Ne'p song tren thuyen cua ngufdi Bo Lo

PHAM THANH TINH*

upc so'ng c i a ngUdi Bd Lo xUa kia budn (tang ma, dau o'm), cac thuyen anh
C dien ra tren con thuyen cl khi di
cau ca ngoai khdi cflng nhU khi hp vao
em mdi noi duoi nhau theo ong tpc trUdng
de hpi tu Iai ben ben.
nghi trong bd. Dd la khong gian xa hpi cia NgUdi Bd Lo theo che dp gia trudng phu
mpt gia dinh hat nhan quen thupc cia hp. quyen, nhUng khong qua chat che nhieu
Cupc song hang ngay dien ra tfl ddi nay khe nhu tren bd. NgUdi cha la ngUdi cd uy
qua ddi khac, an sau vao tam thic, hdn quyen nhat, mpi viec tfl di bien danh cau,
nfla vao trong vo t h i c c i a moi thanh vien den cong viec hang ngay deu do ngudi dan
trong cpng ddng. ong quyet dinh. NgUdi vp ngoai viec cau ca
cdn phai n l u an va nhat la di chp Ien bd.
1. Cuoc song tren thuyen (quan he gia Ba ta phai lo cai an cho d nha. Len bd ra
dinh tren thuyen) chp ba di nhanh, ban nhanh, mua vpi may
Ca gia dinh ngUdi Bd Lo sdng chung thfl d n nhu gao, rau va khong quen
mua mpt chiec banh da chia cho d nha va
tren mpt con thuyen, cd khi 2 - 3 cap vd
cho dng chdng mpt cut rUdu Vi phai di
chdng (bo' me, anh em). Do do viec quan
bien dly sdng gid nen trong gia dinh rat
trpng la phai sap xep sao cho gpn nhe, ddn
thUdng yeu nhau, doan ket chia ngpt se
gian ma trat tU. Thuyen thUdng du dUa
bfli mac dfl vdi mpt sd^bieu Men cd ve tho.
tren mat nUdc do dd mpi hanh dpng cia
It te nhi.
moi ngudi phai chu y den d thuyen, ngdi
ben nay phai xem ben kia cd can bang 2. Nhufng kieng ky tren thuyen
khong; di lai tren thuyen phai nhe nhang.
Tat nhien d dudi thuyen ngudi ta ngdi la TrUdc khi di bien vp chdng khdng dUdc
chinh; khi di ngUdi ta di nhdn chan. Tre an nam vdi nhau, phli kieng de tranh
con hay nghich thUdng bi la, Khong gian dupc tai hpa. Neu gia dinh cd ngUdi vfla
chat hep, con ngUdi song vdi nhau cflng tU m i t phai tam ngUng di bien, nhat la phu
nhien hdn. Quan he xa hpi cia ngUdi Bd nfl say thai, de non hoac con chet yeu n h i t
Lo gdi gpn trong quan he gia dinh mot vp dinh khdng dUdc di bien. Khi b i t diu ra
mpt chdng va con cai. Thuyen nao lam an bien mpi ngu'di phai hd to: May! May!
theo thuyen niy. Anh em rupt thit thudng Dudi thuyen khdng dUpc buyt sao,
ngay di bien cflng cd gpi nhau, dac biet khi khdng budc qua phao ludi, cdt budm, tay
cd chuyen vui (cUdi xin, gid tet), chuyen lai; khdng dUpc vang tuc, khdng dUdc ndi

* Ths. Pham T h a n h Tinh, Vien Nghien ciiu Dong Nam A

64
den bee, hd, chd, meo, ma quy; khdng dUdc
n h i c den ten nhflng ngUdi da chet ma chi
gpi "ong dflt tay, ba r u Id"; khong dupc
quang rd hoac up rd xudng sap thuyen;
khong dupc di tieu tien d cpt eheo lai;
khdng an cdm chao khe. Bfla cdm d i u tien
tren thuyen chi cd thflc an tren dat lien
(thit ga, thit Ipn, r a u sdng ), tuyet nhien
khdng cd d va kieng khong de thflc an
thfla. Bien la kho vang t r a n g khong phai
du trfl. Va ngUdi ta tin r i n g cd nhu vay
mdi danh b i t dupc nhieu ca. Den bfla an
t h i c an dd trao r a mam, ai thich con d
nao thi hoc len ma an.
3. A n u o n g t r e n b i e n
Di bien b i t bupc bfla an cM cd mot mdn
rat ddn gian nhUng d i loai ca. Mfla nao c l
nay, ludc tUdi bang nUdc bien va chi an
mpt l i a . Muc dng ludc c i t tflng khoanh
nhu khoanh gio, cd khi an trfl bfla. Cflng
cd Iflc khong d a n h dUdc con ca nao phai an
cdm vdi mud'i. Bat dUdc con ca thdng n a m
sat dat dUa len nudng rdi gia nhd trpn vdi
hot canh. It tieu lam mud'i an vdi cdm. d
tren bien ngudi ta quan t a m den an no hdn
an ngon, che bien thflc a n phu hpp vdi tap
quan nhu an nguyen chat, tMch an cay va
man. An c i a bien la chinh. Ra khdi danh
cl, hp chpn loai ca ngon de n a u t h i c an:
"Ca dd thi h a p h a n h tUdi
Ca n g i a t h e m n a m , ca rudi them ngd
Ca thieu ma n a u m a n g chua
Mpt chut canh thfla cflng chd bd di"
NgUdi Bd Lo thich an nUdc m i m (nUdc
m i m Hp Dp).
Mam cd nhieu loai: m i m rUdi, m a m
ruoc, m a m chua, m i c khflc, m a m ca, m a m
kieu. Ngudi Bd Lo thich a n gdi ca. Hp lUa
ca trich tUdi lam gdi. Dflng dao ldc t h a n ca
ra lay thit, thai mieng trdn vdi cac thfl gia
Nghiin cdu Ddng Nam A 8/2010
vi nhu chanh, tdi, nudc m i m , h a t tieu,
dudng. Nghe hp ndi an gdi khde ngUdi.
NgUdi ta cdn Iam gdi nuo't (sfla), sfla chan
gidn hdn. N l u cdm t r e n bien la c l nghe
t h u a t . Thuyen Mon chao dao, l a m sao gifl
nUdc de cdm soi chin tdi, t r a n h "cdm khe,
cdm sdng" ma dan di bien r i t kieng. P h l i
dieu chinh h a m l i a d tU the nghieng vdi
mat Men (khoang 45°).
Khi ra bien cd t h e m mot bfla an phu
vao n i a dem. Bdi le trudc khi r a khdi vao
l i e 4 - 5 gid chieu ngUdi ta da phai an cdm
chieu. Trong bfla an kieng lat con ca (sd
lat thuyen).
Neu cau dupc con den (ran bien) ngUdi
ta cat dudi lay tiet hflng vao b a t rUpu, xe
lung lay cai m a t dd dd vao rUdu. KM ud'ng
ngUdi Bd Ld d m bat rUdu ngang t i m m i t ,
l l m r i m k h i n t h i n bien, khe rdt mdt ty
xud'ng bien sau dd mdi Iam can mdt hdi rdi
I l y tay chfli mep. Di bien hp khong bao gid
ud'ng say. ,. .,., •!
Di bien ngUdi ta dflng che kho (che
xanh dam nat, phdi kho). Nau mot ndi
nudc t h a t soi bd che khd vao, mpt l i e che
sdi boc hdi thdm Iflng, hp rdt ra dpi (bat)
s i , che dac q u a n h , gid cao tay rdt cho che
s i i bpt, rdi uong mot hdi. NgUdi Bd Lo h i t
thuo'c la loa ken r a t nang. P h u nfl an t r l u
bam mdi.
Dd dflng tren thuyen r a t ddn gian: ndi
dat, b a t dan m l u da lUdn, dung bat gd
(hoac 6'ng bd sfla bd) dong gao, m a m gd,
xflc cdm bang vd vem, mdi muc lam b i n g
gao dfla.
4. S i n h de t r e n t h u y e n
Ngay xUa sinh de la chuyen thudng
n h a t la khi ngudi ta de ddng con. Khi chUa
cd t r a m xa, ngUdi n h a tU dd de (sau nay
thue ba dd d tren bd xud'ng). Khi chuan bi
Phgm Thanh Tinh - Ne'p sd'ng trin thuyin cua ngUdi Bd Ld
sinh, san p h u n i m trong khoang chinh,
ngudi cha d t tfl t a m ludi lam ta Idt cho
Cdn. Khi sinh ngUdi cha dflng cat nfla de
d t ro'n va dung khdi vd budi hd vao rd'n
dfla be cho chdng kho. Ngudi me gdi chiec
nhau vao t a m mo khd hay m a n h v i i budm
rach rdi vflt xud'ng bien. NgUdi me nhay
xuo'ng bien t i m cho d me Ian con. Tfl giay
phflt dd, d i a be cd mo'i lien he t a m Iinh vdi
bien d . Cac cu gia ngudi Bd Lo gpi la
"nghiep bien". Ngudi s a n phu thich de
dudi thuyen vi m a t me, sach se, Iam gi
cflng tien, khong hi hdi dat. NgUdi dan ba
de kieng an nhat, kieng an chua, kien a n
canh ma phai an man, an kho. P h a i an
nUdc m a m co kho hoac kho nUdc m i m vdi
c l (cl due, ca chai, ca mai la nhflng loai
ca dupc ngUdi Bd Lo dflng cho ngUdi de).
Ngay xUa, khi cdn ngheo, ngUdi san p h u
d i u hom de, sang mai da phai ra d m
eheo, cd khi dupc nghi vai ngay. Khi chan
t h i n g ngUdi san p h u m a n g h a n g Ien ban
cho ngudi t r a gia d i u tien, gpi la ban
"phong long" (d Dflc Thp gpi la khdng
long). Sau nay ngUdi dan ba de mdi dupc
n i m t h a n dfl ndng bflc den dau. Tfl day,
dfla tre, sau khi lam le chan thang, mdi
dupc ra khdi budng, di dau phai lam d i u
bang nUdc t r a u hay nhp ndi boi Ien t r a n de
t r a n h ma quy am. Ngudi ta khong bao gid
khen be xinh, be ngoan ma chi ndi nhflng
dieu ngUpc Iai "xau n h u con cfln". Con trai
dupc gpi la t h a n g cu, t h i n g cac, con gai gpi
la con do, con bep Bo' me dUdc gpi la a n h
Cu, a n h Dai, a Bep, a Dd NgUdi ta phai
cham Io Iam Ie cflng Ba Mu de ba phfl hp
cho be. Ba Mu theo q u a n niem c i a ngUdi
dan la mpt loai nfl t h i n . Tudng truyen cd
12 vi t h i n n a n ra h i n h hai t h a i nhi va che
chd day dd cho be sau khi lot ldng me. De
d u xin Ba Mu p h u hd cho dfla be ngUdi ta
65
td c h i c Id cflng Ba Mu Iflc tre sinh dUdc 4
ngay hoac 9 ngay (de lay cfl), Iflc c h i n
thang, c h i n nam. Vat c i n g gdm 12 t h i
tUdng i n g vdi 12 Ba Mu.
Tat c l mpi flng x i vdi d i a tre, vdi Ba
Mu deu chi n h l m mpt muc dich la de de
nuoi, chdng ldn.
5. Cvibi x i n t r e n t h u y e n
Ngay xUa ngUdi Bd Lo lay n h a u ddn
gian - G i n nhU la npi hdn, hp lay n h a u
ngUdi c i n g hp each n h a u 4 - 5 ddi. Nhd
ngudi Iam mo'i, bd' me con trai den dam hdi
va sau dd dUa dau (chi cd 2 le). Khi con g i i
ve n h a chdng, bo' me cho ndn, q u i n l o va
tien. Hai ben n h a trai, n h a gai an mpt bfla
cdm chung tren mpt so' thuyen c i a hai hp
dau canh nhau. NgUdi Bd Lo gpi dd la "cUdi
xin theo kieu cho khong", nghia la khdng
theo luc le t h a n h hdn, khong ep duyen con
cai. Khi chflng nd yeu n h a u cha me cho
khong. Le nghi chi ven ven cd 2 le: le hdi
va Ie cUdi. Trong le hdi, hai gia dinh trai
gai ngdi lai vdi nhau, mieng t r l u bat nudc,
chuyen trd trao ddi rdi thUa vdi "ong ba gia
tien" bang nen hUdng, chen rUdu. Sau dd
cha me d i t ddi Ifla di lay mat de t r i n h dien
vdi hp hang 2 ben. Le cUdi dupc td c h i c
tren thuyen. Nhieu thuyen a n h em dau
sat nhau. Hai hp an ud'ng tai n h a trai. To
c h i c le cUdi tM "cha dUa me ddn". Bo' co
dau dUa con gai ve n h a chdng, cdn me c h i
re thi ra t a n d i u miii thuyen ddn con dau.
Khi dau sang thuyen nha trai, ngUdi ta da
chuan bi san mdt ndi ddng dUng nUdc sach
trong dd cd m i y ddng tien va mdt d i chay
de tren mam day ndi nUdc (cd the la mdt
tin hieu phdn thUc!). Cd dau mflc nudc r i a
chan rdi budc vao thuyen. Trong thuyen
nha trai da trai 2 cMec cMeu, mpt sap mot
n g i a do mdt ba cd tudi, ddng con, vp chdng
66 Nghiin ciCu Ddng Nam A 8/2010

song toan d i m nhiem. Vao gid Dau (to'i) vd ma" c i a ngudi Mudng sau l l ke (dflng dao
chdng ra trUdc mfli thuyen Iam le td hdng. chat dflt tay ao c i a ngUdi chet). Nghi l i
Den ngay thfl ba Iam le "Iai mat" (mpt dau "dap ma" d i i n r a n h u sau: NgUdi chet
tich c i a cU t r i ben vd) d n h a bo' me vp. nam canh ao quan. Bd'Mo den canh ngUdi
chet, tay t r a i d m cay dao l i mfli nhpn I p
6. T a n g m a t r e n t h u y e n vao vai minh, tay phai d m "cdn neng"
(cay sa n h a n cd uy lUc dudi ta ma), ngam
Khi cd ngUdi qua ddi, t a n g c h i mdi a n h
len ldi c l u n g i n , cuo'i cflng quet cdn neng
em den trong do q u a n trpng n h a t la ngUdi
3 l l n len day ao q u a n vdi cau ket Man:
tpc trUdng. Ngudi n h a sam mpt cdi t r l u ,
"hdn ngUdi song di ra, hdn ma di vao" ( d t
chai rUdu de t r i n h b i o vdi ly trUdng. Thi
dflt tinh d m dinh Hu gifla ngudi song va
hai dupc dat n i m dpc thuyen, d i u quay
ngudi chet, k h a n g dinh va c i n g co' sU
ra bien. NgUdi t a bupc chan tay ngudi qua
k h a c biet gifla ngUdi sd'ng va ngudi
cd', d i n g giay dd h a y vai dd che m a t va d t
chet)(^\ NgUdi di bien sd n h a t la "chet
c i ngUdi canh gifl. Ngay xUa ngudi Bd Ld
nUdc" nen hp cd nhieu kieng ky. Chet bien
qua ngheo, khong m u a dUdc ao quan,
thudng m a t xae, do dd ngUdi ta lam tang
ngUdi n h a phai bd b i n g chieu. Khi k h a m
ma theo tuc "chieu hdn t i tang". Ngudi ta
liem ngUdi t a bd may ddng tien va mdt It
dflng cay dau lam xUdng, dflng dat set
gao vao m i e n g ngudi chet. Theo tin
n a n t h a n h da thit, dflng gao dfla lam hop
ngUdng dan gian c i a ngUdi Viet thi ngUdi
sp tupng trUng cho h i n h hai ngUdi qua
chet phai xud'ng do di qua sdng de sang
cd' va lam dam t a n g n h u t h a t . Cd the ndi
the gidi ben kia. NgUdi n h a phai cho vao
ngUdi dan bien flng x i vdi ngUdi chet r i t
mieng c h i t It gao, 2 ddng tien, chut it
chu d i o . Khi cd x i c chet giat vao bd ngudi
vang de ngudi chet t r a cdng cho ngUdi
ta vdt len va Iam ma t i te.
eheo dd. Tuc nay gpi la "phan ham" (ngam
cdm). Con sdng Nai H I (trong Thap dien
hpp t h a n h Am ti) la t h i t h a c h cud'i cung 7. Thd c u n g t r e n t h u y e n (ddc tin tdm linh)
de ngUdi chet neu vUpt qua se dUdc t l i
Do cupc sd'ng trai dai tren bien d
sinh. Tin ngUdng dan gian cho r i n g , ndi
nhUng lai cU trfl t r e n mdt chiec thuyen,
con dd dUa ngudi chet phai cd "ben me",
cho nen trong t a m thflc c i a hp thi r i t
phai an "chao Ifl" de quen het tien kiep.
phong phfl phflc tap, nhUng nghi t h i c thi
That ra con song chi cd mat d day n h u
lai r a t ddn giart. Co hai loai ma dUdc thd
r a n h gidi p h a n each hai the gidi. Ngudi ta
cung phd bien: thd cflng td tien (vi theo
gpi hdn ngUdi chet: n a n g Ien bd xud'ng ba
quan niem c i a ngUdi Bd Ld thi con di dau,
l l n , mieng lam n h a m : "thd Iai hoan" va
td tien theo dd) va thd "be tren" - mdt k h i i
tien h a n h l l "lay n i y " - NgUdi h a n h Id
niem, mdt hinh tUpng chi t h i n bien. Ma la
mpt tay d m dao, tay kia d m q u i n ao
mpt khai niem chi linh hdn c i a con ngudi
ngudi n h a c i a ngUdi qua cd', mieng hd:
sau khi da trflt hdi thd cud'i cung. GS Tfl
"ba hdn b i y via" (neu la dan dng), hay "ba
Chi da dinh nghia "ma" la tinh linh c i a
hdn chin via" (neu la p h u nfl), n h l m muc
ngUdi chet de khu biet vdi hdn c i a ngudi
dich d t dflt t i n h d m c i a ngUdi chet va
sd'ng'^^. Vdi ngUdi Bd Ld, ma tren bien r a t
ngUdi sd'ng. Chung ta gap Iai nghi l i "dap
nhieu "trong node la ngai, ngoai ndd'c la
Phgm Thanh Tinh - Nep sd'ng tren thuyin cda ngUdi Bd Lo
ma". Nhflng ngudi t h a n khi chet deu trd
t h a n h ma, va hp r a t sp ma b i t . NgUdi Bd
Ld cho r i n g d t r e n bd cd r a t nhieu ma va
cd nhieu loai ma (flng vdi cac each bi chet)
tM tren bien cflng l l m nhUng lai it loai
ma vi khdng gian bien trdi menh mdng. It
d n h quan da dang nhU tren bd. Loai ma
ma hp sd n h a t la ma chet tren bien (gpi la
ma nUdc). Dd la loai ma c i a cai chet "bat
die ky t i " nhUng r a t phd bien va r a t
nhieu trong xa hpi c i a ngudi di bien (khac
vdi tren dat lien).
O ngoai bien, theo ngUdi Bo Lo cd cac
loai ma:
- Ma n h a trd t h a n h td tien dupc thd
c i n g . Theo triet Iy c i a hp thi con chau di
dau bd' me theo dd. Hp thd td tien trong
thuyen tren chiec b a n thd r i t ddn gian chi
cd mpt "tru nhang". Hp khong Iam gio c i a
t i n g ngudi ma h a n g n a m hp chpn ngay
chung de lam gio, bdi le nhflng ngay bao
ldn, tang tdc ldn (nhieu ngudi hi chet), cd
gia dinh chet c l nha, cd lang chet h i u het
nhflng ngudi di bien.
- T h i n Iinh t r e n bien: NgUdi Bd Lo Iam
nghe cau ngoai bien khdi nhieu hiem hpa
bat thudng do bao sdng gay nen. Khi ma
cupc sd'ng d l y may r i i , khi con ngudi chUa
d i tri tue va phUdng tien de Iam c h i cupc
song, hp phai vien dan den t h a n linh - lUc
lupng sieu nhien de hp d u xin dupc bao
hp - d ngoai bien, khi gap nan, ngudi ta
thap hUdng hudng Ien trdi, hudng xuo'ng
bien (trdi nUdc mot m l u ) ngudi ta c l u
k h a n mot "dang thieng lieng". Ngudi Bd
Lo cung n h u cU dan bien gpi la "be tren".
Cd the hieu mpt each dan gia "be tren" la
bieu tupng tdng hdp nhflng lUc Iupng sieu
nhien d ngoai bien. Khac vdi cac lUc lupng
sieu nhien trong dat lien da dUpc dinh vi
trong cac t h i n dien cua cac tdn giao, cac
67
tin ngUdng, d day - ngoai bien khdi chi cd
mpt "be tren" ma thoi. Neu khi b i t d i u tfl
c i a lach de ra bien ngudi ta phai c i n g
t h i n lach, t h a n q u a n vdi nhflng cai ten cu
the, thi khi r a bien gap cdn 16'c xoay, ngudi
Bd Lo t h i p hUdng c l u khan, keu la "he
tren" den cflu giflp. Hp r i c hoa, gao va
mud'i cho cac sinh Iinh chet d bien nham
keu gpi k h a n d p sU ho trp c i a d c "be
tren". Khi ma thuyen da lat, cai chet da
den ngudi ta keu gao nhflng ngUdi t h a n
mpt c i c h t h i m thiet nhU keu me, keu trdi.
Ngoai hai loai ma la " t h i n Iinh" hp
menh, ngudi Bd Lo cdn q u a n niem tren
bien cd ma cut d i u , ma trdi. Ma cut d i u
dupc the hien dUdi h i n h thflc nhflng cdn
gid Idc xoay, cud'n nUdc bien cao may met,
di chuyen d Ien bd. Cdn ma trdi la loai ma
hien ra dudi h i n h thflc mot ngpn den (Ian
tinh) chap chdn di chuyen tren bien. Loai
ma nay r a t tinh nghich hay treu ngUdi.
Neu di bien ma gap ma trdi thi dflng bao
gid cho thuyen di theo nd vi se bi nd Ifla
lac hudng
Cd the ndi, cupc song t r e n con thuyen
cua ngUdi Bd Lo dfl ddn giin, moc mac,
nhUng v i n chfla dUng d l y d i nhflng yeu
to' c i a nep song van hda c i a mpt cpng
ddng cU dan bien, k h u biet vdi nep scng
van hda c i a cU dan song t r e n bd, ndi ma
hp song "ghe" sau moi chuyen di bien./.
C H U THICH
1. Xem Tran Tfl. NgUcii Mudng b Hoa Binh. Hoi
Khoa hoe lieh si, Ha Noi, 1996, tr. 248 - 253,
2. Xem Tran Tfl. NgUdi MUdng ci Hoa Binh. Hoi
Khoa hoe lieh si, Ha Noi, 1996, tr. 232 - 254.
 .^
Ngudi Bo Id cau ca tren bien khdi

PHAM THANH TINH*

1. Ngfl trfldng va cay rao trang bi che khuat... hoac trong dem tdi
khdng trang khdng sao, ngfldi Bd Ld van
Mae dfl ngfldi ta ndi "dien tfl, ngfl
tim dfldc dflng ngfl trfldng, dflng eai rad ed
cdng", nhflng ngfldi van chai d gin bd
dpt (ngpn) tre ndi len eua hp gifla bien
cung phan chia chiem linh mat nflde de
khdi. Hp da due ket dfldc mdt sd' kinh
cam dang, cam sae. Cdn d ngdai bien khdi,
nghiem trong viec nhan ra ngfl trfldng
ngfldi ta van quy fldc vdi nhau mdi van
eua minh gifla bien khdi - ngfl dan gpi la
lam nghe cau ea cd met khu vflc rieng
b i t rao.
dfldc gpi la ngfl trfldng. Ngfl trfldng ed gidi
A • - - ^ • i)
ban va cung ed ten tudi cfla nd, dfldng
O gifla ngfl trfldng ngfldi ta trong
nhien nd mang tinh dia phfldng bdi le ngfl
nhflng cay rao. Rao dfldc tad thanh bdi
trfldng chi dfldc t h i vflng bien tfldng flng
mdt cay tre nga dfle va gia, diu gdc dfldc
vdi dia phfldng tren bd thee nguyen tie
budc vad mdt sdi day giang (ngam nflde
xac dinh lanh h i i bing each keo dai bien
bien rat ben) dai hay ngan tfly dp sau eua
gidi tfldng flng tren dat lien. O Cam
nflde, day d i u kia budc vad mdt ting d i to
Nhfldng ngdai lan khdi gdm cd rad lee, rae
(thdng thfldng ngfldi ta dan spt bing tre,
trfla, rao Quen, rao 19, 21, 23, 25, 27... De
giang) sao cho khi bd da xud'ng diy bien
dinh vi eac ngfl trfldng ngfldi ta lay nhflng
ngpn tre van ndi len tren mat nflde. Ngfldi
diem cae trdng da't lien de lam quy fldc.
ta chat nhflng bd la mudng, dflng day
NgUdi Bd Ld ed cae ngU trUdng d ngdai
giang cdt vad quanh cay tre, mdi bd each
khdi nen ngfldi ta la'y cac chdp nfli de gpi
nhau met sii tay, tao nen mdt vflng ed
ten va phan gidi ban. Thi du d Cfla
bdng ram cho dan ea den ta tuc. Dan d day
Nhfldng ed cac hdn nfli nhfl Rfl (nfli)
gpi la "chat cay sd'ng, trdng cay chet". Va
Nhfldng, Rfl Ciu, hdn Nen Ngfla, Sao
cii "khach san" ay cang sum sue tbi ea
Veo, nfli Nen Nha, hdn Rfl Dat, hdn
Gum... O Cfla Sdt ed Rfl Bdng, Ru Sdt, Rfl cang den trfl rat ddng. Ket ca'u cua mot
Hdng, hdn Mit, hdn Ngfl... Do dd dan day cha tfla nhfl mdt day leu khdng id ed
chai d day cd thanh ngfl "nhim rfl t h i khi dai tdi 20 sii tay trd len. Tim dfldc dat
rao", "di ra trdng sao, di vd (vao) trdng bd rao cho ca den d la ci mdt nghe thuat.
ru". Ngay khi trdi diy sfldng mfl hoac bien Nhflng ngfldi cd kinh nghiem thfldng ehpn
lang khdng cd sdng, gid, mat trdi mat chd da't phfl sa, ed nhieu phfl du lam mdi
cho ca, lai phai cd nhflng ran da de ca vao

• Ths. Pham Thanh Tinh, Vien Nghien ciiu Dong Nam A

60
de. Rao p h i i nam theo hfldng nflde chay
de khi c i di theo dan ngoai khdi ap vad
tflng ddt thed mfla chflng phii thee cdn
nflde de di vae rad. Vi vay mdi cd cau ngan
ngfl: "Chim chet vi nha, ea chet vi nflde".
O ngfl trfldng khi t h i rao ngfldi dan chai
phii tie'n hanh nghi le nhfl khi ve nha
mdi. Hp cung td tien, than bien va nhflng
vung hdn chet bien de thdng bad, c i u xin
cac ngai phfl hd dp tri cho gia chu. Vat
hien te cung la gao, mudl, hoa rac xud'ng
bien. Nhflng bien that hi an, chi cd nhflng
ngfldi ed duyen may vdi bien, mdi cd dfldc
cay rao ma ngfldi ta gpi la "cay rad vang".
Rad vang mdi vu ca chd thu nhap tri gii
bang mdt cay vang. Dd thfldng la vflng da't
bdi eudn len dfldi day bien cd nhieu phfl
du cho ci den an, sinh de va nam lai d cii
"cfla tfl" eua ludng nflde.
Theo ldi ke cfla nha thd Nguyen Ngpc
Phfl thi cay rao cua nha dng T i m Thanh d
Thach Kim la mdt cay rao vang. Cay rao
nay nhfl mdt gia tai tfl ddi dng ndi de lai,
cha truyen eon ndi, ket tu may ddi ngfldi
nhfl mdt b i u vat thieng lieng. Nhieu
ngfldi thay khu rau nay l i m ci, ked nhau
den trdng rau thanh ca mdt rflng tre ram
rap. Cfl mdi con nflde hp lai trdng them
dam cay rao. Nhflng la thay, each cay rao
vang cua dng Tam Thanh chi khoang 100
met, khdng cd mdt cay rao nao ed ca vao
an. Tfldng chflng nhfl dfldi dia t i n g cua
cay rao vang cd san mdt cii long chao day
thflc an de c i quay lai, chen chflc nhau,
sinh sdi nay nd! Ngfldi ta bao cay rao vang
nhfl kho gad cfl ra da'y ma lay ve. Nhflng
budi chieu mat trdi, ca ndi len tflng vat di
dao quanh may cay rao vui dfla, tam ca
nhfl mfla rao... nhflng tdi den ca lai quay
Nghien cdu Ddng Nam A 6/2010
ve "rao nha", den ndi ngfldi cac thuyen
khac chi dflng nhin dng Tam Thanh cau
ca ma them! Rao mdi dfl cd phu du td't den
dau cflng it c i bdi chflng da quen vdi cay
rao than thude. Vi vay d day mdi sinh ra
chuyen "cfldp rao" ngoai khdi: Ldi dung
ngfldi chu rao vi sap ed bao hoac bao chfla
lang b i n nen chfla ra, cd nhflng thuyen da
"lieu chet" bfldn ra bien trflde mot dem
viy rad dng T i m de tranh thu kiem met it
ca. Ngfldi Bd Ld gpi la d i n h "xip" eua
ngfldi khic.
O cic rao, ngoai viec cau ngfldi ta cdn
dflng lfldi rut de danh bat ca. Ca'u tae
vang lfldi rut bao gdm: day, gia, heo, canh
tien, mat lfldi day mdng tfly theo ca. Ky
thuat chinh cua nghe lfldi rut phu thuoc
rat nhieu vao trinh dp eua ngfldi thd trdng
viec tham dd lan nflde, t h i rae, dat nee,
budng lfldi.
Khi thuyen cau ra den rae, viec bd nee
la ci mdt nghe thuat phai ed kinh nghiem,
phii ed linh cim de doin dfldc vflng da't
mem, lfla thee chieu nflde de nee "an da't"
va fldc Ifldng cfl ly chinh xie de thuyen va
lfldi khdng dat vao rao.
2. Nghe cau cua ngifdri Bo Lo
Nghe cau ed hai cich: cau d'ng can va
cau vang^^\
- Cau d'ng can dung mot can cau cd dng
cud'n day, dau can cd con trfldt. Day cau dai
khoang 30 - 40 sai mde dfldc mot chum cau
khding 5 lfldi trd len, kem theo mot hdn chi
de nem ra xa. Tfly theo tflng loai ca ma lfldi
cau to nhd khac nhau. Mdi ngfldi thfldng
dung mot d'ng cau, mot tay cam d'ng day,
mot tay nem lfldi cau ra xa rdi cuon dan lai.
Ca an theo mdi hi mie cau.
Pham Thanh Tinh - Ngudi Bd Ld cdu cd tren hien khai 61

- Cau vang day cau dai den hang ngan Rieng ddi vdi cau mflc ngfldi ta cai tie'n
sai. Cfl 4 - 5 sai chieu dai ngfldi ta mde mdt each ca'u tao vien chi de nd ed the keo dfldc
lfldi cau, khoang 35 - 40 sii thanh mdt lfldi cau n i m ngang trdng nflde. Mud'n vay
chang. Mot vang cau cd khi hang ehue ngfldi ta phii quan chi vad mdt thdi gd chd
chang khdng ban dinh. Nhfl vang cau cua chi khdng hi chim ban va phii tinh toan
gia dinh cu Nguyen Hda d xdm Gd, Cam khoing each cung nhfl trpng Ifldng gifla
Nhfldng Cd tdi 300 lfldi cau va dfldc xep thfl ba vat: chflm cau, chi, mdi bing nhau de
tfl trong mdt thung chfla cau theo thfl tfl: khi t h i xud'ng bien chflng trdi ngang nhau
lfldi cau sap dau tien lay sau cflng. Thed gid'ng nhfl mdt chfl ca (tdm) dang bdi
cau la ddan day tfl lfldi cau ndi den dfldng ngang trflde mat cdn mflc. Ldi cau vdi ca'u
day eua cau (dfldc gpi la trieng), dai ngan tao vien ehi chuyen dflng tren day gpi la
tuy thed yeu cau danh b i t tflng loai ca an ldi cau trpng.
ndng - sau. O lan nflde 7 - 8 sai, khi cd sdng Mdi de cau ca la mdt van de rat quan
thi nang lfldi cau len each mat da't khoang trpng vi mdi cd hap din vdi eon ca ndi mdi
2 sai, khi nflde khdng chiy thi tang len 4 - chiu cin cau. Cd hai loai mdi: mdi that va
5 sai bdi vi ca thfldng xud'ng sau khi mat mdi gii.
nflde xad ddng va len khi mat bien yen.
Mdi that: mdi loai ca cd mdt thfl mdi
Del vdi cic loai ci thu, ci trdi la nhflng rieng. Ci ngfla, ci dd, ca be thich mdi tdm
thfl ci rang sic lfldi cau phii budc bang sd'ng. Phii lam sao mac cho con tdm van
day ddn (mdt ldai day bing ddng dai 30 sd'ng, van bdi ldi lam hap d i n cdn ci. De
em), neu khdng ca se can dflt day cau. De cho con tdm sd'ng khi mac mdi ngfldi thd
lam che vang cau dfldc thang bing tren cau phii ra't khee tay va nhe nhang: mie
mat nflde, ngfldi ta chd nhflng phad nang lfldi cau vad d i u cdn tdm, canh mang
va nhflng hdn da each nhau mfldi sai, tren mieng, va dieu ed't yeu la t r i n h khdng chd
phae cd cd hieu; phae dfldc cdt vad day, lfldi cau cham vao day nao eon tdm. Mdi
dfldi budc da, tfly theo dp sau. Ngfldi ta cdt cau cd map la cae loai ea trdi, ca hdng...
vad day cau nhflng cue chi lam chd lfldi nang tren 3kg.
cau chim xud'ng theo chieu thang dflng. Mdi gii budc tren chum lfldi cau kee
Viec sii dung phao va ehi an khdp, dflng thee thuyen, ea tfldng mdi dudi thee ddp.
luc vdi nhau la ca mdt nghe thuat. Vdi bd Ngay xfla ngfldi ta dflng ldng con ed lam
cau ca map (ci nang tfl 2 - 5 ta), nen ta't mdi cau, ngay nay dflng vii ni ldng nhieu
ca deu phai ldn hdn nhfl day ddn bing mau sic thay cho long chim vfla dep, vfla
ddng dai 2 sai tay ed trdd'c (diu) vat ddn to ben, tien sfl dung.
tren lfldi cau, theo cau dai 6 sai tay. Mdi Viec bua cau thfldng tien hanh ban
lfldi cich nhau 50 sai, trieng cau dai 400 ngay. Cac ldai ea ngdai khdi di theo dan
sai, cdn cd dfl trfl tren thuyen tren 150 sii tfly theo tflng loai ma ca an ndi (trich, bac
de phdng ca ldi, theo cau ngan ngfl: ma, ci lam, ca thu...), an chim (ea nuc, ea
"Ngfldi t h i n g ta dui (chflng) dflt dau hdng, ci vflde, ea chai, ci mfl, ca dudi...),
ma sd". an d tang gifla (ca dfl, ca hd'...). Ngfldi
62
dinh ci phai chd den lflc nflde chiy nhflng
khdng due qui, khdng trong qua mdi bua
cau. Neu gap lflc trang sing (dem rim)
trdi trdng bien lang ngfldi ta cflng bua
dem vdi cich thfle rieng.
Thae tie trong nghe bfla cau ra't ti mi
ddi hdi cic thanh vien tham gia bua cau
phai deu tay, chinh xie, an khdp vdi nhau.
Khi xac dinh dfldc ludng ci, ngfldi chdng
ched Iii thuyen di theo ddng nflde ngfldc,
ngfldi vd bua cau, dfla eon mde mdi. Khi
keo thu hoach cung vay, ngfldi ked trieng,
ngfldi cim vdt xflc ea hdac mde ci td...
cung phii nhip nhang. Trfldng hdp cd
nhflng Cdn ca ldn qui, ngfldi ta phii ndi
trieng ra cho cd chay, c i t bet lfldi cau da
vdt ca len thuyen t r i n h nguy hiem chd
ngfldi kee trieng.
Nghe cau cflng p h i i ed med. Cd khi ci
budi khdng ben cdn nad, nhflng vfla bflng
bat edm len nghe tieng rad rad, ca an rd
len nhfl t i m an rdi, ci mdt ta'm t h i m lflng
ci quyen vad nhau... mpi ngfldi chay tda
ra hai ben man thuyen. Nhflng chiec cin
nang triu vit cdng xud'ng kee len hang
chudi ci. Cd chudi ea tranh mdi xdan vad
nhau, dan bien gpi la "chflm hoa bien".
Gap dfldc nhflng chflm ea nhfl vay cfl ngdi
tha hd ma gd. Cd khi vdi q u i phii cit cau
thay bing chudi khie de kip tranh thu
thdi ed ciu ci.
Ngfldi Bd Ld nhfl da ndi, ed cdn mat rat
tinh, hp cd the kiem soit dfldc mdt vflng
bien cd b i n kinh khoing 1km. Neu thay
tren mat bien xuat hien dam den ma tren
trdi khdng cd may, tren bien khdng cd
xoay nflde thi dd la dan ca va phai biet la
ci gi. Neu nhieu dan ci xua't hien ddng
thdi thi ngfldi chfl thuyen phai biet ehpn
Nghien cdu Ddng Nam A 6/2010
dan ca nao. Mat k h i c anh ta phai thdng
thao gid thdi theo hfldng nad, td'c dp
thuyen cd dudi kip dan c i khdng, nflde
bien chay theo hfldng nae, td'c dp bao
nhieu, khoing cich vdi thuyen... de bua
cau, bua lfldi.
3. Mot so loai ea dvfde ngxfdi Bo Lo cau
ci Ha T i n h
Theo thd'ng ke cila ngfldi dan Cila
Nhfldng, thi d vflng bien Ha Tinh ed cic
ldai ca:
a. C i thit: c i nhd, c i mfl, ca thu, ci hfl,
ci chim, c i ngfla, ca ve hdng, ci budi, ea
cdi, ci vflde (ci thu), ca tram... la ldai ea
xua't khau, ed gii tri cau.
Tiep den la ca fle, c i gflng, ci thieu, ci
dfla, ea khe, ca trang, c i bdp, c i ngfl, ci
be, ci cbdy, ci mdi, c i chflc mae, ci
nhddng, ci mang, ea bac ma, c i ddm, ci
cam, ci kee, c i trd'p, c i cang.
Ngoai ra cdn cd cic loai ca than det: ci
tai vanh, c i tai tfldng, ea dudi, ci ldng, ci
den, c i dien... Leai c i ed than dai: ci
chui, c i nhdai, ca phfldn, ca hd, c i leeng,
c i chach, cdc lee, ea lae, ca nem. Leai cd
da eflng: c i bd; loai cd canh: ea chudn; loai
cd xfldng sun: c i dudi, ca d; c i la'y vay: ci
nhim, ci map; c i than mem thit nhae: ci
chio; ci kieng ddi vdi nhflng ngfldi hi
benh pheng tha'p: c i ed', c i sad cflde, cd
einh, ci ngang...
b. C i lam nflde mam: c i edm (ci bae, ca
dudi, ci trdpc tring, trdoc than), ca ve, ca
mfldi, ea trich, c i lim, ca nuc, ca mu, ca
ngang, ca lep, ca gid, ea kinh, c i rfl ri, ci
dfl, c i bau bau, c i ret ret...(2)
Sau day chflng tdi gidi thieu mdt sd ci
Pham Thanh Tinh - Ngudi Bd Ld cdu cd tren bien khai
ed cich d i n h b a t d a n g chfl y.
- Ca n h i m thude hp ea m a p (phia N a m
gpi la c i nghee). C i n h a m cd hai thfl: vay
tring (ten khda bpc Scdliodon
Sorarooach), vay den (Arcahinus
Menisorrach). Ca n h a m vay t r a n g d vflng
bien sau ( k h o i n g 20 - 40m), vay den d sau
hdn (60 - 80m). C i n h a m de cdn b i n g each
thu tinh va p h i t trien t r e n g tfl cung ea
me, den khi ed k h i n a n g kiem dfldc mdi
thi ea cdn chui ra. Dd dd ngfldi ta thfldng
lay c i cen trong b u n g me lam mdn an bd
dfldng va chfla da day. Dae tinh eua ea
nham m i t n h i n kem nhflng mui thi t h i n h
la lflng, nha't la mfli m i u , che nen ngfldi
ta dung m a u ca de nhfl c i map. D a n Bd Ld
lo nhat khi hi lat t h u y e n , t h a n the hi xay
xat chiy m a u , c i m a p se ao den ngay. Ca
map hoa (than Idm ddm nhfl hoa) la loai
hien, khi gap ngfldi nd chi hit hit bdi vdng
quanh rdi l i n g xa. Ldai m a p xa a n thit
ngfldi. Cd khi cau dfldc con map xa md r a
trong bung nd cdn cd mdt e i i sp ngfldi va
bp q u i n ao phdng (khdng tieu dfldc)! Khi
mie cau nd kee c i t h u y e n di. Ngfldi ta
phii ndi trieng che c i chay, khi dudi sfle
ngfldi ta kee c i len t h u y e n . Cd trfldng hdp
eon map xa kiet sfle hi lam mdi cho lfl ea
"thiem i e ngfl" la loai c i a n thit. Bd k h u n g
xfldng ea map la sun ngfldi ta dflng de
chfla dd't sd'ng. G a n c i m a p dfldc tay y
tdng hdp dieu che V i t a m i n A, lam d i u ea.
Vay ca map la m e t trdng "bat t r a m " (danh
cho vua), la m a t h a n g xua't k h a u cao cap.
Ca ngfla (Eleutheronema
Tetradctylus), n a n g tfl 3kg trd len, neu 1kg
ngudi ta gpi l i ea ehde. Ca ngfla bed q u a n h
nam cang n a n g can cang bed, la mdn an
ngon trong ngay tet ' T e t ve cau ddi b i n h
63
chflng, chang h a m gi c i ehi flng ngfla
ehde". Ngfldi Bd Ld d a n h bang bua cau.
Nhflng dem t r a n g sudng, tiet trdi mfla
ddng sfldng day dac nhfl sfla, cang nhieu
c i . Ngfldi thd ngdi tren dinh cdt budm cang
mat nhin xuyen sfldng mfl nhan biet sac
mau ngdi s i n g eua c i ngfla rdi cho thuyen
bua cau. C i ngfla bao gid cung di sd'le. Ten
la ca ngfla nhflng thit lai thdm phfle, hdi
nhao nhflng r a t ngpt thit. Gifla dem ddng
gia bud't an mdt bat c h i o ea ngfla tbi tuyet
vdi, ngfldi tinh t i e b a n len.
- C i hdng hay c i dd (Lutianus). Cd
nhieu loai: c i hdng dd, ca hdng bdng, ca
hdng cau, ca hdng dem... trong dd ngon
nha't la c i dd, c i hdng bdng. C i dd thude
loai ca vu ddng, c i hdng bdng thude vu
Nam. c a dd n a n g tfl 3 - 5kg, c i biet ed eon
nang tdi 8kg. Ngfldi Bd Ld danh ea dd b i n g
cau d'ng va vang cau. Ca bdng bdng vu
n a m n i m sau trdng cac r a n da san hd dfldi
day bien, khdng chiu an cau, ngfldi ta p h i i
dflng "bdng" de d a n h b a t (vi vay mdi ed ten
ea hdng bdng). Bdng la mdt thfl ldng dan
b i n g tre, ed mieng hinh pheu chui vao thi
de, chui ra khdng dfldc. Mdi chie'c bdng dai
3 - 4m, cae l m 2 , rdng l m 5 , trong ed ket l i
tao t h a n h bdng dam de dfl c i vao. Ngfldi ta
cdt da n a n g cho bdng chim xud'ng d i y bien,
tren ed phao va ed de lam dau. De tha
bdng, ngfldi Bd Ld budc mdt hdn ehi nang
vad lfldi cau to keo rd rd sat m a t dat, gap
r a n da thi m i e lai, ngfldi ta t h i bdng
xud'ng. Ca hdng tha'y la theo ludng nflde
chui vao bdng con np keo eon kia khdng ra
dfldc. T h i bdng hdm trflde, hdm sau kee
len b i t ea. Cd khi ca vad nhieu, nang qua
bdng bi dflt day, m a t t r i n g . Met chuyen di
bdng khdi p h i i nhieu ngay, ngfldi ta phai
64
mang di nhieu bdng de tha, va phii dem di
nhieu mudl de fldp ci. Cd hdng cd met dae
tinh khic cic ldai ci khie la cang fldn cang
ngdn. Vi vay, dflng c i hdng lam m i m thi
phii fldp mudl ngay khi cdn tfldi, ngfldc lai,
dflng ci hdng om md an vdi b i n h da thi
phai de fldn mdi ngon.
- C i chim: Cd nhieu loai ci chim: Ca
chim den (Forninionger), c i chim t r i n g
(Stromatoides Argenteus), ci chim gai
(Psenofsis Anomalg). C i chim thit thdm,
xfldng mem, nha't la d i u ci dfldc ngfldi Ha
Tinh Cdi la ngdn d i u bing: "Chim, thu,
nhu, de". C i chim den sd'ng tang nflde
mat, ci chim t r i n g va c i chim gai sd'ng
tang gifla va tang g i n day. C i chim that
la, cau khdng an, bdi thanh biy, lat
nghieng lat ngfla la'p l i n h i n h bae. Chflng
thfldng di theo con d i u dan, eon nao cflng
chen nhau cho kip con di trflde. De lfla
chflng vao rao ngfldi ta lam nhflng cdn ea
mdi bang gd nang sdn mau trang t h i xung
quanh cay rao, the la ea dan ea chim theo
nhau vao day lfldi. Cd khi khdng ed ea mdi
trang, dan chai ehpn nhflng ngfldi da de
that trang bdi vad lfldi. Ca chim thee
ngfldi vad ludn, cd khi hang tram cdn.
- Ca thu: Cd hai ldai: ea thu da, ci thu
id (Scdmberemrus Cdmmerseni) sd'ng
tflng dan ndi tren mat nflde ngeai khdi, dp
sau 10 - 12 sii, cau b i n g cin hdac vang
cau. Ca thu beo nhat vao thang bay. Do
dd ngfldi mien bien thfldng ndi: "Chudn,
eflng (ca thieu, e i fle) t h i n g ba, thu da
t h i n g bay".
- C i de: Ngfldi mien Trung gpi la ci be
hay ci be (Ilisha Elongara). La mdt trong
bd'n loai c i bien ngon dfldc ngfldi Ha Tinh
xep hang: Chim, thu, nhu (nhd, dd), de. C i
Nghien cdu Ddng Nam A 6/2010
sd'ng d t i n g nflde mat ven bien, tap trung
thanh tflng dan, keo nhau vao bd sinh de
tfl d i u nam am lich.
- Ca fle. Cd nhieu thfl: ca thieu, ca
eflng, ci fle. Ca sd'ng theo quan the, cd r i u
cim rau mep, trflng ldn nhfl hdn bi tring
nupt, lupe len deo ma beo. Hang nam sinh
de vao t h i n g hai t h i n g ba. "Ci'thieu
t h i n g ba nhfl thit ga (ga) t h i n g mfldi",
thude loai c i ngon, nha't la bd mang:
"Nha't gan c i ngheo (ci map), nhi mang ci
thieu". Ngfldi ta la'y mang chat ra tflng
mieng rfla sach na'u vdi md, mang chua, It
gia vi thanh mdn canh ngdn: an ddn, vfla
thdm vfla bee.
- c a dudi. Cd hai leai: ci dudi thfldng
va ea dudi dien. C i dudi thfldng cd dudi
quat (Razirormes) va dudi d
(Mgliobatiformes) sd'ng d diy bien. Trong
cic thfl c i dudi d, ed c i dudi hoa (cdn gpi
la dudi hoa) to ldn hdn ci, cd con dai tdi
3m, nang den vai ta, cd gii tri kinh te cao.
Thit ca dudi hoa ra't ngon, nha't la bd ldng:
C i hdng thit, ca dudi ldng
Cflng la Cdn rud'e m i u rdng gifla nam
(Dd la nhflng thfl ngon va quy)
c a dudi dien xfla dfldc gpi la ci dudi
giat (Tdrpedinifermes) la leai c i cd phat
dien giy te bud't. Vi vay khi hi cd giat
ngfldi ta la'y que cui danh chet rdi mdi gd
ra khdi cau. Neu vd y dflng dao chat nd se
bi dien giat ba't thinh hnh, cd khi vflt ei
dad.
- C i bac m i (Restrelhger Kanagurt),
sd'ng d tang nflde mat ngoai lan nflde ed dp
sau 1 3 - 1 5 sai, cd de vao t h i n g tfl den
t h i n g sau am lich. Ca bac m i di thanh
tflng biy ldc bdc bflng vay rd len nhfl mfla
Pham Thanh Tinh - Ngudi Bd Ld cdu cd tren hien khai 65

rao b i o trdi cd bad. Do dd k h i gap c i bac nhfl eon rdng chay dai d lan nflde sau
ma ngfldi ta vfla d i n h b i t vfla c h u a n hi khoang 18 s i i . Dd la ndi tu hpi eua leai
ddi phd vdi bad. Ca bac md la ldai ea ngdn. mflc. Di xa hdn mdt ty hdac vao g i n hdn
- C i vflde (Latescalcarifer) sd'ng d t i n g khd ma tim dfldc cdn mflc. Dem xud'ng, dpc
mat day sau, r a n n g i m . Cd ldn n h a t ed khi theo gd cat nay t h u y e n cau mflc nhfl sao
nang tdi 20 - 30kg, t r u n g b i n h la 5 - 10kg. sa, vdi be rdng vai t r a m met, chieu dai vai
Ngfldi mien B i c gpi la ca chem, cdn ngfldi ba cay so'. G i n den con nflde 21 thdng sau .
Q u i n g Binh cd ngfldi cho e i vflde cdn cd la thdi diem mflc an nhieu treng nam,
ten la e i trdi. Mfla ca de ed the d a n h b i t ngfldi Bd Ld r a rad cdn sau 18 sai. 0 day
la vad t h i n g ba den t h i n g n a m . mflc xay d nhfl td dng. Gap dem gidng mflc
an nhieu nhflng chi rd len mdt lflc nhfl
- C i su la met ldai ea r a t hiem va r a t
t i m a n rdi d mdt dp sau nha't dinh rdi lan
quy ehi mdi tha'y xua't hien nhieu n h a t d
biet tam. Do dd cau mflc p h i i ed meo. Neu
Nghe Tinh. Thit va da day c i su dflng de
t h u y e n d a u d u n g d mflc, t h i ba't ky loai
keo sdi chi tfl tieu trong y hpc. Hien nay
day gi xud'ng, mflc b i m vdi vao hang
khoa bpc chfla ed the s i n xua't sdi tdng
chudi, thd kbit kbit, cd khi h a n g ehue eon.
hdp n h a n tao nao l a m dfldc chi tfl tieu.
Con mflc la thfl sinh vat fla sang, ngfldi Bd
Ngfldi ta cau dfldc cdn ca su coi nhfl cau
Ld dflng dud'e de cau mflc. Nhflng cung ed
dfldc vang. Gia mdt cdn e i su la 500 trieu
loai mflc khdng chiu a n h sang. Dd la
ddng (nam 2005).
nhflng con mflc cd ldn, trpng Ifldng nang,
- C i ndc la mdt loai ca be, khi phinh da sd'ng lau gia ddi n e n r a t khdn, khdng
bung r a m i n h gid'ng chiec m i y bay trfle
chiu ddng den ma q u a n q u a n h treng bdng
thang be b a n g cd tay. Ca ndc sd'ng d d i y
tdi va ddt n h a p b i t mdi d vung s i n g . Mflc
bien, khi gap cau nd c i n dflt cflde. Ca ndc
nay r a t ngdn va ed ldi ldn. Mud'n cau mflc
gay n h i i m dpc chet ngfldi, chet c i c i ldn.
ngfldi ta e i i tien each cau gpi la cau trpng.
Dae diem eua con ca ndc la ed cue san to d
Vdi each cau nay vien chi p h i i tad chd nd
trdng d i u . Khi t r i i gid trd trdi d a u d i u ea
the keo dfldc lfldi cau n a m ngang chfl
cfl nghien r a n g k e n ket. B i t dfldc e i ndc,
khdng t h i n g dflng. Cdn mflc n g a m mdi da
dan bien mde vflt rudt, xe thit n a u an, ed
hi chum cau phia dfldi b a t len mde vae
khi phdi khd l a m mdn n h i m . C i ndc la
d i u . Nhflng ngfldi s a n h cau cdn rinh rap
loai ed sfle de k h i n g m a n h , nd sinh r a la
cau chd dfldc eon mflc chfla dai g i n mot
de an cac loai xac chet. Khi thieu mdi, e i
met. Khi m i e cau nd p h u t r a mdt ludng
dan keo n h a u len g i n m a t nflde va hi quay
mflc den chfla tflng tha'y. Neu m a t ngfldi
gpn trong lfldi 10 la loai lfldi m i t r a t nhd
bi trflng thi lap tfle ngfldi di cau tdi tam
chuyen d a n h b i t c i edm, ea lep.
m a t mui va cd khi phai budng day cau!
- Cen mflc. Trdng n g h e cau eua ngfldi
Ngdai ra d vflng Cxia Sdt, Cila Nhfldng
Bd Ld H a H n h cdn mflc cd mdt vi tri quan
cdn cd nhieu leai hai s i n quy nhfl tdm
trpng bdi vi thi trfldng c i n ra't nhieu, ma
hflm, cua be, d'e be, rfla be va r a n be.
mflc thi ra't d i cau, ai cau cflng dfldc.
Vung T h a c h Kim cd mdt gd c i t eudn len Ngfldi ta b i t tdm hflm va eua da trdng
66
k h e da nfli N a m Gidi. Dfldi d n h dude chap
chdn b i n g nfla, nhflng d a n cua ddi cang to
vam vap, hai tia m a t nhfl nhflng mfli kim
chay n g a n g ngfla. Ngfldi ta chi c i n kee
thee chiec t h u n g gd, di vai tieng la da cd
qua nfla thflng eua Idt va d a m eon tdm
hflm. Tdm h u m thit t r a n g p h a nhflng sdi
gan m a u hdng, vd tdm hflm dfldc dflng
lam dd t r a n g tri t r e n tfldng ed m i u dd
sam. Nhflng con tdm hflm n a n g k h o i n g
2kg hi lupe cud'n cong ngfldi lai. Bpn tre
cen xflm lai thdi phfl phfl, be ddi con tdm
lay r a khfle thit to hdn ed tay chia n h a u
an nhfl a n khoai lang. Con r i n bien dfldc
gpi la Cdn den. Cd h a i loai den v a n g an
dfldc, den kim la r a n dee can chet ngfldi
khdng a n dfldc. Khi b i t dfldc den, n e u an
ngay ngfldi ta h i m nhfl e i t h i t l i n xfldng
hdac tree ngfldc eat mdt khfle dudi cho
m a u c h i y va p h a rfldu ud'ng. Neu mud'n
ud'ng rfldu den ngfldi ta phdi khd n g a m
rfldu chfla b e n h dau lflng, bd xfldng. :&:•
Ngfldi Bd Ld cflng da rflt r a bai hpc tfl
nhflng eon v a t d bien nhfl sfl chung t h u y
eua ddi sam (quan la'y n h a u khdng rdi),
ddi ca ngfla sd'ng cd ddi, chet eflng kep
chat khdng rdi, eu rfla tfldng chuyen cflu
ngfldi bi n a n t r e n bien... Nhflng cung phe
p h a n eai t i n h vd l u a n cfla con eua be eai:
khi eua cai lot vd, con cua dfle b i o ve
khdng cho ke k h i e x a m p h a m va di tim
thflc an, nhflng k h i con cua dfle lot vd, eon
eua eai dan mdt eon cua dfle k h i c den a n
thit chdng minh!
Cdn biet bao n h i e u loai c i va nhflng tri
thflc cua ngfldi Bd Ld ve chflng va each
d a n h b i t tflng ldai. Day la mot khd t a n g
vd eflng quy g i i , chflng t a cd t h e lap mdt
cud'n tfl dien cua ngfldi Bd Ld ve chil de
Nghien cifii Dong Nam A 6/2010
n a y theo phfldng p h i p d a n tpc - h i i dfldng
bpc. T r e n day chflng tdi chi gidi thieu mdt
so loai e i de l a m t h i du m i thdi./.
:;.::, :irn .n.-,CHU T H I C H i n'mn ibxr^rA.
ill'"; isu'uv f;'> Gfi'i :bi.i';?n d:.' n n i S ;aniiuP
1. Tieng dia phUdng Quang Binh goi la cau
van. Con tieng Nghe Tinh thi goi la cau
vang. Vi tieng Quang Binh phat am mot
so' trUdng hdp an > ang. Phai chang each
cau nay bat nguon tfl tieng Quang Binh la
cau van va dUdc phat am thanh vang, do
do ngUdi Ha Tirih noi theo va viet la vang.
d mien Trung gpi la cau gian: dung day
vien (trieng) va cae day theo, moi d i u theo
bupc mot lUdi cau; gian cau toi thieu
500m, tdi da la 15.000m. ..,.,., ,.,;uu
2. Xem Dia chi Cam NbUdng, H., 2008, tr. 17,18.
TAI L I E U T H A M K H A O ,
,V1 r R'^ r, ov> Srrf
1. Pham Thanh Tinh. Viing bien Hd Tinh vd
cdng ddng cU ddn Bd Ldi/Tap chi Nghien cflu
Dong Nam A, s6'7(112)/2009, tr. 53 - 57.
2. Dang uy va uy ban nhan dan xa Cam
NhUdng. Dia ehi Cam Nhudng. Ha Noi,
2008, 142 tr. • — - -^ - . -• ---J
, ,-,;,..,. ,..^f ^.:..i.j u,;-:,- .-^.^
3. Nguyin Duy Thieu. Cong ddng ngU dan cl
Viet Nam. Nxb KHXH, H., 2002, 419 tr. ,
4. Nguyin Dong Chi. Dia ehi van hoa dan gian
Nghe Tinh. Nxb Nghe An, 1995, 547 tr.
5. Trung tam Khoa hoc xa hpi va nhan van
Qudc gia, Vien Nghien cflu Van boa dan
gian. Van boa dan gian lang ven bien. Nxb
Van boa dan toe, H., 2000, 650 tr.
6. Van Ldi cb. Dia cbi van boa mien bien
Quang Binh. Nxb Van boa Thong tin, H.,
2001, 427 tr. ;>.„ oi r n H xfofidT snxiV
Nhan dien cong dong ngirdi Bo Lo d Ha TTnh
D e nhan dien mdt cdng ddng ngUdi -
nhu ngUdi Bd Ld, chung tdi khao
sat hai each nhin: tren bd va dudi bien. Dd
la each nhin khach the va chu the. Dudng
nhien gifla hai each nhin dd cd mdi quan
he rang budc, tac dpng qua lai lan nhau,
nhUng vdi ngUdi nghien cflu mpt cdng
ddng thi nha't thie't phai dat cpng ddng dd
trong mdt khdng gian quen thudc ben
canh mpt cdng ddng khac trong mpt khdng
gian xa la. Trong khoa hpc gpi la "tU duy
trong bdi cinh". Chung ta p h i i thfla nhan
rapi he thd'ng khep kin deu phu thupc rapt
cai gi dd nara ben ngoai he thdng" >.
Cpng ddng ngUdi Bd Ld^^^ la mpt cpng
ddng rieng, khu biet trong nhflng nhdra cU
dan lam nghe bien d Ha Tinh. Ngudi dan
dia phUdng gpi hp la ngUdi "ndd'c cau",
chuyen cau ca ngeai bien khdi va hp tU
nhan la ngudi Bd Ld.
1. Cdng ddng ngudi Bd Ld dupc ngUdi
tren bd cei la "man di mpi rp", bj khinh bi
va bj gan vdi nhflng cai ten mang tinh
miet thj nhfl "Mfldng nudc man", "mpi be".
Cach nhin nay la theo quan diem ciia
ngUdi Viet sd'ng d ddng bang lay van hda
Ifla nudc lam he gia trj. Vdi ngUdi Viet,
nfli rflng va bien ca la hai ndi ma hp rat sd
hai. Vflng rflng nui la vflng "rflng thieng
nflde ddc", ndi "khi ho cd gay" rat nhieu
thu dfl , cdn bien la ndi "trdi nflde menh
mdng", "sdng to gid ldn" de bj chet dudi,
khdng biet bau vfu vao dau Mac dfl
* Ths Pham Thanh Tinh, Vien Nghien cflu Dong Nam A
PHAM THANH TINH='
trong thanh ngfl tieng Viet cd cau "rflng
vang bien bac" nhflng chi la nhflng ndi cd
the khai thac vat quy phuc vu chd cudc
sd'ng ciia ngfldi ddng bang mac dfl rat
nguy hiem. Vdi ngfldi di bien ndi "rflng
vang" va vang ca mat, ndi "bien bac" la
bac ca mat. Vi le dd, nhflng ngUdi d ddng
bang Cdi nhflng ngudi sd'ng tren rflng la
"mei rfl", va - tren bien la "mpi be", la
nhflng ke "an ldng d id", dan ddn, ngu ngd,
vd hpc, khdng bie't gi va bj khinh bi. Vi vay
khi raud'n xi va ai, ngfldi tren bd gpi la
"quan Bd Ld", "biet cdc gi"*'*^
Khi ngUdi Bd Ld len bd de trao ddi raua
ban, ngudi tren bd nhan dien hp bing
nhflng dac diera sau:
Ve dang ngudi: vi d dudi thuyen sud't
ddi, hp chi ngdi nen than thi dai, chan thi
ngin va bj teo lai. Khi len bd raua ban,
ngudi phu nfl Bd Ld khuynh chan di nhfl
chay, ngudi dfli ve phfa trudc, hai ban tay
khud khud nhu bdi trong khdng khf va hp
liii rat nhanh; nUdc da ngam den, tdc
quan, dang ngUdi khde manh, m i t tinh;
each an mac thi xuenh xoang ddn giin:
rapt raanh ad vai Ddng lara nhupra nau,
mdt cai vay nhupm nau trat bfln mau den
cut liin
Ve tie'ng ndi: ngudi Bd Ld ndi li'u lo nhU
chim. Dd la rapt thfl tie'ng Viet rat ddn
gian, vi hp khdng c i n ndi nhieu, vdi mdt
thfl dpng nang va nhieu tfl rat rieng.
Phgm Thanh Tinh - Nhdn dien cdng ddng ngUdi Bd Ld a Hd TTnh
Mud'n mdi an cdm hp chi nei cdc ldc "cdm";
khi mua ban hp sfl dung mdt ldi dem
rieng: chach - 1, loi - 2, tham - 3, chd - 4,
keo - 5, muc - 6, h i p - 7, bet - 8, khudn -
9, nap - 10; tren mudi hp dflng tfl "ddng",
thi du: chach ddng chach - 11, ldi ddng ldi
- 22, tham ddng tham - 33 cho de'n
khUdn ddng khUdn - 99. Hp ban mdt chuc
ca thanh mUdi hai con.
Ten con cai cung dupe dat theo so' thU
tU: mpt, hai, ba va phat am gin nhu
tieng Quing Binh: hai > hdi, biy > bdi. Hp
thudng dflng mdt so' tfl nhu mang ghenh
(day neo), dam rao (mdt doan dudng tren
bien). Nhin chung, each an ndi cua hp theo
kieu "an sdng ndi gid" tflc la ndi to, cut
lim, cd phin cue can Cd le tren bien diy
sdng gid ngudi ta it dflng ldi ma dflng cif
chi<^).
NgUdi Bd Ld sinh sd'ng tren thuyen nen
bj xem la "sd'ng vd gia cU, chet vd dja
tang", cho nen hp chi lay nhau cflng ngfldi
Bd Ld, khdng lay ngUdi ngdai. NgUdi Bd
Ld Cifa Sdt lay ngUdi Bd Ld Cifa NhUdng
va cd quan he he hang vdi nhau. Da phan
ngUdi Bd Ld d Quang Binh, Ha Tinh,
Nghe An deu hp Nguyen; cd khi hai chj
em lay hai an hem, con chfl lay con bac va
ngUdc lai. Cd le vi the ma khi cd mdt dfla
con hoang (con lai) vdi nhflng ngudi khdng
phai Bd Ld thi dfla tre rat theng minh.
NgUdi Bd Ld rat ddng cdn. Bpn tre dfla np
cad hdn dfla kia nifa cai dau, nhi nhit bd
ldm ngdm tren thuyen nhu dan cua. Dieu
dd di hieu bdi le sau nhflng ngay an dflng
ngu ngdi, hdm rait rinh rap con ca ngoai
khdi, ve den bd dan Be Ld ranh viec, rdi
khi bad td thuyen budn phai nara lai
the la sud't ngay raui thuyen keo kin, con
thuyen lie lfl theo nhjp dieu khdng phai
cua sdng gid Hp cdn cd thfl vui gi nfla
dau, va ngudi dan ba trd thanh cai may
de. Bpn tre kheng dupc hpc hanh va ldn
75
din len trong cudc sd'ng ban nang, hoang
da. Dfl nang dfl mUa chflng chi mac mpt
chiee quan dfli dflpc may bing minh vai
budm mau nau!
Ngudi Bd Ld ra't "me tfn". Hp tin vao
ma quy vi "treng nddc thi ngai (ngUdi),
ngoai ndd'c thi ma". Do dd hp rat sd ma va
thd cung ma de cau xin ma phfl hp va
dflng lam hai hp. Hp rat hay cflng quay:
cung cfla lach, cflng den lach, cung khi bit
dau ra khdi va hp thudng ric cho ma ba
thfl: mudi, gao va hoa xud'ng bien. Hp rat
thanh kinh, khi khan chip tay qua diu,
mieng khan ndm, chi mong sao cho "di
ndd'c nhe, ve ndd'c nang". NgUdi Bd Ld
khdng thed dad Thien chfla mac dfl sau
nay hp chung sd'ng vdi cpng ddng Thien
chfla giae vflng bien.
Quan he gifla ngfldi Bd Ld vdi ngUdi
tren bd rat han che. Hp chi len bd de ban
ca, mua lUdng thUc, dd dflng, xin nUdc
ngpt dudi hinh thfle ddi chac la chinh.
Hp thudng bj canh nha budn tren bd ep
gia. Hang tUdi sd'ng khdng the de qua
ngay, phii ban dd ban thao (trai vdi cac
hang khd tren bd de bao lau cflng dfldc).
Sau nay de thuan ldi che viec mua ban,
mdi thuyen cau ciia rapt gia dinh Bd Ld cd
mdt "chu nd" tren bd. Hp chd ngUdi Bd Ld
vay tien, raua chiu, khdng lay lai vdi mot
dieu kien la phai ban ca cho hp gia re hdn
thi trUdng rapt vai gia. Phii ndi ngudi Bd
Ld vfla bj ngfldi tren bd khinh bi, bat nat,
vfla bj thUdng nhan bdc let kha nang ne.
Hdn nfla, nhfl ngudi ta thudng ndi "bien la
ciia trdi chd", khdng ai gied ma dupc gat,
dfl gat bing mau, rad hdi, nUde mit. Het
mfla ca treng nha cflng rdng khdng, khdng
ai lam giau bang bien ci. Vi the chd nen
ngUdi Bd Ld that tha, ft sd dd hdn thiet.
Hp chi raud'n ban nhanh, mua nhanh ma
xud'ng thuyen. Chi khi cd ngUdi chet hp
mdi phai len bd chen trdm hdac nan ni de
76
xin che chon. Khi chfnh quyen phong kie'n
td chUe thanh van chai node cau d vao mpt
lang nao dd thi hp tham gia sinh boat
cdng ddng mdt each long leo nhu "ghe" vao
ma thdi, chfl khdng chat che nhfl ngUdi
tren bd. Ngay xUa d Thach Kim (Thach
Ha), ngUdi Bd Ld thudc van Ky Xuyen.
Van nay dUde quy djnh nhu sau: "Thach
Ha phu. Ha Nhj tdng, Kim Ddi xa, Ky
Xuyen van; ba cU ba nhap, phfl cfl thiiy
thUdng, thupng Dd Nai, ha Tan Sdt, chi
Dd Diem giang", djch la: Phu Thach Ha,
tdng Ha Nhj, xa Kim Ddi, van Ky Xuyen;
lflc den lflc di, d tren mat nUdc, phia tren
tfl De Nai, phia dfldi den Cifa Sdt, chd den
tan sdng Dd Diem; khi chet chon d mep
sdng.
Cd le vui nha't ddl vdi canh con trai
ngudi Bd Ld la khi len bd ud'ng rUpu. Sau
nhflng ngay lao ddng cat life tren bien, hp
ru nhau len bd. Rupu d day rat ngdn: rUpu
nep dupc nau bang nUdc trong lay tan
mach ngudn; rUpu trong v i t nhu m i t meo,
rdt ra siii tam. Cd ban hang diing rUpu
trong hfl sanh nflt la chudi khd, cang de
lau cang ngpt, ud'ng den dau bie't den day
rdi Ijm din tham den tflng tebae. Cac trai
lang cfl vay quanh lay ce ban rUdu quen
tien trae rUpu muc. Hp vfla ud'ng vfla tan
tinh nhflng khdng sam sd. Neu cd anh nae
qua chen dd trd la bj canh trai lang tura ce
vUt xud'ng bien che ud'ng mdt tran nUdc
cang bung rdi mdi vdt len! Cd gai hinh
nhu cflng "nghien" cai mfli md hdi ndng
nae pha vj man mdi cua gid bien, ci cai
gipng ndi ning nang, khe dac vdi nhieu
tieng ldng khd hieu ciia top con trai Bd Ld.
Ca tuan ngoai bien sdng sanh nga
nghieng tren thuyen len bd hp cflng lai
sdng sanh nga nghieng khi da la nga say,
vfla ba vai ba cd, chan nam da chan chieu,
vfla ngheu ngao hat nhflng bai gi dd.
Ngfldi say rflpu that hdn nhien, cdi md va
Nghien citu Ddng Nam A 4/2010
that bung nhUng cflng ce khi cad ngao ba't
chap. Phai chang bien da tao cho con
ngUdi d day cai chat phdng tflng pha miu
lang tif va rpng rai trong chi tieu. Dd cd
the la nhflng giay phflt vui ve dang nhd
nha't khi hp len bd va cflng xda di bao dieu
till nhue ara fle ma hp da bj ngudi ddi thj
phi. Khdng thieu nhflng mei tinh rat dep,
rat say dam gifla mpt co hang rflpu tren
bd vdi nhflng con sdi bien Bd Ld. Ke't qua
ciia nhflng mdi tinh vung trom dd da cho
ra ddi nhflng dfla be dfldc vflt lai ben khe
Had Had*'^^ de cho dan chai dfla ve nudi,
cac ba me van chai dang nuoi con thay
nhau cho bfl.
De chuan bj di bien, ngfldi Bd Ld phai
len bd xin nflde ngpt va dflng vae nhflng
vd td de dfldi kheang thuyen. Nghe ngudi
gia ke lai rang, khi cen ft ngudi, d day nfli
Nam Gidi cd mpt khe da nUdc mat lanh.
Mdt dng thay dja ly ngudi Tau d dudi
thuyen len khe lay nUdc va t r i m trd: hao
hao (td't, td't), ngUdi dan dja phUdng lien
gpi ten khe nUdc nay la Hao Hao. Ong ta
cdn phan: nhin day nfli Nam Gidi nhU mdt
chie'c ghe lat sa'p, dan day chi sd'ng dUpc
bing nghe danh ca bien chfl khdng the
giau len dfldc b i n g budn ban dfldng bien!
Ngfldi dan bien g i n bd vdi khe nflde nay.
Tfl nhflng chiee nhu da t r i n g raud't d tren
hang dpng, ddng nflde chay ra trong vit.
Ngfldi ta bac rapt day mang nUdc bing dng
bUdng gia due rdng de d i n nUdc ngpt ra tdi
miic nUdc bien sau 3, 4 sai tay cho thuyen
cua dan di bien vao lay nUdc. Hang ngay
ngudi ta cho ngUdi len tan dau ngudn nhat
het la rung de khe nUdc luon ludn sach.
Dan bien cfl the ud'ng nflde la bing bat,
nha't la dam say rfldu ud'ng nudc Hao Hao
la tinh lai lien va dudi chan nfli, canh
khe Hao Hao cd hai hdn da chdng chenh
dupc ngudi dan gpi la Da Ong, Da Ba va
dd la ndi hen ho ciia nhflng doi trai gai
Phgm Thanh Tinh - Nhdn dien cdng ddng ngifdi Bd Ld a Hd TTnh
lam nghe bien.
Dd la nhflng gi ma ngudi tren bd n h a n
dien dUdc ngudi Bd Ld. NhUng neu tren bd
hd td ra v u n g ve, h a y dd m a t trUdc mpt cd
gai, ndi ap a ap flng , thi khi n h i y xud'ng
thuyen hp trd t h a n h con ngUdi khac ban:
nhanh nhen n h u con rai ca, m a n h me n h u
con ca kinh, xdng xao n h u con sdi bien.
2. NgUdi Bd Ld tU n h a n thfle ve minh:
Hp tfl Cdi la ngifdi ciia bien - ngudi Bd Ld.
Bai hpc dau tien, de la ngudi ciia bien,
hp p h i i biet bdi, biet lan n h u ngudi sd'ng
tren mat da't p h i i bie't di, biet chay. Ngay
tfl khi sinh dudi t h u y e n , ngUdi bd' cat tfl
tam ludi lam ta Idt, gdi nhflm r a u vad
manh v i i budm nem xud'ng bien, rdi t a m
con bang nUde bien. Tfl giay phflt dd dfla
be cd mdt radl lien he t a m linh vdi bien c i .
NgUdi cha gpi la "nghiep bien". Neu n h u
cac cu n h a ta ndi "sinh nghe tif nghiep" thi
ngUdi dan bien cd n g h e bien de sd'ng va
nghiep bien de chet!
De day con biet bdi, ngUdi bd'quang cdn
xud'ng bien. Dd b i n n a n g tU ve t h a n g be
viy vflng trong nUde, hai tay hai chan dap
bi bom m i t xdt dd n g i u vi nUdc bien
man. Cho den khi nd chim dng bd mdi tflm
tdc Idi len va dd'c ngflde chd nflde trdng
mdm trao ra, b u n g xep. Rdi dng lai tiep
tuc quang con xud'ng bien. D i n d i n dfla be
ldn len vdi bien va hpc dfldc cac kieu bdi:
bdi n h a n h , bdi cham, bdi Ifldt seng, bdi
ngiia n g i minh nghi t r e n bien khi met, ke
ca viec di lai t r e n bien: hai vai lac di lac lai
va chuyen d i n tdi dich. Nhd sUc day ciia
nude ngudi ta di lai n h e n h a n g tii de tren
bien sud't ngay nay qua ngay khac. Cdn
luc tap lan thi r a t gian khd, nha't la nhflng
ngay ddng ret bue't, nflde bien kee m a n g
bd hdng: ngfldi cha chd cdn ud'ng can bat
nudc m i m m a u canh gian rdi c i hai cflng
lan xud'ng day bien che den luc m a u tai ri
11
udt, m a t n h u bj trdi ra, lflc dd ngudi cha
mdi che cen len m a t nUdc.
De chd ddi m a t s a n g r a nhin chd tinh,
ngudi d bien cho eon an gan ca n h a m . Ddi
mat ciia c h a n g trai Bd Ld nheo nheo,
nhUng cU nhin m a u trdi sac nUdc bie't mUa
nang bao bflng ra sao, du doan nudc c h i y
hudng nao, ca len hudng nao. Hp nhin
tha'y ca nhflng cay rao*^* cua minh gifla
bien khdi xa tit mfl t a p t a n chan may ma
m a t ngUdi t h u d n g khdng thay. Cd dem
sUdng mfl day dac, cay r a e d lan nudc sau
25 sai, each bd g i n 50km nhUng hp van
c i m lai, chem sdng, ludn gie ra di vdi cai
giac q u a n linh c i r a ciia minh de tim den
rad n h a . Hp n h i n m a u nUdc thay ddi de
dean biet leal ca gi dang chay dUdi nUdc.
H i u n h u cac giac q u a n cua ngudi di
bien deu dUdc huy ddng cflng mdt lflc, va
bang luyen tap, b a n g trai nghiem de'n dp
trd t h a n h b i n n a n g de cam n h a n dfldc
thdi tiet, dflpc ludng ca d dudi nUdc Ta't
ca dupe tdng hpp lai tad nen met k h i n a n g
linh c i m tuyet vdi va Ung xif r a t n h a n h
nhay, chinh xac khi cd nhflng tinh hudng
bat ngd xay ra. M a t n h i n trdi nhin nUdc,
tai nghe tieng sdng ve vad thuyen, mfli
ngifi mfli bien, Ifldi nem mfli gid NgUdi
ta gpi chung la giac q u a n thfl sau.
Ddi b a n tay ciia hp s i n sfli vet seo cua
day cUde an vao t a n thjt, t a n tflng dot
ngdn tay, vdi:
"Sud't ddi cbi may thudc day
Kee di kee lai mdn tay van cdn"
Khi kee day nee may t r a m thudc, khi
ked h a n g chuc chang cau van (mei chang
k h d i n g 35 - 40 sai tay), khi gap ca td phai
budng ldng day cau de chay theo ca, khi ra
sflc keo ca lai t h u y e n ndi nhfl n h a thd
N g u y i n Ngpc Phfl: "Ngfldi Bd Ld hp trdi ca
bien khdi trong vdng tay cua minh" va
gifla khdng gian bien rdng ldn menh mdng
78
khdng bd ben, cen ngUdi chi xoay trdn ca
cupc ddi minh trdng mdt k h o a n g t h u y e n
t h u n g va khi gap bao to' con t h u y e n nhU
chiee la tre bj d a n v a t t r e n sdng.
Cude ddi sd'ng "theo dudi con ca" da tao
cho hp nhflng n a n g liic dac biet: thdng
hieu t r a n g sao sdng gid tudng t a n , thdng
hieu ngU t r u d n g chinh xac gifla bien khdi,
n a m dupe quy l u a t sinh t r u d n g va di
chuyen ciia mdi loai ca, t i n h toan dupe
thdi tiet, thdi gian (con ca nao, Ua mdi gi,
cMu an luc nao, trong gid t r a n g nao, d cdn
nude nao ). Khac vdi nghe ludi la chi b i t ,
cdn nghe cau thi p h i i mdi mpc cdn ca. Do
dd ciia mdi, each mdi la mpt nghe t h u a t
r a t dang kinh ngac cua ngUdi Bd Ld.
Va hdn bet gifla cai sd'ng va cai chet
tren bien khdi khi gap bad td hp phai cd
leng dung c i m , p h i i cd t i n h t h a n cpng
ddng, phai binh tinh de xif ly cac tinh
hudng. Va thara chi p h i i biet hy sinh
minh de cflu ngfldi. Cdn bad n a m 1996 da
lam che h a n g t r a m be m a n g trdi d a t vao
cifa Sdt. Ta't ca nhflng ngudi chet bien ay
deu lay day trdi c h a n , trdi tay minh vao
n h a u cho khdi m a t xac. Chet bien tdi
nghiep lam: "chim t h a ca ria"!.
Chinh bien da day cho ngUdi Bd Ld trd
t h a n h ngudi cua bien. Ngay c i nhflng cen
vat sd'ng d dfldi bien cflng day che hp ldng
chung thiiy n h u dei s a m chet cung khdng
rdi n h a u (khi b a t dupc cap sam, ngUdi t a . 1. Pham Viet Hung. Ben ngodi khoa hgctiTap
phai dpi nUdc sdi vao c h a n mdi gd dUdc
chung ra), ca ngUa song cd ddi chet cflng 2. Hpi ddng Quoc gia chi dao bien soan tfl dien
cap ddi!./.
CHU THICH '
1. Xem Pham Viet Hifng. Ben ngoai khoa
hpc//Tap chi Khoa hpc va To qud'c, so'
thang 3 - 2010, tr. 21 - 25.
Nghien cdu Ddng Nam A 4/2010
2. Cpng ddng xa hpi bao gdm mpt loat yeu to'
xa hpi chung mang tfnh phd quat. Do la
nhflng mat cpng ddng ve kinh te, ve dia ly,
ve ngon ngfl, ve van hda, ve tin ngifdng, ve
tam ly, ve ldi sd'ng. Nhflng yen to' nay
trong tinh tdng the cua no tao nen tinh dn
dinh va ben vflng cua mpt cpng ddng xa
hpi. Cpng ddng xa hpi theo Tfl dien bach
khoa Viet Nam, tap L H., 1995, tr. 601.
3. Mpi vo'n la ten gpi dan tpc Mifdng khong
mang tinh miet thi nhU Mpi Bi, Mpi
Vang (ngifdi Bi, ngifdi Vang). Ngifdi
Mudng tu gpi minh la Mel co nghia la
ngifdi, cung nhif ngifdi Thai gpi minh la
Tay (ngifdi), ngUdi Malayu gpi minh la
Orang (ngifdi). Tfl Moi bien ddi thanh Mon
> Mpi (theo quy luat bien am). NgUdi Han
gpi cac dan tpc phifdng Nam bang cai ten
miet thi: Man di. Tfl "man" co the la each
ghi am tfl "mon". Ngifdi Viet, vdi tif tifdng
Dai Viet (dan tpc ldn) cung gpi theo:
mifdng man, mpi rd.
4. Mpt vai dac diem ngfl am, cho chflng ta du
doan la ngUdi Bd Ld ndi theo phifdng ngfl
Quang Binh.
5. Khe Hao Hao, ten gpi mot khe nifdc ndi
tie'ng d nui Nam Gidi tren bd bien Thach
Ha - Ha Tinh.
6. Rao la mpt cay tre cpt da nhif mpc tfl difdi
nifdc len, dUdc vay quanh bdi nhflng tau la
lam ndi ca i n nap de can - xem p h i n sau.
TAI L I E U T H A M K H A O
chi Khoa hpc va To qudc, sd thang 3 - 2010.
bach khoa Viet Nam. Tfl dien Bach khoa Viet
Nam, tap I. Trung tam bien soan tfl dien bach
khoa Viet Nam, H., 1995, 963 tr.
3. Trung tam Khoa hpc xa hpi va nhan van
Qudc gia, Vien Nghien cflu Van boa dan
gian. Van hda dan gian lang ven bien. Nxb
Van hda dan tpc, H., 2000, 650 tr.
4. van Ldi cb. Dja chf van hda mien bien Quang
Binh. Nxb Van boa Thdng tin, H., 2001, 427 tr.
 Thur di tim dau chan ngudi Bo Lo
D oc theo bd bien B i c T r u n g Bd tfl
Nghe An vao Q u a n g Binh, cd k h a
nhieu cong ddng ngU d a n t h u y cU sinh
sd'ng vdi ngudn gd'c k h a c n h a u . Theo
Nguyen Duy Thieu, cd hai nhdm vdi bai
ngudn gd'c ro ret: mot nhdm cd nguon gdc
nong dan trong ndi ddng, chu yeu sdng
bang nghe dang, day d a n h b i t tdm ca
trong sdng. Nhdm thfl hai cU t r u lau ddi
tren bien d a n h c l b a n g cau va Ifldi rut
ngoai bien khdi. 0 day chflng tdi di sau
vao khao s i t nhdm thfl hai, trong dd ed
ngfldi Bd Ld sd'ng t a p t r u n g d Cita Sdt - xa
Thach Kim va Cita Nhfldng - xa Cam
Nhfldng cua tinh Ha ' l i n h .
1. Theo cac cu gia, nhflng ngfldi ma den
tan hem nay cdn tfl n h a n minh la ngfldi
Bd Ld thi td tien cila ho tfl Q u a n g Binh di
cfl ra va tfl Ci(a Hoi - Nghe An vao va da
djnh cfl d day k h o a n g 8 den 10 ddi. Cd
nhflng ddng ho da djnh cfl den 14 ddi.
Chinh vi vay ma tfl xUa, d Ha Tinh da
truyen tung cau bat:
Bd Ld Xuan Hdi
Khodng ndi nau an,
Khodng k h a n chjt trddc (dau),
Khodng nddc (thuyen) di cau
Khddng bau (tfli) dflng giio.
Trfldc day, chfla mot t i e gia nao nghien
* Ths. Pham T h a n h Tinh Vien Nghien cilu Dong Nam A
PHAM THANH TINH*
cflu ngfldi Bd Ld di vao Quang Binh de tim
den Xuan Hdi, ndi ma ngfldi Bd Ld tfl
n h a n la gd'c gac eua minh.
Tra theo dja dd h a n h chfnh, chflng tdi
Ian theo ldi ke va di de'n lang Xuan Hdi d
Huyen Le Thuy, tinh Quang Binh. Tfl
dudng so' lA Bac Nam, chung tdi re sang
phai di theo bd sdng Kien Giang. Con
dfldng rai nhfla t r I i dai theo canh ddng Le
Thuy. Cd the ngay xfla dd la mot cfla bien
cua sdng Kien (jiang dflde bdi dap thanh
ddng bang. Xe dfla chflng tdi den lang
Xuan Hdi mot dja danh kha ndi tie'ng.
Lang Xuan Hdi ngay nay thude xa Lien
Thuy, huyen Le Thiiy, Q u i n g Binh. D i u
lang khi qua c l u la mot chie'c cdng to ed de
chfl Lang Xuan Hdi. 0 day, hien nay
ngfldi cao tudi khdng nhieu, mot vai cu d
tudi cd lai hy, h i u nhu khdng nhd may ve
que xfla cua minh. Chung tdi may m i n
gap bac P h a m Van Tuyen, 75 tudi ngfldi
lang Xuan Hdi chinh bieu. Hien nay bile
lam nghe c i t tdc nen cd djp dUdc nghe
nhieu ngudi ke chuyen ve lang Xuan Hdi.
Do dd bac cho biet nhieu thdng tin ve lang
nay. Theo Idi bac ke, thi lang Xuan Hdi cd
4 tbdn: Thdn H;i, thdn Hflu, thdn Ddng va
thdn Trung niini ven bd sdng Kien Giang.
Lang ed the da't hinh con phfldng hoang.
Ngay xfla, lang cd hai cdn tfl nhien: cdn
64
Trau va cdn De n i m ddi dien tren mdt
n h l n h sdng Kie'n Giang. Ngfldi ta d i p
them 2 con mit: cdn Ky va cdn Md, sau dd
dao them cdn Dien, cdn Vo, cdn Chfla
thanh md hinh ngdi sao Bic Dau, mot
ngdi sao ma dan di bien thfldng dflng de
nhan dien phfldng hfldng.
Lang Xuan Hdi ngay xUa chu ye'u lam
nghe ndng, ngoai ra cdn cd nghe phu la
nghe "Idng cdng" tflc la nghe danh b i t ca
ven sdng vdi nhflng chiec thuyen be. Da't
chat, ngfldi ddng nen ngay xfla sd'ng rat
khd cflc. Tuy nhien do cd nghe "long cdng"
nen h i u nhfl cac gia dinh d lang Xuan Hdi
khdng hi ddi cdm, dflt hfla. Dau vay, do
da't chat, ngfldi ddng nen nhflng nam ddi
kem, ngfldi lang Xuan Hdi cung chay toan
loan, tha phfldng cau thflc kie'm ke sinh
nhai. Bo phan khdng cd ruong da't thi
chuyen lam nghe "long cdng" ven sdng,
ven bien. O dau danh dflde ca thi d lai,
thfldng la ven sdng. Neu ngfldi ta dudi thi
bd di, neu khdng thi d lai.
Theo tri nhd cila cac cu gia trong lang,
thi cd le nhflng ngfldi lam nghe chai Ifldi
dd tap trung tai thdn Ha - ndi dUdc gdi la
Ha trang lai (ndi phdi ludi) - sd' ngUdi nay
sdng di dong nay day mai dd kiem an. Ho
di den dau thi tfl iaj) thanh lang Xuan Hdi
den dd. Nghe ndi ngfldi Xuan Hdi cdn lam
an d ven sdng Trudi (Quang Tri). Cdn mot
so' nfla thi di ra song Gianh sinh sd'ng.
Theo sfl chi d i n cila ngfldi lang Xuan
Hdi d Le Thiiy, chung tdi ngUdc ra Bac de'n
xa Quang Phuc, huyen Quang Trach
(Quang Binh) phia bd Nam sdng Gianh. O
day cung cd mot lang Xuan Hdi la mot
nhdm cU dan danh bat tren bien, chil yeu
lam nghe di cau d ngoai bien khdi. Ho
Nghien cifu Dong Nam A 312010
sd'ng tren thuyen la chinh, lam nha tam
theo doc bd de. Do dd ho sd'ng rat tfl do va
thanh thao tren bien. Ky thuat di bien rat
tuyet vdi. Ho chay thuyen budm khi ra
bien theo gid, khi vao bd ho phai di ngfldc
gid nhflng khdng bi lat thuyen. De cho'ng
thuyen lat, ngfldi ta lam ddn ganh bic
ngang thuyen, hai ngfldi ngdi hai ben de
dieu chinh vdi dong tac rat nhanh. Do
sd'ng d dfldi thuyen, ngdi la chinh nen
than ngfldi thi dai ma chan thi ngln. Luc
len bd ho khong quen di t h i n g nen dang
di cfl luynh khuynh. Ho bi phan biet doi
xfl rat rd. Khi cdn be, dfla nao xau deu bi
goi la "quan Xuan Hdi". Dan dia phfldng
coi ho la ngfldi ngu cfl, khdng hoc hanh
nen bi khinh re nhfl la nhflng ngfldi "moi
be"<". Da phan ngfldi van Xuan Hdi la ho
Nguyen. Ngfldi Xuan Hdi lay ngfldi Xuan
Hdi d cac ciia song khac nen cd ba con v6i
nhau. O day co thon theo Dao Thien chua
nhflng ho (ngfldi Bd Lo) khong theo va thd
cung td tien va than song, than bien. Khi
chet phai dfla len bai cat tren bd chon nen
thfldng bi sdng bao danh mat md ma.
Tren bd ho sd'ng tam bd, ban thiu,
nhflng d dfldi thuyen thi ngan n i p , sach
se. De con thuyen dflde sfl dung lau dai,
khdng hi being, mot vai nam ho phai "hul"
(dot) thuyen mot lan de chd'ng con ha bam
va due sau vao van thuyen. De lam viec
dd, ho dua thuyen len can, dung con nao
cao sach rdi dung cay gianh gianh (cay
bdi) de dd't. Khi ha thuyen, ho kinh can
lam le. Theo sfl nhan xet cila ngfldi tren
bd thi ho rat hay cung quay.
Tie'p dd, chung tdi qua lang Xuan Hdi,
tbdn Thanh Xuan, xa T h a n h Trach,
huyen Bd Trach (bd Bic sdng Gianh) ngay
Phuni Thanh Tinh - Thif di tim ddu ihaii ngifdi Bo Lo
xfla cung dflde goi la v a n Xuan Hdi. O day,
ho cung dUde flng xfl theo dan ngu cU va
bj khinh miet "dd d a n X u a n Hdi biet cdc
chi?". Ho lam nghe bien va sd'ng tren
thuyen. Nha giau cd hai thuyen: Mot
thuyen lam nha d va thudng la thuyen to:
va, mot thuyen de di d a n h bat ea va
thudng la t h u y e n be. Cdn vdi nhflng nha
ngheo thi chi cd mot t h u y e n vfla dflng lam
nha d vfla dflng lam phfldng tien di bien.
Thuyen nao lam an theo thuyen ay, tap
hdp t h a n h van, san xuat theo t h u y e n cua
gia dinh. Ho r a t gidi nghe cau tren bien.
Khi cd bao thi vao cita sdng kiem an. La cfl
dan bien nen ho r a t hay kieng ki. D a n ba
hdng thai phai nghi d n h a 3 t h i n g 10
ngay, khdng dflde len thuyen di bien, phu
nfl cd kinh nguyet cung phai d nha. Nhin
chung, moi ngUdi deu thfch di bien, khdng
sd bien; ho chi sd khi cd gid ldc thuyen de
bj lat. Ho khdng theo dao ma thd eflng dng
ba td tien. H a n g nam ngay ky cha me va
nhflng ngfldi chet dflde cflng vao mot
ngay. Thang 8 goi la ngay ky kieng khdng
di bien. NgUdi Xuan Hdi lay ngUdi Xuan
Hdi, da phan la ho Nguyen. Theo cac bac
cao nien thi lang Xuan Hdi d day dUdc
xem la gd'c tda di c i c ndi.
CUa NhUdng, cita Sdt d Ha Tinh la ndi
cong ddng Bd Ld Xuan Hdi tap t r u n g ddng
song tren t h u y e n va lam nghe cau d bien
khdi. Chi cd d Ha Tinh mdi x u a l hien ten
"Bd Ld Xuan Hdi", cdn d Q u I n g Binh
khdng ai tU goi la Bd Ld ma chf goi la
ngudi Xuan Hdi. Va ngUdi Bd Ld d Ha
Tinh tfl n h a n m i n h la mot cdng ddng khu
biet vdi cac cdng ddng k h i c .
lii (bin thuy cfl, ho chi dxMv sdng livn
mat nfldc, cudc sd'ng "theo dudi con ca" va
65
"an sdng ndi gid", ho khdng ed dat d tren
bd, boa chang neu cd thi dan thuy cU ehi
dflng p h i n da't ay vao hai viee chinh: de
chdn cat ngfldi cbel va xay dinh thd cua
van. Ngay xUa. tren danh nghia, bo eflng
dflde chinh quyen phong kien dja phfldng
thfla n h a n quyen lanh vflc, nhUng ngoai
bai dau thuyen d cfla sdng, bo khdng dUde
vao sdng. Ngoai bien, ngudi Bd Ld dUde tU
do, n h u n g vao da't lien ho bj coi la " t h i n d
dd", la dan "sd'ng vd gia eU, chet vd dja
tang", cho nen ho phai mua da't eua cae
lang tren bd de xay dinh va chdn cat ngUdi
chet vdi nhflng dieu kien r a t k b i t khe. Ho
dflde ngfldi dja phfldng coi la "phfldng
nfldc man" (hay la "moi be").
Ho sd'ng t a p t r u n g ehu ye'u t r e n
thuyen. Mdi gia dinh thfldng cfl trfl tren
mot con thuyen. Nhieu gia dinh ket hdp
vdi n h a u t h a n h mot van. (J cila Sdt, ho
tap t r u n g chu yeu d Van Ky Xuyen. (J
NhUdng Biin ho la Van Nddc cau. Trong
thiet che xa hdi ed truyen, cac cU dan van
chai khdng phai la dan chinh eU vi vay
van chai chi la nhflng ddn vj tfl quan. (^ac
van chai dflde tap hdp theo nguyen tac
q u a n he huyet thd'ng va quan he nghe
nghiep. Chfnh vi vay, cd cau cua van chai
.so vdi cd ca'u xa hdi ndng nghiep ddn gian
bdn rat nhieu. Khdng gian sinh tdn cua
bo la bien ca, chiec thuyen la ndi d cua ho.
Ho ehi sd'ng "ghe" vdi cdng ddng tren bd.
Moi sinh boat cua ho deu tap trung tren
thuyen, dd la nhflng nam trUde Cach
miing t h a n g Tam. Sau ngay doe lap, mot
sd dUdc chfnh quyen dja phfldng cap dat
(nhu d Ciia NhUdng - d m Xuyen) hoac ed
tien mua dat (nhU d Ciia Sdt - Thtieh
Kim) nen ho ilUng nbii eua Iron diit va
sd'ng cudc sd'ng "thUdng gia hii thuyen".
66
tflc la vfla d tren thuyen vfla d tren nha.
Hien tai, h i u nhu elc gia dinh da chuyen
len bd sinh sd'ng. Thuyen chi cdn la
phUdng tien kiem sd'ng cua ho. Duy nha't
d Ciia Sdt cdn cd hai gia dinh hien eon
dflng thuyen lam nha ma thdi.
Tie'p tuc ngfldc ddng ra Bac, theo sfl ehi
din eua ngfldi Bd Ld d Ha Tinh, chung tdi
ra Ciia Ld. O day eflng cd cdng ddng ngfldi
Bd Ld va ho cd quan he ho hang vdi ngfldi
Ciia Sdt, Ciia Nhfldng va cflng tfl goi la Bd
Ld. Chung tdi cflng gap ho Nguyen t h u i n
Bd Ld, sd'ng tren thuyen. Van Giang ehinh
la lang Bd Ld efl.
Nhfl vay, trong tam thflc cua ngfldi Bo
Ld ven bien Ha Tinh, dac biet la d Ciia Sdt
(Thach Kim) va Ciia Nhfldng (Clm
Nhfldng) deu nhan minh cd que hfldng d
Xuan Hdi - Quang Binh.
2. Theo cac nghien cflu trUdc day, ngfldi
Bd Ld (hay Ba Lan) la ten ehi mot nhdm
ngfldi vao thdi can dai sdng khdng dn
djnh, thinh thoang tha'y le te xuat hien d
bd bien phfa Nam Nghe Tinh, tai mot vai
diem nha't dinh cU tru doc ven bien elc
tinh mien Trung tfl Thanh Hda vao tdi
Quang Binh, dac biet la d cle eiia sdng,
neu cd thanh nhdm eflng khdng ddng'-'.
Theo tien trinh khao sat, (i Hii 'Hnh
ngfldi Bd Ld cd mat do sdng dam dac nhat
tai hai ciia bien: Cita Sdt (Thcich Kim, Ldc
Ha) va Ciia Nhfldng (Cam Nhfldng, Clm
Xuyen). Ngoai ten goi Bd Ld, ho cdn dflde
dan dja phudng goi la ddn Node cdu hoac
ddn Bo Chinh (Ciia Sdt) hay Bo Ld Xuan
Hoi (Ciia Nhfldng). Dudi gdc nhin cua
ngUdi dan dia phUdng, day la mot cdng
ddng ngUdi ngu eU tfl ndi khac tdi, vi vay,
trfldc Cach miing t h i n g Tam, "Bd Ld"
Nghien cifu Dong Nam A 3/2010
dflde ho coi la tdc danh de chi mdt nhdm
ngfldi ma theo Nguyen Duy Thieu, dd la
nhdm ngUdi ma cU dan Ciia Sdt goi la
"Mudng nUde man".
Vdi tie'ng Viet, Bd Ld khdng cd y nghia,
theo cle nha nghien cflu ngdn ngfl hoc, Bd
Lo dflde doan dinh cd gd'c la Ma Lai. Tfl
nay cd the la Pfl Lao hay Bfl Lao nghia la
dao. Phai chang day la nhflng cfl dan tfl
ngoai dao vao, va ngfldi dan dia phfldng
da Viet hda tfl Bfl Lao thanh Bd Ld de chi
nhflng ngfldi nay. Vi vay cflng cd gia thie't
cho r i n g ho la ngfldi Ma Lai, cd ngfldi cho
la gd'c Champa.
Dieu dang lirii y la ho sd'ng va khai thIc
bien khdi, do dd d Quang Binh va Ha Tinh
nhu tren da ndi bien gan vdi dai dUdng,
khdng gid'ng nhu Vinh Bac Bd. Tiii mien
Trung cd rat nhieu ciia .sdng an ra bien
Ddng, do dd ngfldi Bd Ld chi sd'ng d vflng
nay.
Ve hinh the ngoai dien, nhin ho cung
de phan biet vdi dan dia phUdng: da ho
sam hdn, tdc quan, mdi day, mat nhd,
phat am tie'ng Viet khd hieu. Ding di ciia
ho long khdng, cd rut nhU cd rfla, khi di
nhu chiiy, ndi thi nhanh nhU chim hdt
Nhu viiy, ed the gia dinh rang ngudn
gd'c ciia ngudi Bd Ld cd quan he vdi cac cU
dan Nam dio. Va neu nhU vay thi cong
ddng Bd Ld cd mdi quan he vdi cle cong
ddng cU dan bien sd'ng trdi ndi k h i p Ddng
Nam a va cac nha nghien cflu dat cho cai
ten la cU dan dio. Va phai chang cflng mot
cdng ddng vdi nhflng ngfldi Mdrd sd'ng
tren bien gifla Philippine va Ddng
Inddnexia, hay ngfldi Mdken sdng tren
bien dec theo duyen hai Ddng Nam A. C)
Viet Nam ho ed quan he vdi ngUdi Sa
Pham Thanh Tinh - Thif di tim ddu chdn nguai Bo Lo
Huynh, ngUdi C h a m p a Ho ed phai eflng
cong ddng vdi cfl d a n "nha chd" d Q u I n g
Nam, hay nhdm t h u y cU t r e n pha T a m
Giang chuyen l a m n g h e cau t r e n bien hay
khdng. Do dieu kien b a n che, chflng tdi
chUa cd djp khao sat cac cU dan nay va ddi
chieu so s i n h de tim ra mdi quan he cdi
ngudn cua ho vdi ngUdi Bd Ld.
3. Tfl nhflng va'n de da p h a n tich sd bd
neu tren, cd the di tdi mot gia thie't nhu
sau:
Cd mot cdng ddng cU dan thuy eU mang
ten Bd Ld doc theo ven bien B i c mien
Trung tfl T h a n h Hda tdi Q u a n g Binh,
Quang N a m . GS T r i n Qud'c Vudng da
tflng k h i n g dinh: " T h a n h phd' Vinh - cang
Ben Thuy va Cila Ld, Ciia Hdi d day cd
ngfldi Bd Ld (Poulo)"*'". Cdn Nguydn Duy
Thieu trong cud'n Vdn hda ddn gian lang
ven bien da vie't: "Trong mot gd kin la ndi
quan tu cua gan 100 con thuyen, dan dia
phfldng goi nhflng ngfldi sd'ng tren cae cen
thuyen ay la ngUdi Bd Ld"'".
Cdn ve ngudn gdc cua nhdm cU dan
nay, thed chflng tdi thi cd the ho la di due
cua mot cong ddng dUdc sinh ra trong sU
tie'p xuc cua cU dan vflng sdng nfldc va
bien ca?, sfl pha trdn gifla cfl dan cd ngudn
go'c tfl lang Xuan Hdi - Q u a n g Binh lam
nghe chai lUdi ven sdng, ven bien vdi
nhflng cfl d a n N a m dao, nhflng ngfldi
thien chie'n t r e n bien ca. Theo gidi khao cd
hoc, tfl cac di chi ven bien H a Tinh thi ndi
day cung cd da'u an cua nen v a n hda Sa
Huynh, met nen van hda bien dam dac.
Vdi nhflng con ngfldi ma cuoc sd'ng "theo
dudi con ca" va "an sdng ndi gid", thi viec
tie'p thu nhflng kien thflc van hda bien,
dac biet la vdi cfl d a n Viet khi dang t r e n
67
dfldng tien ra bien tbi dieu dd la mdt dieu
cd the ndi la t a t ye'u./.
C H U THICH
1. Vdi ngifdi Viet, mot cU dan lam ruong nitdc
6 dong bang, khi gap nhflng cong dong toe
ngudi neu song tren nui thi ho goi la moi
ru, neu song dudi bien thi goi la moi be.
Moi, theo each nhin cua ngifdi dong bang
mang tfnh miet thi vi nhflng ngifdi moi
deu "ngu ngd" khi len bd, nhifng khi ra
bien thi ho lai la ngifdi thanh thuc, tU do.
2. Theo Nguyin Ddng Chi. Dja chi van hoa
dan gian Nghe Tinh. Nxb Nghe An, Vinh,
1995, tr. 55.
3. Tran Quoc Vifdng. Mot net vdn hoa cdng
thi d miin Trung trong cudn "Van hoa hoc
dai cifdng va ed sd van boa Viet Nam". Nxb
KHXH, H., 1996, tr. 422.
4. Trung tam Khoa hoc xa hoi va Nhan van
quo'c gia - Vien nghien cflu Van hoa dan
gian. Van hoa dan gian lang ven bien. Nxb
Van hoa dan toe, H., 2000, tr. 424
TAI LIEU T H A M KHAO
1. Phiam Thanh Tinh. Viing bien Hd Tinh ud
cdng ddng cU ddn Bd Lol/Tap chi Nghien
cflu Dong Nam A, sd 7/2009, tr. 53 - 57.
2. Theo Nguyin Ddng Chi. Dia chf van boa dan
gian Nghe Tinh. Nxb Nghe An, Vinh, 1995.
3. Tran Qudc VuOng. Mot net vdn hda cdng
thi a miin Trung trong cudn "Van hoa hoc
dai cifdng va cd sd van boa Viet Nam". Nxb
KHXH, H., 1996.
4. Trung tam Khoa hoe xa hoi va Nhan van
qudc gia - Vien nghien cflu Van hoa dan
gian. Van hoa dan gian lang ven bien. Nxb
Van boa dan toe, H., 2000.
 VUNG BIEN HA TINH
VA CONG DONG CU DAN BO LO
V di bd bien dai nen vflng dac quyen
kinb te bien d Ha Tinh rdng ga'p
hdn 33 lan dien tfch da't dai cua tinh (hdn
20.000km^). Ven bd bien Ha Tinh, each
cac cita bien tfl 3,4 km den 20 km tfl Bac
vao Nam rai deu ciic hon diio nhci nhUng
cd gia tri quiic phdng vii kinh le. dd la ciic;
dao Ngfl. dao Mat, dao Ndm... d trifdc Cfla
Hc)i Tbc'j'ng thucic dia jibiin Ha Tinh nay
thugc ve tinh NgbcJ An.
(\ia Sdt cd Mfli Lc")', ci.inh Mui Ld cd
nhflng bon cbi ngdm, cd cac hdn dii ldn nc-ii
triui niiit nifc'ic kbi thuy Irieii xu6'ng. Dd hi
cac hdn Am, hdn Mdi, hdn Ngfla. Cach
cita Nhifdng trtui 80()ni hi bdn Bdc va hdn
En. ncii diiy cdn do hii cliiii lich ciiii nfli Ida
va cdn cd hang da chim (5n lam l6. Ngoai
khdi Cflii Khau d Ky Anh la dao Son
Du'cing. Diiy hi hdn dao Idn nhat tren bien
cua Ha Tinh, Xii hdn phia D6ng cd hdn
Chim nhiVp nhd tien niiit nitcJc. Dao Sdn
Dfldng cflng vdi nui Cao Vgng tiio nen
vung bien Sdn Diicing, ])hia nam Vflng
Ang cd df) sau trim 11m, bflii ben mgt hai
cang c|Uiin trgng nii\' niiii cua sfl nghic])
Th.^^. i'hiini Tiiaiih Tinh. X'ion Nghii'ii cifu Dong Nam A
PHAM THANH TINH^
xay dflng, bao ve Td quo'c va la cang nu'dc
sau ly tudng cho cac tau trgng tai ldn vao
ra t h u a n tien. Theo khao sat buoc dau
cua Vien Khao c6 hgc thugc Vien Khoa
hgc xa bgi Viet Nam va Bao lang Ha Tinh
tien b a n h n a m 2000, chflng ta difdc biet
trfldc day tren bd bicn Ha Tinh ngoai 1
cita bien cdn hii nhif Cita Hgi, Cita Sdt,
Cita Nhifdng va Cita Khau con cd cac Cfla
Xich Mg dfldi chiin nui Mfli Dgc thugc xa
^ y Nam, Cfla Cao Vgng, Cua Nu'dc Trong
"' ^'^ ^ y Ninh n h u n g nay da hi cat boi lap
l^^" ^'ong chdy tfl dai lien ra bien.
Dac diem cua ciic cita bien hien nay d
Ha Tinh la each n h a u va rai deu lfl Bac
vao Nam. Ngoai ra, niiing lifdi sdng va
kenh dao lh6ng su6'l cac huyen ven bien
da tao t h u a n ldi cho sfl thong thfldng gifla
cfla bien va ngi tinh. Dgc theo mien bien
iiy, cd khii nhieu cdng ddng ngii dan thuy
cfl sinh sd'ng. Theo nghien cflu cua
Nguyen Duy Thieu, cd hai nhdm ngU dan
thuy cit vdi hai ngudn gdc rd rot: nhdm cd
ngudn gdc ndng dan trong ngi ddng va
nhdm da cfl trfl lau ddi tren bien'^'. Nhdm
54
cd ngudn go'c ndng dan trong ndi ddng chu
yeu sd'ng bdng nghe dang, day danh bat
tdm ca trong sdng. Nhdm kia danh'ca
bang cau va ludi nit ngoai bien khdi.
Nhdm cfl trfl lau ddi tren bien cd mdt cdng
ddng vdi sd' IflcJng tUdng ddi ldn, sd'ng tap
trung tai cac cita bien cua Ha TTnh, chu
yeu la d Cifa Sdt - xa Thach Kim va Cita
Nhfldng - xa Cam Nhfldng. Dd la cdng
ddng ngfldi Bd Ld.
Ngfldi Bd Ld (hay Ba Lan) la ten chi
mdt nhdm ngfldi vao thdi can dai sd'ng
khdng dn dinh, thinh thoang thay le te
xua't hien d bd bien phfa Nam Nghe Tinh,
tai mdt vai diem nhat dinh cU trfl dgc ven
bien cac tinh mien Trung tfl Thanh Hda
vao tdi Quang Binh, dac biet la d cac cita
sdng, neu cd thanh nhdm cflng khdng
ddng^'"^*. Theo khao sat cua cac nha nghien
cflu,d Ha Tinh, ngUdi Bd Ld sd'ng dam dac
nha't tai hai ciia bien: Cita Sdt (Thach
Kim, Lgc Ha) va Cita Nhfldng (Cam
Nhfldng, Cam Xuyen). Ngoai ten ggi Bd
Ld, hg cdn diidc dan dia phfldng ggi la ddn
Nod'c cdu hoac ddn Bd Chinh (Cita Sdt)
hay Bo Lo Xudn Hoi, in xien {Cita
NhflcJng). Dfldi gdc nhin cua ngudi dan dia
phUdng, day la mdt cdng ddng ngUdi ngu
cU tfl ndi khac tdi, vi vay, trUdc Cach
mang thang Tam, "Bd Ld" dUdc hg coi la
tdc danh de chi mot nhdm ngfldi ma theo
Nguyin Duy Thieu, dd la nhdm ngUdi ma
cU dan Crfa Sdt ggi la "Mfldng nflde man".
Vdi tieng Viet, Bd Ld khdng cd y nghia,
theo cac nha nghien cflu ngdn ngfl hoc. Bo
Ld dflde doan dinh cd gdc la Ma Lai. Tfl
Nghien cdu Dong Nam A 7/2009
nay cd the la Pfl Lao hay Bfl Lao nghia la
dao. Phai chang day la nhflng cfl dan tfl
ngoai dao vao, va ngfldi dan dia phfldng
da Viet hda tfl Bfl Lao thanh Bd Ld de chi
nhflng ngfldi nay. Vi vay, cd gia thiet cho
rdng hg la ngfldi Ma Lai, cd ngiidi cdn cho
rang ngfldi Bd Ld cd ngudn gdc la ngud'i
Champa. The nhung, ngUdi Bd Ld tfl dau
tdi, tdi tfl bao gid, cho den nay van cdn la
mgt cau hdi. Theo cac cu gia, nhflng ngfldi
ma den tan hdm nay cdn tfl nhan minh la
ngfldi Bd Ld, thi td tien cua hg tfl Quang
Binh di cU ra va tfl Cita Hdi - Nghe An
vao. Vdi tri nhd cua minh, cac cii cho rang
td tien dng ba hg da dinh cfl d day khoang
8 den 10 ddi. Cd nhflng ddng ho da dinh cfl
den 14 ddi.
Qua hinh the va nhflng bieu hien ben
ngoai, cflng de phan biet ngfldi Bd Ld vdi
dan dia phfldng: da ho sam hdn, tdc quan,
mdi day, mat nhd, phat am tieng Viet khd
hieu. Dang di thi Idng khdng, cd rut nhU
cd rua, khi di nhu chay, ndi thi nhanh nhfl
chim hdt Nhflng dac diem tren cua
ngUdi Bd Ld cd nhflng net gan vdi cac cfl
dan Nam Dao. Va, neu dung nhu vay thi
cdng ddng ngfldi Bd Ld cd mdi quan he vdi
cac cdng ddng cfl dan bien cua Ddng Nam
A. TrUdc day, vdi tU tUdng ky thi dan tgc,
mdt sd' ngUdi dan dia phfldng nhin ngfldi
Bd Ld bang con mat td md neu khdng
mud'n ndi la ft thien cam. Do vay, tfl lau, d
Ha TTnh, cd cau hat ve ngudi Bd Ld:
"Bd Ld Xuyen Hdi
Khddng ndi nau an,
Pligin Thanh Tinh - \ ung hien Hd Tinh vd egng ddng eU ddn Bd Lo
Khddng k h a n chit trddc (dau),
Khddng ncidc (thuyen) di cau
..... 1 , , --^ » „ nghiep ddn gian hdn rat nhieu. Moi sinh
Khoong biui (tui) diing gfio.
Tat nhien. ndi dung cfla bai hat cung
chi la ciidng dieu cudc sd'ng ngheo khd,
• C D
ddn gian, t h a t hoc cua ho thdi, chfl thflc .sfl
"^
chang cd ac y gi.
La dan thuy cfl, ngfldi Bd Ld chi dflde
sd'ng tren m a t nflde va sd'ng cudc sd'ng
"theo dudi con ca" va "an sdng ndi gio'. Hg
khdng cd da't d t r e n bd, hga chang neu cd
thi dan thuy cU chi dflng phan da't ay vao
hai viec chinh: de chdn cat ngfldi chet va
xay chnh thd cua viin. Ngay xUa, tren
danh nghia, hg cung dUdc chfnh quyen
phong kien dia phfldng thfla n h a n quyen
lanh Vfle, nhflng ngoai bai dau thuyen d
cifa sdng. hg khdng dflcic vao sdng. Ngoai
bien. ngiidi Bd Ld dflcic tfl do, nhflng vao
da't lien hg hi c:oi la "than d dd", la dan
"sd'ng vd gia cU, chet vd dia tang", cho nen
hg phai mua dat cua cac lang tren bd de
xay dinh va chdn cat ngifdi chet vdi nhflng
dieu kien r a t k h a t khe.
Trudc day (trUdc Cach mang Thang
Tam), ngiidi Bd Ld sdng chu yeu tren
thuyen, mdi gia dinh thudng cU tru tren
mdt con thuyen. Nhieu gia dinh ket hop
vdi nhau t h a n h mgt van, nhu Vim Ky
Xuyen d Cifa Sdt va Viin Nddc cau d
Nhfldng Biin. Trong thiet che xa hgi co
truyen, cac cU dan van chai khong phdi la
dan chfnh c\i vi vay van chai chi la nhflng
ddn vi lit quan. Cac van chai dflde tap hcip
theo nguyen tdc ciuan he huyet thd'ng va
55
quan he nghe nghiep. Chfnh vi vay, cd cau
^ua van chai so vdi cd ca'u xa hgi nong
' ^ ^ ' _
hoiit cua hg deu tap t r u n g tren thuyen.
„ . , . ,. - . - ' • » - i »
Sau ngay dgc lap. mgt so gia dmh dugc
, , , .- ,. , .- ».- , , 2,
chmh quyen dia phUong cap dat (nhU 0
r^•'. XTU ... r^-- v - \u - - ^•'-
Cfla Nhfldng - Cam Xuyen) hoac co tien
^ ^ ^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^ ^^^ g^^ _ r^^^^^ ^^,^ ^^
d,jng nha. Vi the hg sd'ng cudc sdng
"thuOng gia hii thuyen", tflc la vfla d tren
thuyen vfla d tren nha. Hien nay, do dieu
kien kinh te cflng nhfl dieu kien xa hgi,
cac hd gia dinh tren thuyen hau nhu da
len bd hda n h a p vdi ngfldi dan ban xfl.
Mac dau vay nhflng yeu to cd van duOc
bao luu trong cuoc sdng thfldng ngay cua
ngfldi Bd Ld.
^gUdi Bo Ld sdng chu yeu bdng lam
^ghg danh bdt ca ngoai bien khdi vdi hat
hi^h thflc danh bat chinh la cau va ludi
r u t . T h u y e n ca cua hg (nhu d Cam
NhUdng) thfldng ddng 9 van ke tfl con
tiep, te, dang hai, hdng phong va con be
(hai vach + hai tiep), mfli thfldng cao, lai
thap va be. Thuyen lai rut cd chieu dai 35
den 42 thflde mdc (thfldc ta = 0,4m), rinh
hdng, rdng day, vflng chdc, chiu dUdc do
sdng lde. Trong khu vUc mien Trung, cd
hai loai t h u y e n dien hinh: thuyen trudng
va thuyen bau. Thuyen trUdng dflng de
danh bat ca, mfli cd hinh cong nhfl hinh
mat t r a n g va thuyen bau dflng chd hang,
Ngfldi Bd Ld dflng t h u y l n trUdng.
Nghe cau cua ngUdi Bd Ld cd hai each
cau la cau d'ng can va cau vang. Cau dng
can thdng dtang hdn ca. Mdi ngiidi thdng
56
thfldng chi dflng mgt day cau, mdt d'ng
can, cd ludi cau, cd mdc mdi. Phai thdng
hieu con ca nao Ua mdi nao de biet ma dii
ca. Chdng ban ca ngfla fla mdi tdm ma
tdm phai sdng, phai bdi Idi binh thudng.
Mud'n nhu the phiii mdc Ifldi cau vao ddu
con tdm, tranh chiim vao day nao. Tfly
theo tflng loai ca ma sit dung Ifldi cau to
nhd khac nhau. Vf du cau ca ngfl khac cau
ca trich, cau ca thu khac cau ca nhd. Phai
biet ddi trang chd nUde: trang mgc nUde
may, trang xe nUde dflng. Dd la nhflng
thdi diem ca hay bat mdi. Viec sit dung
phao cflng rat quan trgng. Kinh nghiem
cita ngfl dan cau ca la khi mat bien xao
ddng ca thudng an sau nen phai de lUdi
cau each mat da't 2 sai. Khi bien em, ca an
cao - ludi cau each mat dat 4 - 5 sai. NgUdi
Bd Ld la nhflng ngudi thien nghe, sat ngU
cau ca ndi tieng it ai bi kip.
Ngoai cau cac loai ca, ngUdi Bd Ld cdn
cau miic. MUc la loai sinh vat bien rat me
anh sang. Cho nen, ngifdi ta dflng mdi ca
cdm cd chat lan tinh. Tuy nhien d bien
Ddng cd loiii miic rat to, thfldng phai cau
bang locii chi rieng (ldi cau trgng) phai tiio
cho nd cai the keo dUdc lUdi cau ndm
ngang trong nUdc. NgUdi ta dflng mgt thdi
gd quan chi de cho nd khdng bi chim hdn
va tfnh toan sao cho cd the ndm ngang vdi
Ifldi cau. Khi cau miic, ngUdi ta khdng
mdc mdi vao ludi cau ma huge mdi tren
ludi cau mdt khoang. Nhu vay ta se cd mgt
mat ngang gdm hdn chi, mdi, lUdi cau. Khi
miic ngam indi, litdi cau hi giat manh tfl
dudi len va mdc vao bung hoiic dau con
Nghien edu Dong Nam A 7/2009
mflc Trfldc day, do cau theo ldi thu cdng
cd truyen ddn gian, nen nang sua't thap
ma lai hi phu thudc theo mfla cua miic.
Ngay nay, nghe cau miic ciia ngUdi Bd Ld
da dUdc cai tien nhieu nhfl rfldng, chi, van
kim tuye'n tao mau dng anh de danh Ifla
mflc. Vi vay ma, gid day, ngfldi ta cd the
cau miic ca ban ngay Ian ban dem.
Vdi cau vang, day cau thudng dai den
hang nghin sai va duc3c ket day nhieu lUdi
cau. Day cau tren du<3c tha dai xud'ng bien
trong mgt thdi gian chflng 7 - 8 tieng. Ca
cdn cau nhieu khi day dac. NgUdi theJ cau
vang, cd nhflng chieu cau dUde hang ta ca
quy cd gia tri xua't khau. Nghe cau vang
cd khi cau dUcic ca day, ca Iflng chflng va
cd khi cau duc3c ca ca ndi.
^^ong nghe cau cda ngUdi dan chai Bd
L 5 ^d nghe cau ca map dflde dan gian ggi
la ca nham. Ca nham rat quy: bd khung
xfldng la sun (dung de chfla dd't sd'ng), vi
ca nham la mgt mdn an trong "bat tran"
(chi gianh cho vua chfla) keo thanh sdi de
nau an, gan ca nham dflng de dieu che
Vitamin A, Cd khi ngfldi di cau cau
dUdc con ca nham rat ldn, nd keo ca
thuyen di, ngUdi cau phai cho thuyen di
theo ca, den khi ca met, ngfldi thd cau mdi
keo ca vao thuyen. Nhflng, cung cd luc gap
phai loai "tiem ac ngU", chung ria het con
ca ldn, chi cdn lai bg xUdng va cai dau.
Nhflng ngfldi thdng thao ve cau cd cudc
sd'ng kha gia vi viec mua sdm ngU cu
khdng td'n kem bang nhflng nghe khac,
nhflng lai cd thu hoach cao. Tuy nhien. vdi
ngfldi Bo Ld "sd'ng vd gia cfl, chet vd dia
Phgni Thanh Tinh - M'ing hicn Hd Tinh vd cdng ddng eU ddn Bo Lo
tang", do mgi thfl' phai quy ddi tfl ca ma
ra. cho nen, mac dfl thdng thfio nghe, sat
ca. nhflng do khdng cd nha. di bien khdng
cd ngudn tai chinh ddi dao, phai vay mUdn
trudc nen hau nhu sau mdi chuyen di
bien, hg chi kiem dfl cho cudc sd'ng thfldng
nhat ma thdi.
Nghe ludi rut cbi danh ban ngay va
phai thii cha (riio). ('ba cd the vi nbu
"khach Scin du lich" de cho dan ca den trfl
ngu, chdn vdn. Cha cang nhieu thi toa
bdng cang rdng, de cho ca den "ta tflc". Ket
ca'u cua mdt day cha tfla day phao khdng
Id cd khi dai 12, 15, 20 sai trd len. Day cha
huge vdi rg da nang hang tii. Mgt dau day
huge vdi cay tre to, khi nem xudng bien
tiia nhfl mgt Iflm tre. Vang Ifldi rflt gdm
day, gia, beo, canh tif^n, mat ludi 2cm x
2cm, day mdng tfly theo loiii ca. De diinb
ca, nghe Ifldi rflt cdn cd thd va ban trai bao
gdm Ihd chinh, thd bin. ngfldi va hidi.
ngUdi gifl thuyen. Mdi tci'i) ihd can khoang
1 0 - 2 0 ngitdi. Ky ihuiit chfnh cua nghe
ludi rut phu thudc vao ngUdi thd gidi trong
vice tham do bin nu'dc chflng vdi, tha rao,
dat neo, budng hidi. Tfly theo con cti xuat
hien, vii nam vu bdc, lan nUdc, long khdi
ma ngfldi thd quyet dinh danh ludi. Nghe
ludi rflt danh ca vao hai vu: Nam va Bdc
gdm ca mu, cii niic, cii trich, ca long
Danh ca chim thi ky t h u a t phflc tap va
khd k h a n hdn, ddi hdi ngfldi thd lan gidi
de khi thay ca xuat hien lhi phai lan de
ddn dan ca vao Ifldi. Cd ihci lai gidi hdn da
phai lien litdi va diiy, mdi danh bdt dflde
cii nhdng vi ca nhdng dau nhgn, rang sac.
57
lao nbu mfli ten. ay vay ma ngu'di Bd Ld
van danh bat dudc.
NgUdi Bd Ld cd the danh bat quanh
nam (trfl nhflng ngay mua bao Ion) va
khdng phai cbi quan q u a n h trong vflng
bien each dat lien khoang 40 - 50 km ma
cdn CO the di xa h a n g t r a m cay so', dac biet
la nghe cau. Ben canh dd, ngudi Bd Ld
ven bien Ha Tinh cdn la nhflng con ngu'di
thien thuy, thien nghe, cau keo tai gidi.
Trudc day, mac dfl it dflOc hgc hanh,
n h u n g vdi nhflng kinh nghiem di bien, hg
la nhflng cfl dan da dem lai nhieu ngudn
ldi kinh te bien cho cac lang xa ven bien,
dac biet la cac cita sdng nbu cfla Sdt
(Thiich Kim - Lgc Ha) va cifa Nhfldng
(Cam Nhfldng - Cam Xuyen). Tfl' sau Cach
mang t h a n g Tam den nay, ngfldi Bd Ld da
chuyen len dinh cU d dat lien va sinh hoat
gidng nbu ngifdi "hiin dia". Mgi tap tuc
sinh hoiit cua hg, lfl an d, lam nha cifa,
den viec cifdi hdi, tang ma, hgc h a n h bay
gid chang khac gi so vdi ngfldi trong thdn
xdm. Gid day, hg dang cflng nhflng ngfldi
dan chai bien khac dang ngay dem dem
lai nhflng ngudn ldi ldn cho que hUdng,
lang xdm./.
CHU THICH
1. Nguyen Duy Thieu. Cdc cong dong ngU ddn
thiiy cU a viing bien Viet Naml/Tap chi
Nghien cflu Dong Nam A, sd 6/2003, tr. 3-10.
2. Theo Nguyin Ddng Chi. Dia chi vdn hoa
ddn gian Nghe Tinh. Nxb Nghe .\ii, Vinh,
1995, tr. 55.