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Spe 96 Pa
Spe 96 Pa
I''\
~.
continued flooding could be seriously affected by an in- I- AIR INJECTED AT
U.! 230 MCFfD. 6 DAYS
crease in oil viscosity at the temperature of the cold in- U.!
u...
'~
INJECTION TIME.
jected water. (Formation temperature was observed to I
1500
:J:
A0
drop 50°F several hundred feet away from an injection I-
well in a Wilmington water flood.) 0..
U.! MEASURED
0
2000
~~
'~'u
Air Injection INJECTION
INTERVAL
Fig. 3 presents a comparison of measured and com- .l..
puted temperatures for an air-injection well. At the time ~
~I
2500
of the survey, air was being injected at 230 Mcf/D and GEOTHEjMAL.------
had been injected for a period of six days. Injection tem-
perature was 94°F. As shown on Fig. 3, computed tem- 3000
peratures closely agreed with measured temperatures near FIG. 3-MEASURED AND COMPUTED TEMPERATURES IN AN
the top of the well, but were 8°F higher than measured AIR·INJECTION WELL (AIR INJECTED AT 230 MCF/D,
temperatures at 1,500 ft. The estimated accuracy of tem- SIX DAYS INJECTION TIME).
perature measurements was ±5°F. The increase in tem-
TEMPERATURE OF
perature opposite the injection interval was caused by
spontaneous reaction between air and oil which eventually o 100 200 300 400 500 600
o ~~~~--~~--~~----~~~--,-----,
resulted in ignition of the oil.
TEMPERATURE- OF
200
o 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
o
\"~GEOTlERMAL
I
DASHED OR DOTTED
I \\, 1000
1
5000
, I
: ' , I
----t-
6000
7000
f--
i
,\
"1\ PERFORATiONS
" -1
1
j--
1200 ~--tll_--__+---~--- --'
4000 TEMPERATURE OF
<
(/)
a..
I
CRITICAL pOllT~ o 100 200
Or---r-.--~---'---.r---~--.
300 400 500 600
I -- _. __ . I
r-
3000 -.-- -~
--
IU
/V
0:: 1000
:::::>
(/) I- I
(/)
UJ
\ I
V
...J 3000
2" TUBING-----..... 223 PSI)
o(/) i
GEOTHER~AL \
1'--...:
(lNJ. PRESS.
CD 1000 PSI)
< o ..--/ 4000L----L-L-~---~-~~---L---~
o 200 400 600 800 100('1
FIG. 6 - COMPUTED WELLBORE TEMPERATURES RESULTING FRO}]
TEMPERATURE of INJECTION OF 500 B/D OF STEAM OR HOT WATER FOR ONE WEEK.
(EARTH THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF 1.4 BTU/HR-FT-oF; EARTH
FIG. 5-PRESSURE-TEMPERATURE DIAGRAM FOR WATER." THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY OF 0.04 SQ FT/HR.)
with the slide rule. If the injection project has not been
1z v r, and
V /
A = We[k + r,U f(t)]
27rr, Uk
(17)
dz or
T,e Z / A =
J (18)
T.
T,e Z ,< = (aZ - aA + b)e + C(t)
Z A
/ (19)
or
due to increase in pressure is approximately equal to the The plus sign on the potential-energy term is used for flow
loss in potential energy. Conversely, for flow up the well, down the well and depth taken positively increasing from
the loss of enthalpy due to the decrease in pressure is the surface; the negative sign is used for flow up the well
approximately equal to the increase in potential energy. with depth taken positively increasing upward from the
producing interval. Goethermal temperature must also be
As a result, the total-energy equation becomes represented with depth increaSing positively upward for
edT -::::; dQ . . . . . . . . . . (12) flow up a well.
for a noncompressible liquid flowing vertically in a con-
stant-diameter tube. To apply Eqs. 22 or 25, it is necessary to evaluate the
time function, t(t). Eq. 14 can be rearranged to
Assuming no phase changes, an approximate energy
balance over the differential element of depth, dZ, yields: f(t) = 27rk(T, - T,) (14A)
heat lost by liquid = heat transferred to casing, or dq/dZ '
dq = - WedT, = 27rr,U(T, - T,)dZ. . (13) which is the definition of this time function. In this form,
The rate of heat conduction from the casing to the sur- it is clear that the function t(t) has the same relationship
rounding formation may be expressed as to transient heat flow from a wellbore that the van Ever-
dq - 27rk(T, - T,)dZ (14) ·It. is not necessary that. geothermal temperature be linear with depth.
- f(t) . SolutIons may also be obtalr.ed if geothermal temperature is represented
graphically as a function of depth.
***
APRIL, 1962