Arhistory3 Chinese

CHINESE
ARCHITECTURE
Authorship + Disclaimer
This work is the property of
Ar. Robert Z. Salonga.
For questions, contact the author
rhobiesalonga03@gmail.com and
robertsalonga_03@yahoo.com.
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CONTENTS:
1. HISTORY
2. GEOGRAPHICAL
3. CLIMATE
4. RELIGIOUS
5. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
CHINESE ARCHITECTURE
The Historical Architecture Timeline

HOA1
Pre-Historic Egyptian Near East Greek Roman Early Christian Byzantine
HOA2
Romanesque Gothic Renaissance Industrial Revivalist Modern Post-Modern
Islamic Indian Chinese

THE HISTORY OF CHINESE ARCHITECTURE:

• By 4000 BC
–Village settlements along Huang He River
–Farming, stone tools, weapons (bow and arrow),
animal domestication, pottery.
• About 1500 BC
–Picture writing (oldest writing in existence)
–Now about 40,000 characters
WHAT ARE DYNASTIES?

A dynasty is a series of rulers from the same family. Historically, royal rule
was descended from father to son.
DYNASTIC CYCLE
•Emperor comes to power and gains the Mandate of Heaven.
•Upward rise (wealth and population increase) to peak.
•Downward spiral (natural disasters, corruption, etc.).
•Emperor loses the Mandate of Heaven.
•Civil war until a new emperor, with the Mandate of Heaven, comes to
power.
MANDATE OF HEAVEN –Described by philosopher Mencius

•Belief that the emperor was chosen by heaven to rule.
XIA(HSIA) DYNASTY
(2070-1600 BC)
• China’s first dynasty

• The first dynasty to be described in ancient historical records
such as Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian and
Bamboo Annals.
• Founded by Yu.
• Built roads and irrigation projects.
• Early markings from this period found on pottery and shells are
thought to be ancestral to modern Chinese characters
• According to mythology, the dynasty ended around 1600 BC as
a consequence of the Battle of Mingtiao.
SHANG DYNASTY
(1600-1046 BC)
• Writing began
• The findings at Anyang include the earliest written record of
Chinese past so far discovered: inscriptions of divination
records in ancient Chinese writing on the bones or shells of
animals —the so-called "oracle bones", dating from around
1500 BC.
• Developed bronze, glazed pottery, and silk industries
ZHOU(CHOU)
(1045-256 BC)
DYNASTY
• The ruler of the Zhou, King Wu, with the assistance of his brother, the Duke of
Zhou, as regent, managed to defeat the Shang at the Battle of Muye.
• Invaded China from the northwest
• Set up a loose central government
• Feudal power held by strong nobles
• Longest lasting dynasty in Chinese History
• The Zhou emperors made laws about how fancy house could be. Only the
emperors were allowed to have artists carve their pillars and paint them red.
Only the very richest families could paint their pillars black. People who were
not so rich painted their pillars yellow.
• Philosophers -Confucius, Mencius (his follower)
QIN(CHIN) DYNASTY
(216-206 BCE)
• Military dictatorship centralized China

• Emperor Shih Huang Ti (Qin Shihuang), destroyed nobles’ feudal power
• System of taxation
• Established weights and measures
• Great Wall (1500 miles)
• Even something as basic as the length of axles for carts—which need to match
ruts in the roads—had to be made uniform to ensure a viable trading system
throughout the empire
• Though the unified reign of the First Qin Emperor lasted only 12 years
HAN DYNASTY
(206-220 AB)
• Conquerors
• Empire –central Asia to China Sea, Indochina to Korea
• Trade
• Chinese fruits, silks, and spices in Rome (1st century )
• Buddhism came from India
• Civil service system
• First paper made
• Confucianism was officially elevated to orthodox status and was to shape the
subsequent Chinese civilization.
• repaired, rebuilt, or expanded sections of the Great Wall at great cost to
defend themselves against northern invaders
JIN DYNASTY
(265-420 AD)
• The Jin dynasty was severely weakened by interceine fighting among imperial
princes and lost control of northern China after non-Han Chinese settlers
rebelled and captured Luoyang and Chang’an.
• Northern China fragmented into a series of independent kingdoms, most of
which were founded by Xiongnu, Xianbei, Jie,Di and Qiang rulers.
• During the period of the Sixteen Kingdoms, warfare ravaged the north and
prompted large-scale Han Chinese migration south to the Yangtze Basin and
Delta.
SUI DYNASTY
(581-618 AD)
• The short-lived Sui dynasty was a pivotal period in Chinese history
• The Sui pioneered many new institutions, including the government system of
Three Departments and Six Ministries, imperial examinations for selecting
officials from commoners, while improved on the systems of conscripted army
and land distributions.
• Standardized coinage were enforced throughout the unified empire.
• The Grand Canal was constructed, linking the capitals Daxing (Chang'an) and
Luoyang to the wealthy southeast region, and in another route, to the
northeast border.
• •However, the massive invasions against the Korean Goguryeo Kingdom failed
disastrously, triggering widespread revolts that led to the fall of the dynasty.
TANG DYNASTY
(618-906 AD)
• 400 years of warfare between Han and Tang dynasties
• Tang reunited China
• T’ai Tsung
–Emperor in 627 BC
–Education and government reforms
• Extended boundaries
• Alliances and peace treaties with neighbors
• Industry and trade
–Jade porcelain, and silks to Arabia, India, Japan, and Persia
SONG(SUNG) DYNASTY
(960-1270 AD)
• Disorder between Tang and Sung dynasties
• Culture superior to that of medieval Europe
• Powerful only in southern China
• The Song dynasty was also a period of major innovation in the history of
warfare. Gunpowder, while invented in the Tang Dynasty, was first put into use
in battlefields by the Song army, inspiring a succession of new firearms and
siege engines designs.
• Then in 1004, the Liao cavalry swept over the exposed North China Plain and
reached the outskirts of Kaifeng, forcing the Song's submission and then
agreement to the Chanyuan Treaty,
YUAN DYNASTY-MONGOL RULE

(1259-1368 AD)
• Central Asian nomads
• Conquered Asia, including China
• Visited by Marco Polo (Venetian)
• Ruled for about 100 years
• Capital –Peking (Beijing)
• Trade with Europe begun
• The Yuan Dynasty was the first ancient economy, where paper currency,
known at the time as Chao, was used as the predominant medium of
exchange. Its unrestricted issuance in the late Yuan dynasty inflicted hyper
inflation, which eventually brought the downfall of the dynasty.
MING DYNASTY
(1368-1644 AD)
• Overthrew Mongols
• Beautified Peking (Beijing)
• The imperial palace in Beijing's Forbidden City reached its current splendor. It
was also during these centuries that the potential of south China came to be
fully exploited. New crops were widely cultivated and industries such as those
producing porcelain and textiles flourished.
• In 1449EsenTayisiled an Oirat Mongol invasion of northern China which
culminated in the capture of the Zhengtong Emperor at Tumu. Since then, the
Ming became on the defensive on the northern frontier, which led to the Ming
Great Wall being built. Most of what remains of the Great Wall of China today
was either built or repaired by the Ming.
QUING DYNASTY-MANCHU RULE

(1644-1912)
• At the turn of the 20th century, the violent Boxer Rebellion opposed foreign
influence in Northern China, and attacked Chinese Christians and missionaries.
When Boxers entered Beijing, the Qing government ordered all foreigners to leave.
But instead the foreigners and many Chinese were besieged in the foreign legations
quarter.
• The Eight-Nation Alliance sent the Seymour Expedition of Japanese, Russian, Italian,
German, French, American, and Austrian troops to relieve the siege. The Expedition
was stopped by the Boxers at the Battle of Lang fang and forced to retreat. Due tot
he Alliance's attack on the Dagu Forts, the Qing government in response sided with
the Boxers and declared war on the Alliance. There was fierce fighting at Tientsin.
The Alliance formed the second, much larger Gaselee Expedition and finally reached
Beijing; the Qing government evacuated to Xi'an. The Boxer Protocol ended the war.
• Ended with birth of Chinese Republic
RELIGION
INFLUENCES
CONFUCIANISM
CHINESE
ARCHITECTURE
TAOISM
BUDDHISM
Confucianism
• Confucian ideology was the core of feudal China's
hierarchical social system.
• The fundamental purpose of Rites in Confucianism
was to enable a ranking and orderly system in a
family. (Traditional courtyard residence)
ARCHITECTURE & CONFUCIANISM

• Confucius(551-479 BC) established the
Confucian school of thought around 500
BC, during China's Spring and Autumn
Period (770-476BC).
• Confucianism became one of the
pillars of Chinese culture, and was
named China's official state ideology
around 100 BC, during the Han Dynasty
(206BC-220AD) by Emperor Han Wudi,
who reigned from 140-87 BC.
• The values of Confucianism permeate
the life, thinking, and customs of the
people.

COURTYARD RESIDENCES: CONFUCIAN IDEOLOGY IN RESIDENTIAL DESIGN
• The Chinese quadrangle buildings (known as “Si He Yuan") was highly
influenced by Confucianism's rite.
• Rites in Confucianism was a means of regulating order in human
relationship. Its ultimate purpose was to ensure a social order.
In traditional Chinese architecture,

The center was considered to be superior and the sides as inferior;
the north was superior and the south inferior;
The left was superior and the right inferior;
The front was superior and the back inferior.

• In courtyard residences,

• Woman cannot enter external region. Guests cannot enter internal region.
• All the windows in quadrangles are faced towards the inside of the house.
There are no windows inside the rooms, which look isolated. But inside the
house, it formed a natural system.
• It emphasized the relationship between elder lies and youngster, eldest son and
younger son, male and female status.
• It reflected a parochial feudal class system of "Higher-lower ranking class
system", "Internal and External", "Difference between male and female",
"difference between master and maid".
• The southern and back rooms will have short walls to form a division between
internal and external family.
• At the back are also rooms of woman who are not yet married or for maids.
Taoism
• Nature-worshiping and ghost-worshiping.
• A popular in ancient Chinese society, contributed a
social and cultural basis to the formation of Taoism.
TAOISM
• Taoism is a religion native to
China.
• Laozi, a famous thinker living in
6th Century BC, established this
philosophy and came to be
regarded as the father of Taoism.
• It formed mainly during Eastern
Han Dynasty(25-220).
• Many Taoist ideas and thoughts
are greatly reflected in Taoist
architecture.
MAJOR TAOISM PRINCIPLES

• Dao [Tao] is the first-cause of the universe. It is a force that
flows through all life.
• A believer’s goal is to become one with Dao ; one with nature.
• Wu wei -Let nature take its course.
-The art of doing nothing.
-Go with the flow!
• Man is unhappy because he lives according to man-made laws,
customs, & traditions that are contrary to the ways of nature.
ARCHITECTURE & TAOISM

• In Taoist principles, GOLD, WOOD, WATER, FIRE AND EARTH are considered
five elementary substances to form everything in the world.
• Timber was chosen by Chinese architects because it is derived from wood, one
of the five. Taoism respects anything which is more of nature or closer to
nature as first choice when they make choices among many alternatives.
• It is believed that when people live in a timber house rather than cements or
stone structures, they are supposed to keep a constant exchange with nature
and reach the integration of nature and human beings.
• Another unique feature of Taoism temple structure is the up-turned eaves.
This up-turned structure with a beautiful curve presents a volatile and lively
style and symbolizes a flying to the wonderland in Taoism
THE FIVE ELEMENTS
YIN YANG
•Feminine •Masculine
•Passive •Active
•Darkness •Light
•Cold •Warmth
•Weak •Strong
•Earth •Heaven
•Moon •Sun
THE UNIVERSE OF OPPOSITES
YIN YANG
•Feminine •Masculine
•Passive •Active
•Darkness •Light
•Cold •Warmth
•Weak •Strong
•Earth •Heaven
•Moon •Sun

• Taoism pursues the harmonious unity of humans and nature. Taoists
skillfully built temples that conformed to the contours of the land.
• Splendorous symmetric architectural complexes are composed of many
ordinary yards spreading orderly along a central axis.
• Most Taoist architectures resort
to nature topography to build
towers, pavilions, lobbies and
other garden structural units,
decorated with murals,
sculptures and steles to entertain
people, fully interpreting Taoist
philosophy of nature.
• Taoist Temple set up along with the

topography of the place
• Roof with upturned eaves & rich

ornamentation
Buddhism
• Buddhism was introduced to China from India
around the first century AD, since the fourth
century AD, it was widely spread and gradually
became the most influential religion in China.
BUDDHISM
• Chinese Buddhism refers
collectively to the various schools
of Buddhism that have flourished
in China since ancient times.
Buddhism has played an
enormous role in shaping the
mindset of the Chinese people,
affecting their aesthetics,
politics, literature, philosophy
and medicine.
ARCHITECTURE & BUDDHISM

• The main Buddhist architecture include temples, pagodas, and
grottos.
• Buddhist temples tend to be decorated in red or black, and there is
a main hall for a statue of a Bodhisattva, followed by a smaller hall
with statues of other Buddha's and deities.
• The Chinese Buddhist monastery or temple is fashioned after the
imperial palaces and bears very little resemblance to the temples in
India or other Buddhist countries.
• Generally there are three groups of buildings separated by
courtyards.
• The monastery, like other Chinese structures, normally faces south.
PAGODA
1. The Mosque • Chinese pagodas, are a
significant part of the
country's cultural heritage-
with their beautiful shapes
(commonly 8-sides or
even circular shape), bas-
relief carvings, dougong
brackets and upturned
eaves.
• Pagodas were made of
stone, wood, colored glaze
or metal.
• Having an odd number of
layers. 7-layer and 9-layer
pagodas are commonly
built.
COMPARISON
Stupa& Pagoda –Analogy with the 5 elements of nature
PAIFANG
1. The Mosque • Also known as “Paifang”.
• A traditional style of Chinese
architectural arch or
gateway structure.
• Paifangs involves placing red
painted wooden pillars onto
stone bases, which are bound
together with wooden beams,
beautifully decorated with
intricate designs and Chinese
calligraphy, and the roof
covered with colored tiles,
complete with mythical
beasts—just like a Chinese
palace.
COMPARISON
Stupa& Pagoda –Analogy with the 5 elements of nature
ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE
FORBIDDEN CITY
• The Forbidden City represents
the ultimate architectural
expression of Confucian
ideology.
• In Confucianism, there was a
strong emphasis on the
relationship of an individual in a
collective society.
• The Imperial Palace is the
world's largest wood-frame
construction royal complex.
• The city is designed by Ming
Dynasty(1368-1644) architect
Kuai Xiang, who lived from
1397 to 1481.
FORBIDDEN CITY
• This massive imperial courtyard
complex clearly embodies the
Confucian emphasis on strict
divisions of rank, and the
position of the individual within a
hierarchical system.
• The city served as the imperial
residence and seat of
government for 24 emperors of
the Ming and Qing(1644-1911)
dynasties.
• The Forbidden City covers
720,000 sqm, and contains
9,999 rooms.
FORBIDDEN CITY
• •In ancient times, Chinese
nobles has the system of‘ one
husband, one wife and many
concubines'.
• The living hall of the queen was
in the center line of the back
while the other concubines lived
in 12 palace courtyards one a
stand westside.
• This living arrangement was
used to reflect the ranking
system between the queen and
concubines.
FORBIDDEN CITY
A. Meridian Gate
B. Gate of Divine Might
C. West Glorious Gate
D. East Glorious Gate
E. Corner towers
F. Gate of Supreme Harmony
G. Hall of Supreme Harmony
H. Hall of Military Eminence
I. Hall of Literary Glory
J. Southern Three Places
K. Palace of Heavenly Purity
L. Imperial garden
M. Hall of Mental Cultivation
N. Palace of Tranquil Longevity
MERIDIAN GATE
• Main entrance now in the
Forbidden City
• The southern and largest gate
of the Forbidden City.
• The gate has five arches were
center arch was formerly
reserved for the Emperor alone;
the exceptions were the
Empress, who could enter it
once on the day of her wedding.
• A series of buildings form the
superstructure of the gate also
called the "Five Phoenix
Turrets“.
MERIDIAN GATE
• Main entrance now in the
Forbidden City
• The southern and largest gate
of the Forbidden City.
• The gate has five arches were
center arch was formerly
reserved for the Emperor alone;
the exceptions were the
Empress, who could enter it
once on the day of her wedding.
• A series of buildings form the
superstructure of the gate also
called the "Five Phoenix
Turrets“.
PISA CATHEDRAL COMPLEX

The Baptistery
• The cathedral’s
campanile, detached in
the standard Italian
fashion, is Pisa’s famous
Leaning tower.
FORBIDDEN CITY
Beijing, China
GATE OF SUPREME ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE
HARMONY
• The second major gate and the
grandest were the court
sessions were purely
ceremonial, a demonstration of
the Emperor's diligence and the
status of the titular first minister.
• The gate and the Meridian Gate
form the north and south
boundaries of a great plaza that
is divided by a serpentine
waterway, the Inner River of the
Golden Water, which is
spanned by a set of five
bridges.
GATE OF SUPREME ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE
HARMONY
• It is guarded by two bronze lions
that symbolizes imperial
power.
• The lion on the east side is a
male were its right front paw is
placed on a globe denoting that
imperial power extended world-
wide.
• The lioness on the west side
has its left front paw on a lion
cub that denotes a thriving and
prosperous imperial family.

The Baptistery
Leaning tower.
FORBIDDEN CITY
Beijing, China
HALL OF SUPREME ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE
HARMONY
• The most important and largest
structure in the Forbidden City.
• The emperors' Dragon Throne
(Longyi) is in this hall.
• It was the location where the
emperors of the Ming and Qing
dynasties hosted their
enthronement and wedding
ceremonies.
• Together with the Hall of Central
Harmony and Hall of Preserving
Harmony, the three halls
constitute the heart of the Outer
Court of the Forbidden City.

The Baptistery
Leaning tower.
FORBIDDEN CITY
Beijing, China
HALL OF CENTRAL ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE
HARMONY
• Also called as the
(Zhonghedian),
• The resting place of the
emperor before presiding over
grand events held in the Hall of
Supreme Harmony.
• The Emperors would rehearse
their speeches and
presentations there before
departing to the Temple of
Heaven for the sacrifice rites.
HALL OF ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE
PRESERVING
HARMONY
• One of the three halls of the
Outer Court, rectangular in plan,
similar to, but smaller in scale
than the Hall of Supreme
Harmony.
• It was used for rehearsing
ceremonies, and was also the
site of the final stage of the
Imperial examination.

The Baptistery
Leaning tower.
FORBIDDEN CITY
Beijing, China
PALACE OF
HEAVENLY PURITY
• It is the largest of the three halls
of the Inner Court often served
as the Emperor's audience
hall, where he held council with
the Grand Council.
• Behind is the Palace of Union
and Peace, where the imperial
seals were stored.
• The third hall is the Hall of
Terrestrial Tranquility, the
emperors' wedding room.

The Baptistery
Leaning tower.
FORBIDDEN CITY
Beijing, China

The Baptistery
Leaning tower.
FORBIDDEN CITY
Beijing, China
GATE OF DIVINE
MIGHT
• Also known as the “Gate of
Divine Prowess”
• The northern gate/ exit of the
Forbidden City.
• The gate is the back gate of the
palace, and was used by palace
workers.
• Women being sent into the
palace for selection as
concubines also entered the
palace through this gate.

The Baptistery
Leaning tower.
FORBIDDEN CITY
Beijing, China
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
• The dragon is associated with the Emperor and is used
extensively in the Forbidden City as a decorative element.
• These dragons serve
as downspouts to
move water away
from the hall to
protect it. They are
the embodiment of
imperial power but
also serve a practical
purpose.
• All buildings must have water in front of them and mountains at
the back pointing to the sun.
• In this case the
water also served
the practical feature
of protecting
wooden structures
in case of fire. The
large pots are found
all over the
Forbidden City.
• All buildings must have
water in front of them
and mountains at the
back pointing to the sun.
In this case the water
also served the practical
feature of protecting
wooden structures in
case of fire. The large
pots are found all over
the Forbidden City.
• All buildings must have
water in front of them
and mountains at the
back pointing to the sun.
In this case the water
also served the practical
feature of protecting
wooden structures in
case of fire. The large
pots are found all over
the Forbidden City.
SYMBOLISM
• Yellow is the color of the Emperor. Thus almost all roofs in the
Forbidden City bear yellow glazed tiles. There are only two exceptions.
• The library at the Pavilion of Literary Profundity had black tiles
because black was associated with water, and thus fire-prevention.
• Similarly, the Crown Prince's residences have green tiles because
green was associated with wood, and thus growth.
SYMBOLISM
• Nine is a lucky number in China so
the Emperor will have 9 roof
guardians.
• The color of a roof reflects the social
status of the people living inside.
Yellow was reserved only for the
Imperial family. Princes can only use
green while ordinary people use grey
roof tiles. Any Imperial door will have
9 studs in each direction.
SYMBOLISM
• The dragon represents the
Emperor while the phoenix
represents the Empress.
SYMBOLISM
• The dragon represents the
Emperor while the phoenix
represents the Empress.
SYMBOLISM
• The sloping ridges of building roofs are decorated with a line of
statuettes led by a man riding a phoenix and followed by an
imperial dragon. The number of statuettes represents the status of
the building–a minor building might have 3 or 5.
• The Hall of Supreme
Harmony has 10, the only
building in the country to be
permitted this in Imperial
times. As a result, its 10th
statuette, called a
"Hangshi", or "ranked
tenth”, is also unique in the
Forbidden City.
SYNBOLISM
statuette, called a
Forbidden City.
SYNBOLISM
statuette, called a
Forbidden City.
GREAT WALL OF
CHINA
• The collective name of a
series of fortification systems
generally built across the
historical northern borders of
China to protect and
consolidate territories of
Chinese states and empires
against various nomadic groups
of the steppe and their polities.
• Constructed by Shi Huang Ti
(the first Emperor of China).
GREAT WALL OF
CHINA
• It stretches over 1/20 of the
earth’s circumference, from
Pacific ocean to Gobi desert
• It is constructed of grey-granite
blocks to a height of 6 to
meters
• Surmounted by 1.5m
parapets(battlements)
• The base is 7.6m thick and
sloping to 4.5 mat the top
SYNBOLISM
• Yellow is the color of the Emperor. Thus
almost all roofs in the Forbidden City bear
yellow glazed tiles. There are only two
exceptions.
• The library at the Pavilion of Literary
Profundity had black tiles because black
was associated with water, and thus fire-
prevention.
• Similarly, the Crown Prince's residences
have green tiles because green was
associated with wood, and thus growth.
SYNBOLISM
• Yellow is the color of the Emperor. Thus
almost all roofs in the Forbidden City bear
yellow glazed tiles. There are only two
exceptions.
• The library at the Pavilion of Literary
Profundity had black tiles because black
was associated with water, and thus fire-
prevention.
• Similarly, the Crown Prince's residences
have green tiles because green was
associated with wood, and thus growth.

The Baptistery
Leaning tower.
GREAT WALL OF CHINA

Gansu, China

The Baptistery
Leaning tower.
GREAT WALL OF CHINA

Gansu, China

The Baptistery
Leaning tower.
GREAT WALL OF CHINA

Shanhaiguan, China

The Baptistery
Leaning tower.
GREAT WALL OF CHINA

Shanhaiguan, China

The Baptistery
Leaning tower.
GREAT WALL OF CHINA

Beijing, China

The Baptistery
Leaning tower.
GREAT WALL OF CHINA

Beijing, China
TEMPLE OF
HEAVEN
• An imperial complex of religious
buildings situated in the
southeastern part of central
Beijing.
• The complex was visited by the
Emperors of the Ming and Qing
dynasties for annual ceremonies
of prayer to Heaven for good
harvest.
• The building is completely
wooden, with no nails.

The Baptistery
Leaning tower.
TEMPLE OF HEAVEN
Beijing, China

The Baptistery
Leaning tower.
TEMPLE OF HEAVEN
Beijing, China
THE XIAN TOMB
• Mausoleum of the First Qin
Emperor
• The tomb of Qin Shi Huang Ti
• This mausoleum was constructed
over 38 years, from 246 to 208 BC,
and is situated underneath a 76-
meter-tall tomb mound shaped like a
truncated pyramid.
• Line up with 6,000-8,000 terra-cotta
armed soldiers and arches, along
with houses and chariots.
• No two men look a like, and all
figures stand six feet tall.

The Baptistery
Leaning tower.
THE XIAN TOMBS

Xian, China
结束
Jiéshù (END)

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CHINESE

The Historical Architecture Timeline

Pre-Historic Egyptian Near East Greek Roman Early Christian Byzantine

Romanesque Gothic Renaissance Industrial Revivalist Modern Post-Modern

Islamic Indian Chinese

THE HISTORY OF CHINESE ARCHITECTURE:

WHAT ARE DYNASTIES?

MANDATE OF HEAVEN –Described by philosopher Mencius

• China’s first dynasty

• Military dictatorship centralized China

YUAN DYNASTY-MONGOL RULE

QUING DYNASTY-MANCHU RULE

ARCHITECTURE & CONFUCIANISM

ARCHITECTURE & CONFUCIANISM

In traditional Chinese architecture,

ARCHITECTURE & CONFUCIANISM

ARCHITECTURE & CONFUCIANISM

MAJOR TAOISM PRINCIPLES

ARCHITECTURE & TAOISM

THE FIVE ELEMENTS

THE UNIVERSE OF OPPOSITES

ARCHITECTURE & TAOISM

ARCHITECTURE & TAOISM

• Taoist Temple set up along with the

• Roof with upturned eaves & rich

ARCHITECTURE & BUDDHISM

PISA CATHEDRAL COMPLEX

PISA CATHEDRAL COMPLEX

PISA CATHEDRAL COMPLEX

PISA CATHEDRAL COMPLEX

PISA CATHEDRAL COMPLEX

PISA CATHEDRAL COMPLEX

PISA CATHEDRAL COMPLEX

PISA CATHEDRAL COMPLEX

GREAT WALL OF CHINA

PISA CATHEDRAL COMPLEX

GREAT WALL OF CHINA

PISA CATHEDRAL COMPLEX

GREAT WALL OF CHINA

PISA CATHEDRAL COMPLEX

GREAT WALL OF CHINA

PISA CATHEDRAL COMPLEX

GREAT WALL OF CHINA

PISA CATHEDRAL COMPLEX

GREAT WALL OF CHINA

PISA CATHEDRAL COMPLEX

PISA CATHEDRAL COMPLEX

PISA CATHEDRAL COMPLEX

THE XIAN TOMBS

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