Waves Questions 2019 To 2022 Complete

Name: _______________________________________________
Waves
from sam, 2019-2022
Date:
Time:
Total marks available:
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Total marks achieved: ______
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Questions
Q1.
This question is about a radio powered by a person turning a handle.
The radio has a battery which stores energy when the handle is turned.
(a) The diagram shows the part of the radio called a generator.
The generator produces a voltage which does electrical work on the battery.
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Explain how the generator produces a voltage. az
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the turning handle makes the coil rotate so the coil cuts through the magnetic field of the permamanet magnet
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getting induced to voltage

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(b) The radio receives a radio wave of frequency 93 MHz.

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(i) State the formula linking speed, frequency and wavelength of a wave.
speed = freqeucny x wavelength (1)
(ii) Calculate the wavelength of the radio wave.
[speed of radio waves = 3.0 × 108 m/s]

wavelegth = speed / frequency
w = 3.0 x10.8/93x10.6 = 3.2 (3)
wavelength = ........................................................... m
(c) The signal received by the radio is converted into an alternating current (a.c.) signal.
(i) Describe how the loudspeaker in the radio converts this a.c. signal into a sound wave.
(4)
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the loudspeaker coil has a magnetic field and intercation between the magnetic fields causes a force
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to be exerted on the speaker cone and the A.C changes direction which then causes the cone to vibrate
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(ii) State a modification that would increase the force on the loudspeaker coil.
(1)
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use a larger current
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(Total for question = 12 marks)

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Q2.
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(a) Diagram 1 shows water waves just before they reflect off the side of a stationary boat.
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(i) Draw the normal at the point where the direction of travel of the waves meets the side of the
boat.
(1)
(ii) Measure the angle of incidence of the water waves.

(1)
angle of incidence = .......................... degrees
(iii) Complete the diagram to show the wavefronts after they reflect off the side of the boat.
(3)
(b) The boat starts to move, creating its own waves on the surface of the water.
(i) Surface water waves are transverse.
Describe the difference between transverse waves and longitudinal waves.
(2)
transverse waves vibrate at right angles to the directionof travel of the wave
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longitudinal waves vibrate along the line of direction of travel of the wave
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(ii) Diagram 2 shows the boat moving towards an observer. az

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Explain why the frequency of the water waves measured by the observer is larger than the
frequency of the water waves created by the boat.
(3)
the distance between wavefrnts is smaller and the speed of waves is constant from the wave formula
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Q3.
Diagram 1 shows a ray of violet light entering a prism.
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(a) (i) Calculate the angle of refraction for the violet light.
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(1)
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angle of refraction = ........................................................... degrees
(ii) State the formula linking refractive index, angle of incidence and angle of refraction.
Ri = sin(angle of incidence)/sin9angle of refraction) (1)
(iii) Calculate the refractive index of the prism for violet light.
Give your answer to 2 significant figures.
RI = sin[61] / sin[36] = 1.48799 = 1.5

(3)
refractive index = ...........................................................
Diagram 2 shows rays of red light and violet light entering the same prism.
Red light has a longer wavelength than violet light.

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(b) Deduce a possible relationship between the wavelength and the refractive index for colours
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of the visible spectrum.
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red refracts less than violet as red bens less than violet. red also has a lower refractive index than violet and the
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refractive index decreases with increasing wavelength

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Q4.
This question is about atmospheric optical illusions.
(a) A mirage is an optical illusion formed due to total internal reflection of light from the sky at
the boundary between cold air and hot air.
Diagram 1 shows how a mirage is formed.

(i) State the formula linking critical angle and refractive index.
CA = 1/n (1)
(ii) The critical angle of the cold air at the boundary is 88.500°
Calculate the refractive index of the cold air.
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Give your answer to 5 significant figures.
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sin(88.500) = 1/n (3)
1/sin(88.500)
n = 1.003 az
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(b) (i) Diagram 2 shows a ray of light from the Sun.

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The refractive index of the atmosphere is greater than the refractive index of space.
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Complete the diagram by drawing the path of the ray of light through the atmosphere.
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(2)
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(ii) Diagram 3 shows a ray of light from the Sun when the Sun is directly overhead.
Explain why the ray of light does not change direction when it enters the atmosphere.
(2)
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because the angle of incidennce is zero and angle of refraction must be zero also
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(iii) Explain why the wavelength of the light reduces when it enters the atmosphere.
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the frequency is contant so the speed decreases so wavelength must decrease

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(iv) Suggest why the Sun appears not to be circular when it is close to the horizon at sunset.
(1)
the amount of refraction is very large when sn is close to the horizon
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Q5.
The diagram shows the apparatus used to demonstrate the existence of electromagnetic
radiation just beyond the visible spectrum.
Electromagnetic radiation from the Sun passes through a slit and a prism.
The electromagnetic radiation refracts through the prism onto the screen.
Five thermometers are placed in front of the screen.
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(a) Complete the table to show the missing parts of the electromagnetic spectrum.
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(3)
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infrared
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green/yellow
ultraviolet
(b) Suggest why the lower part of each thermometer should be painted black.
(2)
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black is the best absorber of heatt
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(c) The equipment is left for a short period of time.
The thermometers now show higher temperatures than before.
State the part of the electromagnetic spectrum in this demonstration that would give the largest
temperature increase.
(1)
infrared
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Q6.
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X-rays are electromagnetic waves used to obtain images of bones.
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An x-ray machine produces x-ray waves with a frequency of 1.25 × 1018 Hz.
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(a) Calculate the time period of these x-rays.

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t = 1/f (2)
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t = 8x10.-19
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time period = ........................................................... s

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(b) X-rays have a speed of 3.00 × 108 m/s in air.

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Calculate the wavelength of these x-rays.

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v = f x wave
3.00 x 10.8 = 1.25 x 10.18 x wave (3)
wave = 2.40 x 10.-10
wavelength = ........................................................... m
Q7.
This question is about electromagnetic waves.

(a) Draw a straight line from each electromagnetic wave to its correct use.
One has been done for you.
(4)
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(b) State a hazard to humans of excessive exposure to infrared waves.

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(1)
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skin burns
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(c) State a precaution that would reduce a person's risk of exposure to ultraviolet waves.
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reduce time of exposure

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Q8.
(a) A student investigates a sound wave with a frequency of 25 000 Hz.

(i) Calculate the wavelength of this sound wave.
[speed of sound = 330 m/s]
(3)
speed = frequency x wavelgth
w =s/f
w = 330/25000 wavelength = ........................................................... m
w = 0.0132
(ii) The oscilloscope trace represents the sound wave.
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Determine the amplitude of the oscilloscope trace.

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(2)
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amplitude = ........................................................... V
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(b) (i) Diagram 1 shows a coil of wire wrapped around a cardboard tube.
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The coil is fixed to the cardboard tube.
On diagram 1, draw field lines to represent the magnetic field produced when the current is in
the direction shown.
(3)
(ii) Diagram 2 shows a model of a loudspeaker that uses the coil and the cardboard tube.
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The cardboard tube is fixed to a thin piece of card, which is clamped at both ends.
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The student holds a bar magnet near the bottom of the cardboard tube.
Explain why this causes the loudspeaker to produce a sound.
(3)
there is iteraction between fields of bar magnet and coil so there is an alternating force acting on the card so the
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card vibrates and that card forces the air to vibrate producing sound waves
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(iii) When the frequency of the alternating current is 10 kHz, the student hears a sound.
The student increases the frequency of the alternating current to 25 kHz.
Explain why the student cannot hear a sound now, even though the card is still vibrating.
(2)
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the 25kHz is outside the range of human hearing which is 20kHz
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(iv) Suggest a change to the apparatus that would increase the loudness of the sound when the
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frequency of the
alternating current is 10 kHz.
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(1)
increase the current az

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Q9.
A sonometer is a piece of equipment used to investigate the frequency of waves on a string.
The photograph shows a sonometer.

The string is under tension. When the string is plucked it vibrates to produce a sound wave.
(a) Describe how an oscilloscope should be used to measure the frequency of the sound wave
from the sonometer.
(4)
connect oscilloscope to the microscope and then adjust the oscilloscope toget a steady trace.
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then adjust the time base and measure the number of squares for a number of complete cycles
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and multiply the number of squares by the time base to find T
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(b) A student investigates how the frequency of sound from the sonometer varies with the
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length of the string.

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This is the student's method.

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apply a constant tension force to the string

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pluck the string and measure the frequency of the sound wave produced
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move the bridge to change the length of the string

pluck the string and measure the new frequency of the sound wave produced
Repeat the method for different lengths of string.
(i) Give a control variable for the student's investigation.
(1)
force on the string
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(ii) The table shows the student's results.

Calculate the mean frequency for a string length of 60 cm.
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(2)
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mean frequency = ........................................................... Hz
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(iii) Plot a graph of the mean frequency and string length data on the grid.
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(iv) Draw the curve of best fit.

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(v) Determine the string length needed to produce a sound wave of frequency 75 Hz.
(1)
string length = ........................................................... cm
(vi) The student cannot hear the sound from the sonometer for some of the string lengths
tested.
Explain which of the string lengths produce sounds that humans cannot hear.
(2)
both i20cm and 140cm strings as humans cannot hear frequecis lower than 20Hz
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Q10.
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This question is about refraction.

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(a) State what is meant by the term refraction.

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waves change diecrion when they change medium

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(b) The diagram shows a ray of light from a torch incident on the surface of a pool of water.
The angle of refraction of the ray of light is 33°
(i) Draw the path of the ray of light in the water.
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(ii) State the formula linking refractive index, angle of incidence and angle of refraction.
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RI = sin(AI)/sin(ar) (1)
(iii) Show that the refractive index of water is about 1.3 az

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n = sin[45]/sin[33]
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(c) The torch is moved below the surface of the water. Light from the torch is incident on the
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water surface at an angle greater than the critical angle.

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(i) Explain the meaning of the term critical angle.

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You may draw a diagram to help your answer.

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(2)
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the angle of incideence which gives the TIR

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(ii) State the formula linking critical angle and refractive index.
sin[c] = 1/n
(1)
(iii) Calculate the critical angle of water.
Assume the refractive index of water is 1.3

(3)
critical angle = ........................................................... °
(iv) A ray of light leaves the torch as shown in the diagram.
Complete the path of the ray of light.
(2)
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Q11.
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This question is about sound waves.

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(a) Describe an experiment to measure the speed of sound in air.

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(5)
measure time for a set distance at least 1m for microphone and oscilloscope method and
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. a stopwatch shold be used to measure thhe time and two microphones on bench connected to oscilloscope
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and repeats should take lace to get the average
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(b) An oscilloscope can be used to determine the frequency of a sound wave.
The diagram shows an oscilloscope trace of a sound wave.
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(i) Calculate the period of this sound wave.

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period = ........................................................... s
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(ii) Calculate the frequency of this sound wave.

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f = 1[1x10.-3] frequency = ........................................................... Hz

f = 1000
Q12.
This is a question about light.
(a) State what is meant by the term critical angle.

You may include a diagram to help your answer.
(2)
the angle of incidence in the slower medium above which gives total internal reflection
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(b) The photograph shows a pair of binoculars.
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The diagram shows a cross-section through one half of a pair of binoculars.

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There are two glass prisms inside this half of the pair of binoculars.
Complete the path of the light ray as it travels through this half of a pair of binoculars to the eye.
[critical angle of glass = 42°]
(3)

Q13.
Two students do an experiment to measure the speed of sound in air.
They use two blocks of wood that make a loud noise when hit together.
They do their experiment outside in a wide-open space.
(a) Describe how the students should use their equipment to measure the speed of sound in air.
You may draw a diagram to support your answer.
(5)
the students should stand 50m apart and measure the distance with the tape measure and start timing
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when see blocks hit together and stop timing when hear sound from blocks being hit together and measure time with
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stopclock
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(b) The table shows the students' results.

(i) Calculate the mean time for the last row in the table.
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(2)
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mean time = ........................................................... s
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(ii) The students think that some of their time readings are anomalous. az
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State how the students should deal with these anomalous readings.
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ignore the anomaly
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(iii) Explain which distance in the table is likely to give the most accurate value for the speed of
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sound in air.
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(2)
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300m distance becasue the reaction time is likely to be eless significant at greater distance
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Q14.
The diagram shows a ray of light travelling from air into glass.
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(a) Use a protractor to determine the angle of refraction.
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(1)
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(b) State the formula linking refractive index, angle of incidence and angle of refraction.
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(c) Calculate the refractive index of this glass.

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Q15.
The photograph shows an oscilloscope.

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An oscilloscope can be used to determine the frequency of a sound wave.
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(a) (i) Name the piece of equipment that should be used with an oscilloscope to detect a sound
wave.
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microphone
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(ii) Describe how an oscilloscope can be used to measure the time period of a sound wave.
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(2)
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measure the number of squares

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(b) Diagram 1 shows an oscilloscope screen when a sound wave is detected.
It also shows the settings of the oscilloscope.

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(i) Determine whether the sound can be heard by humans.
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Include a calculation of frequency in your answer.
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(ii) The oscilloscope settings are changed, as shown in Diagram 2.

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On Diagram 2, draw the wave that would be displayed on the oscilloscope screen if the same
sound wave is detected using these new settings.
(2)
Q16.
A student does an investigation to determine the refractive index of a block made from flint
glass.
(a) She directs a ray of red light at the block, as shown in diagram 1.
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(i) Some of the light is reflected from the surface of the block at point A.
On diagram 1, draw this reflected ray of light.
(1)
(ii) Use a protractor to determine the angle of incidence and the angle of refraction of the red
light at point A on diagram 1.
(2)
60
angle of incidence = ........................................................... degrees
31
(iii) State the formula linking refractive index, angle of incidence and angle of refraction.
refractive index = sin[AI]/sin[AR] (1)
(iv) Calculate the refractive index of the glass for red light.
n = sin(i)/sin(r) (2)
n = sin(60)/sin(31)
n = 1.68
(v) Describe how the student could improve her investigation to obtain a more reliable value of
the refractive index.
(3)
take repeat readings at a specific angle and vary angle of incidence and find mean values for one angle
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(b) The student replaces the red light with a blue light.
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Diagram 2 shows a ray of blue light directed at point A, at the same angle of incidence as the
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previous ray of red light.

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The dashed lines on diagram 2 show the previous path of the ray of red light.
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The refractive index of flint glass for blue light is higher than the refractive index of flint glass for
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red light.
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Complete diagram 2 by drawing the path of blue light from point A until it passes into air.
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Q17.
A student investigates the reflection of light by a plane mirror.
The student uses a ray box, a ruler, a pencil and a mirror.
(a) Name the apparatus that can be used to measure angles during the investigation.
(1)
protractor
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(b) The diagram shows a ray of light directed to a point on the mirror.
(i) Label the angle of incidence.
(1)
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(ii) Measure the angle of incidence.
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(1)
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angle of incidence = ........................................................... degrees
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(iii) Complete the diagram to show the ray reflected from the mirror.
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Q18.
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A student does an experiment to determine the refractive index of a glass block.
(a) The student places the glass block on a piece of paper and draws round the block with a
pencil.
Name two additional pieces of equipment the student will need for his experiment.
(2)
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ruler
protractor
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(b) The diagram shows the path of a ray of light as it travels towards and then through the glass
block.
(i) Draw the path of the ray of light when it leaves the glass block.
(2)
(ii) Draw the normal line at the point where the ray of light enters the glass block.
(1)
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(iii) Determine the angle of incidence and the angle of refraction at the point where the ray of
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light enters the glass block.
(2)
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angle of incidence = ........................................................... °
26
angle of refraction = ........................................................... °
(iv) State the formula linking refractive index, angle of incidence and angle of refraction.
RI = SIN[I] / sin[r] (1)
(v) Calculate the refractive index of the glass block.

n = sin[44]/sin[26] = 1.6
(2)

(c) A teacher suggests that a more accurate value for the refractive index can be found using a
graphical method.
Design a method to obtain a value for the refractive index of the glass block using a graph.
You may draw a diagram to support your answer.
(3)
multiple angles of incidene should be measured and graph of sin[i] against sin[r] should be plotted and the gradient
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of graph = refractive index
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Q19.
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Diagram 1 shows what happens when light is incident on a piece of transparent material.
(a) When very bright light shines on this transparent material, a small amount of light is
reflected at point X.
(i) On diagram 2, draw the reflected ray from point X.
(2)
om
r.c
ha
az
-m
(ii) Measure the angle of refraction at point X on diagram 2.
id
(1)
l
ha
32
.k
angle = ........................................................... degrees

w
w
(iii) State the formula linking refractive index, angle of incidence and angle of refraction.
rw
(1)
fo
RI = sin[i]/sin[r]
d
(iv) Show that the refractive index of the transparent material is about 1.7
le
pi
n = sin[64]/sin[32] = 1.70
(2)
m
co
(v) State the formula linking refractive index and critical angle.
sin[c] = 1/n
(1)
(vi) Calculate the critical angle for the transparent material.

sin[c] = 1/1.7 = c = sin.-1[1/n]
c = 36 (2)
36
critical angle = ........................................................... degrees
(b) Explain the behaviour of the light at points Y and Z.
(3)
.............................................................................................................................................
light undergoes tota internal reflection and angle of incidence is above the crtical angle. light would be going from
.............................................................................................................................................
more optically dense to less optically dense
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ha
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az
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id
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l
ha
.k
w
w

rw
fo
d
le
pi
m
co
Q20.
This question is about light.
(a) Diagram 1 shows a light ray entering a glass prism.

om
(i) Describe what happens to the light ray when it enters the prism at point A.
r.c
(2)
ha
the light refracts and bends towards the normal and the wavelength decreases
.............................................................................................................................................
az
-m
.............................................................................................................................................
l id
.............................................................................................................................................
ha
.k
.............................................................................................................................................
w
w
(ii) State the name of line XY.

rw
fo
(1)
normal
d
le
.............................................................................................................................................
pi
m
(iii) State the formula linking critical angle and refractive index.
co
sin[c] = 1/n
(1)
(iv) The refractive index for the glass in this prism is 1.6
Calculate the critical angle for the glass in this prism.

sin[c] = 1/1.6
c = siin.-1[0.625] (3)
c = 39
critical angle = ........................................................... °
(v) Complete Diagram 1 by continuing the path of the light ray from point B.
(2)
(b) Diagram 2 shows a similar prism that is made from a material with a different refractive
index.
The critical angle for the material of this prism is 55°

Complete Diagram 2 by continuing the path of the light ray.
(2)
om
r.c
ha
az
-m
lid
ha
.k
Q21.
w
w
This question is about refraction in a semi-circular glass block.

rw
(a) The diagram shows a ray of light incident on the flat side of the glass block.
fo
d
le
pi
m
co
(i) Draw the normal where the incident ray of light strikes the glass block.
Label this line normal.
(1)
(ii) Some light from the incident ray passes into the glass block and is refracted.
Draw the refracted ray of light.
Label this line refracted ray.
(2)
(iii) Some light from the incident ray is reflected at the boundary.
Draw the reflected ray of light.
Label this line reflected ray.
(2)
om
(b) A student investigates the refraction of light by the semi-circular glass block using the
r.c
equipment in the photograph.
ha
az
-m
l id
ha
.k
w
w
rw
fo
d
le
pi
m
co
Design an experiment to investigate how the angle of incidence of a ray of light affects the angle
of refraction in the glass block.
(6)
a laser should be used and then the student should draw around block on paper and then mark the point
.............................................................................................................................................
where light will enter the block. the shine light into the block and measure the angle of incidence and use the
.............................................................................................................................................
prorsctor to measure the angle
.............................................................................................................................................
and mark the point where ray exits th block and use a ruler to draw path of refracted ray
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ha
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az
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id
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l
ha
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.k
w
w
rw

fo
d
le
pi
m
co
Q22.
(a) Describe an experiment to determine the refractive index of a glass block.
In your answer you should include
a labelled diagram
the apparatus needed
the method used
(6)
a thin beam of light should be created using a laser and use a protractor then draw roud the block and shine light
.............................................................................................................................................
ito the block at an angle to the normal and the mark the incident and reracted rays and measure angles from the
.............................................................................................................................................
normal
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ha
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az
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-m
id
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l
ha
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.k
w
.............................................................................................................................................
w
rw
(b) Give two uses of total internal reflection.

fo
(2)
d
le
pi
1 ..........................................................................................................................................
optcal fibres
m
co
.............................................................................................................................................
binoculars
2 ..........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
Q23.
This question is about refraction.

(a) Diagram 1 shows a ray of light incident on the boundary between a liquid called acetone and
air.
om
r.c
(i) Calculate the critical angle for the boundary between acetone, and air.
ha
(1)
az 47
-m
critical angle = ........................................................... °
id
l
ha
.k
sin[c] = 1/n (1)

w
w
(iii) Calculate the refractive index of acetone.

rw
sin[47] =1/n n = 1/sin[c] n = 1.4

(2)
fo
d

le
pi
m
(b) Diagram 2 shows a ray of light incident on the boundary between water and air.
co
Explain how the refractive index of water compares to the refractive index of acetone.
(3)
the ray is refracting as the angle of incidence is less than the critical angle and the crititical angle for water is greater
.............................................................................................................................................
than for acetone and the refractive index of water is less than for acetone
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
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om
r.c
ha
az
-m
id
Q24.
l
ha
The refractive index, n, of a material can be calculated using this formula.

.k
w
w
rw
fo
(a) A student uses this method to determine the refractive index of a material.
d
le
draw around a semi-circular block of material

pi
shine a light ray towards the centre of the straight edge of the semi-circular block
m
use a pencil and a ruler to mark the positions of the incident ray and the refracted ray
co
remove the block

draw a normal where the ray was incident on the block
measure the angle of incidence and angle of refraction
calculate the refractive index using the formula
Repeat the method for different angles of incidence.
(i) Name the independent variable in this investigation.
(1)
angle of incidence
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) The table shows the student's results for an angle of incidence of 40°.
Calculate the mean value for the angle of refraction.
22+23/2 =23 (2)

23
mean angle = ........................................................... degrees
(iii) Describe how the student could improve their method to get a more accurate value for the
refractive index.
(2)
n should be calclated for multiple angles so the mean value is obtaianed for n
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
om
.............................................................................................................................................
r.c
ha
.............................................................................................................................................
(b) Diagram 1 shows a ray of light refracted by a transparent block of material.

az
-m
l id
ha
.k
w
w
rw
fo
d
le
pi
m
co
(i) Calculate the refractive index of this material.
n = sin[i]/sin[r] (2)
RI= sin[82]/sin[47]
RI = 1.4
sin[c] =1/n (1)
(iii) The refractive index of a different material is 1.7
Calculate the critical angle of this material.

c = sin.-1(1/1.7)=sin.-1(0.588)
c = 36 degrees (2)
critical angle = ........................................................... degrees

(c) Diagram 2 shows a ray of light travelling through an optical fibre.
The optical fibre is made of a material with a refractive index of 1.7
Explain the path of the ray in the optical fibre.
(2)
light undergoes total internal reflection becasue the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle
.............................................................................................................................................
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om
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r.c
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ha
az
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-m
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l id
ha
.k

w
w
rw
fo
d
le
pi
m
Q25.
co
(a) The diagram shows a fishing boat fitted with a high frequency sound wave emitter.
The boat is above some fish.

The high frequency sound waves travel from the emitter to the fish and then back to the emitter,
where they are detected.
(i) Name the wave behaviour that causes the sound waves to change direction when they reach
om
the fish.
r.c
(1)
ha
reflection
az
.............................................................................................................................................
-m
(ii) The table gives some data about the sound waves used.
l id
ha
.k
w
w
rw
fo
d
Calculate the distance between the sound wave emitter and the fish.
le
pi
speed = distance/time
m
(4)
1500 = d/0.043
co
d = speed x time distance = 64.5 /2 = 32

distance = ........................................................... m
(b) High frequency sound waves decrease in amplitude as they travel through soft tissue in the
human body.
The graph shows this decrease in amplitude for three different high frequency sound waves.
(i) Estimate the distance travelled by a 2 MHz wave when its amplitude is 25% of its original
value.
(1)
om
3
distance = ........................................................... cm
r.c
ha
(ii) Describe what the graph shows about the penetrating ability of high frequency sound waves
as they travel through soft tissue. az
-m
(3)
l id
ha
alll frequencies show reduction in amplitude or intensity wist distance and this reduction is non-linear and penetration
.............................................................................................................................................
.k
decreases with increasing frequency

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w
rw
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fo
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d
le
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pi
m
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co
Q26.
Sound waves with a frequency above the range of human hearing are known as ultrasound.
(a) State the frequency range for human hearing.
(2)
20Hz to 20000Hz
.............................................................................................................................................
(b) The frequency of ultrasound waves can be determined using an oscilloscope.
(i) Give the name of the piece of apparatus that could be connected to the oscilloscope to
detect the ultrasound waves.
(1)
microphone
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) The time period of the ultrasound waves must be measured to determine their frequency.
Describe how the oscilloscope is used to measure the time period of the ultrasound waves.
(3)
the oscilliscope screen should be freezed to obtain steady trace and adjust the time base to display
.............................................................................................................................................
and evauate the number of squares for full cycle
om
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r.c
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ha
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az
-m
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l id
.............................................................................................................................................
ha
.k
(c) The diagram shows the oscilloscope screen when an ultrasound wave is detected.
w
w
The oscilloscope settings are also shown.

rw
fo
d
le
pi
m
co
(i) Determine the time period of the ultrasound waves.
one full cycle = 6 squares (2)

t = 6 x 5 x 10.-6 = 3x10.-5
time period = ........................................................... s
(ii) Calculate the frequency of the ultrasound waves.
f =1/t (2)
f = 1/3x10.-5
f = 3.3 x 10.4
frequency = ........................................................... Hz
Q27.
om
Sound travels as a wave.
r.c
ha
(a) A buzzer produces a sound wave of frequency 2.9 kHz and wavelength 12 cm.
(i) State the equation relating wave speed, frequency and wavelength. az
-m
id
(1)
l
ha
.............................................................................................................................................
.k
w
(ii) Calculate the speed of the sound wave.

w
rw
(3)
fo
speed = ........................................................... m/s

d
le
pi
(b) Some electromagnetic waves are dangerous to people.

m
co
Describe how the dangers of these electromagnetic waves vary with wavelength.
(4)
long wavelength electromagnetic waves cause little harm and as wavelength increases the harm increases .
.............................................................................................................................................
microwaves only damage the surface layers of the skin and shrter wavelength ultraviolet can cause damage to cells
.............................................................................................................................................
lower down
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Q28.
A student investigates the speed of sound in air.
(a) The student sets up two microphones, A and B, as shown in Diagram 1.
om
r.c
ha
az
-m
l id
ha
.k
w
w
The microphones are connected to a datalogger.

rw
A sound is made to the left of microphone A.

fo
d
The datalogger records the time when the sound wave reaches each microphone.
le
pi
The student uses the data to calculate the time taken for the sound wave to travel from
m
microphone A to microphone B.
co
(i) Describe how the student could determine the speed of sound in air using his calculated
value of time taken.
(3)
measure the distance between microphones and use a ruler to measure distance and use the formula , use of speed =
.............................................................................................................................................
distance /time
.............................................................................................................................................
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.............................................................................................................................................
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(ii) Suggest why the student does not use a stop clock in this investigation.
(1)
as time will be very small so it is to hard to measure by a human
.............................................................................................................................................
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(b) The student investigates how the speed of sound in air varies with temperature.
He places several Bunsen burners in the space between the microphones, as shown in diagram
2.
om
r.c
ha
az
-m
He uses this method
l id
ha
light all the Bunsen burners on a low heating flame

measure the air temperature in three places between the microphones using three
.k
temperature sensors
w
w
use the datalogger to record the time taken for a sound wave to travel from
rw
microphone A to microphone B
determine the speed of sound
fo
d
le
The student repeats this method as the air temperature increases.

pi
m
(i) Suggest why it is important for all the Bunsen burners to burn the same amount of gas each
co
second.
(1)
the air needs to be the same temperature at all points between microphones
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
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(ii) The table shows the student's results.

Calculate the mean temperature for the last row in the table.
Give your answer to a suitable number of decimal places.
om
(2)
60
r.c
mean temperature = ........................................................... °C
ha
(iii) The student plots his results and draws the line of best fit.
az
-m
Draw a circle around the anomalous result.
l id
ha
(1)
.k
w
w
rw
fo
d
le
pi
m
co
(iv) State how the student should deal with the anomalous result.
(1)
repeat it
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(v) Explain why a line graph is the correct type of graph to display these results.
(2)
line graph is suitable for continous data and both variable are continous
.............................................................................................................................................
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.............................................................................................................................................
(vi) Describe the relationship between the speed of sound in air and temperature.
(2)
the speed increases as temperature increases and it is a linear relationship
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om
r.c
ha
az
-m
l id
ha
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w
Q29.
w
rw
The diagram shows two students holding a piece of string with a box attached.
fo
The box has a buzzer inside and can move along the string.
d
le
pi
m
co
The buzzer in the box emits a loud sound of constant frequency.
The box moves away from student A at a constant speed.
Explain why the sound heard by student A has a different frequency to the sound emitted by the
buzzer.
(5)
.............................................................................................................................................
becasue of the doppler effect and wavefronts are emitted at constannt frequency by buzzer and wavefronts
.............................................................................................................................................
arrive at student A further apart than when they were emitted and the distance between wavefronts is the wavelegth.
.............................................................................................................................................
and speed = frequncy x wavelength so the speed of the waves is constant
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om
r.c
ha
az
-m
l id
ha
Q30.
.k
w
(a) Describe an investigation to determine the speed of sound.

w
rw

fo
(5)
d
le
pi
the student should measuretime for a known distance and add at least 1m for microphones and oscilloscope data
.............................................................................................................................................
m
and use a stopwatchc to measure the time and then move the microphone until waveforms line up on oscillosope
co
.............................................................................................................................................
and allow repeats and find average and then determine the speed using the formula speed = distance/time
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(b) A microphone is connected to an oscilloscope.
A sound is detected by the microphone.
The diagram shows the oscilloscope trace.
om
r.c
ha
az
-m
(i) Determine the period of the sound wave.
id
period = 4 squares
l
period = 4 x 5 x10.-3 (3)

ha
period = 20 = 2x10.-2
.k
period = ........................................................... s
w
w
(ii) Calculate the frequency of the sound wave.

rw
fo
frequency = 1/0.02 (2)

frequency = 50hz
d
le
frequency = ........................................................... Hz
pi
m
co
Q31.
Sound travels as a wave.
(a) Which of these statements about sound waves is incorrect?
(1)
A they can be reflected

B they can travel through a vacuum
C they can be refracted
D they transfer energy
(b) Sound waves are a type of wave known as longitudinal waves.
(i) Name the other type of wave.
(1)
transverse waves
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Give one example of this other type of wave.
(1)
electromagnetic waves
.............................................................................................................................................
om
(c) A buzzer produces a sound wave of frequency 2.9 kHz and wavelength 12 cm.
r.c
ha
(i) State the equation relating wave speed, frequency and wavelength.
az (1)
-m
wave speed = frequncy x wavelength
id
.............................................................................................................................................
l
ha
(ii) Calculate the speed of the sound wave.

.k
w
2.9 khz = 2900hz

(3)
w
v = 2900 x 0.12
rw
v = 350
speed = ...........................................................m/s
fo
(d) Two students investigate the Doppler effect by throwing a buzzer to each other.
d
le
pi
Student A throws the buzzer to student B.

m
co
When the buzzer is thrown, student A notices that the sound produced changes.
Explain how the sound heard by student A changes.
You may include a diagram in your answer.
(3)
the requency decreases and the wavelength increases becasue wavespped is constant
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om
r.c
ha
az
-m
id
Q32.
l
ha
An ultrasonic distance-measuring device can be used to measure the length of a room.

.k
w
The device emits a pulse of sound with a frequency of 40 kHz.

w
rw
The device also emits a bright beam of red visible light.

fo
d
le
pi
m
co
(a) Explain what is meant by a frequency of 40 kHz.
(2)
40000 waves in 1 second
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(b) A sound wave from the device travels at 345 m / s.
(i) State the formula linking wave speed, frequency and wavelength.
wave spped = frequency x wavellength
(1)
(ii) Calculate the wavelength of the sound wave.
345 = 40000 x wavelegth

(3)
wavelength = 345/40000
wavelength = 8.6 x 10.-3
wavelength = ........................................................... m
(iii) The device emits a sound wave.
om
The sound wave travels to the wall, reflects back to the device and is received by the device.
r.c
ha
The distance from the device to the wall is 2.35 m.
Calculate the time between the sound wave being emitted and received by the device. az
-m
speed = d/t
id
345 = 4.70/time (4)

time= 0.0136
l
ha
time = ........................................................... s
.k
w
(c) Suggest why the device emits visible light.

w
rw
(1)
fo
so that the person can see what distance they are measuring
.............................................................................................................................................
d
le
pi
.............................................................................................................................................
m
co
.............................................................................................................................................
(d) Sound waves and light waves can have different frequencies and wavelengths.
Describe three other differences between sound waves and light waves.
You may draw diagrams to support your answer.
(3)
sound is longitudinal and light is transverse
.............................................................................................................................................
light is electromagnetic and sound is not
.............................................................................................................................................
light can travel through space and sound cannot
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Q33.
The photograph shows a security camera.
The camera detects light waves and sound waves.
om
r.c
ha
az
-m
l id
ha
.k
w
w
rw
(a) State two differences between light waves and sound waves.
fo
(2)
d
le
1 ..........................................................................................................................................
light waves are transverse and sound waves are longitudinal
pi
m
.............................................................................................................................................
co
light travels faster than sound

2 ..........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(b) The camera detects infrared waves, which allow the camera to record videos in the dark.
(i) Which of these electromagnetic waves has a longer wavelength than infrared waves?
(1)
A gamma rays
B microwaves
C ultraviolet rays
D visible light waves

(ii) Which of these is another use for infrared waves?
(1)
A fluorescent lamps
B heating lamps
C satellite transmissions
D sterilising medical equipment
(iii) Which of these is a harmful effect of infrared waves?
(1)
A blindness
B cancer
om
C internal heating of body tissue
r.c
ha
D skin burns
az
(c) The grid shows the oscilloscope trace for a quiet, low-pitch sound wave.
-m
id
The security camera has an alarm that produces a loud, high-pitch sound.
l
ha
On the grid, draw a trace to represent the sound wave produced by the alarm.
.k
w
(2)
w
rw
fo
d
le
pi
m
co

Q34.
(a) A student uses an oscilloscope to determine the speed of sound.
The diagram shows the oscilloscope trace produced by the sound wave.
om
The student uses two microphones and a ruler to determine the wavelength of the sound wave.
r.c
ha
He finds that the wavelength is 1.4 m.
(i) State the formula linking the speed, frequency and wavelength of a wave.
az
-m
id
(1)
l
ha
(ii) Use the oscilloscope trace to calculate the speed of the wave.
.k
w
(5)
w
rw
speed = ........................................................... m/s

fo
(b) Another student uses this method to determine the speed of sound.
d
le
pi
Step 1 The student stands 50 m away from her teacher, measuring the distance with a metre
m
ruler.
co
Step 2 The teacher makes a loud sound and flashes a light at the same time.
Step 3 The student starts the stopwatch when she sees the flash of light.
Step 4 She stops the stopwatch when she hears the loud sound.
The speed of sound is calculated using the formula
Evaluate whether this method could produce an accurate value for the speed of sound in air.
(5)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
because of the reaction time so that light flash and sound may not be at the same time and that the distance is too
.............................................................................................................................................
short and the studet should use a tape measure instead of a ruler to measure the distance
because the zero error on the ruler and the rler not going in a staright line .
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om
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r.c
ha
.............................................................................................................................................
az
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-m
l id
ha

.k
w
w
rw
fo
d
le
pi
Q35.
m
co
This question is about wave behaviour.
(a) The boxes give three types of wave behaviour and the diagrams give three examples of
wave behaviour.
Draw one straight line from each wave behaviour to the example that best shows that
behaviour.
(3)
om
r.c
ha
az
-m
l id
ha
.k
w
w
rw
fo
(b) State two properties that all waves have in common.

d
le
pi
(2)
m
all waves reflect

co
1 ..........................................................................................................................................
all waves refract
2 ..........................................................................................................................................
Q36.
Wi-Fi signals are electromagnetic waves that can be transmitted at frequencies of 2.4 GHz and
5.2 GHz.
(a) (i) State a similarity of the Wi-Fi signals at 2.4 GHz and 5.2 GHz.
(1)
the travel at the same speed in a vacuum

.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) The two Wi-Fi signals have different frequencies.
State another difference between the Wi-Fi signals.
(1)
wavelength
.............................................................................................................................................
(b) (i) State the formula linking speed, frequency and wavelength.
speed = frequency x wavelength (1)
(ii) Calculate the wavelength of Wi-Fi signals transmitted at 5.2 × 109 Hz.
om
[speed of light = 3.0 × 108 m / s]
r.c
3x10.8 = 5.2 x 10.9 x wavelgth
ha
wavelength = v/f (2)
w = 0.058
az0.058
wavelength = ........................................................... m
-m
id
(c) (i) Which type of wave is a Wi-Fi signal?

l
ha
(1)
.k
w
A longitudinal
w
rw
B mechanical
fo
C sound
d
le
pi
D transverse
m
co
(ii) Describe the difference between a transverse wave and a longitudinal wave. You may draw a
diagram to help your answer.
(2)
their vibrations and their direction of travel
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
Q37.
Wind speed affects the wavelength of water waves on the surface of the sea.
The table shows the wavelength of waves on the surface of the sea for different wind speeds.
om
r.c
ha
az
-m
id
l
ha
.k
w
w
rw
fo
d
le
(a) Plot a graph of this data.

pi
m
(3)
co
(b) Draw the curve of best fit.
(1)
om
r.c
ha
az
-m
id
(c) Describe the relationship between wind speed and the wavelength of waves on the surface
l
of the sea.
ha
.k
(2)
w
w
as wid speed increases the wavelength increases tis shhows that the relationship is non - linear
.............................................................................................................................................
rw
fo
.............................................................................................................................................
d
le
.............................................................................................................................................
pi
m
.............................................................................................................................................
co
(d) A student claims that ships are most likely to be damaged by water waves that have a
wavelength equal to the length of the ship.
Based on the student's claim, determine whether a ship of length 350 m is likely to be damaged
by water waves if the wind speed is 29 m / s.
(2)
350m is achieved when the wind speed is 26-27m/s and the ship is shorter than wavelength so is not likely
.............................................................................................................................................
to be damaged
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
Q38.
This question is about waves.
(a) The diagram shows a wave.
om
r.c
ha
az
-m
l id
ha
.k
w
w
rw
fo
d
le
pi
m
co
(i) What is the wavelength of the wave?
(1)
A 4.0 cm
B 4.4 cm
C 5.0 cm
D 8.8 cm
(ii) What is the amplitude of the wave?
(1)
A 4.0 cm
B 4.4 cm
C 5.0 cm
D 8.8 cm
(b) The diagram shows the types of radiation in the electromagnetic spectrum.
(i) Which of the following statements about electromagnetic waves is correct?
(1)
A they all have the same amplitude
om
B they all have the same frequency
r.c
ha
C they all have the same speed in free space
D they all have the same wavelength

az
-m
id
(ii) Electromagnetic waves have many different uses.

l
ha
Explain the uses of three different radiations in the electromagnetic spectrum.

.k
w
w
(6)
rw
1 ..........................................................................................................................................
gamma rays
fo
d
used to stereilise medicals tools as it kills bacteria

Use ......................................................................................................................................
le
pi
.............................................................................................................................................
m
co
2 ..........................................................................................................................................
x-rays
used to photograph bones becasue x-rays can penetrate soft tissues but not bones
Use ......................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
3 ..........................................................................................................................................
ultraviolet
used for detecting security ink becasue it fluoresces with ultraviolet lighting
Use ......................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................

Q39.
A toy produces continuous waves when floating on the surface of a pool of water.
The waves spread out as circular wavefronts.
Diagram 1 shows the wavefronts produced when the toy is not moving, as viewed from above.
om
Diagram 2 shows the wavefronts produced when the toy is moving across the surface of the pool
r.c
of water.
ha
az
-m
l id
ha
.k
w
w
(a) Draw an arrow on diagram 2 to show the direction the toy is moving.
rw
fo
(1)
d
le
(b) Explain how the frequency of the waves at point A is different to the frequency of the waves
pi
at point B.
m
co
(4)
the wavefronts are closer together therefore the wavelength is smaller so they have the same speed so frequency is
.............................................................................................................................................
larger
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
Q40.
Answer the questions with a cross in the boxes you think are correct . If you change
om
your mind about an answer, put a line through the box and then mark your new
answer with a cross .
r.c
ha
(a) The diagram shows a wave at an instant in time. az

-m
l id
ha
.k
w
w
rw
fo
d
le
pi
m
(i) Which arrow on the diagram shows the wavelength of the wave?
co
(1)
(ii) Which arrow on the diagram shows the amplitude of the wave?
(1)
B
C
(b) The boxes give some properties of waves, and definitions of these properties.
Draw a straight line linking each wave property to its correct definition.
(2)
om
r.c
ha
az
-m
(c) Light and sound are two examples of waves.
lid
The table shows whether waves can transfer energy and whether they can be reflected and
ha
refracted.
.k
w
Which row of the table is correct for light waves and for sound waves?
w
rw
(1)
fo
d
le
pi
m
co
Q41.
(a) (i) Which of these waves is longitudinal?
(1)
A infrared
B radio
C sound
D ultraviolet
(ii) Draw a straight line linking each electromagnetic wave to its correct hazard.
(2)
om
r.c
ha
az
-m
id
l
ha
.k
w
w
rw
fo
d
le
(b) (i) Which of these is a use for x-rays?

pi
m
(1)
co
A checking for broken bones
B cooking food
C detecting forged banknotes
D smoke detectors
(ii) Which of these is a use for infrared waves?
(1)
A checking for broken bones
B cooking food
C detecting forged banknotes

D sterilising medical instruments
Q42.
A dentist takes an x-ray image of a patient's teeth using photographic film.
om
r.c
ha
az
-m
l id
ha
.k
w
w
rw
fo
(a) The film, which is initially white, changes to black when it absorbs x-rays.
d
le
The film is placed inside the patient's mouth and the x-ray source is outside the patient's body.
pi
m
The teeth and soft tissue appear differently on the x-ray image.
co
Use words from the box to complete the sentences.
(2)
The tooth appears white because most of the x-rays are ..............................................................
by the tooth.
The soft tissue appears darker in colour because most of the x-rays are
..............................................................
by the soft tissue.
(b) Explain why the dentist has to leave the room before taking the x-ray image but it
is safe for the patient to stay in the room.
(2)
the x-rays are ionising and can cause cell damage so the dentist would hae greater dose as he does it everyday
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(c) The x-rays used have a frequency of 3.5 × 1016 Hz.
(i) State the formula linking wave speed, frequency and wavelength.
wave speed = frequency x wavelength

(1)
(ii) X-rays have a speed of 3.0 × 108 m/s.
om
Calculate the wavelength of these x-rays.
r.c
3 x 10.8 = 3.5 x 10.16 x wavelength
ha
w 3x10.8 / 3.5 x 10.16 (3)
w = 8.6 x 10.-9
az
wavelength = ........................................................... m
-m
id
(d) X-rays are electromagnetic waves.

l
ha
Radio waves are also electromagnetic waves.

.k
w
State one other similarity and one difference between x-rays and radio waves.
w
rw
(2)
fo
both are transverse waves

similarity ....................................................................................................................................
d
le
pi
.............................................................................................................................................
m
radio waves have longer wavelength

co
difference ....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
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This question is about a radio powered by a person turning a handle.

getting induced to voltage

(b) The radio receives a radio wave of frequency 93 MHz.

speed = freqeucny x wavelength (1)

(ii) Calculate the wavelength of the radio wave.

[speed of radio waves = 3.0 × 108 m/s]

(Total for question = 12 marks)

(ii) Measure the angle of incidence of the water waves.

angle of incidence = .......................... degrees

(i) Surface water waves are transverse.

Describe the difference between transverse waves and longitudinal waves.

(ii) Diagram 2 shows the boat moving towards an observer. az

(Total for question = 10 marks)

Diagram 1 shows a ray of violet light entering a prism.

angle of refraction = ........................................................... degrees

Ri = sin(angle of incidence)/sin9angle of refraction) (1)

Give your answer to 2 significant figures.

RI = sin[61] / sin[36] = 1.48799 = 1.5

refractive index = ...........................................................

Red light has a longer wavelength than violet light.

refractive index decreases with increasing wavelength

(Total for question = 8 marks)

This question is about atmospheric optical illusions.

Diagram 1 shows how a mirage is formed.

Calculate the refractive index of the cold air.

(b) (i) Diagram 2 shows a ray of light from the Sun.

the frequency is contant so the speed decreases so wavelength must decrease

(Total for question = 11 marks)

Five thermometers are placed in front of the screen.

(c) The equipment is left for a short period of time.

The thermometers now show higher temperatures than before.

(Total for question = 6 marks)

(a) Calculate the time period of these x-rays.

time period = ........................................................... s

(b) X-rays have a speed of 3.00 × 108 m/s in air.

Calculate the wavelength of these x-rays.

(Total for question = 5 marks)

This question is about electromagnetic waves.

One has been done for you.

(b) State a hazard to humans of excessive exposure to infrared waves.

reduce time of exposure

(Total for question = 6 marks)

(a) A student investigates a sound wave with a frequency of 25 000 Hz.

[speed of sound = 330 m/s]

Determine the amplitude of the oscilloscope trace.

The coil is fixed to the cardboard tube.

Explain why this causes the loudspeaker to produce a sound.

The student increases the frequency of the alternating current to 25 kHz.

increase the current az

(Total for question = 14 marks)

A sonometer is a piece of equipment used to investigate the frequency of waves on a string.

The photograph shows a sonometer.

length of the string.

This is the student's method.

apply a constant tension force to the string