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SS 2 1ST Term Computer Science
SS 2 1ST Term Computer Science
WEEK TOPIC
REFERENCES:
1. EVANS Computer Science for Senior Secondary schools 2
2. HiiT @ School, Computer Studies for Senior Secondary Education
3. Online with COMPUTERS for Senior Secondary Schools 2 by Adedapo F.O.
WEEK 2
CLASS: SS 2
SUBJECT: COMPUTER SCIENCE
TOPIC: CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)
CONTENT:
Central Processing Unit
Functions of ALU and Control Unit
Control Unit
The Central Processing Unit (CPU): Is the portion of a computer system that executes the
instructions of a computer program, and is the primary element carrying out the functions of the
computer or other processing device. The Central Processing Unit carries out each instruction of the
program in sequence, perform the basic arithmetical, logical, and input/output operations of the
system.
Also, the Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the part of a computer that thinks, calculates and carries
out instruction. It is also called the brain of the computer. It is sometimes called the Central
Processor or simply the Processor.
A computer can have more than one CPU; this is called multiprocessing. CPU can be found in the
motherboard. All the functions of the CPU are stored in a component called the chip.
COMPONENTS OF CPU
CPU consists of two main units namely;
Arithmetic Logic Unit
Control Unit
EVALUATION
(i) In your own words, define CPU
(ii) Mention the two components of the CPU.
The ALU is a digital circuit that performs arithmetic and logical operations. The ALU is a fundamental
building block of the CPU of a computer.
CONTROL UNIT
The control unit is an important component of the CPU. It contains circuitry that uses electrical
signals to direct the entire computer system to carry out stored program instructions. The control
unit does not execute program instructions; rather, it directs other parts of the system to do so. The
control unit must communicate with both the arithmetic/logic unit and memory. It also maintains the
order of traffic and data in the computer system.
EVALUATION:
State TWO functions of the following;
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
Control Unit (CU)
GENERAL EVALUATION
(i) Highlight the components of the CPU
(ii) Explain the term ‘Machine Cycle’
(iii) State two mathematical and two relational operator symbols
READING ASSIGNMENT
Study the topic ‘MEMORY UNIT’ using your students’ textbook
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. The part of the computer that thinks, calculates and carries out instruction is known as ............ (a)
ALU (b) CPU (c) CU (d) Register
2. The unit of the CPU that does mathematical and logical operations is known as ........
(a) ALU (b) CPU (c) CU (d) Register
3. The unit of CPU that coordinates and controls the operations of all other parts of the
computer is called (a) ALU (b) CPU (c) CU (d) Register
4. In terms of computing power, the .................. is the most important element of a computer
system (a) ALU (b) CPU (c) CU (d) Register
5. The collection of the four functions of the control unit is referred to as ..............
(a) Data processing (b) Machine cycle (c) Function cycle (d) Computing cycle
ESSAY QUESTIONS
1. List and Explain the components of the CPU
2. Give THREE reasons why a CPU is considered as the brain of the computer
WEEK 3
CLASS : SS 2
SUBJECT: COMPUTER SCIENCE
TOPIC: MEMORY UNIT
CONTENT:
Description of Memory Unit
Types of Memory
Description of Primary Memory
Description of Secondary Memory
PRIMARY MEMORY
Primary storage is called ‘primary’ because it is the main memory that is accessible to the CPU. It
represents the core or internal storage areas of the computer system. It is used to store data that are
currently being used; for this reason, the main memory is also called Immediate Access Storage
(IAS).
The two types of primary storage are:
Read Only Memory (ROM)
Random Access Memory (RAM)
Random Access memory (RAM) is a type of memory chip used in primary storage memory. The CPU
continuously reads instructions stored there and executes them as required. Any data actively
operated on is also stored there in uniform manner. It is also a temporary storage, holding software
instructions and short-term working memory for the processor. It allows data which is stored to be
accessed in any order, which is why it is called random. It determines the speed of processing of the
computer. Also, RAM is volatile; which means when the computer loses power, the content is lost.
There are two variations of RAM, these are;
SRAM: Means Static Read Only Memory; In this type of memory the data is stored in cell of
transistors and capacitors and the data has to be refreshed every few milliseconds.
DRAM: Means Dynamic Read Only Memory; This does not require periodical refresh. SRAM is
faster than DRAM but it is more expensive as compared to DRAM.
EVALUATION
1. Define and give two other names for memory unit
2. List the two main types of memory
FLOPPY DISK
Floppy disk is a soft magnetic disk. It is called floppy because it flops if you wave it. Floppy disk, also
called diskette, are portable because you can remove them from a disk drive. The medium used to
access floppy disks are known as ‘Floppy Disk Drives’.
Floppy disks are slower to access than hard disk and have less storage capacity. Floppies come in
three basic sizes; 8-inch, 5.25 inches with a capacity of 1.2MB and 3.5 inch with a capacity of 1.44MB.
HARD DISK
This is a magnetic disk on which computer data can be stored. The term hard is used to distinguish it
from soft, or floppy disk. It has the capability to store more data and is faster than floppy disks in
terms of access time.
There are two types of hard disks:
The internal hard disk installed inside the computer
The external hard disk usually connected to the computer
FLASH DRIVE
A Flash drive is a high data storage device that is made up of flash memory and an integrated
Universal Serial Bus (USB) interface, with a storage capacity ranging from 64MB to over 8GB. The
device is connected to the computer through the USB port.
COMPACT DISK
The Compact Disc (CD) is an optical disk used to store and backup digital data. It is less vulnerable to
damages or dirt compared to floppy disk. They are generally of two types:
CD-R meaning CD Recordable. Data on this type of disk can be written only once, after that
the data on disk becomes permanent, i.e it can neither be erased and no newer data can be
written on this disk.
CD-RW meaning CD Rewritable. You can record the
EVALUATION
(i) What do you understand by ‘Secondary Memory’
(ii) Highlight five types of auxiliary devices.
GENERAL EVALUATION
(i) Mention two main types of Primary storage
(ii) Highlight the different types of ROM
(iii) Highlight the different types of RAM
(iv) Enumerate three characteristics of secondary memory
READING ASSIGNMENT
Study the topic ‘UNITS OF COMPUTER STORAGE’ using your students’ textbook
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. Which of these best describes ROM?
(a) Non-programmable memory (b) Non-volatile memory (c) user-programmable memory
(d) microscopic-sized memory chip
2. These are auxiliary memory except
(a) cache (b) floppy disk (c) flash drive (d) digital versatile disc
3. The information: ‘Memory (RAM): 1.0GB’ refers to
(a) speed of processing unit (b) number of registers (c) size of primary memory (d) serial
number of random access memory chip
4. The ROM stores data and instruction during program execution (True / False)
5. Another name for the primary / main memory is..................................
ESSAY QUESTIONS
1. State three differences between primary and secondary memory
2. State the three basic sizes of a floppy disk
WEEK 4
CLASS : SS 2
SUBJECT: COMPUTER SCIENCE
TOPIC: MEMORY UNIT (Cont’d)
CONTENT:
Differences between Primary and Secondary memory
Units of Storage
Conversion from one unit to the other
Comparison of auxiliary storage devices
EVALUATION:
Enumerate FIVE differences between Primary and Secondary memory
Sub-Topic 2: UNITS OF STORAGE
Data in a computer is represented or stored in series of bits. Computer data storage provides one of
the core functions of the modern computer, that of information retention. It is one of the
fundamental components of all modern computers. We have various units of storage, they are as
follows;
Bit
Nibble
Byte
Kilobyte (KB)
Megabyte (MB)
Gigabyte (GB)
Terabyte (TB)
Word
BIT:
This refers to the smallest basic unit of information that can be stored on a machine. A bit (binary
digit) is the basic unit of information in computing and telecommunications. It exists in one of two
possible distinct states (0 or 1). These may be the two stable states of a flip flop, two positions of an
electrical switch, two distinct voltage or current levels allowed by a circuit, etc.
NIBBLE:
In computing, a nibble is a four-bit aggregation, or half a byte. The nibble is used to describe the
amount of memory used to store a digit of a number stored in packed decimal within an IBM
mainframe. This technique is used to make computations faster and debugging faster.
BYTE:
A byte is a unit of measurement of information storage that equals 8bits. It can be used to represent
letters and numbers, for example, the number 01000001 is 8bits long and represents the letter A in
ASCII. It is equivalent to 2nibbles. The size of computer memory is determined by bytes.
KILOBYTE (KB):
A kilobyte (KB) is a unit of data that equals 1024bytes. Although the prefix kilo- means 1000, the term
kilobyte and symbol been used to refer to either 1024 (2 10) bytes in the fields of computer science
and information technology.
MEGABYTE (MB):
A megabyte is 1024KB, that is, the kilobyte squared or 1024 2 bytes. The Megabyte is a multiple of the
unit byte for digital information storage or transmission. It is commonly abbreviated as MB.
GIGABYTE (GB):
A Gigabyte is a unit of data storage worth a billion bytes. It is equal to 1024 megabytes (1024 3). The
unit symbol for gigabyte is GB.
TERABYTE (TB):
A terabyte is equivalent to 1024 gigabytes (1024 4) and is defined as about one trillion bytes. The
prefix tera means 1012 in the International System of Units, which equals 1,099,511,627,776 bytes
WORD:
A word represents 2bytes, which is equivalent to 16bits and 4nibbles.
EVALUATION
(i) State and write short notes on FIVE basic computer memory units
(ii) State the relationship between;
Bit and byte
Kilobyte and Megabyte
EVALUATION
(i) Convert 1440000bytes to Megabyte
(ii) Convert 0.1MB to Kilobyte
Floppy Disk Portable Small storage Slow speed Magnetic tape technology
space
Hard Disk Not as Portable Enormous Slow as compared Magnetic tape technology
as others storage space to main memory
Flash Drive Portable Large Very high speed Flash memory
Digital Versatile Disk Portable Extremely High speed Optical disk technology
large storage
EVALUATION
Compare the following auxiliary devices in terms of size, speed, and technology
Floppy Disk
Hard Disk
DVD
GENERAL EVALUATION
(i) Clearly distinguish between Primary and Secondary memory using the following criteria;
Speed, Accessibility, Cost, Size, and Mode of connection
(ii) Highlight FIVE units of storage and their values (in bytes)
(iii) Convert 0.5MB to KB
(iv) State two auxiliary that uses optical technology
READING ASSIGNMENT
Study the topic ‘LOGIC CIRCUITS’ using your students’ textbook
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. Primary memory is embedded in two types of memory technology; ............. and .............
(a) RAM and ROM (b) Hard and Soft (c) Input and Ouput (d) None of the above
2. The .......................... memory is generally non-volatile
(a) RAM (b) ROM (c) EEPROM (d) DRAM
3. The primary memory are connected to the system through ...................
(a) Drives (b) Cables (c) Wires (d) Slots
4. Which of the following is not a unit of storage in computer?
(a) Bytes (b) Megabytes (c) Kilobits (d) Word
5. A Kilobyte is exactly ....................... bytes and approximately ................... bytes
ESSAY QUESTIONS
1. Draw and Label a Floppy disk
2. Write short note on ‘Optical disk’
WEEK: 5
CLASS: SS 2
SUBJECT: COMPUTER SCIENCE
EVALUATION:
1. What is a Logic gate?
2. State three (3) examples of a logic gate.
Sub-Topic 2: TYPES OF LOGIC GATES
There are three basic logic gates from which others can be constructed. These are;
(a) ‘NOT’ gate
(b) ‘AND’ gate
(c) ‘OR’ gate
In logic diagrams, gates are represented by symbols. Inputs and output signals are represented with
arrow lines having labels.
The ‘NOT’ Gate: The ‘NOT’ gate is the most basic of all the logic gates and is sometimes referred to as
an inverting buffer or simply a digital inverter. This gate accepts a single input and brings out the
negative of its input as output. That is it inverts its input signal as output. I.e. if its input is 0, output
will be 1, and if its output is 0 it means input will be 1. Or true= false and false =true.
The ‘NOT’ gate accepts only one input signal.
Truth Table for ‘NOT’ gate
INPUT (A) OUTPUT (A)
1 0
0 1
The ‘AND’ Gate: Unlike the ‘NOT’ gate, the ‘AND’ gate accepts only one two inputs signals and bring
out one output signal. Hence there are two signal lines.
It is a logic circuit, used in computers that produce a high voltage signal as output if its two inputs
carry a high voltage; otherwise it produces a low voltage output if any of its input is low.
The ‘OR’ Gate: This is a logic circuit used in computers, that gives a high voltage output if all or one of
its input carries a high voltage, and a low voltage output if all or one of its input carries a low voltage.
The ‘OR’ gate also accepts two inputs.
Truth Table of ‘OR’ Gate
INPUT (A) INPUT (B) OUTPUT (Q)
1 1 1
1 0 1
0 1 1
0 0 0
EVALUATION:
1. Sketch the truth table of a ‘AND’ gate.
AND GATE
OR GATE
‘NOT’ GATE
EVALUATION:
1. State 5 uses of logic gates
GENERAL EVALUATION:
1. Define the term logic gate.
2. Sketch the symbol of three (3) basic logic gates
3. State five (5) uses of the logic gates.
READING ASSIGNMENT:
Students are expected to read ‘Logic gate II’ of Handbook on Computer studies for SS2.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT:
1. Sketch all the symbols and truth tables of the three basic logic gates and explain them in
an exercise book.
WEEK: 6
CLASS: SS 2
SUBJECT: COMPUTER SCIENCE
Inputs Output
Shows invasion
Inputs Output
The logic NOR or inclusive NOR gate is a combination of the digital logic OR gate with that of an
inverter or NOT gate connected together in series. The NOT (Not OR) gate has an output that is
normally at logic “1” and only goes “LOW” to level of “0” when ANY of its inputs are at logic level “1”.
The logic NOR gate is the reverse or “complementary” from of the OR gate.
The Boolean expression for a logic NOR gate is denoted by a plus sign (+) with a line or overline (-)
over the expression to signify the NOT or logical negation of NOT gate giving us the Boolean
expression of A+B=Q
Symbol of NOR Logic gate
A.
INPUTS OUTPUT
Shows inversion
B.
INPUTS OUTPUT
EVALUATION
READING ASSIGNMENT
Read construction of truth table for NAND and NOR gate, also uses of logic gates and summarize in
not more than one page.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Objectives
1. The output of __________ gate negates the outpu of OR gate.
2. _____________ gate has a ‘D’ shape.
3. The combination of ______________ and ____________ gates is more economical for
constructing comparators.
4. The shape of ________ gate is triangle.
5. The symbols that negates the output of a gate are ________ and __________
ESSAY QUESTIONS
1. Construct a truth table of NAND for two inputs.
2. List three uses of logic gates.
WEEK 8.
CLASS: SS 2
SUBJECT: COMPUTER SCIENCE
TOPIC: LOGIC CIRCUIT (II)
CONTENT:
1. Truth table construction for: NAND, NOR
2. Equation for NAND, NOR , gates
3. Uses of logic gates (i) As building blocks for Hardware/electronic Components, etc.
4. Construction of simple comparator.
1 1 1 0
1 0 0 1
0 1 0 1
0 0 0 1
1 1 1 0
1 0 1 0
0 1 1 0
0 0 0 1
EVALUATION
1. Give one distinct feature of NAND and NOR gates.
2. Write simple truth tables for NAND and NOR gates.
3. State two uses of NAND gate.
4. What type of gate is output equals 1 if the two inputs have equal values.
READING ASSIGNMENT
Read on computer data conversion and summary in not more than ½ pages.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. Logic gates have __________ number of output(s).
2. AND+NOT= __________
3. OR+NOT= _________
4. _______________ is an elementary building block of a digital circuit.
5. All digital circuits are either _____ or ____________
ESSAY QUESTIONS
1. What is an alternate logic gate? And mention its two types.
2. Construct a NAND truth table of three inputs A, B, and C.
WEEK 9
CLASS: SS 2
SUBJECT: COMPUTER SCIENCE
TOPIC: COMPUTER DATA CONVERSION
CONTENTS
i. Definition – Register, Address, Bus
ii. Types of register
iii. Function of each register
iv. Differences between register and main memory
Sub-Topic 1: Definition
Data conversion is the conversion of computer data from one format to another. Throughout a computer
environment, data is encoded in a variety of ways. For example, computer hardware is built on the basis of
certain standards, which requires that data contains, for example, parity bit checks. Similarly, the operating
system is predicated on certain standards for data and file handling. Data conversions may as simple as the
conversion of a text file from one character encoding system to another; or more complex, such as the
conversion of office file formats, or the conversion of image and audio file formats.
There are many ways in which data is converted within the computer environment. This may be seamless, as
in the case of upgrading to a newer version of a computer program.
REGISTER
These are temporary storage areas for instructions or data. They are not part of memory; rather they are
special additional storage locations that offer the advantage of speed. Register work under the direction of the
control unit to accept, hold and transfer instruction or data and perform arithmetic or logical comparisons at
high speed.
Most operations are done on registers; the processor can’t directly perform arithmetic in memory for
example. If you want to add 1 to a memory location, the processor will normally do this by loading the initial
value from memory into a register, adding 1 to the register, and then saving the value back to memory.
MEMORY ADDRESS
This is an identifier for a memory location, at which a computer program or a hardware device can store data
and later retrieve it. Each memory location, in both ROM and RAM, holds a binary number and only depends
on the context of the instructions which retrieve and manipulate it.
BUS
The buses are media that connect the microprocessor (CPU) to each of the RAM, ROM, and input/output (I/0).
Through the buses, information transfer takes place between the CPU and the I/O devices.
TYPES OF REGISTERS
Registers are normally measured by the number of bits they can hold, e.g “8-bit register” to “32-bit register”.
MDR is a two-way register.MDR is half of a minimal interface between a micro-program and computer
storage, the other half is a memory address register.
Others are:
i. User-accessible Register
ii. Data Register
iii. Address Register
iv. Conditional Register
v. General Purpose Register (GPRs)
vi. Floating Point Register (FPRs)
vii. Constant Register
viii. Vector Register
ix. Special Purpose Registers
EVALUATION
1. List and explain three types of register
2. CIR, MDR stands for?
Sub-Topic 2: DIFFERENCES BETWEEN REGISTER AND MAIN MEMORY
Register: These are storage locations internal to the processor. CPU instructions operate on these value
directly. On RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) processors, all data must be moved into a register before
it can be operated. On CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer) (Intel) chips, there are a few operations that
can load data from RAM, process it, and save the result back out, but the fastest operations work directly with
registers.
Also there are registers that are set aside for certain tasks, these generally include a program counter stack,
and flags.
Each register also has a size that determines the maximum amount of data that can be processed at a time.
The registers on Pentium chips, for example are 32 bits.
Finally, there are generally only a few registers available on a processor. Intel chip, for example, have 6 general
purpose registers, and several specialized registers including a base register, stack register, flags register,
program counter and some addressing registers.
Memory or RAM: Is located external to the CPU. Generally speaking, data has to be loaded into a CPU register
from memory before the CPU can process it.
RAM is much slower than registers, there is a lot more RAM than registers, and generally memory can be
addressed on byte boundaries, where register may not be able to access all the bytes in a register.
Summarily, registers are temporary storage in CPU while RAM holds the program instructions and the data the
program requires.
EVALUATION
1. Write short note on Register and Memory.
2. What is register?
General Evaluation
1. Differentiate between the register and main memory.
2. What is a bus?
3. What do you understand by memory address?
Reading Assignment
Read the next week topic and summarize it.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. ____ is much slower than registers. (a) Bus (b) RAM (c) register (d) None
2. RISC stands for ___ (a) Rise in support Computer (b) Reduced instruction symbolic computer (c)
Reduced Instruction Set Computer
3. MDR stands for _____________________
4. CISC stands for _______________________
5. ____ are media that connect the microprocessor (CPU) to each of the RAM, ROM, and input/output
(I/0). (a) Buses (b) RAM (c) register (d) None
ESSAY QUESTIONS
1. Compare register and main memory
2. What are the characteristics of a bus?
WEEK 10
CLASS: SS 2
SUBJECT: COMPUTER SCIENCE
TOPIC: COMPUTER DATA CONVERSION (Cont’d)
CONTENTS
i. Outlines steps in ‘data-fetch-execute’ cycle in a simple form
ii. Factors affecting speed of data transfer
Micro-computer can perform the data read and write operations with the memory. When the memory is
receiving data from microcomputer, it is called a WRITE operation, and data is stored into a selected memory
location. When the memory is sending data to microcomputer element it is called a READ operation.
As soon as a computer is powered on, it begins the process of the fetch-execute cycle. This cycle is however,
from the beginning of the PC startup, the computer is run. The cycle contains 3 main parts.
1. Fetch next instruction
2. Decode instruction
3. Run instruction
EVALUATION
1. Simply state how computer read and write information.
The bus refers to the paths between the components of a computer. The data bus and the address bus are
two main buses in a computer which are located on the motherboard.
The performance of computer buses was measured by the number of bits they could transfer at one time.
Hence, the newest 64-bit buses are typically considered the fastest available. This type of performance is
usually measured in megabits per second (Mbps) or megabytes per second (MBps).
BUS WIDTH
A bus is a channel over which information flows. The wider the bus, the more information can flow over the
channel, much as a wider highway can carry more cars than a narrow one.
The original ISA bus on the IBM PC was 8 bit wide; the universal ISA bus used now is 16 bits. The other I/O
buses including VL-Bus (VLB) and peripheral component interconnect (PCI) are 32 bits wide. The memory and
processor buses on Pentium and higher PCs are 64 bits wide.
EVALUATION
1. State the factors affecting speed of data transfer.
2. What is the effect of the bus width on the speed of a computer?
GENERAL EVALUATION
1. State steps that are involved in data-fetch-execute cycle
2. Explain why computer does need data conversion.
READING ASSIGNMENT
Read and summarize the following week topic.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. Which of the following affects the speed of a data transfer? (a) Bus width (b) Address bus (c)
Memory location (d) Control unit
2. The result of an instruction cycle is stored in the ____ (a) RAM (b) ROM (c) Main memory (d) CPU
3. Bus speed is expressed in __ (a) Joules (b) Hertz (c) Newton (d) Kilogram
4. ____ decodes the program instruction in the CIR. (a) ALU (b) MDR (c) CU (d) CIR
5. In Fetch-execute cycle, ____ is loaded with the address of the instruction. (a) MDR (b) MAR (c)
CIR (d) PC
ESSAY QUESTION
1. List three types of registers and state the functions of each.