INSTITUTE: ELDORET TECHNICAL TRAINING INSTITUTE

SUBJECT: TRADE PROJECT

TITLE: MUTATION SURVEY OF ELDORET TECHNICAL TRAINING

INSTITUTE

STUDENT NAME: VIOLA J. KORIR

INDEX NO: 5091110310

DEPARTMENT: BUILDING AND CIVIL ENGINEERING

COURSE: DIPLOMA IN LAND SURVEYING AND MAPPING

PAPER NO: 307

COURSE CODE: 2312

PRESENTED TO: KENYA NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL IN

PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD OF DIPLOMA IN
LAND SURVEYING AND MAPPING

SUPERVISOR: MADAM YUNITA

SERIES: APRIL 2024

DEDICATION
I dedicate this project to my beloved family and friends for their comprehensive, mutual hard
work and financial support as they were my pillar of strength during the whole period and for the
attitude they showed me inform of encouragement.

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DECLARATION
I VIOLA J. KORIR declare that this project is my original work done with the aid and approval of my
supervisor. I declare that it has never been submitted in any institution for any examination purposes.

SIGNATURE ……………………………………..DATE ………………………………

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It’s my great joy and pleasure to express my sincere gratitude to everyone who gave me the morale of
writing down this project.
I would wish to say thanks to my supervisor MADAM YUNITA for his guidance and correlation while
on research until the end.

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ABSTRACT
This project was carried out to help understand field practices, machines used in carrying out
mutation survey as well as to know the procedures undertaken while carrying out mutation
survey.
Also, to implement the designed work by the engineer of building of modern administration block,
classes and hostels.

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Table of Contents
DEDICATION .................................................................................................................................................. ii
DECLARATION .............................................................................................................................................. iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................................................................. iv
ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................................................... v
CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................................... 1
1.0: INTRODUCTION TO SURVEY ............................................................................................................... 1
1.1: BACKGROUND INFORMATION ........................................................................................................... 1
1.1.1:COMPARISON OF OLD TIME SURVEY AND CURRENT METHOD .................................................. 1
1.1.2:SCOPE OF THE PROJECT ............................................................................................................... 1
CHAPTER 2 .................................................................................................................................................... 4
Cadastral survey ........................................................................................................................................ 4
BOUNDARIES ............................................................................................................................................. 4
PROVISION OF LAND ACT ON CONDUCT OF GENERAL BOUNDARY SURVEY............................................ 5
PROVISION OF RLA .................................................................................................................................... 5
Provision of land consolidation Act {L.C.A} cap 283 ................................................................................. 6
The Government land Act (G.L.A)(CAP280) .............................................................................................. 6
CHAPTER THREE ............................................................................................................................................ 8
3.0:MUTATION SURVEY ............................................................................................................................ 8
3.1:INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................... 8
3.2:PROCEDURE FOR CARRYING OUT MUTATION SURVEY ...................................................................... 8
3.4:PURPOSE OF R.I.M .............................................................................................................................. 9
3.6:STARDARD R.I.M ................................................................................................................................. 9
1 CHAPTER FOUR ................................................................................................................................... 10
4.0:FINDINGS........................................................................................................................................... 10
4.1:LOCATION ......................................................................................................................................... 10
4.2:Cost of the project ........................................................................................................................ 10
4.3:PERSONNEL USE ................................................................................................................................ 10
4.5:FIELD NOTES...................................................................................................................................... 11
4.6:ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................................... 11
CHAPTER FIVE ............................................................................................................................................. 12
5.0:CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................................................ 12
5.1:CONCLUSION..................................................................................................................................... 12

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5.2RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................................................................... 12
5.3: REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................. 12

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CHAPTER ONE

1.0: INTRODUCTION TO SURVEY

The project covered various tasks and spread over a period of time to come out with the area and
subdivision of part land to improve the planning of the schools as well as lecturers and students
class attendance. I carried out reconnaissance within the school to where I performed my project.

1.1: BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Land Surveying -is the art of making measurements of relative position of natural or
manmade features on the earths surface and the representation of tis information either
graphically or numerically

1.1.1:COMPARISON OF OLD TIME SURVEY AND CURRENT METHOD

In the past, survey were carried out by the use of chain ,steel tape and compass, but due to
modern technology ,digital instruments have been introduced such as:
• Total station
• Theodolite
• Global Positioning System(G.P.S)
• Global Information System(G.I.S)
1.1.2: SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
The project I carried out entails mutation survey of part of exclusion divided into portions and their
route of access and thereafter produces a survey plan and a R.I.M
After I carried out reconnaissance, I used tape and G.P.S to come up with well labelled triangles
and rectangles and then obtained the distances. I did simple arithmetics to come up with proper
subdivisions .and thereafter established new beacons on the ground.
1.2.3:THE ORGANISATION OF THE PROJECT
Chapter one of my project entails introduction
Chapter two entails the cadastral survey
Chapter three is the literature review of the project
Chapter four deals with analysis and findings
Chapter five deals with recommendations and conclusions
1.2.1 Introduction to survey control
This course unit is designed to provide trainees with sufficient knowledge and practical skills
which they will require to apply in order to provide precise referential points for controlling the
accuracy of subsidiary surveys in the field.
Survey control is a discipline that deals with determination of positions of features above, on and
below the earth surface.
1.2.2Methods of survey control
1. Horizontal control – where planimetric position of points or features are located
using: -
I. Tri-lateration – here the distance measurements are observed.
II. Tri-angulation – here the vertex angles are observed.
III. Field astronomy – observation made to celestial bodies.
IV. Traversing – a series of consecutive lines whose and bearings are measured.
2. Vertical control – is a method whose heights are established on specified
benchmarks located throughout the area to be mapped i.e.: -
I. Levelling - used to determine heights in elevation between two points and if
one point of the elevation is known then the other can be calculated.
II. Trigonometric heighting – is a means of providing the difference in height by
measuring the vertical angle and the distance between two points.
III. Barometric heighting – it uses the principal of air pressure i.e., pressure =
height × gravity {p = hg} therefore pressure decreases with increase in height.
IV. Precise levelling –
1.2.3:Purposes of survey control
I. To provide horizontal and vertical positions of points to which future service are tied and
adjusted to prevent accumulation of errors.
II. They set standards of accuracy for future service.
III. They help in large scale topographical maps.
IV. Helps in monitoring deformation of engineering studies.
V. Helps in controlling dimensions of features in construction works.
1.2.4:Branches of survey control
I. Photogrammetry and remote tone which is done while in the air.
II. Cartography which deals with drawing.
III. Geodesy which deals with the study of shapes.
IV. Land surveying which is done the earth surface i.e.: -
• Engineering survey-deals with construction and building project. It involves the
site surveying where a 3-D is responsible for all aspects of dimensional control on
such schemes for vertical and horizontal control in determination of volumes of
earthworks

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• Topographical survey-is a process determining the position of both manmade
and natural features on the earth .its main purpose is to find data necessary for the
construction of graphical potray of topographical features like trees and buildings
• Hydrographical survey-it deals with gathering information about marine
environment and use this information to map coastlines and sea-beds to produce
navigation charts
• Cadastral survey-it deals with establishing and recording of boundaries for
purpose of land registration and land ownership
• Aerial survey-is the art of science and technology of obtaining information of
physical objects through the process of recording, measuring and interpreting
photographic images and patterns of radiant electromagnetic energy and other
phenomenon.
• Plane surveying-is a division of surveying in which the curvature of the earth is
assumed to be flat hence less calculations and easy to carry out.

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CHAPTER 2

Cadastral survey
2.1 Purpose and scope of cadastral surveys
I. Purpose – cadastral surveys are made for the purpose of determination of property
boundaries and the complication of data required for the registration of titles.
II. Scope – the cadastral surveys encompass even the general boundary surveys known as
mutation surveys not only the rigorous and accurate surveys as regulated by act {cap
299}.
III. Cadastre – is the official register of the quantity, value and ownership of real estate
within the area administered by a government unit.
2.2 Types of cadastre
I. Juridical cadastre – serves a legally recognized record land tenor.
II. Fiscal cadastre – was developed primarily for property valuation.
III. Multipurpose cadastre – it encompasses both the fiscal and the juridical with addition
of other parcel related information.

2.3 Development plans and part development plans

These operations are generalized assuming that the land owners already exist. However, for the
purpose of survey of plan subject to land planning act 1.0 the land within the urban area and
generally the government lands which may be leased to the individuals.
The land is leased out through the letter or allotment to the commissioner of land.
This letter contains part development plan that indicates the land has been allocated to the
individual.
Full or part development plans are produced by the department of physical planning from
planning up to draft circulation state.
BOUNDARIES
There are two types of boundaries;
• General boundary -are boundaries defined by physical features with the form of actual
boundaries. the features could be a edge or fence or any feature that can be used to mark
the limit of a parcel of land.
• Fixed boundaries -its one that has been accurately surveyed or mathematically determined
and the surveyor can re-establish any corner monument that might have gotten lost

2.4:Advantages and disadvantages of legal boundaries

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 FIXED GENERAL
Are costly and time consuming Cost of survey is low and can be carried out
very fast
Surveys can re-establish boundaries of a given So many disputes arise as the boundaries are
measurements of co-ordinates. meant to be maintained jointly by the
neighbouring owners
The extent of guaranteed by the government as The plan R.I.M is just an evidence of the parcel
indicated in the survey plan but doesn’t guarantee the extent
The need to have survey’s controls points makes No need for control points so long as area has
it difficult to carry out isolated surveys been adjudicated
Plots that are fixed have higher land value The value of the land is generally low

2.4 Cadastral computation

I. Datome orientation computations
Here co-ordinates of selected points are extracted from the list shown on the survey plan where
join computations are done for orientation bearings at the starting point, minimum of two
opening orientation rays are required and another two rays at the ending station.
II. Search data computation
Following te orientations, further joints are computed to give bearing and distance for other
points.
III. Layout data computation
Part development plan is used for the computations. The surveyors make sure that the survey lies
in the correct locality shown by P.D.P
PROVISION OF LAND ACT ON CONDUCT OF GENERAL BOUNDARY SURVEY
PROVISION OF RLA
SEC 18: States that the director of survey shall prepare and maintain a map or series of maps to
be called R.I.M for any registrable district.
SEC 21: Except where the boundary as been fixed as provided in section 22 of the act, the
registry map and any field plan shall be deemed to indicate the approximate boundaries and
approximation only of te parcel.
SEC 23: Every proprietor of land shall maintain in good order fences and other features which
demarcate his boundary whether established pursuant to the requirements or any other written
law pursuant to an order of register own accord.
SEC 25: The proprietor of the contagious parcel subjected to the same rights and obligations
may combine this parcel by applying to the registrar who will close the registers indicating to
them and opening a register in respect to the parcels resulting from the combination.

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 SEC 26: On the application of the proprietor of contagious parcel who are of changing the
layout of their parcels and with the consent in writing the other persons in whose names any right
or interest in the land registered, the registrar may cancel the registers related to those parcels
and prepare a new register.

Provision of land consolidation Act {L.C.A} cap 283

SEC 6: The adjudication officer shall appoint a demarcation officer who is especially a surveyor
or a survey of Kenya personnel under the supervision of the district surveyor.
SEC 21: The section provided for consolidation of small fragments of parcel owned by one land
owner into one. During the process, the adjudication section shall have regard as far as possible
to the site, quality, nature and extend to which land owner is entitled.
SEC 23: This provides the demarcation officers with the assistant
i. Committee shall demarcate or choose to be demarcated by such means or in such
manner as he may direct the boundaries of all parcels of land with the adjudication
section in accordance with the record of existing rights or with any allocation of land
made under section 21 of the act.
ii. He may order any land owner to whom land has been allocated within a reasonable
time set by him to demarcate his land for the purpose of such demarcation to erect,
plant or to remove such boundary marks as the officer may direct.
iii. If the land owner fails to demarcate his land within the given period, the demarcation
officer may demarcate his land and may clear any boundary line placed by the land
owner.
iv. The demarcation officer shall prepare of cause a demarcation plan of the adjudication
section showing separate parcel into which the same is divide.

The Government land Act (G.L.A)(CAP280)

i. States that every document shall have attached to it an accurate and clear description of the
property and its boundaries ,extent and situation.
ii. Any document which has a map or plan attached to it and not signed by the director of
surveys shall not be accepted for registration
.
The registration of Title Act(R.T.A)(CAP281)
i. States that any proprietor of land intending to transfer or otherwise deal with a
portion of land, must deposit with the commissioner of lands a map or plan with
several measurements marked thereon ,certified by a licensed surveyor and
countersigned by the director of surveys.

The land Title Act(C.A.P282 )

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i. It requires every document to be registered to have a map or plan signed by director
of surveys and the property to be defined. The plan to be attached to any instrument
the three acts and is therefore a deed plan.

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CHAPTER THREE
3.0:MUTATION SURVEY
3.1:INTRODUCTION
It’s a survey under the provision of the Registered Lands Act ,carried out on a parcel
registered under the act which needs to be changed in shape or size.

3.2:PROCEDURE FOR CARRYING OUT MUTATION SURVEY

i. Search for R.I.M
Before a survey can be carried out ,the subject of the survey is included in search for
R.I.M a surveyor has to get a dye line print of the R.I.M to trace the parcel boundary
form.
It also feeds the surveyor with the information about the condition of the land .i.e if
the land is cautioned ,restricted and mortgaged.

ii. Consent for subdivision

Under the provision of the land control act, all transactions of land need to be
controlled by the relevant authorities depending on the type of tenure and land use
.most of the free land is registered under the R.L.A and are under the general boundary
survey.
The lands are generally controlled by the land control board. .other authorities that
give consent on land transactions are;
• The commissioner of lands
• The local authorities
• The control authorities.

iii. Completion of the mutation form

• A sketch plan -the client makes a sketch plan of the proposed subdivisions
which is to be executed by the surveyor.
• Area -the areas of each parcel that is to result from subdivision is also indicated
• Other details -such as the names and details of the registered proprietor are also
filled in by the client.

iv. Registration of the mutation forms

The mutation forms are to be registered at the District survey offices where the
mutation is checked and numbers given for the new parcel generated.

v. The client is advised to physically mark out the boundary lines on the ground as
pegged by the surveyor
vi. The client presents his application for registration of the subdivision to the land
registrar with copies of the mutation form approved by the district survey office.

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 vii. Ammendments for the R.I.M

Once the subdivision has been registered ,a copy of the mutation form is used to amend
registry index map at the survey field headquarters to include the subdivision with the
new parcel numbers.
3.3:Equipments for the execution of mutation survey task
• G.P.S
• Pegs
• Scale Rule
• Field Notes
• Pencils
• Technical Pens
• Inks
• Survey Mutation Forms
• Land Board Form

3.4: PURPOSE OF R.I.M

Registry index map is the map that gives the index for the parcel in the registration
block for the purpose of registration of land under registered land act.
The R.I.M is referred in the register of every parcel of land, the subject of
registration.
It gives the location or position of a parcel land relative to the neighbouring parcels.
The area of the parcels are not indicated in the R.I.M but included in the register
of the individual parcel of land.
3.5:PREPARATION OF R.I.M
They are prepared in several ways;
i. From rectified photographs
ii. From the controlled ground surveys.

3.6:STARDARD R.I.M
The R.I.M is drawn on a standard sheet line tied to the 1:50,000 map sheet services broken down
to 1:2500

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CHAPTER FOUR

4.0:FINDINGS
4.1:LOCATION
During my project execution ,I found out that the area that I was doing my project do not rhyme
with the R.I.M (MAP) extract of scale of the area under study.
The planner who did the previous planning for the school did not do proper planning to implement
proper subdivision i.e the areas with a lot of obstacles e.g the logs, thorny young bush.

4.2:COST OF THE PROJECT

Through my project I incurred an approximate amount of thirty thousand kenya shillings and the
budget was as follows;
✓ Acquiring of R.I.M from ARDHI HOUSE=sh1500
✓ Hiring of handled G.P.S machine=sh4000
✓ Paying of two chain men at sh2000=sh4000
✓ Drawing materials e.g mutation form, tracing paper and pens=sh5500
✓ Purchase of a tape measure=sh1500
✓ Processing of the amended R.I.M=sh5000
✓ Registration of the mutation=sh6000
✓ Transport facilitation=sh2500
Total money incurred=sh30,000

4.3:PERSONNEL USE
During my project, I employed two assistants one foreman and other one who assisted me
in recording waypoints from G.P.S and linear measurements from tape measure

4.4:EQUIPMENTS EMPLOYED
• The machine used was G.P.S which had internal errors which had to be adjusted to
obtain accurate results and the adjustment of a plus 3 meters
• I also used tape to obtain linear measurements
• Also total station ,theodolite and Real Time Kinematic(R.T.K) can be used but I
didn’t use them because they were not available

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4.5:FIELD NOTES
The area to be surveyed had a lot of obstacles i.e buildings which made my work to be difficult in
taking field notes
The chain men I hired had little knowledge about survey and I had to orient them towards the
north since it’s a key factor in survey work.
The machine I used had an internal error of 3 meters and I had to take care of the error.

4.6:ANALYSIS
During execution of my project, I did the analysis whereby;
i. Since the area to be surveyed had a lot of obstacles, other alternative methods could be
used e.g the G.P.S
ii. Since mutations survey is not an accurate method of coming up with boundaries thus
alternative survey methods should be included to come up with an accurate work

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CHAPTER FIVE
5.0:CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1:CONCLUSION
The mutation survey of the area was conducive and quite recommendable .All the
boundaries established and checked were carried out according to survey regulations.

5.2RECOMMENDATIONS
The mutation plan of scale 1:2500 can be used for planning and development of the
proposed modern classes ,administration block and hostels within the are .The plan shows
that all the plots are adequately served by roads and that the areas are maintained as per the
P.D.P. The size of the plot surveyed and the mode of planning is most appropriate for
commercial purpose
I also urged every institutions and universities to adopt the plan of construction and
subdivision to improve on the planning of both lectures and students to increase the rate of
class attendance and to reduce cases of insanity ,drug addicts, early pregnancies and rape
cases…..which is a result of idleness.

5.3: REFERENCES
I used several materials and books for successful completion of work i.e
• Surveying volume 2 by S.K Duggal
• Surveying 7th edition by;
i. A. Bannister
ii. R. Baker
• Surveying 5th edition 1984 reprinted 1992
• Surveying for engineering by Uren Nadw .F. Price.
• Land surveying 3rd edition by Bannister 1907
• Internet

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