EVS IMP

10 Marks Questions
Q1] What is population explosion and what are its consequences?
Population explosion refers to a rapid and dramatic increase in the global human population over a relatively short period.
It occurs when the birth rate exceeds the death rate consistently over time, leading to exponential growth. The
consequences of population explosion can be far-reaching and include:
1. Resource Depletion : Rapid population growth puts pressure on natural resources such as water, land, forests, and
fossil fuels. This can lead to overexploitation and depletion of these resources, jeopardizing sustainability.
2. Environmental Degradation : Increased human activities to support growing populations, such as deforestation,
urbanization, and industrialization, contribute to environmental degradation, including habitat destruction, pollution, and
loss of biodiversity.
3. Strain on Infrastructure : Large populations strain infrastructure systems such as transportation, sanitation,
healthcare, and education, leading to overcrowding, inadequate services, and decreased quality of life for many
individuals.
4. Food Insecurity : Population growth exacerbates food insecurity by increasing demand for food while placing
pressure on agricultural lands. This can lead to issues such as malnutrition, famine, and food price inflation, particularly
in developing countries.
5. Social and Economic Challenges : Rapid population growth can exacerbate social and economic challenges,
including unemployment, poverty, inequality, and political instability, especially in regions with limited resources and
opportunities.
6. Health Issues : Overpopulation can strain healthcare systems, leading to inadequate access to healthcare services,
increased prevalence of infectious diseases, and reduced quality of healthcare for individuals.
7. Urbanization Issues : Population explosion often coincides with rapid urbanization as people migrate from rural to
urban areas in search of better opportunities. This can result in overcrowded cities, slums, inadequate housing, and social
tensions.
Addressing population explosion requires comprehensive strategies focusing on education, access to family planning
services, poverty alleviation, sustainable resource management, and equitable economic development to achieve a
balance between population growth and environmental sustainability.

Q2) Explain global warming with its causes and effects on environment.
Global warming refers to the long-term increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to human activities, primarily
the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. This phenomenon has far-reaching consequences for the
environment, ecosystems, and human societies.
Causes of Global Warming:
1. Greenhouse Gas Emissions : The primary cause of global warming is the release of greenhouse gases such as carbon
dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and fluorinated gases. These gases trap heat in the Earth's
atmosphere, leading to the greenhouse effect and subsequent warming of the planet. Human activities such as burning
fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), deforestation, industrial processes, and agriculture are major contributors to
greenhouse gas emissions.
2. Deforestation : Trees act as carbon sinks by absorbing CO2 from the atmosphere through photosynthesis.
Deforestation, primarily for agriculture, logging, and urbanization, reduces the number of trees available to absorb CO2,
leading to increased atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases.
3. Industrial Activities : Industrial processes such as manufacturing, cement production, and mining release large
quantities of greenhouse gases and other pollutants into the atmosphere, contributing to global warming.
4. Agricultural Practices : Agricultural activities such as livestock farming and rice cultivation produce methane, a
potent greenhouse gas. Additionally, the use of synthetic fertilizers in agriculture releases nitrous oxide, another
greenhouse gas.
Effects of Global Warming on the Environment:
1. Rising Temperatures : Global warming leads to higher average temperatures worldwide, causing changes in weather
patterns, increased frequency and intensity of heatwaves, and alterations in precipitation patterns.
2. Melting Ice Caps and Glaciers : Rising temperatures cause ice caps, glaciers, and polar ice sheets to melt at an
accelerated rate. This contributes to sea-level rise, leading to coastal erosion, flooding, and loss of habitat for polar
animals such as polar bears and seals.
3. Ocean Acidification : Increased levels of atmospheric CO2 lead to higher concentrations of carbonic acid in the
oceans, resulting in ocean acidification. This phenomenon has adverse effects on marine life, particularly coral reefs,
shellfish, and other organisms with calcium carbonate shells.
4. Extreme Weather Events : Global warming is associated with an increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme
weather events such as hurricanes, cyclones, droughts, floods, and wildfires. These events can cause significant damage
to infrastructure, agriculture, and human communities.
5. Disruption of Ecosystems : Global warming disrupts ecosystems and biodiversity by altering habitat conditions,
species distributions, and ecological interactions. Some species may struggle to adapt to rapid environmental changes,
leading to population declines or extinctions.
6. Decline in Agricultural Productivity : Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns due to global warming can
adversely affect agricultural productivity, leading to crop failures, reduced yields, and food insecurity in certain regions.
In conclusion, global warming is a complex and pressing environmental issue with widespread implications for
ecosystems, biodiversity, and human well-being. Addressing this challenge requires concerted efforts to mitigate
greenhouse gas emissions, transition to renewable energy sources, conserve forests and ecosystems, and adapt to the
changing climate.

Q3) Explain the purpose of United Nations sustainable development goals.

The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a set of 17 interconnected global objectives adopted by
all UN member states in 2015 as part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. These goals serve as a blueprint
for addressing some of the most pressing challenges facing humanity, aiming to achieve a more sustainable and equitable
world by the year 2030. The purpose of the SDGs can be outlined as follows:
1. End Poverty in All its Forms : The first goal aims to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger, ensuring access to basic
necessities such as food, water, healthcare, education, and economic opportunities for all people.
2. Achieve Zero Hunger : This goal focuses on ending hunger, achieving food security, improving nutrition, and
promoting sustainable agriculture to ensure everyone has access to nutritious and sufficient food.
3. Ensure Health and Well-being : Goal 3 aims to ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages,
addressing major health challenges such as communicable diseases, maternal and child health, and access to essential
healthcare services.
4. Quality Education for All : Goal 4 aims to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education for all, promoting lifelong
learning opportunities and fostering the skills needed for sustainable development.
5. Gender Equality and Empowerment : This goal focuses on achieving gender equality and empowering all women
and girls, ensuring equal rights, opportunities, and access to resources and decision-making processes.
6. Clean Water and Sanitation : Goal 6 aims to ensure access to clean water and sanitation for all, promoting sustainable
management of water resources and improving water quality.
7. Affordable and Clean Energy : This goal focuses on ensuring access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern
energy for all, while promoting energy efficiency and renewable energy sources.
8. Decent Work and Economic Growth : Goal 8 aims to promote sustained, inclusive, and sustainable economic growth,
full and productive employment, and decent work for all, while combating inequality and promoting entrepreneurship
and innovation.
9. Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure : This goal focuses on building resilient infrastructure, promoting inclusive
and sustainable industrialization, and fostering innovation to support sustainable development.
10. Reduced Inequalities : Goal 10 aims to reduce inequalities within and among countries, addressing disparities in
income, gender, age, disability, and other factors to ensure no one is left behind.
11. Sustainable Cities and Communities : Goal 11 aims to make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient,
and sustainable, promoting sustainable urban planning and management.
12. Responsible Consumption and Production : This goal focuses on ensuring sustainable consumption and production
patterns, promoting resource efficiency, and reducing waste and pollution.
13. Climate Action : Goal 13 aims to take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts, including raising
awareness, building resilience, and implementing mitigation measures.
14. Life Below Water : Goal 14 focuses on conserving and sustainably using the oceans, seas, and marine resources for
sustainable development.
15. Life on Land : Goal 15 aims to protect, restore, and sustainably manage terrestrial ecosystems, halt biodiversity
loss, and combat desertification and land degradation.
16. Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions : This goal focuses on promoting peaceful and inclusive societies, ensuring
access to justice for all, and building effective, accountable, and inclusive institutions at all levels.
17. Partnerships for the Goals : Goal 17 emphasizes the importance of global partnerships and cooperation in achieving
the SDGs, mobilizing resources, sharing knowledge technology, and fostering collaboration among governments,
businesses, civil society, and other stakeholders.
In summary, the purpose of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals is to provide a universal framework for
addressing global challenges and fostering sustainable development, with the overarching aim of creating a more
prosperous, equitable, and resilient world for present and future generations.

Q3) How social media can be an effective tool in creating environmental awareness explain with example.
Social media has emerged as a powerful tool for raising environmental awareness and mobilizing action on a global
scale. Its widespread reach, accessibility, and interactive nature make it an effective platform for disseminating
information, fostering dialogue, and inspiring positive change. Here's how social media can be utilized as an effective
tool in creating environmental awareness, along with examples:
1. Information Dissemination : Social media platforms enable the rapid dissemination of information about
environmental issues, including news, research findings, and educational content. Organizations, activists, and
individuals can share informative posts, articles, infographics, and videos to raise awareness about environmental
challenges and solutions. For example, the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) uses its social media channels to share updates
on conservation efforts, endangered species, and environmental campaigns, reaching millions of followers worldwide.
2. Engagement and Dialogue : Social media facilitates two-way communication between environmental organizations,
experts, advocates, and the public. Users can engage in discussions, ask questions, and share their perspectives on
environmental issues, fostering dialogue and collaboration. For instance, hashtags such as #ClimateAction,
#PlasticFreeJuly, and #GlobalWarmingAwareness are used to spark conversations and engage communities in collective
action
3. Visual Storytelling : Visual content such as photos and videos are highly engaging on social media and can evoke
emotional responses, making complex environmental issues more relatable and compelling. Environmental organizations
leverage visual storytelling to showcase the beauty of nature, the impacts of environmental degradation, and the efforts to
protect the planet. For example, National Geographic's Instagram account features stunning photographs and videos of
wildlife, landscapes, and conservation projects, attracting millions of followers and raising awareness about
environmental issues.
4. Crowdfunding and Fundraising : Social media platforms provide opportunities for crowdfunding and fundraising
campaigns to support environmental initiatives and projects. Organizations and individuals can leverage crowdfunding
platforms or create donation drives on social media to raise funds for conservation, reforestation, clean energy, and other
environmental causes. For instance, campaigns like #TeamTrees, initiated by YouTuber MrBeast, successfully raised
millions of dollars to plant millions of trees worldwide, demonstrating the power of social media-driven philanthropy.
5. Activism and Advocacy : Social media empowers individuals and grassroots organizations to mobilize support,
organize events, and advocate for policy changes to address environmental challenges. Campaigns such as
#FridaysForFuture, started by climate activist Greta Thunberg, use social media to mobilize young people around the
world to demand urgent action on climate change through strikes and protests
6. Behaviour Change and Action : Social media can influence individual behaviour and encourage sustainable lifestyle
choices by promoting eco-friendly products, practices, and initiatives. Influencers, brands, and environmental
organizations collaborate on social media campaigns to promote recycling, energy conservation, sustainable fashion, and
plastic reduction. For example, the #TrashTag challenge encourages users to clean up litter in their communities and
share their efforts on social media, inspiring others to take action.
In conclusion, social media serves as a powerful tool for creating environmental awareness by facilitating information
sharing, dialogue, engagement, visual storytelling, fundraising, activism, and behaviour change. By harnessing the reach
and influence of social media platforms, individuals and organizations can amplify their efforts to educate, inspire, and
mobilize people around the world to protect and preserve the environment.

Q4) What is urbanization and what are the risks of urbanization.

Urbanization refers to the process of population concentration in urban areas, leading to the growth and expansion of
cities and towns. It involves the migration of people from rural to urban areas in search of better economic opportunities,
employment, education, healthcare, and improved living standards. Urbanization is a significant global phenomenon
driven by factors such as industrialization, rural-urban migration, and natural population growth. While urbanization
offers several benefits, it also poses various risks and challenges. Below are the risks associated with urbanization:
1. **Overcrowding and Congestion**: Rapid urbanization can lead to overcrowding in cities, resulting in congestion on
roads, public transportation systems, and public spaces. This congestion not only affects the quality of life but also
contributes to increased air pollution, traffic accidents, and stress levels among urban residents.
2. **Housing Shortages and Slums**: Urbanization often outpaces the availability of affordable housing, leading to
housing shortages and the proliferation of informal settlements or slums. These areas lack basic infrastructure, sanitation
facilities, and access to essential services, posing health risks and exacerbating social inequalities.
3. **Infrastructure Deficiencies**: Urbanization places strain on urban infrastructure such as water supply, sanitation,
electricity, waste management, and public transportation systems. Inadequate infrastructure can lead to service
disruptions, environmental pollution, and public health hazards, undermining the quality of life in cities.
4. **Environmental Degradation**: Urbanization contributes to environmental degradation through increased pollution,
deforestation, habitat destruction, and land conversion for urban development. The expansion of cities often encroaches
upon natural habitats, ecosystems, and agricultural land, leading to loss of biodiversity, soil erosion, and depletion of
natural resources
5. **Social Inequality and Marginalization**: Urbanization can exacerbate social inequalities and marginalization, as
disadvantaged groups such as the poor, minorities, and informal workers may face barriers to accessing housing,
employment, education, healthcare, and other essential services in cities. This can lead to social tensions, discrimination,
and urban unrest.
6. **Public Health Challenges**: Urbanization is associated with various public health challenges, including increased
prevalence of non-communicable diseases (e.g., obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases), infectious diseases (e.g.,
respiratory infections, waterborne diseases), and mental health issues (e.g., stress, depression) due to factors such as air
and water pollution, inadequate sanitation, overcrowding, and lifestyle changes.
7. **Urban Poverty and Informal Economy**: Urbanization can perpetuate urban poverty, as migrants and marginalized
populations often face barriers to accessing formal employment and social services. Many urban residents are forced to
engage in the informal economy, such as street vending, waste picking, and domestic work, which are characterized by
low wages, lack of job security, and vulnerability to exploitation.
8. **Vulnerability to Disasters**: Urbanization increases the vulnerability of cities to natural and man-made disasters
such as floods, earthquakes, hurricanes, and industrial accidents. Dense urban settlements, inadequate infrastructure, and
informal housing make cities more susceptible to the impacts of disasters, resulting in loss of lives, property damage, and
disruption of essential services.
In summary, while urbanization offers opportunities for economic development, innovation, and social progress, it also
poses risks and challenges related to overcrowding, housing shortages, infrastructure deficiencies, environmental
degradation, social inequality, public health, informal economy, and vulnerability to disasters. Addressing these risks
requires comprehensive urban planning, sustainable development strategies, investments in infrastructure and services,
social inclusion policies, and disaster risk reduction measures to create more resilient, inclusive, and sustainable cities for
all residents.

Q6)Define pollution, what is the effect of pollution on society?

**Definition of Pollution:**
Pollution refers to the introduction of harmful substances or contaminants into the natural environment, leading to
adverse effects on the ecosystem, human health, and well-being. These pollutants can be of various types, including
chemical substances, particulate matter, noise, or energy forms like heat or light, and they can originate from both natural
sources and human activities.
**Effects of Pollution on Society:**
1. **Health Impacts**: Pollution poses significant health risks to society, causing a wide range of illnesses and diseases.
Air pollution, for example, can lead to respiratory problems such as asthma, bronchitis, and lung cancer, while water
pollution can result in gastrointestinal infections, skin diseases, and reproductive issues. Additionally, exposure to
pollutants like heavy metals and pesticides can have long-term health effects, including neurological damage and
developmental disorders.
2. **Environmental Degradation**: Pollution disrupts ecological balance and degrades natural habitats, leading to loss of
biodiversity, ecosystem collapse, and depletion of natural resources. Water pollution, for instance, can contaminate
aquatic ecosystems, harming fish populations and disrupting food chains. Similarly, soil pollution can impair soil fertility
and agricultural productivity, jeopardizing food security and ecosystem services.
3. **Economic Costs**: Pollution imposes significant economic costs on society, including healthcare expenses, loss of
productivity, property damage, and environmental cleanup costs. For example, the healthcare costs associated with
treating pollution-related illnesses can strain healthcare systems and reduce productivity, while environmental cleanup
efforts require substantial financial resources and investments.
4. **Social Disruption**: Pollution can lead to social disruption and displacement, particularly in communities heavily
affected by environmental contamination. Disposal of hazardous waste, industrial pollution, and chemical spills can force
residents to relocate, disrupt livelihoods, and exacerbate social inequalities. Moreover, pollution-related health issues can
disproportionately affect vulnerable populations, leading to social tensions and inequities
5. **Quality of Life**: Pollution diminishes the quality of life for individuals and communities, impacting their physical
well-being, mental health, and overall satisfaction. Noise pollution, for instance, can disturb sleep patterns, increase stress
levels, and impair cognitive function, while visual pollution from unsightly waste dumps or industrial facilities can
detract from aesthetic enjoyment and property values.
6. **Climate Change**: Certain pollutants, such as greenhouse gases, contribute to climate change, posing significant
risks to society in terms of extreme weather events, rising sea levels, and disruptions to ecosystems and economies.
Addressing pollution is essential for mitigating climate change and building resilience to its impacts, safeguarding the
well-being of present and future generations.
7. **Loss of Cultural Heritage**: Pollution can also damage cultural heritage sites, monuments, and artifacts, depriving
society of its historical and cultural identity. Air pollution, acid rain, and industrial emissions can corrode buildings and
monuments, fade artwork, and erode archaeological sites, diminishing their aesthetic and educational value.
8. **Public Awareness and Advocacy**: Despite these challenges, pollution also serves as a catalyst for public
awareness and advocacy, mobilizing individuals, communities, and governments to take action to protect the
environment and public health. Grassroots movements, environmental organizations, and regulatory measures play a
crucial role in raising awareness, implementing pollution control measures, and promoting sustainable practices to
mitigate pollution's adverse effects on society.
In summary, pollution has profound and far-reaching effects on society, encompassing health impacts, environmental
degradation, economic costs, social disruption, quality of life, climate change, and cultural heritage preservation.
Addressing pollution requires concerted efforts at local, national, and global levels to adopt sustainable practices, enforce
regulations, invest in clean technologies, and promote environmental stewardship to safeguard human health and well-
being and protect the planet for future generations.
SHORT NOTES 5 MARKS
Q1)Indian River System
Certainly! Here are short notes on three prominent rivers in India:
1. **Ganges (Ganga)**:
 The Ganges is one of the most sacred and iconic rivers in India, revered by millions for its spiritual significance.
Originating from the Gangotri Glacier in the Himalayas, it flows through several states including Uttarakhand, Uttar
Pradesh, Bihar, and West Bengal before emptying into the Bay of Bengal. The river supports a rich biodiversity and
sustains the livelihoods of millions of people through agriculture, fishing, and tourism. However, it faces significant
pollution challenges due to industrial waste, sewage discharge, and religious practices, prompting conservation efforts to
protect its ecological integrity and cultural heritage.
2. **Yamuna**:
The Yamuna is another major river in northern India, originating from the Yamunotri Glacier in the Himalayas and
flowing through states such as Uttarakhand, Haryana, Delhi, and Uttar Pradesh before merging with the Ganges in
Allahabad. It plays a vital role in supplying water for irrigation, drinking, and industrial purposes, supporting agriculture
and urban development in the region. However, the Yamuna is highly polluted, particularly in urban areas like Delhi, due
to untreated sewage, industrial effluents, and agricultural runoff, posing significant health and environmental risks.
Efforts are underway to clean and rejuvenate the river through pollution control measures and wastewater treatment
initiatives.
3. **Brahmaputra**:
The Brahmaputra is one of the major rivers in India, originating in Tibet as the Yarlung Tsangpo River and flowing
through India's northeastern states of Arunachal Pradesh and Assam before entering Bangladesh and eventually emptying
into the Bay of Bengal. It is known for its immense hydrological potential, supporting agriculture, hydropower
generation, and transportation in the region. The Brahmaputra is prone to frequent flooding, causing extensive damage to
lives, property, and infrastructure, particularly during the monsoon season. Efforts to manage floods and harness the
river's resources sustainably are ongoing, balancing development needs with environmental conservation and disaster risk
reduction.

Q2)Circular Economy
- Circular economy is an economic model focused on maximizing resource efficiency and minimizing waste.
- It aims to create a closed-loop system where materials and resources are continually reused, recycled, and
remanufactured.
- By adopting principles such as design for longevity and resource recovery, it reduces environmental impact and
conserves natural resources.
- Circular economy generates economic opportunities through innovation, job creation, and cost savings.
- It offers a holistic approach to addressing environmental challenges while fostering economic prosperity and resilience.

Q3)Effect of Pollution
- **Health Impacts**: Pollution has significant adverse effects on human health, leading to respiratory diseases,
cardiovascular problems, and various other illnesses due to exposure to pollutants such as particulate matter, ozone, and
toxic chemicals.
- **Environmental Degradation**: Pollution causes damage to ecosystems, leading to habitat destruction, loss of
biodiversity, and disruption of ecological balance. It contaminates air, water, and soil, threatening the health of plants,
animals, and marine life.
- **Climate Change**: Certain pollutants, particularly greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane, contribute to
global warming and climate change, leading to rising temperatures, melting ice caps, extreme weather events, and
disruptions to ecosystems and agricultural systems.
- **Economic Costs**: Pollution imposes significant economic costs on society, including healthcare expenses, loss of
productivity, property damage, and environmental cleanup costs. It hinders economic development, reduces property
values, and affects tourism and agriculture.
- **Social Disruption**: Pollution can lead to social disruption and inequality, as marginalized communities often bear
the brunt of environmental contamination. Displacement, health disparities, and social tensions can arise due to pollution-
related issues, exacerbating social inequalities and injustices.

Q4) Effect of depletion of ozone layer

- **Increased UV Radiation**: Depletion of the ozone layer leads to higher levels of ultraviolet (UV) radiation reaching
the Earth's surface. This can result in higher rates of skin cancer, cataracts, and other health problems in humans, as well
as damage to marine ecosystems and terrestrial vegetation.
- **Impact on Marine Life**: Higher levels of UV radiation due to ozone depletion can affect marine organisms such as
phytoplankton, corals, and fish larvae. UV radiation can inhibit photosynthesis, disrupt reproductive cycles, and damage
DNA, leading to reduced productivity, biodiversity loss, and ecosystem disruption in marine environments.
- **Climate Change**: Ozone depletion can indirectly contribute to climate change by altering atmospheric circulation
patterns and affecting regional climate dynamics. Changes in atmospheric ozone levels can influence temperature
gradients and precipitation patterns, leading to shifts in weather patterns and climate variability in certain regions.
- **Impact on Agriculture**: Increased UV radiation due to ozone depletion can harm crops, affecting agricultural
productivity and food security. UV radiation can damage plant tissues, reduce photosynthesis, and inhibit crop growth,
leading to yield losses and economic impacts on agricultural communities.
- **Air Quality and Pollution**: Ozone depletion can influence air quality by affecting atmospheric chemistry and
pollutant concentrations. Changes in ozone levels can alter the distribution and transport of pollutants such as nitrogen
oxides and volatile organic compounds, impacting air quality and human health in urban and industrial areas.

Q5) Greenhouse Effect

- The greenhouse effect is a natural process that warms the Earth's surface by trapping heat in the atmosphere.
- It occurs when certain gases in the atmosphere, known as greenhouse gases, absorb and re-radiate infrared radiation
emitted by the Earth's surface.
- Greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and water vapor, among others.
- Without the greenhouse effect, the Earth's surface would be much colder, making it inhospitable to life as we know it.
- However, human activities, such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation, have intensified the greenhouse effect,
leading to global warming and climate change.