Chemistry for Engineers (Lab)

Bunsen Burner
- Named after Robert Bunsen
- Single, open gas flame
- used for heating, sterilization, and combustion

Parts

1. Barrel (Chimney)

2. Collar – controls the amount of oxygen gas that enters

3. Air hole – Entrance of the oxygen gas

4. Gas inlet – Entrance of the propane gas

5. Gas spud – Allows/guides the propane gas to enter the barrel

6. Base – supports/stands the Bunsen Burner

Types of Flame:
1. Luminous Flame
- Bright yellow flame / large, loud, flame
- incomplete combustion / lacks oxygen
- produces soot
2. Non-Luminous Flame
- Blue Flame / hotter flame / silent flame
- Complete Combustion / plenty oxygen
- Good for cooking

Regions of the Flame

1. Region 1 – coldest region of the flame
- Unburnt gas and oxygen
2. Region 2 – Reducing Region ; burning regions
3. Point 2 – Hottest part of the flame
4. Region 3 – Oxidizing Region ; Outside air interacting with flame ; burning
excess fuel

Chemical Equations:
Complete:

Incomplete:
Common Laboratory Techniques
Mass – the amount of matter in an object

Weight – the measure of the force of gravity acting on a body

Volume – the amount of space a substance/object occupies.

Density – Degree of compactness of a substance. Mass over volume (m / V)

Measuring Mass – Tool: Triple-Beam Balance

Type 1 –Large Solids:

- Place material directly on the balance and weigh

Type 2 - Liquid:
- Utilize a container. Measure mass of the container and the mass of
the container + substance then find their difference.

Type 3 – Solids (Powdered)

- Same as type 2.

Measuring Volume – Tool: Graduated Cylinder + Pipette

Type 1 – Defined Solid
- measure object’s length, width, height and get their product

Type 2 – Liquids
- Pour liquid inside graduated cylinder. View at eye-level, record lower
meniscus

Type 3 – Irregular Objects

- Have a substance (water) in the graduated cylinder; record the
volume. Drop object inside the cylinder and record the new volume.
Subtract.

- if object is too light, bundle together identical copies of the object

and divide the final volume by the number of objects used
Decantation
- the process of separation of liquid from solid and other immiscible (non-
mixing) liquids, by removing the liquid layer at the top from the layer of solid or
liquid below (Tilt method)

Filtration
- the process of separation (physical) that utilizes a filter medium to
separate the solid matter from the liquid mixture

Evaporation
- the process of a liquid changing into its gaseous form.
Heat of Reactions
Formulae:
kJ
∆H ( ) = 𝑚𝑐∆𝑇
mol
= 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑋 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑋 (𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝 − 𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝)
𝑘𝐽 𝑚𝑐∆𝑇 𝑀𝑀 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 (𝑔) 1 𝑘𝐽
∆H ( )= 𝑋 𝑋
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑙 1000 𝐽
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒−𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
%𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = | | 𝑥 100
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

∆Hrxn = ∑𝑛∆𝐻°𝑓 (𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠) − ∑𝑛∆𝐻°𝑓 (𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠)

Heat of Combustion
Ethanol – CH3CH2OH(l) + 3O2(g) -> 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)

Propanol – CH3(CH2)2OH(l) + 4.5 O2(g) -> 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(l)

Butanol - CH3(CH2)3OH(l) + 6 O2(g) -> 4CO2(g) + 5H2O(l)

*The heat of combustion is directly proportional to the number of

carbon atoms. The higher the carbon count, the greater the heat of
combustion.
Electrical Conductivity
- an electric lamp in series with open electrodes.

Parts of the Electrical Conductivity Apparatus

1. Current Source
2. Electrode Pair

3. Light Bulb
Factors Affecting Electrical Conductivity
1. Solute Compounds used:
a. Ionic, Strong Acid/Base – good electrolytes, solution contains
only ions and no molecules of the electrolyte.
b. Weak Acid/Base – weak electrolytes, solution contains some
ions with a general prevalence of the molecules of the
electrolyte that did not dissociate.
c. Organic Compounds – non-electrolytes ; molecules do not
dissociate in solution to form ions, thus preventing charge
from travelling.
 2. Solvent Used:
- The greater the amount of solvent for the salts to
dissociate in (form ions), the greater the light intensity
output of set-up’s light bulb (directly proportional
relationship)
- Polar solutes can ionize in a polar solvent but not in a non-
polar solvent.

Voltaic Cells
- an electrochemical cell that uses a chemical reaction to produce electrical
energy
Notes:

1. The voltaic cell becomes more spontaneous when the more active metal is
in the anode / oxidized.
2. Oxidation happens in the Anode, Reduction happens in the Cathode

Electrolytic Cell
- an electrochemical device that uses electrical energy to facilitate a non-
spontaneous redox reaction

Formulae:
𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑑
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝐼) = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣. (𝐸𝐶𝐸 ) =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 (𝑠) 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑏
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 (𝐸𝑀) 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 (𝑀𝑀)
𝐸𝐶𝐸 = 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑙 𝐸𝑀 =
𝐹𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑎𝑦 ′ 𝑠 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 (96,500 𝑒− ) 𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑒 − 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑑
Notes:

1. The amount of material deposited on the cathode is directly

proportional to:
a. The amount of current passing through the solution
b. The amount of time the current was allowed to pass through
the solution
c. The equivalent mass (EM) of the plating metal used