces
try to bring the body to its original position. At
equilibrium position, the entire elastic energy is
converted into kinetic energy and the body continue
to move in the opposite direction and the process
repeats.
What are Vibrations?
Vibrations are initiated when an inertia element is displaced from its equilibrium
position due to an energy imparted to the system through an external source. A
restoring force or moment pulls the element back to equilibrium
What are
Vibrations?
Reasons of vibrations
There are several reasons of vibration. Among these reasons:
Dry friction between two mating surfaces (this produces self-excited vibration).
Importance
of the study Improve Improve the efficiency of certain machining, casting,
forging & welding processes.
of vibration
Stimulate earthquakes for geological research and
Stimulate conduct studies in design of nuclear reactors.
Classification
of vibration
Forced Vibration: the vibrations
the system excuses under the action
of an external periodic force. The
frequency of vibration is the same
to that excitation.
Natural frequency: frequency of free vibration of
the system. It is constant for a given system
Classification
of vibration
Modeling of the physical system with the equivalent lumped mechanical elements.
𝐹=𝑘𝑥
k : Spring stiffness or constant
x : Spring deflection
𝑇 = 𝑘𝑇 θ
1
𝑈 = 𝑘 𝑇 θ2
2
Linear and
Nonlinear
Spring
Combination of spring elements
In many practical applications, several linear springs are used in
combination. These springs can be combined into a single equivalent
spring.
Springs in Springs in
Parallel Series
Springs in Parallel
When a load W is applied, the system undergoes a static deflection δst.
𝑊 = 𝑘1 δ𝑠𝑡 + 𝑘2 δ𝑠𝑡
𝑊 = 𝑘𝑒𝑞 δ𝑠𝑡
𝑘𝑒𝑞 = 𝑘1 + 𝑘2
𝑘𝑒𝑞 = 𝑘1 + 𝑘2 +…… + 𝑘𝑛
Springs in Series
δ𝑠𝑡 = δ1 + δ2
𝑊 = 𝑘1 δ1 𝑊 = 𝑘2 δ2 𝑊 = 𝑘𝑒𝑞 δ𝑠𝑡
𝑘𝑒𝑞 δ𝑠𝑡 𝑘𝑒𝑞 δ𝑠𝑡 𝑘𝑒𝑞 δ𝑠𝑡 𝑘𝑒𝑞 δ𝑠𝑡
δ1 = δ2 = δ𝑠𝑡 = +
𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑘1 𝑘2
1 1 1
= +
𝑘𝑒𝑞 𝑘1 𝑘2
Example
Determine the
equivalent spring
constant of the system
3
𝑘𝑒𝑞 = 𝑘
5
Example
𝑊 3𝐸𝐼
𝐾= = 3
δ 𝑙
Example: Equivalent k of Hoisting Drum
Example:
Equivalent k
of a Crane
The boom AB of the crane
shown is a uniform steel bar of
length 10 m and area of cross
section 2500 mm2. A weight W
is suspended while the crane is
stationary. The cable CDEBF is
made of steel and has a cross-
sectional area of 100 mm2.
Neglecting the effect of the
cable CDEB, find the equivalent
spring constant of the system in
the vertical direction.
Example:
Equivalent k
of a Crane
Example: Spring
Constant
Associated with
Restoring Force
due to Gravity
Mass or Inertia
Elements
Pure
Translational
Motion
Applying Newton’s second law
of motion:
𝑚 𝑥 .. = 𝑓(𝑡)
1
𝐾. 𝐸 = 𝑚 𝑥 .2
2
Pure rotation
motion
Applying Newton’s second law
of motion:
𝐼 θ.. = 𝑇(𝑡)
1 .2
𝐾. 𝐸 = 𝐼θ
2
Translational
Masses Connected • Determine the equivalent mass of the system
by a Rigid Bar
Translational and Rotational Masses Coupled Together
Equivalent Mass of a System