Textile concepts

FMM
Fibre
• A very thin thread-like strand from which yarn is made is called fibre.
Yarn

Yarn is a continuous length of interlocked fibres used in sewing, embroidery and

production of textiles.
Fabric

• A fabric is made of a network of threads or yarns going along the length and
breadth.
• A lump of cotton is a collection of a large number of fibres.
• Fibres are very thin, thread-like strands from which fabrics or cloth is made.
• Examples of fibres are cotton, wool, silk, flax, jute, nylon, polyester, polyacrylic.
Textile Fibre
• Textile fibres are natural or synthetic structures that can be spun into yarn such
as cotton, jute, polyester, nylon etc.
• Its length is thousand times longer than its width.
• To be a textile fibre it should have some definite properties like length, fineness,
softness, crimp, flexibility, elongation, strength etc.
• Textile fibres can be divided into two major categories. One is natural and
another is man-made or artificial.
Staple & Filament
• Textile fibres can be both staple and filament.
• Staple fibres have a definite length and are shorter.
• Filament fibres are longer and don’t have any definite length.
• All the natural fibres are staple except silk.
• Synthetic fibres can be staple or filament.
Natural Fibre
• The fibres which are directly or indirectly derived from nature or natural
resources are termed as natural fibre.
• Natural fibres are sub-classified into three major categories according to their
origins. They are: Vegetable, animal and mineral fibres.
• Cotton, Jute, Sisal etc. are vegetable fibres
• Wool, Silk etc. are animal fibres
• Asbestos is a mineral fibre.
Man-Made Fibre
• The fibres which are produced artificially are called man-made or synthetic
fibres.
• According to the end use their chemical composition, structure, and properties
are greatly modified during the production process.
• According to the raw materials used to make these fibres are classified into three
major categories and they are Regenerated, Synthetic and In-organic fibres.
• Viscose, Tencell etc. are regenerated cellulosic fibres.
• Polyester, nylon, acrylic etc. are synthetic
• Metallic fibres are Inorganic fibres.
Textile Yarn
• A Textile yarn can be defined as a thread made of natural or man-made fibers
which is used for knitting and weaving.
• Yarns can be made with natural fibers like cotton, linen from plants or wool from
sheep and silk from silkworms.
• It can also be made with man-made fibers like nylon, acrylic, polyester etc.
• Yarn is produced by the spinning process by hand or by machine method.
Types of Yarn
• There are different types of yarn like staple yarn, filament yarn, bulk yarn, stretch
yarn, novelty yarn etc.
• Staple yarn is made from staple fibres and is the most common used yarn. It can
be made from natural fibres as well as from synthetic fibres.
• Filament yarn is made from one or more than one continuous strands by twisting
or without twisting for single filament. Most of the filament yarns are made from
synthetic fibres except silk filament yarn.
Types of Yarn
• Bulk yarn synthetic staple-fiber yarn containing a
proportion of stretched fiber that will contract and crimp
during wet finishing, used in knitted and woven fabrics for
a full well-covered appearance.
• Stretch yarn Stretch yarns are frequently continuous-
filament synthetic yarns that are very tightly twisted, heat-
set, and then untwisted, producing a spiral crimp giving a
springy character.
• Novelty yarns include a wide variety of yarns made with
unusual features, structure or fiber composition such as
slubs, inclusions, metallic or synthetic fibers, laddering
and varying thickness introduced during production.
Fabric
• Fabric is made from weaving or knitting process by using a set number of yarns.
• There are mainly three types of fabrics and they are woven, knitted and non-
woven fabric.
• Woven fabric is made by weaving process with the help of a loom.
• Knitted fabric is made by knitting process with the help of a knitting machine or
by hand method like crochet.
• Non-woven fabrics are made by felting or bonding fibres together.
Woven
• Two sets of yarns are used in loom to
make woven fabrics.
• One set of yarn is called warp yarn
which is used length wise. And another
set of yarn is called weft yarn which is
used width wise.
• There are different types of woven
fabric structures like plain weave, twill
weave, satin weave, basket weave etc.
Loom
• Woven fabrics are manufactured in a loom. There are two basic types of loom.
• One is manual or hand loom and another is power loom.
• Vertical loom, pit loom, frame loom etc. are manual loom and air jet loom, water
jet loom, rapier loom etc. are power loom.
Knits
• Basically one set of yarn is used to make
knitted fabrics by interloping.
• Due to its fabric structure knitted fabrics
have stretch properties.
• Length wise yarns are called wales and
widthwise yarns are called course.
• Normally there are two types of knitted
fabrics like weft knit and warp knit.
• Single jersey, Lacoste, Rib Knit, Interlock
Knit, Pointelle, Fleece, Knitted Velour etc.
are weft knit.
• Tricot, Raschel etc. are warp knit.
Non-woven
• Nonwoven fabric is a fabric-like material made from
staple fiber (short) and long fiber (continuous long),
bonded together by chemical, mechanical, heat or
solvent treatment.
• Non-woven fabrics are lighter in weight and weaker
compared to woven or knitted fabrics.
• Cotton, rayon, polyester etc. fibres are used to make
non-woven fabrics.
• These are used to make surgical and industrial masks,
bandages, wipes and towels.
• Sometimes non-woven fabrics are also used to make
packing materials, roadbed stabilization sheeting or
road-building materials geo-textiles and roofing
products.
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