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Applications of Nanotechnology in Medical field

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REVIEW

Applications of nanotechnology in medical field: a brief review

Abid Haleem a, Mohd Javaid a,∗, Ravi Pratap Singh b, Shanay Rabc, Rajiv Sumand
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India
c
School of Architecture, Technology and Engineering, University of Brighton, United Kingdom
d
Department of Industrial and Production Engineering, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: Nanotechnology has extensive application as nanomedicine in the medical field. Some nanoparticles have pos-
Received 30 December 2022 sible applications in novel diagnostic instruments, imagery and methodologies, targeted medicinal products,
Received in revised form 29 January 2023
pharmaceutical products, biomedical implants, and tissue engineering. Today treatments of high toxicity can be
Accepted 13 February 2023
administered with improved safety using nanotechnology, such as chemotherapeutic cancer drugs. Further, wear-
Available online xxx
able gadgets can detect crucial changes in vital signs, cancer cell conditions, and infections that are genuinely
Keywords: happening in the body. We anticipate these technologies to provide doctors with considerably much better direct
Nanotechnology access to critical data on the reasons for changes in the signs of life or illness because of the technological presence
Nanomedicine
at the source of the problem. Biomedicine can be utilised for therapies with predictive analytics and artificial
Nanoparticles
intelligence. For carrying out this study, relevant papers on Nanotechnology in the medical field from Scopus,
Medical
Treatment Google scholar, ResearchGate, and other research platforms are identified and studied. The study discusses dif-
ferent types of Nanoparticles used in the medical field. This paper discusses nanotechnology applications in the
medical field. The class, features, and characteristics of Nanotechnology for medicine are also briefed. Scientists,
governments, civil society organisations, and the general public will need to collaborate across sectors to assess
the significance of nanotechnology and guide its advancement in various fields. The current research includes sev-
eral possible Nanotechnology uses in the medical field. As a result, the study provides a brief and well-organised
report on nanotechnology that should be valuable to researchers, engineers, and scientists for future research
projects.

1. Introduction
Nanotechnology is a term used to define areas of science and en-
gineering in which phenomena occurring at nanoscale dimensions are
used in the design, characterisation, manufacture, and applications of
materials, structures, devices, and systems. The concept of nanotech-
nology was first introduced in 1959 when physicist Richard Feynman
presented a presentation on making things at the atomic and molecular
levels. Nanotechnology is now regarded as the most promising tech-
nology of the twenty-first century, and researchers have investigated it
as a novel technique in medical research. Nanotechnology will usher
in a new era of productivity and prosperity, as seen by increased pub-
lic funding for nanotechnology research and development over the last
decade.1–2 Nanotechnology can spur economic growth and enhance ca-
pacity and quality in industrial sectors. It has substantially contributed
to society’s welfare and moulded the nature of modern living. It has the
potential to significantly alter societal dynamics, economic conditions,
and human life.
Man has been looking for miraculous remedies to relieve sickness
and injury pain for hundreds of years. Many academics feel that nan-
otechnology applications in medicine can be essential in achieving this.
These applications include comprehensive surveillance, control, cre-
ation, repair, and defence of all biological human systems, employing
designed nanodevices and nanostructures functioning from a molecu-
lar level. Nanotechnology can transform medical research radically and
create a new sector of human improvement.3–5 There is a good line
for nanotechnology’s diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventative applica-
tions. This technology can intentionally modify the body, among many
problems. The nano drugs employed have demonstrated that bioavail-
ability is enhanced, side effects are eliminated, and therapeutic medicine
is absorbed more effectively.6 - 7
The presence and entry of every single molecule in the brain essen-
tially structure a highly selective membrane barrier permeable for high
partition coefficient molecules. Nanoparticles have recently been used
on this membrane as a medication carrier system. Particularly, nanopar-
ticles are inhaled and cross brain membranes. The typical and traditional

∗
Corresponding author: mjavaid@jmi.ac.in.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.glohj.2023.02.008
2414-6447/Copyright © 2023 People’s Medical Publishing House Co. Ltd. Publishing service by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co. Ltd. This is an
open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

Please cite this article as: A. Haleem, M. Javaid, R.P. Singh et al., Applications of nanotechnology in medical field, Global Health Journal, https:
//doi.org/10.1016/j.glohj.2023.02.008
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therapies for vascular thrombosis often have relatively limited advan-
tages due to the short plasma half-life, many adverse effects, and fast
drug wash-outs. To improve the stability and even half-life of the en-
capsulated medication, immobilising a specific quantity of an agent in
a drug delivery system might overcome this restriction. Biocompatibil-
ity and biodegradability make polymeric nanoparticles, and liposomal
nanocarriers are often employed.8–10
Science and technology have been used for illness diagnosis, treat-
ment and prevention of trauma, pain relief, and the conservation and
enhancement of human health via molecular instruments and molecu-
lar understanding of the human body. Most current commercial uses in
medicine in nanotechnologies aim at medication supply. New modes of
action may be introduced, and existing medicinal compounds are better
targeted and more bioavailable. The nanoprobes, integrated sensory na-
noelectronic systems, and multifunctional chemical structures for phar-
maceuticals delivery and disease targeting are upcoming applications in
nanotechnology.11–13
There has already been a great success in enhancing medication de-
livery with nanotechnology. Specific compounds may improve the aim-
ing and entrance of medication into the cell and improve the imaging, in-
tracellular targeting, and controlled release of therapeutic genes. There-
fore, clinicians could detect and improve their influence on sick cells and
tumours to optimise therapy dosages. In combination with other forms
of personalised treatment, nanometric can be customised to focus on an
individual patient is only sick cells, minimising adverse effects and tis-
sue damage. Scientists have already made a few advances that promote
cell development to treat spinal cord damage. Magnetic nanoparticles
and nano parts sensitive to enzymes that target brain tumours; intelli-
gent nanoparticles samples for delivery of intracellular drug products
and gene expression imaging; quantitative points to detect and quantify
human brain cancer.14–16
In healthcare area, nanotechnology opens new limits in the life
sciences industry. Nanotechnology has great promise in manipulating
things at the atomic level to change many parts of medical treatment,
such as diagnosis, monitoring for diseases, operating equipment, regen-
erative medicine, developing vaccines, and medication delivery. It also
opens the way through sophisticated research instruments to develop
drugs to improve treatments for various ailments. Nanotechnology can
be utilised for medication to particular cells in the body, thereby reduc-
ing the risks of failure and rejection.17–19 We have identified four pri-
mary research objectives of this paper as under: (1) to identify types of
Nanotechnology and Nanoparticles with their uses in the medical field;
(2) to discuss classes and taxonomy of Nanotechnology-based-materials
for the medical sphere; (3) to identify & discuss associated features and
characteristics of Nanotechnology for the medical domain; and (4) to
identify contemporary and future Nanotechnology applications for the
medical field.
2. Need for nanotechnology in the medical field
Nanotechnology and nano drugs discoveries are so vast and wide-
ranging. Nanomedicine has undergone impressive modifications, push-
ing the drug to a new level with significant healthcare outcomes. There
is a need to study the significant capabilities of nanotechnology in
healthcare. In medicine, extensive research is ongoing into best prac-
tices and methodologies, including nephrology, cardiovascular disease
therapeutic gene, and cancer therapy. There is a significant development
in the traditional treatment, and the quality of nanoparticles and nan-
otechnology have improved and shown encouraging results.20 - 21 Gene
therapy has also taken advantage of nano drugs. Several investigations
focused on the applications of viral vectors believed to be systems for
medication delivery.22–24
Nanobots targeting specific cancer cells to smart tablets send data
back to researchers to ensure patients receive their treatment correctly.
Nanotechnology offers the potential for in-vitro diagnosis by substitut-
ing existing procedures for more economical alternatives that are eas-
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ier to utilise. Nanoparticles can operate as molecular imaging agents
within those devices and input cancer-related genetic alterations and tu-
mour cell functional features. Further, functional nanotechnology-based
coatings frequently include the following nanomaterials, depending on
the desired function: titanium dioxide, silicon dioxide, carbon black,
iron oxide, zinc oxide, and silver. Instruments and procedures enhance
physio-chemical characterisation assessments, safety, and effectiveness
of nanomaterials and nano surfaces integrated into medical device en-
gineering. Scientists play a crucial part in creating goods that include
novel materials, sensors, and energy storage systems.25 - 26
3. Different types of nanoparticles are being used in the medical
field
Nanoparticles have a significant surface-area-to-volume ratio due to
their nanoscale size, which allows them to absorb vast amounts of med-
ications and move quickly throughout the bloodstream. Their increased
surface area gives them distinct capabilities, as it increases their me-
chanical, magnetic, optical, and catalytic qualities, allowing them to
be used in more pharmaceutical applications. Nanoparticles are classi-
fied into three areas based on their chemical composition: organic, inor-
ganic, and carbon-based.27–29 Fig. 1 shows some primary classifications
of the nanoparticles. Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and other organic
molecules are synthesised into organic nanoparticles with a specific di-
mension, such as a radius of fewer than 100 nm.
Inorganic nanoparticles are non-toxic, hydrophilic, biocompatible,
and highly stable compared to organic materials. Inorganic nanopar-
ticles include elemental metals, metal oxides, and metal salts, among
other things. Fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and its deriva-
tives are examples of carbon-based nanomaterials. These materials have
piqued the attention of various fields, including biomedical applications,
because of their unusual structural dimensions and exceptional mechan-
ical, electrical, thermal, optical, and chemical properties. Nanoparticles
generally retain the chemical properties of their bulk materials, which
can be beneficial when selecting a nanoparticle for various applica-
tions.30–33
The nanoparticles respond to the light by getting hot enough to de-
stroy cancer cells. Researchers believe that nanoparticles can directly
be put into circulation and become cancer tumours in the Future. Smart
pills are medication releases with ingestible sensors that can be man-
aged wirelessly and adjusted to control a medicine dose depending on
data collected throughout the body. Nanomedicine faces inherent ob-
stacles like every innovative and revolutionary technology; mainly, it
has been widely used in clinical applications. The environmental im-
pact of nanotechnology accumulates in live tissues and organs and can
be made affordable on a big scale. Nanobots are a significant advance
in nanomedicine.34–37
4. Classes and taxonomy of nanotechnology-based-materials for
medical sphere
Fig. 2 explores the various classes and categorisations of different
nanotechnology-based materials having special applications and utili-
ties in the domain of medicine. Several classes in the available litera-
ture have been reported, namely; metal nanoparticles, dendrimers, li-
posomes, biodegradable polymers, carbon-based nanomaterials, hydro-
gel nanocomposites, and many others too that support and expends the
utilisation and services in the medical domain through the concept of
nanotechnology.38 - 39
Nanofibers have been utilised in wound dressing, surgical textiles
and implants, tissue technology, and artificial organ components. Sci-
entists are creating intelligent bandages which are absorbed into the
tissue when the wound has healed. In these intelligent bandages, embed-
ded nanofibers may include coagulation, antibiotics, and even sensors
to detect infectious symptoms.40–42 Nanomedicine ensures longer life
and will assist people who are longer alive and support them in a good
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Fig. 1. Classification of nanoparticles.
Fig. 2. Various classes of nanotechnology-based-materials for the medical domain.
way for the earth and requires the removal of their natural resources.
Another approach to nanotechnology may be through nanomachines to
prepare for space colonisation by constructing structures and creating
ecosystems for other planets. Researchers are also researching ways to
modify human physiology to better adapt to other worlds’ atmospheric
conditions.
In healthcare applications, nanomedicine utilises nanotechnology,
such as the therapy and diagnosis of different diseases, using nanoparti-
cles, nanoelectronics biosensors, and molecular nanotechnology. It pro-
vides the capacity to evaluate the person’s body, medication, and med-
ical equipment to the nano level, guaranteeing that medicine is eventu-
ally far more accurate. The healthcare sector is using this technology for
diagnostics and medical equipment. The fast advances in nanotechnol-
ogy mean that novel diagnoses and therapies are developing with better
success rates. Currently, nanomedicine is employed for the development
of intelligent medications and cancer.43–45
In recent years, this technology has been used to produce
new nanoparticles, and industries have changed significantly. The
medical application of nanotechnology involves developing micro-
scopic biomechanical devices, such as nanomachines and nanorobots.
Nanotechnology-based products are frequently costly, hampering their
widespread production. These products will help to make this technol-
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ogy widespread by offering affordable production choices. Nanoparti-
cles may sensibly increase glucose and react with insulin release, elimi-
nating the requirement for insulin self-observation and self-governance.
The implanted nanoparticles in human circulation can proactively
identify diseases by detecting certain enzymes indicative of tumour
growth.46–48
If applied to healthcare, nanotechnology can make substantial
progress in diagnosing, treating, and preventing illnesses. Innovators
are increasingly interested in the potential health uses of nanotechnol-
ogy, and it may steer the industry into a new age of growth. Diagnosis
and therapy now depend upon clinical expertise and the interpretation
of external biometric data; the emphasis of future research is expected
to be directly derived from nanotechnology data at the site of the dis-
ease. By allowing our bodies to use artificial mechanics, this technology
helps everyone from the inside out define proactive, preventive, and
personalised drugs. The usage of nanomaterials is one of the most of-
ten mentioned instances. Nanometer-wide manipulation of devices and
systems provides numerous opportunities for diagnosing and treating
illnesses and more precise testing.49–51
Nanomaterials are utilised in the healthcare industry for diagno-
sis, therapy, control, and disease prevention. The development of bet-
ter and safer medications, tissue-focused activities, and personalised
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nanomedicines is driven by nanoparticles. This technology, for instance,
is used for surface and personal protective equipment disinfections dur-
ing the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Nanoparticles may trans-
port medicines to the exact place required, substantially improving their
efficacy and restricting toxicity to other tissues in the body.52–54 For
medication delivery to the brain for tough-to-treat illnesses, nanoparti-
cles may also be developed to overcome the blood-brain barrier.
5. Associated features and characteristics of nanotechnology for
the medical domain
The various classical associated features and characteristics of nan-
otechnology for the medical domain include (1) wound treatment; (2)
antibacterial treatments; (3) minimise damage of healthy cells; and (4)
nanomedicine diagnostic technique. The utilisations of nanovesicles,
nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, etc., have further made the applica-
tions of nanotechnology-based principles more effective and productive
for medicine where accuracy with smartness is essential at the broader
site.55 - 56
For preventative medical methods, nanotechnologies are as good as
reactive ones. The wearable monitors may be designed to convey data
back to hospital systems, simplifying elderly patient care, which often
requires attention in remote places. Similarly, the nanomaterials long
considered progenitors of metastatic malignancies can be made possible
to control the circulating tumour cells. The technological industry uses
individual atoms and molecules, particularly Nanoscience, with futuris-
tic implications for science, engineering, and technology. It can make
a noticeable impact and influence to develop, characterise, develop,
and implement particular atoms and molecules. Medical, energy, food
production, basic chemicals, cosmetics, farming, equipment, biotechnol-
ogy, and textiles, among others, are changed fundamentally.57–59
5.1. Wound treatment
A person’s cells can create tissues and organs from a holy grail for re-
constructive and transplant surgery for patients who may have lost them
due to sickness and damage. Research into this subject, supported by
knowledge of the topography of the nanoscale tissues, attempts to con-
struct tissues whose function and structure are similar to those found
natural to the organism. Nanogenerators, polymer nanoparticles, pre-
cised solution could help people’s wound better and quicklier treated.
Nanoparticles can only be connected with pictures and target ligands
to cells or tissue. This allows surgeons and radiographers to distinguish
sick tissue from healthy ones more effectively, improve illness treatment
and reduce the danger of harming healthy tissue. Nanotechnology has
enormously affected the speed and specificity of biomarker assessments
in bodily fluids.60–62
Nanotechnology employs the properties created on the nanometer
scale, which differ from the same material on a grander scale in physics,
chemistry, or biology. Further, the nanometric size also includes many
of the human body’s biological mechanisms that allow crossing natural
barriers to access new delivery sites and interact with DNA or small
proteins at different levels, in blood or within the body tissues or cells.
Nanoscience is more advanced, providing possibilities for specialised,
targeted medications with lesser adverse effects and are easier to use.
The nanoscale-sized matter with nanometre accuracy is controlled and
handled via nanotechnology. These can include atoms, molecules, or
major biological structures.63 - 64
5.2. Antibacterial treatments
Nanomedicine is extended throughout various disciplines, includ-
ing medication delivery, diagnosis and imaging instruments, high-
performance platforms for screening, vaccine development, antimicro-
bial, wearable devices, etc.65 - 66 Use of gold nanoparticles and quan-
tum dots, employing infrared light, improved cleaning of instruments
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could all be used for antibacterial treatments. Nanotechnology is in-
creasingly optimistic about providing substantial progress in illness de-
tection and treatment as applied to medicine. Medicines are anticipated
to supply drugs, diagnosis, cell treatment, and manufacturing biocom-
patible materials. The use of nanotechnology in therapeutics encom-
passes nanomedicine and the development of nanoscale agents for vari-
ous disease treatments. Nanotechnology manipulates an item to produce
compounds with extraordinarily diverse and unique characteristics at
the atomic and molecular levels.
5.3. Minimise damage of healthy cells
Medical nanotechnology innovators are designing methods for de-
livering medicines more efficiently, such as targeting cancer cells di-
rectly through therapy. Patient results improve, and minimal damage is
reported to healthy cells, which might cause harm during chemother-
apy with nanoparticles that locate and destroy cancer cells. Physicians
can also provide heat treatment with more accuracy through the use of
nanotechnology along with chemotherapy. Nanotubes linked to tumour-
attracted antibodies absorb laser light, which can cause the tumour to
incinerate in such therapy.67 - 68 The use of bio-biological, nonbiological,
biomimetic, or hybrid materials is also extensive in nanomedicine.
5.4. Nanomedicine diagnostic technique
The Applications of nanotechnology for diagnosis, which include us-
age of carbon nanotubes, application of gold nanorobs, and quick &
inexpensive detections, made illness identification feasible at an earlier
stage This technique uses instruments at submicrometer sizes to diag-
nose, prevent, and cure illnesses better and improve patients’ overall
quality of life. The development of regenerative drugs is accelerated
substantially by nanotechnology. New approaches allow prosthetic skin,
bone, cartilage, or other tissues in patients with organ insufficiency or
serious injuries. The use of nanotechnology changes cellular function
more effectively to imitate the effects of natural tissues and organs.69–71
6. Significant upcoming areas for nanotechnology applications in
the medical field
Nanotechnology speeds up the process using a compact portable de-
vice that takes small samples and enables almost instantaneous process-
ing and analysis. The in vitro diagnostic testing will continue to increase
the size of samples and biosensors. The formulations of nanoparticles,
when used for iron oxides and speciality polymers, will increase their
imaging capacity by using lower and more effective doses of the diag-
nostic compounds, thus allowing early detection of genetic abnormal-
ities, tumours, and the entire variety of disease states. Nanomedicine,
like biotechnology, has been of concern in certain areas, particularly
regarding safety and privacy.72–75 Immunoassays are appropriate ap-
plications because of the robust connectivity between antibodies and
antigens, leading to excellent sensitivities. Regenerative immune sen-
sors are an interesting new challenge that allows repetitiveness for sta-
tistical rigidity and semi-continuous monitoring. Nanomedicine is a very
immature subject in cancer, so the clinic needs to determine the possible
influence.76–85
6.1. Diagnostics
In the recent decade, imaging has become a powerful tool in diagnos-
ing illness. Progress in magnetic resonance and computer tomography
is impressive. However, nanotechnology offers instruments for in vitro
and in vivo diagnostics that are sensitive and very accurate, well be-
yond modern equipment’s capabilities. Like any progress in diagnostics,
the ultimate objective is to allow doctors to diagnose an illness at the
earliest opportunity. It is predicted that nanotechnology makes cellular
diagnostics and possible sub-cellular diagnoses.
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6.2. Tissue engineering and cell treatment
Regenerative medicine, especially tissue engineering and cell treat-
ment, are other potential fields of nanomedicine. Nanotechnology pro-
vides essential structural ’scaffolding’ to create new functional structures
that look like natural tissues in which live cells may be introduced and
encouraged to flourish. The new tissues benefit from the biocompatibil-
ity of the nanoparticles and cells with the sample source. The resultant
tissue may then be regulated, and doctors can affect the processes of cell
formation, development, and repair.
6.3. Therapy development
The most significant effect of nanomedicine in medication deliv-
ery and treatment is predicted to be achieved in therapy. Nanoparti-
cles allow doctors to focus medicines on the illness cause, enhancing
efficiency and decreasing adverse effects. They also provide new op-
portunities to regulate therapeutic releases. Nanomedicine has gained
tremendous benefits in instrumentation and pharmaceutical synthesis
with several types of nano drugs and drug transport and diagnostic ap-
plications. A research field is being developed to produce nanoparticles
and nanotechnology-based treatments.
6.4. Drug delivery
Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems initially include
nanoparticles that contain one or more therapeutic drugs that can bind
or scatter and adsorbed polymer matrices. In the last few years, there
has been significant development in nano-drug production using im-
agery, treatments, and diagnostics. Nano-drug systems primarily focus
on improving the bioavailability of specific tissue delivery, extending in-
jectable medicines’ half-life, and orally giving medicinal products. Nano
drugs are administered at lower levels, with remarkable improvements
in their pharmacological effects and a reduced danger to health and ad-
verse effects.
6.5. Disease detection
Nanomedicine is an intriguing application for disease prevention, de-
tection, therapy, and monitoring, from bioengineered nanoparticles that
target and kill cells and biocompatible tissue implantation to nanosized
implanted biosensors. However, while basic nanomedicine applications
such as custom medicines and medical instruments have already been
used in mainstream medicine for more ambitious uses, such as multi-
part nanomedical devices, the unique properties of nanoparticles may
be capitalised on at the molecular level. There is a larger surface area for
chemical attachment on this small scale, which facilitates the handling
of molecules into fine, adjusting the behaviour of particles. Nanomate-
rials are also tiny enough to enter the live cells.
6.6. Detection of body oxygen
Nanosensors can detect oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations in
the body and the presence of hazardous materials. Detecting malignant
digestive organs and food sensitivity enables individual diet and nutri-
tional programs to be part of their uses. The harm to healthy cells is a
significant concern during treatment with frequent chemotherapy and
radiation. New nanomedical methods are employed to treat skin cancer,
allowing for adequate supply to specific tumour locations and target-
ing cells with lesser harmful side effects of medication and other theo-
retic therapies. A novel way of identifying cancer cells in the circulation,
named NanoFlares, is being utilised with nanomedicine. NanoFlares are
particles intended to attach to cancer cells’ genetic objectives and emit
light when that particular genetic objective is identified.
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6.7. Economical healthcare
Nanomedicine raises great hopes for better, efficient, and economical
healthcare for millions and can provide good answers to numerous dis-
eases. Nanotechnology influences nearly all areas of current medicine,
from diagnostics to illness monitoring via surgery, chemotherapy, or re-
generative medicine. The advantages that nanotechnology may bring
are currently benefiting many sectors of medical care. Diagnosis on the
nanoscale is another up-and-coming field of nanomedicine. The objec-
tive is to diagnose an illness as soon as feasible. Many patients with
organ insufficiency or severe injury hope for new approaches to regen-
erative medicine. Artificial skin, bone, and cartilage are progressing,
partly already on the market today.
6.8. Improve the efficiency of medicine
Drug delivery using smart materials and nanoparticles is a promising
research area that can help pharmaceutical companies improve the effi-
ciency of existing medicine and eliminate some systematic side effects.
It consists of transport agent assemblies; imaging devices and medica-
tions are created to target the tissues affected and monitor the process
simultaneously. In other words, the specific functional demands must be
distinguished into the necessary physical-chemical characteristics and
connected to biological behaviour.
6.9. Management of illness
Nanotechnology provides an extra effective tool for preventing and
managing illness with increasing bacterial resistance against antibiotics
worldwide. The efficiency of bacterial membranes at the nanoscale can
be more incredible with antimicrobial compounds, such as nano-silver.
These features can minimise the need for antibiotics when integrated
into traditional materials while protecting the patient from infection.
Nanotechnology has the potential to revolutionise patients’ treatment.
This technology in life science R&D and more at the forefront of health
care is still a far cry from becoming omnipresent. The economic situation
in which Nanotechnology is at the forefront of healthcare treatment may
now become too difficult and hazardous to justify investments, given the
growing medical cost and the expense of life science R&D. The treatment
of oral pain medications would usually be performed easier and make a
patient comfortable enough.
6.10. Fight against cancer
In today’s fight against cancer, nanotechnology is regarded as one
of the most promising breakthroughs in medication supply. Typically,
not by pharmaceuticals, Nanoparticles are likely to transport standard
cancer medicines to tumours with fewer adverse effects and allow for
the targeted killing of cancer cells in non-traditional therapies. With
nanoparticles permitted chemotherapeutic administration, more cyto-
toxic medicine may be delivered at the targeted location, and the toxi-
city and efficiency are decreased off-target.
6.11. Helpful for cardiovascular disease
In the medical field, nanomedicine uses nanotechnological exper-
tise to prevent and treat severe conditions, including cardiovascular dis-
ease and cardiac illness. Nanoscale materials, including biocompatible
nanoparticles and medical nanobots, have helped doctors in recent ad-
vancements in nanotechnology to understand the objectives of action of
a living creature.
6.12. Nanobots
The most significant breakthrough of nanomedicine is nanobots.
Nanobots can be employed to mend damaged cells and replace whole
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intracellular components. They can also be replicated to repair a genetic
defect or replace a DNA molecule for disease eradication. Nanobots in
medicine can provide profitable healthcare prospects, such as unblock-
ing the arteries or replacing an organ altogether.
Although nanocarriers can provide exact dose concentrations to spe-
cific regions, their small size leads to a paradoxical compromise between
volume and manufacture. Coordinated behaviour and communication
via artificial intelligence will allow nanobots to fulfil their tasks me-
thodically and efficiently. Nanobots might be individually programmed,
searched, and circulated in distinct directions. Individual nanobot may
connect with friends and co-workers, each with their distinct guidelines,
to ask that they band their coatings, loads, or sizes together to monitor
sick tissues’ existence, diagnosis, or targeting more efficiently.
6.13. Better preventive procedure
Nanomedicine’s fundamental aim is to turn healthcare into an en-
tirely preventative procedure. It may be fixed before it reaches the level
where therapy is needed by early detection of malaise. Nanomedicine
aims to improve human living by eliminating wrinkles, excess fat, and
cellulite, muscular and bone reinforcement, hair restoration, and vision
rehabilitation. Nanoparticles in cleaning goods and personal protective
equipment can be utilised to inhibit transmission. Nanomedicine might
be utilised to regulate the immune system to enhance immune responses
against infection.
6.14. Radiation therapy
In radiation therapy, nanotechnology can also improve. Tumour-
attracted radiation nanoparticles may concentrate radiation to increase
treatment efficiency while maintaining healthy tissue. Applications in
nanotechnology are not restricted to treating cancer. Nanosensors can
also detect cardiac attacks and strokes before the patient. Nanotechnol-
ogy particles can continuously monitor blood to seek endothelial cells
that exist before an assault. In resetting the immune system, nanotech-
nologies have also promised to cease assaulting a patient’s body.
Nanomedicine has the potential to detect and prevent numerous dis-
eases, including cancer. In clinical trials, nanomedicine currently has
hundreds of items addressing all major cardiovascular, neurological,
musculoskeletal, and inflammatory disorders.86–89 It is helpful for med-
ical imaging, diagnostics, and biomaterials, allowing technological ap-
plications throughout the healthcare sector. In order to make the next
level of novel medicines, therapies, and implausibility available to doc-
tors and patients, there is a need for genuine advances in healthcare,
nanomedicine as a vital instrument for personalised, targeted, and re-
generative medicine.90–92 It provides essential new tools for addressing
the major problem facing ageing people and is seen as instrumental in
better and economic health care. It is critical to make medications and
treatments accessible to everyone.93–95
7. Discussion
Nanomedicine is an upcoming medical field that uses nanotech-
nological expertise to prevent and treat severe conditions, including
cancer, cardiovascular disease, and other illnesses. The latest advance-
ments in nanotechnology have allowed doctors to sensitise the action
goals in a live body by using nanoscale components, including the bio-
compatibility of nanoparticles and nanobots. Researchers are also us-
ing nanomedicine to stimulate immunotherapy. There have been exten-
sive advancements in nanomedicine in recent years that have expanded
the market for nanomedicine. The applications in nanomedicine, such
as nanomachine diagnostics, offer the capacity to monitor the interior
chemistry of the organ and allow direct access to sick regions.
Nanomedical treatments have shown several significant advantages,
including improved water supply and extended biological activity by
6
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Global Health Journal xxx (xxxx) xxx
protecting payloads against potentially destructive biological environ-
ments. Nanoparticles can be employed for testing biomolecules as
biomarkers and tumour labels. Nano medicinal products range from
chemotherapy to biological agents to immunotherapy and more. Nan-
otech can also be utilised by molecules identifying illness to im-
prove selective diagnosis. The most promising use of nanomedicine in
chemotherapy has happened, where these state-of-the-art delivery in-
struments’ unique capabilities and complex characteristics might signif-
icantly enhance efficiency while at the same time reducing potential.
In the diverse field of nanotechnology, nearly all aspects of the indus-
try, from medicines to machines, are undergoing tremendous advance-
ments. Its extensive use means that its benefit-to-risk ratio has become
the subject of global discussion. Nanotechnology has severe social and
economic effects and little public awareness of its threats. Industries and
pharmaceutical firms indulge in this technology that the immediate and
long-term impacts of nano-based goods. Nanorobotics can be utilised
to monitor diseases and pharmacokinetics and improve healthcare effi-
ciency and medication delivery in cancer therapy. Nanorobotics is also
utilised to maintain and assemble advanced systems. The extensive use
of nanorobotics is also driving the rise of market revenues in the medical
sector.
8. Future scope
For future personalised medicine, nanomedicine will undoubtedly
have a crucial role to play, from prediction to monitoring. Nanoscale
materials are the basis for increasingly sensitive sensors and biomarkers,
which may be utilised to identify more illnesses in a preliminary phase
concurrently and precisely. Nanomedicine enables highly exact map-
ping of illness with increased targeting and chemical sensitivity. After
diagnosing a condition, nanomedicine can be more efficiently employed
to assault cells while decreasing side effects and harm to healthy cells.
Several products are already in use, including the previously mentioned
nano-encapsulated doxorubicin. In essence, future challenges include
advances in the loading and release of drugs and the further develop-
ment of the potential for diagnosing and treating metallic nanoparticles.
Like every advanced technology, nanomedicine must counterbalance
the enticing potential against dangers in the Future. As with any med-
ical device and treatment, nanomedicine must be rigorously controlled
and thoroughly evaluated before treating patients with full potential,
toxicity evaluation, and multistage clinical studies must be done. In the
Future, nanotechnology can detect issues on the ground rather than de-
pending upon the mix of inputs from external sensors, medical exper-
tise, and probabilistic diagnostic algorithms. Using nanotechnology by
athletes could also be a further application to evaluate which muscles
have excellent circulation and develop lower lactic acid, allowing ath-
letes to react to their lesser effective muscles by changing the frequency
and training. These can adjust their efficiency and maximise their less
effective muscle potential.
9. Limitations
The problems of reproductivity and quality control of nanomaterials,
establishing scalability and increased production rates, and coping with
unwanted nano-engineering by-products are significant scientific and
technological barriers. The price tag remains very high, while nanopar-
ticles remain unknown regarding their health and environmental conse-
quences. Therefore, structural hurdles to implementation continue; in-
vestors remain cautious, and nanotherapeutic investments are relatively
unwilling for the pharmaceutical industries. Although nanotechnology
has many new prospective applications, its usage in the biological sci-
ences is constrained by certain obstacles that must be removed more
often before these are used. The Application of nanotechnology in vivo
still raises worries about its short- and long-run influence on the body.
Because of the small number of particles in treatments, these particles
can completely elude the immune system, circumvent natural obstacles
JID: GLOHJ
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Haleem A, Javaid M, Singh RP, et al.
and collect in specific tissues, which can occasionally result in a mass
that the body cannot readily apparent.
10. Conclusion
The healthcare revolution is driven by nanotechnology that empha-
sises preventive population health management. Nanotechnology helps
resolve the problem of focused treatment administration, reduces the
danger of side effects and maximises therapeutic effectiveness. This
technology is suitable for identifying, treating, and gene therapy can-
cers. Nanomedicine is the most promising use of nanorobotics. Its appli-
cations cover several fields, such as the creation of vaccines, medication
delivery, wearable equipment, diagnostic and imaging equipment, and
antimicrobial products. The development of more effective medicines
improved gadgets, and early detection of various illnesses is predicted to
lead to nanomedicine. Combining standard anti-cancer medicines with
nanoscale technologies can be crossed intact and circulated inside the
brain. This technology offers enormous potential markets and benefits,
whole classes of current drugs. Nanomedicine is produced by a critical
mix of manganese and citrate using nanotechnological techniques. It is
possible to develop tailored mechanisms for medication administration,
new diagnostic methods, and nanoscale medical devices.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.
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