FUNDAMENTALS OF MATERIAL AND CORROSION DEFORMATION 2

Deformation (biến dạng) refers to the

CHAPTER 4: MECHANICAL PROPERTIES change in size or shape of an object.
✓ Tensile (kéo) deformation
✓ Compressive (nén) deformation
✓ Shear (cắt) deformation
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Van Dung ✓ Torsional (xoắn) deformation

Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, VNU-HCM

Email: nvdung@hcmut.edu.vn

Cao Lanh bridge Electric car

STRESS 3 STRAIN 4

➢ Stress (ứng suất) is the force acting on a unit Strain (độ biến dạng) is the ratio of change in length to the original
area of material (e.g., tension or compression). length due to stress.
Unit of stress (σ): Pa or N/m2
or

/2
Cross-sectional
Length, Lo area Ao
F Lo
s= t Undeformed wo
Ao DL
/2
Original cross-sectional t = Fs Deformed F
area before any load is Ao L/2 L/2
applied
 ELASTIC MODULUS 5 ELASTIC MODULUS 6

Elastic modulus (mô đun đàn hồi), or Young's modulus (E)

quantifies the relationship between tensile or compressive stress σ
and axial strain ε in the linear elastic region of a material:
Unit of E: Pa (1 GPa = 109 Pa) 𝐹 ∆𝑙
=𝐸
𝐴 𝑙

The harder the material, the larger E

Diamond has E ≈ 1200-1500.

ELASTIC MODULUS 7 POISSON’S RATIO 8

A piece of copper originally 305 mm (12 in.) long is pulled in tension with a Poisson’s ratio is defined as the ratio of the lateral and axial strains:
stress of 276 MPa (40,000 psi). If the deformation is entirely elastic, what will
be the resultant elongation?

From , l/l0 d/d0

 POISSON’S RATIO 9 TENSILE STRESS–STRAIN BEHAVIOR 10

A tensile stress is to be applied along the long axis of a cylindrical brass rod Gradually increasing stress
that has a diameter of 10 mm (0.4 in.). Determine the magnitude of the load
(tensile) on some materials can
required to produce a 2.5 × 10−3 mm (10−4 in.) change in diameter if the
lead to deformation stages:
deformation is entirely elastic.
1. Elastic deformation
2. Plastic deformation

Poisson’s ratio for brass is 0.34. 3. Necking

4. Fracture

TENSILE STRESS–STRAIN TEST 11 ELASTIC DEFORMATION 12

Elastic (đàn hồi) deformation is reversible, meaning an object

A standard tensile
specimen with returns to its original shape once the stress is removed.
circular cross section In linear elastic region, E = σ/ε.

Return to the
Bonds stretch
 initial state

F
 PLASTIC DEFORMATION 13 PLASTIC DEFORMATION 14

Plastic (dẻo) deformation is a permanent (non-recoverable)

change in the shape or size of a solid material.

Bonds stretch
& planes shear
Planes still
sheared
elastic + plastic plastic
1. True elastic limit
2. Proportional limit F
3. Elastic limit The bonds are stretched, and the
plannes slide over each other,
4. Yield strength
Linear causing deformation. When the load
elastic is removed, there is still some
d deformation due to shear planes.
plastic

ELASTIC RECOVERY AFTER PLASTIC DEFORMATION 15 YIELD STRENGTH 16

Yield strength (độ bền dẻo) σy is

determined at the strain εp = 0.002 (0.2%).

Yield strength σy of most ceramics >

Upon release of the load during the course of
metals > polymers.
a stress–strain test, some fraction of the total
deformation is recovered as elastic strain.
 TENSILE STRENGTH 17 DUCTILITY 18

Tensile strength (độ bền kéo) TS is the maximum stress that a material Ductility (độ bền chảy) is the degree of plastic deformation that has been

can withstand while being stretched or pulled before breaking. Tensile sustained at fracture.

strengths vary from 50 MPa for Al to as high as 3000 MPa for the high- Brittle (giòn) materials: %EL < 5%; ductile (dẻo) materials: %EL > 5%.

strength steels. Ductility may be expressed quantitatively as either percent elongation or

percent reduction in area.
Observations:
s Brittle, %EL < 5%)
✓ Metals appear constricted.
✓ Ceramics have widespread
cracks.
✓ The main chains of polymers
are straightened. Ductile, %EL > 5%)
In design calculations, tensile e
strength is often chosen instead
of plastic strength.

STRESS–STRAIN CURVE 19 20

Tensile strength
3 Necking

Yield strength Fracture

y 2 5
Ductility
Plastic region
Determine:
(a) E? 93.8 GPa
Elastic (b) σy at 0.002? 250 MPa
region (c) Maximum load that can be sustained by a cylindrical specimen having an
σ =Eε 1 4
original diameter of 12.8 mm? 57,900 N
σy Strain ε (Δl/lo)
E= (d) The change in length of a specimen originally 250 mm long that is
ε 2 − ε1 subjected to a tensile stress of 345 MPa? 15 mm
 TRUE STRESS AND STRAIN 21 COMPARISON OF TYPES OF DURABILITY 22

True stress T is defined as the applied load F divided by the

instantaneous cross-sectional area Ai (not the original area) over
which it is applied.

Similarly, true strain T measures the actual deformation.

➢ Diamonds and ceramics with %EL = 0 show high ductility & tensile

True and engineering stress strength but are very brittle.

and strain are related: ➢ Metals and polymers have relative ductility & tensile strength, as
well as being flexible.

➢ Plastic strength and tensile strength always covariate.

TOUGHNESS 23 HARDNESS 24

Toughnes (độ bền) is the ability of a material to absorb energy and Hardness (độ cứng) is a measure of a material’s resistance to localized
plastically deform without fracturing. Toughness is calculated by plastic deformation, e.g., a small dent or a scratch (một vết lõm hay trầy
integrating the stress-strain curve (the area under the curve). xướt nhỏ).
Mohs scale Mineral Formula

Hardness scales: 1 Talc Mg3Si4O10(OH) 2

f is the strain upon failure. 2 Gypsum CaSO4.2H2O
✓ Mohs
3 Limestone CaCO3
Small toughness (ceramics) ✓ Brinell
4 Fluorite CaF2
✓ Vickers
5 Apatite Ca10(PO 4)6(OH,F,Cl)2
Large toughness (metals) ✓ Knoop 6 Orthoclas KAlSi3O8
✓ Rockwell 7 Quartz SiO2
8 Topaz Al2SiO4(F,OH)2
Small toughness (plastics) 9 Corundum Al2O3
10 Diamond C
 HARDNESS 25 HARDNESS 26

Hardness testing machines The most common hardness testing methods are Rockwell, Brinell,
Vickers and Knoop.

COMPARISON OF SEVERAL HARDNESS SCALES 27