Expert:

“Flow cytometry is a sophisticated analytical technique that allows for the simultaneous
measurement of multiple physical and chemical characteristics of individual cells or particles as
they pass through a laser beam. It involves the use of advanced instrumentation and complex
data analysis algorithms to quantify cellular properties such as size, granularity, and protein
expression levels. Flow cytometry is an invaluable tool in biomedical research, enabling the
study of immune cell populations, cell cycle dynamics, and intracellular signaling pathways with
high precision and throughput.”
Novice:

“Flow cytometry is a laboratory technique used to analyze cells by passing them through a laser
beam and detecting the light signals emitted by fluorescently labeled molecules on their surface
or inside the cell. It helps scientists understand the composition and function of different cell
types in a sample and can be used in various fields like immunology, cancer research, and drug
discovery.”
Amateur:

“Flow cytometry is a method used in labs to look at cells and stuff inside them. It uses lasers and
special dyes to see what’s happening in cells. People use it in science to learn about diseases and
stuff like that.”
These definitions vary in complexity and depth of understanding, reflecting the different levels
of expertise in flow cytometry.
Expert:

“Electrical impedance is a measure of the opposition that a circuit presents to the flow of
alternating current (AC). It is characterized by both magnitude and phase angle and is influenced
by the resistance, capacitance, and inductance of the circuit components. In bioimpedance
analysis, impedance measurements are used to assess physiological properties of tissues or cells,
such as cell membrane integrity, cell size, and fluid distribution, through the application of
electrical currents at various frequencies.”
Novice:
“Electrical impedance is a property of a circuit that describes how much it resists the flow of
alternating current. It's kind of like how much traffic there is on a road – if there’s a lot of
resistance, it’s like a traffic jam. In simple terms, impedance tells us how difficult it is for
electricity to flow through a circuit.”
Amateur:

“Electrical impedance is when electricity meets resistance in a circuit. It’s like when you try to
push something heavy, and it’s hard to move because there’s something in the way. Impedance is
like that resistance in a circuit, making it harder for electricity to flow through.”
These definitions vary in complexity and depth of understanding, reflecting different levels of
expertise in electrical engineering or physics.