‫ر ﺎﺿﺔ ‪1‬‬

‫ﻋﺎت‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫‪Sets‬‬

‫ﻋ اﻟﻘﺎدر ﺟ ﺎ‬ ‫‪ -1‬أﺣ‬

‫اﻷﻫ اف‬

‫ﻋﺎت وﺗ ﯾ أﻧ اﻋﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﻌ ف ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﻋﺎت‪.‬‬ ‫اﻻﻟ ﺎم ‪ $%‬ق ' ﺎ‪%‬ﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻋﺎت‪.‬‬ ‫إﺟ اء اﻟﻌ ﻠ*ﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻋﺎت‪.‬‬ ‫دراﺳﺔ ﺧ‪.‬ﺎﺋ‪ ,‬اﻟ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫أﺧ‪ 0‬ﻓ‪ 2‬ة ﻋ‪ 4‬ﻣ ﻋﺎت اﻷﻋ اد و'*‪*7‬ﺔ اﻟ ﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﻋ اﻟﻘﺎدر ﺟ ﺎ‬ ‫‪ -2‬أﺣ‬
 ‫)‪(Set‬‬ ‫ﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬

‫ﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﻬﺎ ﻋ د ﻣ‪ 4‬اﻟﻌ?ﺎﺻ ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ; ﻊ‬ ‫; ‪ 4:‬ﺗﻌ =< اﻟ‬

‫ﺑ‪?A‬ﻬﺎ ﺻﻔﺎت ﻣ‪' D‬ﺔ ﺗ‪ E 2‬ﺑ‪ 4A‬ﻗ ﺳ‪ { } 4A‬وﺗ‪ G‬ﻰ ‪%‬ﺄﺣ اﻟ وف‬
‫ﻋﺎت‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﻬ ﺎﺋ*ﺔ اﻟ‪ A 2‬ة ‪ A, B, C, …..‬وﻣ‪ 4‬اﻷﻣ‪I‬ﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ‬
‫}‪A = {1,3,5,7,9,…….‬‬
‫ﻋﺔ و= ﻣ‪N‬‬ ‫ﻋﺔ ﺗ‪ G‬ﻰ ﻋ?ﺎﺻ اﻟ‬ ‫اﻷﺷ*ﺎء اﻟ ﻲ ﺗ ‪ 2‬ن ﻣ?ﻬﺎ اﻟ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻌ?ﺎﺻ ﺑ اﺳ‪$‬ﺔ اﻟ وف اﻟ‪.‬ﻐ‪ A‬ة ‪a, b, c, …..‬‬
‫ﻋﺔ ‪ A‬ﻓﺈﻧ?ﺎ ﻧﻘ ل أن‬ ‫إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻌ?‪ a .‬ﻣ‪ 4‬ﺿ ‪ 4‬ﻋ?ﺎﺻ اﻟ‬
‫ﻋﺔ ‪ A‬و=ﻌ ﻋ?ﻪ ‪%‬ﺎﻟ‪ .‬رة ‪ ،a ϵ A‬أﻣﺎ إذا 'ﺎن‬ ‫‪ a‬ﯾ? ﻲ إﻟﻰ اﻟ‬
‫ﻋﺔ ‪ A‬ﻓﺈﻧ?ﺎ ﻧﻘ ل أن اﻟﻌ?‪a .‬‬ ‫‪ a‬ﻟ*‪ W‬ﻋ?‪ .‬اً ﻣ‪ 4‬ﻋ?ﺎﺻ اﻟ‬
‫ﻋﺔ ‪ A‬و=ﻌ ﻋ?ﻪ ‪%‬ﺎﻟ‪ .‬رة ‪a ∉ A‬‬ ‫ﻻ ﯾ? ﻲ إﻟﻰ اﻟ‬
‫ﻋ اﻟﻘﺎدر ﺟ ﺎ‬ ‫‪ -3‬أﺣ‬

‫ﻋﺎت‬ ‫أﻧ اع اﻟ‬

‫‪Types of Sets‬‬

‫ﻋ اﻟﻘﺎدر ﺟ ﺎ‬ ‫‪ -4‬أﺣ‬
 ‫ﻬ ﺔ )‪(Finite Set‬‬ ‫ﻋﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ‬

‫ﻋﺔ ﻣ? ﻬ*ﺔ ﻋ? ﻣﺎ ﺗ‪ 2‬ن ﺧﺎﻟ*ﺔ أو ﺗ [ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋ د‬ ‫ﺗ‪ 2‬ن اﻟ‬

‫ﻣ د ﻣ‪ 4‬اﻟﻌ?ﺎﺻ ‪ ،‬و\* ﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪%‬ﻌ] اﻷﻣ‪I‬ﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ذﻟ^‪:‬‬
‫‪A = {2,4,6,8} ‬‬
‫‪B = {1,2,3,….,100} ‬‬
‫‪C = {a,e,i,o,u} ‬‬
‫‪ x} ‬ﺣ ف ﻣ‪ 4‬ﺣ وف اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌ _*ﺔ ‪D = {x:‬‬
‫‪ x} ‬ﯾ م ﻣ‪ 4‬أ;ﺎم اﻷﺳ ع ‪E = {x:‬‬

‫ﻋ اﻟﻘﺎدر ﺟ ﺎ‬ ‫‪ -5‬أﺣ‬

‫ﻬ ﺔ )‪(Infinite Set‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻋﺔ ﻏ‬ ‫اﻟ‬

‫ﻋﺔ ﻏ‪ A‬ﻣ? ﻬ*ﺔ ﻋ? ﻣﺎ ﻻ ; ‪ 4:‬ﺗ ﯾ ﻋ?ﺎﺻ ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺗ‪ 2‬ن اﻟ‬

‫‪:D%‬ﻞ دﻗ‪ ،dA‬ﺣ‪ eA‬أﻧﻬﺎ ﺗ [ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋ د ﻻ ﻧﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻣ‪4‬‬
‫اﻟﻌ?ﺎﺻ ‪ ،‬و\* ﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪%‬ﻌ] اﻷﻣ‪I‬ﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ذﻟ^‪:‬‬
‫‪ x} ‬ﻋ د ;ﻘ ﻞ اﻟﻘ‪ G‬ﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪A = {x: 3‬‬
‫‪B = {10,20,30,……} ‬‬
‫‪ x} ‬ﻣ‪ ; f*g G‬ﺑ?ﻘ‪$‬ﺔ ﻣﻌ‪?A‬ﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟ ‪C = {x: h G‬‬

‫ﻋ اﻟﻘﺎدر ﺟ ﺎ‬ ‫‪ -6‬أﺣ‬
 ‫ﻋﺔ اﻟ ﺋ ﺔ )‪(Subset‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬

‫ﻋﺔ ‪ B‬إذا 'ﺎﻧ‪ j‬ﺟ *ﻊ ﻋ?ﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﻋﺔ ‪ A‬ﺟ‪N‬ﺋ*ﺔ ﻣ‪ 4‬اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‪ 2‬ن اﻟ‬
‫‪ A‬ﻣ ﺟ دة ﻓﻲ ‪ B‬و ﺗ‪ E 2‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ‪ .‬رة ‪ ،A ⊂ B‬و\* ﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪%‬ﻌ]‬
‫اﻷﻣ‪I‬ﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ذﻟ^‪:‬‬
‫‪ ‬إذا 'ﺎﻧ‪ B={0,2,4,6,8} ،A={2,4,6} j‬و}‪ C={1,3,5,7,9‬ﻓﺈن‬
‫‪ A⊂B‬و ‪. A⊄C‬‬
‫ﻋﺔ اﻟ ‪ :‬ﻧﺔ ﻣ‪ 4‬ﺟ *ﻊ ‪m‬ﻼب اﻟﻘ‪ fG‬اﻟﻌﺎم ‪:%‬ﻠ*ﺔ اﻟ ﻘ?*ﺔ‬ ‫‪ ‬اﻟ‬
‫اﻟ‪?.‬ﺎ‪*n‬ﺔ ﻣ‪ .‬اﺗﺔ ﺗ ‪I‬ﻞ ﻣ ﻋﺔ ﺟ‪N‬ﺋ*ﺔ ﻣ‪ 4‬ﻣ ﻋﺔ ‪m‬ﻼب ﻫ‪0‬ﻩ‬
‫اﻟ‪2‬ﻠ*ﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋ اﻟﻘﺎدر ﺟ ﺎ‬ ‫‪ -7‬أﺣ‬

‫ﻋﺔ اﻟ ﺎﻟ ﺔ )‪(Empty Set‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬

‫ﻋﺔ اﻟ ﻲ ﻻ ﺗ [ ﻋﻠﻰ أ[ ﻋ?‪ .‬و= ﻣ‪ N‬ﻟﻬﺎ ‪%‬ﺎﻟ ﻣ‪N‬‬ ‫ﻫﻲ اﻟ‬

‫‪) Ф‬ﻓﺎ[(‪ ،‬ﻛ ﺎ ; ‪ 4:‬أن ﻧ ﻣ‪ N‬ﻟﻬﺎ ‪%‬ﻘ ﺳ‪ 4A‬ﺧﺎﻟ‪ 4AA‬دون أ;ﺔ‬
‫ﻋ?ﺎﺻ } {‪ ،‬و\* ﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪%‬ﻌ] اﻷﻣ‪I‬ﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ذﻟ^‪:‬‬
‫‪ x} ‬ﻋ د ‪* m‬ﻌﻲ ﺳﺎﻟ‪A = {x: E‬‬
‫‪ x} ‬دوﻟﺔ ﻋ _*ﺔ ﺗﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺷ ﺎل أﻣ =‪:‬ﺎ ‪B = {x:‬‬
‫‪ x} ‬ﻋ د أوﻟﻲ ;ﻘ ﻞ اﻟﻘ‪ G‬ﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪C = {x: 4‬‬
‫ﻋﺔ اﻟ‪u‬ﺎﻟ*ﺔ ﻣ ﻋﺔ وﺣ‪ A‬ة‪ ،‬ﺣ‪ eA‬أﻧﻬﺎ ﻻﺗ [ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗ ‪I‬ﻞ اﻟ‬
‫ﻣ ﻋﺔ ﺟ‪N‬ﺋ*ﺔ ﻣ‪ 4‬أ[‬ ‫أ[ ﻣ ﻋﺔ ﺟ‪N‬ﺋ*ﺔ‪ ،‬وﻟ‪?2‬ﻬﺎ ﺗﻌ‬
‫ﻣ ﻋﺔ أﺧ ‪.h‬‬

‫ﻋ اﻟﻘﺎدر ﺟ ﺎ‬ ‫‪ -8‬أﺣ‬
 ‫ﻋﺔ اﻟ"ﺎﻣﻠﺔ )‪(Universal Set‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫ﻋﺎت ﻗ‪A‬‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﻣ ﻋﺔ أﺳﺎﺳ*ﺔ ' ‪ A‬ة ﺗ [ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟ *ﻊ اﻟ‬
‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ أو اﻟ‪ ،e w‬و= ﻣ‪ N‬ﻟﻬﺎ ‪%‬ﺎﻟ ﻣ‪ U N‬أو ‪%‬ﺎﻟ ﻣ‪ S N‬أﺣ*ﺎﻧﺎ أﺧ ‪.h‬‬
‫ﻋﺔ اﻟ ‪ :‬ﻧﺔ ﻣ‪ 4‬ﺟ *ﻊ ‪m‬ﻼب ﻛﻠ*ﺔ اﻟ ﻘ?*ﺔ اﻟ‪?.‬ﺎ‪*n‬ﺔ‬ ‫ﻓ ‪I‬ﻼ‪ ،‬اﻟ‬
‫ﻋﺎت اﻟ ﻲ ﺗ [ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣ‪ .‬اﺗﺔ ﺗ ‪I‬ﻞ ﻣ ﻋﺔ ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟ *ﻊ اﻟ‬
‫‪m‬ﻠ‪w‬ﺔ اﻟ ‪..u‬ﺎت اﻟ ‪ u‬ﻠﻔﺔ داﺧﻞ اﻟ‪2‬ﻠ*ﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﺎت اﻟ ‪N‬ﺋ*ﺔ ﻷ[ ﻣ ﻋﺔ ) و=ﻌ ف أ;‪x‬ﺎ ‪%‬ﻘ ة‬ ‫و=‪ :‬ن ﻋ د اﻟ‬
‫ﻋﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺔ( ;‪G‬ﺎو[ ‪ ،22‬ﺣ‪ n eA‬ﺗ ‪I‬ﻞ ﻋ د ﻋ?ﺎﺻ اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫‪ ‬إذا 'ﺎﻧ‪ ،A={2,4,6} j‬ﻓﺈن‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﺎت اﻟ ‪N‬ﺋ*ﺔ = ‪ ،8 = 23‬وﺗ‪ 2‬ن ' ﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻋ د اﻟ‬
‫}‪Ф, {2}, {4}, {6}, {2,4}, {2,6}, {4,6}, {2,4,6‬‬
‫ﻋ اﻟﻘﺎدر ﺟ ﺎ‬ ‫‪ -9‬أﺣ‬

‫ﻋﺔ اﻟ ‪ #‬ﻠﺔ )‪(Complement Set‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬

‫ﻋﺔ ‪ A‬ﻫﻲ ﻣ ﻋﺔ ﺗ [ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟ *ﻊ ﻋ?ﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﻣ‪ :‬ﻠﺔ اﻟ‬

‫ﻋﺔ ‪،A‬‬ ‫ﻋﺔ اﻟ‪D‬ﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻗ‪ A‬اﻟ راﺳﺔ ‪ U‬ﻣﺎﻋ ا ﻋ?ﺎﺻ اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫‪ A‬أو ‪.A6‬‬
‫و= ﻣ‪ N‬ﻟﻬﺎ ‪%‬ﺎﻟ ﻣ‪5 N‬‬
‫‪A6 ={x: x∊U and x∉A} ‬‬
‫‪A⋂A6 =ɸ‬‬ ‫‪A⋃A6 =U‬‬ ‫‪(A6 )6 =A ‬‬
‫ﻣ‪I‬ﺎل‪:‬‬
‫إذا 'ﺎﻧ‪ U={0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} j‬ﺗ ‪I‬ﻞ ﻣ ﻋﺔ ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣ ﻞ‬
‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ‪ ،‬و'ﺎﻧ‪ A={0,2,4,6,8} j‬ﻓﺈن‪:‬‬
‫‪A6 ={1,3,5,7,9} (A6 )6 ={0,2,4,6,8}=A‬‬
‫‪A⋃A6 ={0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}=U A⋂A6 ={ }=ɸ‬‬
‫ﻋ اﻟﻘﺎدر ﺟ ﺎ‬ ‫‪ -10‬أﺣ‬
 ‫ﻋﺎت‬ ‫' ق ‪ %‬ﺎ‪$‬ﺔ اﻟ‬
‫‪Methods of Representing Sets‬‬

‫ﻋ اﻟﻘﺎدر ﺟ ﺎ‬ ‫‪ -11‬أﺣ‬

‫' ﻘﺔ اﻟ*) أو اﻟ‪ -‬د‬

‫)‪(Listing Elements Method‬‬
‫ﻋﺔ‪ ،‬أو ﺟ‪N‬ء ﻣ?ﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑ‪4A‬‬ ‫ﯾ ‪ f‬ﻓ‪A‬ﻬﺎ وﺿﻊ ﺟ *ﻊ ﻋ?ﺎﺻ اﻟ‬
‫ﻋﺔ } { ‪; eA %‬ﻔ‪.‬ﻞ ﺑ‪' 4A‬ﻞ ﻋ?‪% 4= .‬ﻌﻼﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻗ ﺳﻲ اﻟ‬
‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﺔ "‪ ،",‬ﻣﻊ ﻋ م وﺟ د أﻫ *ﺔ ﻟ ﺗ‪ EA‬وﺗ‪ 2‬ار اﻟﻌ?ﺎﺻ داﺧﻞ‬
‫ﻋﺔ‪ ،‬و\* ﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ‪%‬ﻌ] اﻷﻣ‪I‬ﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ذﻟ^‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫‪A = {1,5,10,15} = {5,1,15,10} ‬‬
‫‪B = {a,b,c,d} = {a,a,b,c,b,d} ‬‬
‫‪C = {1,2,3,…..} ‬‬
‫وﻫﻲ ﻣ ﻋﺔ ﻣ? } ﺔ ﺗ‪ AG‬ﺑ?ﻔ‪ W‬اﻟ‪:D‬ﻞ‪ 4 3 2 1‬وﻫ‪0:‬ا‪.‬‬
‫‪D = {1,2, 3,….,100} ‬‬
‫وﻫﻲ ﻣ ﻋﺔ ﻣﻐﻠﻘﺔ وﻟ‪ 42‬اﻟ ‪G‬ﺎﺣﺔ ﻻ ﺗ‪2‬ﻔﻲ ﻟ‪ 2‬ﺎ‪%‬ﺔ ﻣ‪ 1 4‬إﻟﻰ‬
‫‪ 100‬وﺳ ف ﻧ‪ u G‬م اﻟ?ﻘﺎ~ ﻟﻠ ﻌ ‪ A‬ﻋ‪% 4‬ﻌ] اﻟﻌ?ﺎﺻ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋ اﻟﻘﺎدر ﺟ ﺎ‬ ‫‪ -12‬أﺣ‬
 ‫' ﻘﺔ اﻟ ﺻﻒ )‪(Description Method‬‬

‫ﻋﺔ ﺑ‪ '0‬ﺻﻔﺔ ﻣ ‪NA‬ة ﺗ د ارﺗ‪w‬ﺎ~‬ ‫ﯾ ‪ f‬ﻓ‪A‬ﻬﺎ وﺻﻒ اﻟ‬

‫ﻋﺔ ﻣﻊ ‪%‬ﻌ‪x‬ﻬﺎ اﻟ‪w‬ﻌ]‪ ،‬و= ‪ 4:‬ﺑ اﺳ‪ $‬ﻬﺎ ﺗ ﯾ‬ ‫ﻋ?ﺎﺻ اﻟ‬
‫ﻋﺔ‪ ،‬و= ‪ 4:‬إﺳ ‪ u‬ام أﺣ اﻟ? ﻋ‪ 4A‬اﻟ ﺎﻟ‪:4AA‬‬ ‫ﻋ?ﺎﺻ اﻟ‬
‫اﻟ ﺻﻒ اﻟﻠﻔ}ﻲ‪ ،‬ﺣ‪ eA‬ﯾ ‪ f‬اﻟ ﻌ ‪% A‬ﺄﺳﻠ ب ﻟﻔ}ﻲ ﻧ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ x} ‬ﻋ د زوﺟﻲ أﻗﻞ ﻣ‪A = {x: 10 4‬‬
‫‪m x} ‬ﺎﻟ‪ % E‬ﻘ ر ر=ﺎﺿﺔ ‪B = {x: 1‬‬
‫اﻟ ﺻﻒ اﻟ ﻣ‪ ،[N‬ﺣ‪ eA‬ﯾ ‪ f‬اﻟ ﻌ ‪% A‬ﺄﺳﻠ ب رﻣ‪ [N‬ﻣ‪I‬ﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪C = {x: 1 < x < 5 , x ϵ N} ‬‬
‫‪C = {x: -3 ≤ x ≤ 1 , x ϵ R} ‬‬

‫ﻋ اﻟﻘﺎدر ﺟ ﺎ‬ ‫‪ -13‬أﺣ‬

‫' ﻘﺔ أﺷ‪#‬ﺎل ﻓ‪(Venn Diagrams Method) 2‬‬

‫ﻋﺎت ﻋ‪ d= m 4‬أﺷ‪:‬ﺎل ﻫ? ﺳ*ﺔ ﺗ‪ G‬ﻰ‬ ‫ﯾ ‪ f‬ﻓ‪A‬ﻬﺎ ﺗ ‪AI‬ﻞ اﻟ‬
‫أﺷ‪:‬ﺎل ﻓ‪ 4‬ﻧ‪wG‬ﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﺎﻟ‪ f‬ﺟ ن ﻓ‪ 4‬اﻟ‪ [0‬وﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎم‬
‫ﻋﺔ ﺑ اﺋ ة ﻓﻲ اﻟ ‪ ،h G‬وﻗﺎم‬ ‫‪1880‬م‪ ،‬ﺣ‪ eA‬ﻗﺎم ﺑ ‪AI‬ﻞ اﻟ‬
‫ﻋﺔ اﻟ‪D‬ﺎﻣﻠﺔ ‪A$ G %‬ﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟ ‪ ،h G‬وﻣ‪I‬ﻞ ﻋ?ﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺑ ‪AI‬ﻞ اﻟ‬
‫ﻋﺔ ﺑ?ﻘﺎ~ داﺧﻞ اﻟ‪:D‬ﻞ اﻟﻬ? ﺳﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫‪6‬‬
‫‪S‬‬ ‫ﺣ‪:eA‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫}‪ x‬ﻋ د ‪wm‬ﻌﻲ أﻗﻞ ﻣ‪S = {x: 10 4‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫}‪ x‬ﻋ د ‪* m‬ﻌﻲ ﻓ د[ أﻗﻞ ﻣ‪A = {x: 10 4‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬
‫}‪ x‬ﻋ د ‪* m‬ﻌﻲ زوﺟﻲ أﻗﻞ ﻣ‪A6 = {x: 10 4‬‬

‫ﻋ اﻟﻘﺎدر ﺟ ﺎ‬ ‫‪ -14‬أﺣ‬
 ‫ﻋﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻌ ﻠ ﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ‬
‫‪Operations on Sets‬‬

‫ﻋ اﻟﻘﺎدر ﺟ ﺎ‬ ‫‪ -15‬أﺣ‬

‫اﻟ ‪-‬ﺎو‪ 6‬واﻟ ‪8‬ﺎﻓ‪(Equivalence and Equality) 7‬‬

‫ﻋ ﺎن ‪ A‬و ‪ B‬ﻣ ‪G‬ﺎو= ‪ 4A‬إذا ﻛﺎﻧ‪ j‬ﺟ *ﻊ ﻋ?ﺎﺻ ‪A‬‬ ‫ﺗ‪ 2‬ن اﻟ‬
‫ﻣ ﺟ دة ﻓﻲ ‪ B‬وﺟ *ﻊ ﻋ?ﺎﺻ ‪ B‬ﻣ ﺟ دة ﻓﻲ ‪ ،A‬و=ﻌ ﻋ?ﻬﺎ‬
‫‪%‬ﺎﻟ‪ .‬ر اﻟ ﺎﻟ*ﺔ‪ A=B :‬أو ‪ A⊆B‬أو ‪ B=A‬أو ‪ ،B⊆A‬وﺗ‪ 2‬ن‬
‫ﻋ ﺎن ‪ A‬و ‪ B‬ﻣ ‪2‬ﺎﻓ• ‪ 4A‬إذا 'ﺎن ﻋ د ﻋ?ﺎﺻ ‪G; A‬ﺎو[ ﻋ د‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫ﻋ?ﺎﺻ ‪ ،B‬و=ﻌ ﻋ?ﻬﺎ ‪%‬ﺎﻟ‪ .‬رة ‪.A≡B‬‬
‫‪ ‬إذا 'ﺎﻧ‪ B={9,7,5,1} ،A={1,5,7,9} j‬و}‪C={1,3,5,7‬‬
‫ﻓﺈن ‪ A=B‬و ‪. A≡C‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻣ ﻋﺔ‬
‫}اﻟ‪،j G‬اﻷﺣ ‪،‬اﻻﺛ?‪،4A‬اﻟ‪I‬ﻼﺛﺎء‪،‬اﻷر_ﻌﺎء‪،‬اﻟ‪،W* u‬اﻟ ﻌﺔ{ ﺗ ‪I‬ﻞ‬
‫ﻣ ﻋﺔ أ;ﺎم اﻷﺳ ع وﻫﻲ ﺗ‪2‬ﺎﻓﺊ ﻣ ﻋﺔ اﻷﻋ اد اﻷوﻟ*ﺔ اﻷﻗﻞ‬
‫ﻣ‪ ،{2,3,5,7,11,13,17} 19 4‬وﻟ‪?2‬ﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺗ‪G‬ﺎو=ﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋ اﻟﻘﺎدر ﺟ ﺎ‬ ‫‪ -16‬أﺣ‬
 ‫اﻻﺗ*ﺎد )‪(Union‬‬

‫ﻋ ‪ A 4A‬و ‪ B‬ﻫ ﻣ ﻋﺔ 'ﻞ اﻟﻌ?ﺎﺻ اﻟ ﺟ دة ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﺗ ﺎد اﻟ‬

‫‪ A‬أو ﻓﻲ ‪ B‬أو ﻓﻲ ﻛﻠ‪A‬ﻬ ﺎ‪ ،‬و=ﻌ ﻋ?ﻪ ‪%‬ﺎﻟ‪ .‬رة اﻟ ﺎﻟ*ﺔ‪:‬‬
‫}‪A⋃B=B⋃A={x: x∊A or x∊B‬‬
‫ﻣ‪I‬ﺎل‪:‬‬
‫إذا 'ﺎﻧ‪ B={2,4,5,6} ،A={1,3,5,7} j‬و}‪ C={0,8,9,7‬ﻓﺈن‪:‬‬
‫}‪A⋃B={1,2,3,4,5,6,7‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫}‪A⋃C={0,1,3,5,7,8,9‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪A 7 C 9‬‬

‫}‪B⋃C={0,2,4,5,6,7,8,9‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫}‪A⋃B⋃C={0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9‬‬ ‫‪B 6‬‬
‫‪4‬‬

‫ﻋ اﻟﻘﺎدر ﺟ ﺎ‬ ‫‪ -17‬أﺣ‬

‫اﻟ ﻘﺎ'ﻊ )‪(Intersection‬‬

‫ﻋ ‪ A 4A‬و ‪ B‬ﻫ ﻣ ﻋﺔ 'ﻞ اﻟﻌ?ﺎﺻ اﻟ ﺟ دة ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺎ‪m‬ﻊ اﻟ‬

‫ﻛﻞ ﻣ‪ A 4‬و ‪ ،B‬و=ﻌ ﻋ?ﻪ ‪%‬ﺎﻟ‪ .‬رة اﻟ ﺎﻟ*ﺔ‪:‬‬
‫}‪A⋂B=B⋂A={x: x∊A and x∊B‬‬
‫ﻣ‪I‬ﺎل‪:‬‬
‫إذا 'ﺎﻧ‪ B={2,4,5,6} ،A={1,4,6,7} j‬و}‪C={1,2,5,9,7‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‪:‬‬
‫}‪A⋂B={4,6‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫}‪A⋂C={1,7‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫‪1 7‬‬

‫}‪B⋂C={2,5‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫‪9‬‬

‫‪A⋂B⋂ C={ }=ɸ‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬

‫ﻋ اﻟﻘﺎدر ﺟ ﺎ‬ ‫‪ -18‬أﺣ‬
 ‫اﻟﻔ ق )‪(Difference‬‬

‫ﻋ ‪ A 4A‬و ‪ B‬ﻫ ﻣ ﻋﺔ 'ﻞ اﻟﻌ?ﺎﺻ اﻟ ﺟ دة‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ق ﺑ‪ 4A‬اﻟ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ‪ A‬وﻏ‪ A‬ﻣ ﺟ دة ﻓﻲ ‪ ،B‬و=ﻌ ﻋ?ﻪ ‪%‬ﺎﻟ‪ .‬رة اﻟ ﺎﻟ*ﺔ‪:‬‬
‫}‪A-B={x: x∊A and x∉B‬‬
‫}‪B-A={x: x∊B and x∉A‬‬
‫ﻣ‪I‬ﺎل‪:‬‬
‫إذا 'ﺎﻧ‪ B={2,4,5,6} ،A={1,4,6,7} j‬و}‪ C={1,2,5,9,7‬ﻓﺈن‪:‬‬
‫}‪A-B={1,7‬‬ ‫}‪B-A={2,5‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬
‫}‪A-C={4,6‬‬ ‫}‪C-A={2,5,9‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪7‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫}‪B-C={4,6‬‬ ‫}‪C-B={1,7,9‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪6‬‬

‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﻋ اﻟﻘﺎدر ﺟ ﺎ‬ ‫‪ -19‬أﺣ‬

‫ﻋﺎت‬ ‫ﺧ اص اﻟ‬
‫‪Properties of sets‬‬

‫ﻋ اﻟﻘﺎدر ﺟ ﺎ‬ ‫‪ -20‬أﺣ‬
 (Commutative) ‫ ﯾﻞ‬A ‫اﻟ‬

:‫ ﻓﺈن‬4A ‫ ﻣ ﻋ‬B ‫ و‬A j‫إذا 'ﺎﻧ‬

‫ ﻋ ﻠ*ﺔ اﻻﺗ ﺎد ﻋ ﻠ*ﺔ ﺗ ﯾﻠ*ﺔ‬
A⋃B = B⋃A
A⋃B={x: x∊A or x∊B}
B⋃A={x: x∊B or x∊A}
‫ﻊ ﻋ ﻠ*ﺔ ﺗ ﯾﻠ*ﺔ‬m‫ ﻋ ﻠ*ﺔ اﻟ ﻘﺎ‬
A⋂B=B⋂A
A⋂B={x: x∊A and x∊B}
B⋂A={x: x∊B and x∊A}

‫ﻋ اﻟﻘﺎدر ﺟ ﺎ‬ ‫ أﺣ‬-21

‫ ﯾﻞ‬A ‫اﻟ‬
‫ ﻋ ﻠ*ﺔ ﺗ ﯾﻠ*ﺔ‬jG*‫ ﻋ ﻠ*ﺔ اﻟﻔ ق ﻟ‬
A-B≠B-A
A-B={x: x∊A and x∉B}
B-A= {x: x∊B and x∉A}
:‫ ﻓﺈن‬B={0,2,4,6,8} ‫ و‬A={0,1,2,3,4,5} j‫ إذا ﻛﺎﻧ‬:‫ﺎل‬I‫ﻣ‬
A⋃B={0,1,2,3,4,5,6,8}
B⋃A={0,1,2,3,4,5,6,8}
A⋂B={0,2,4}
B⋂A ={0,2,4}
A-B={1,3,5}
B-A={6,8}
‫ﻋ اﻟﻘﺎدر ﺟ ﺎ‬ ‫ أﺣ‬-22
 (Associative) B - ‫اﻟ‬

:‫ ﺛﻼث ﻣ ﻋﺎت ﻓﺈن‬C ‫ و‬B ، A j‫إذا 'ﺎﻧ‬

(A⋃B)⋃C = A⋃(B⋃C) 
(A⋂B)⋂C = A⋂(B⋂C) 
:‫ﺎل‬I‫ﻣ‬
:‫ ﻓﺈن‬C={3,5,6,9} ‫ و‬B={4,5,6,7,8} ،A={1,2,3,4,5,6} j‫إذا 'ﺎﻧ‬
A⋃B={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8} B⋃C={3,4,5,6,7,8,9}
(A⋃B)⋃C={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}= A⋃(B⋃C)
A⋂B={4,5,6} B⋂C={5,6}
(A⋂B)⋂C={5,6}= A⋂(B⋂C)

‫ﻋ اﻟﻘﺎدر ﺟ ﺎ‬ ‫ أﺣ‬-23

(Distributive) ‫اﻟ ز ﻊ‬
:‫ ﺛﻼث ﻣ ﻋﺎت ﻓﺈن‬C ‫ و‬B ، A j‫إذا 'ﺎﻧ‬
A⋃(B⋂C) = (A⋃B)⋂(A⋃C) 
A⋂(B⋃C) = (A⋂B)⋃(A⋂C) 
:‫ﺎل‬I‫ﻣ‬
C={3,5,6,9} ‫ و‬B={4,5,6,7} ،A={2,3,4,5,6} j‫إذا 'ﺎﻧ‬
:‫ﻓﺈن‬
B⋂C={5,6} A⋃B={2,3,4,5,6,7} A⋃C={2,3,4,5,6,9}
A⋃(B⋂C)={2,3,4,5,6}=(A⋃B)⋂(A⋃C)
B⋃C={3,4,5,6,7,9} A⋂B={4,5,6} A⋂C={3,5,6}
A⋂(B⋃C) = {3,4,5,6} = (A⋂B)⋃(A⋂C)
‫ﻋ اﻟﻘﺎدر ﺟ ﺎ‬ ‫ أﺣ‬-24
 ‫ﻗﺎﻧ ﻧﻲ د‪ 6‬ﻣ رﺟﺎن )‪(De Morgan's Laws‬‬

‫إذا 'ﺎﻧ‪ A j‬و ‪ B‬ﻣ ﻋ ‪ 4A‬ﻓﺈن‪:‬‬

‫‪(A⋃B)6 =A6 ⋂B6 ‬‬
‫‪(A⋂B)6 =A6 ⋃B6 ‬‬
‫ﻣ‪I‬ﺎل‪:‬‬
‫إذا 'ﺎﻧ‪ U={0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} j‬ﺗ ‪I‬ﻞ ﻣ ﻋﺔ ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣ ﻞ‬
‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ‪ ،‬و'ﺎﻧ‪ A={0,2,4,6,8} j‬و }‪ B={1,2,3,4,5,6‬ﻓﺈن‪:‬‬
‫}‪A6 ={1,3,5,7,9‬‬ ‫}‪B6 ={0,7,8,9‬‬
‫}‪A⋃B={0,1,2,3,4,5,6,8‬‬ ‫}‪A⋂B={2,4,6‬‬
‫‪(A⋃B)6 ={7,9}=A6 ⋂B6‬‬
‫‪(A⋂B)6 ={0,1,3,5,7,8,9}=A6 ⋃B6‬‬
‫ﻋ اﻟﻘﺎدر ﺟ ﺎ‬ ‫‪ -25‬أﺣ‬

‫ﺟﺩﺍﻭل ﺍﻻﻧﺗﻣﺎء)‪(Membership Tables‬‬

‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﺟﺩﺍﻭل ﺍﻻﻧﺗ ﺎء ﻹﺛﺑﺎﺕ ﺧ اص ﺍﻟﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﯾﺗﮑﻭﻥ‬

‫ﺟﺩﻭل ﺍﻻﻧﺗﻣاء ﻣﻥ ﻣ ﻋﺔ ﺻﻔ ف ﺗ‪ D‬ﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﻻت اﻻﻧﺗﻣﺎء‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﺎت واﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت \* ﺎ ﺑ‪?A‬ﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ‬اﻟ‪.‬ﻒ اﻷول ; [ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ‬
‫ﻋﺎت‪ ،‬وﺗ ﺿﻊ‬ ‫‪*g% ‬ﺔ اﻟ‪.‬ﻔ ف = ‪ ،22‬ﺣ‪ n eA‬ﺗ ‪I‬ﻞ ﻋ د اﻟ‬
‫ﻋﺎت واﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت \*‪ f‬ﺑ‪?A‬ﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓ‪A‬ﻬﺎ ‪ f*Ž‬اﻧﺗﻣﺎء اﻟﻌ?‪ x .‬إﻟﻰ اﻟ‬
‫ﻋﺎت = ‪ 2‬ﻓﺈن ﻋ د ﺻﻔ ف اﻻﻧ ﺎء = ‪4‬‬ ‫‪ ‬إذا ﻛﺎن ﻋ د اﻟ‬
‫ﻋﺎت = ‪ 3‬ﻓﺈن ﻋ د ﺻﻔ ف اﻻﻧ ﺎء = ‪8‬‬ ‫‪ ‬إذا ﻛﺎن ﻋ د اﻟ‬

‫ﻋ اﻟﻘﺎدر ﺟ ﺎ‬ ‫‪ -26‬أﺣ‬
 ‫ﺟﺩﻭل ﺍﻻﻧﺗﻣﺎء ﻻﺛ‪L‬ﺎت ﺧﺎﺻ ﺔ اﻟ ‪ A‬ﯾﻞ‬
‫ﻋ ‪ 4A‬ﻓﺈن‪:‬‬ ‫إذا 'ﺎﻧ‪ A j‬و ‪ B‬ﻣ‬

‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪A⋃B B⋃A A⋂B B⋂A‬‬

‫∊‬ ‫∊‬ ‫∊‬ ‫∊‬ ‫∊‬ ‫∊‬
‫∊‬ ‫∉‬ ‫∊‬ ‫∊‬ ‫∉‬ ‫∉‬
‫∉‬ ‫∊‬ ‫∊‬ ‫∊‬ ‫∉‬ ‫∉‬
‫∉‬ ‫∉‬ ‫∉‬ ‫∉‬ ‫∉‬ ‫∉‬

‫ﺗﻁﺎﺑﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻭﺩﯾﻥ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺍﺑﻊ ﯾ‪ j I‬ﺧﺎﺻ*ﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺩﯾل ‪A⋃B=B⋃A‬‬

‫ﺗﻁﺎﺑﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻭﺩﯾﻥ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﻣ‪ W‬واﻟ‪G‬ﺎدس ﯾ‪ j I‬ﺧﺎﺻ*ﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺩﯾل ‪A⋂B=B⋂A‬‬
‫ﻋ اﻟﻘﺎدر ﺟ ﺎ‬ ‫‪ -27‬أﺣ‬

‫ﺟﺩﻭل ﺍﻻﻧﺗﻣﺎء ﻻﺛ‪L‬ﺎت ﺧﺎﺻ ﺔ اﻟ ‪B -‬‬

‫ﻋﺎت ﻓﺈن‪:‬‬ ‫إذا 'ﺎﻧ‪ B ، A j‬و ‪ C‬ﺛﻼث ﻣ‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪A⋂B‬‬ ‫‪B⋂C‬‬ ‫)‪(A⋂B)⋂C A⋂(B⋂C‬‬
‫∊‬ ‫∊‬ ‫∊‬ ‫∊‬ ‫∊‬ ‫∊‬ ‫∊‬
‫∊‬ ‫∊‬ ‫∉‬ ‫∊‬ ‫∉‬ ‫∉‬ ‫∉‬
‫∊‬ ‫∉‬ ‫∊‬ ‫∉‬ ‫∉‬ ‫∉‬ ‫∉‬
‫∊‬ ‫∉‬ ‫∉‬ ‫∉‬ ‫∉‬ ‫∉‬ ‫∉‬
‫∉‬ ‫∊‬ ‫∊‬ ‫∉‬ ‫∊‬ ‫∉‬ ‫∉‬
‫∉‬ ‫∊‬ ‫∉‬ ‫∉‬ ‫∉‬ ‫∉‬ ‫∉‬
‫∉‬ ‫∉‬ ‫∊‬ ‫∉‬ ‫∉‬ ‫∉‬ ‫∉‬
‫∉‬ ‫∉‬ ‫∉‬ ‫∉‬ ‫∉‬ ‫∉‬ ‫∉‬

‫)‪(A⋂B)⋂C=A⋂(B⋂C‬‬ ‫ﺗﻁﺎﺑﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻭﺩﯾﻥ ﺍﻟﺳﺎدس واﻟ‪G‬ﺎ‪%‬ﻊ ﯾ‪ j I‬ﺧﺎﺻ*ﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻧ‪dAG‬‬

‫ﻋ اﻟﻘﺎدر ﺟ ﺎ‬ ‫‪ -28‬أﺣ‬
 ‫ﻋﺎت اﻷﻋ اد‬ ‫ﻣ‬
‫‪Numbers Sets‬‬

‫ﻋ اﻟﻘﺎدر ﺟ ﺎ‬ ‫‪ -29‬أﺣ‬

‫اﻷﻋ اد اﻟ‪ N AO‬ﺔ )‪(Natural Numbers‬‬

‫ﺗ‪ u G‬م ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌ ‪ ،‬و= ‪ 4:‬اﻟ ‪ .‬ل ﻋﻠ‪A‬ﻬﺎ ‪ %‬ﻊ اﻟﻌ د ‪ 1‬ﻣﻊ ﻧﻔ‪G‬ﻪ‬
‫ﻋ دا ﻣ‪ 4‬اﻟ ات‪ ،‬وﻫﻲ أول ﻧ}ﺎم ﻋ دب ﻋ ﻓﻪ اﻻﻧ‪G‬ﺎن‪ ،‬و= ﻣ‪ N‬ﻟﻬﺎ‬
‫‪%‬ﺎﻟ ﻣ‪ ،ℕ N‬وﺗ‪ 2‬ن ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ‪:D‬ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫}……‪ℕ={1,2,3,‬‬
‫وﻫﻲ ﻣ ﻋﺔ ﻏ‪ A‬ﻣ? ﻬ*ﺔ‪ ،‬وﺗ‪ 2‬ن ﻣﻐﻠﻘﺔ ‪%‬ﺎﻟ?‪wG‬ﺔ ﻟﻌ ﻠ‪ A‬ﻲ اﻟ ﻊ‬
‫واﻟ‪ x‬ب‪ ،‬أ[ أن ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺟ ﻊ أو ﺿ ب ﻋ دﯾ‪* m 4‬ﻌ‪ 4AA‬داﺋ ﺎ ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﯾ? ﺞ ﻋ دا ‪*˜* m‬ﺎ‪ ،‬وﻟ‪?2‬ﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺗ‪ 2‬ن ﻣﻐﻠﻘﺔ داﺋ ﺎ ‪%‬ﺎﻟ?‪wG‬ﺔ ﻟﻌ ﻠ‪ A‬ﻲ‬
‫اﻟ‪ $‬ح واﻟﻘ‪ G‬ﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣ‪ 4: ; eA‬أن ;‪ :‬ن ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ‪ m‬ح أو ﻗ‪ G‬ﺔ‬
‫ﻋ دﯾ‪* m 4‬ﻌ‪ 4AA‬ﻋ د ﻏ‪* m A‬ﻌﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋ اﻟﻘﺎدر ﺟ ﺎ‬ ‫‪ -30‬أﺣ‬
 ‫اﻷﻋ اد اﻟ)* *ﺔ )‪(Integer Numbers‬‬

‫ﺗ ‪ 2‬ن ﻣ ﻋﺔ اﻷﻋ اد اﻟ‪ * .‬ﺔ ﻣ‪ 4‬اﻷﻋ اد اﻟ‪*˜* $‬ﺔ ﻣ‪x‬ﺎﻓﺎ‬

‫إﻟ‪A‬ﻬﺎ اﻟ‪.‬ﻔ وﺳﺎﻟ‪ E‬اﻷﻋ اد اﻟ‪*˜* $‬ﺔ‪ ،‬و= ﻣ‪ N‬ﻟﻬﺎ ‪%‬ﺎﻟ ﻣ‪ ℤ N‬وﺗ‪ 2‬ن‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ‪ .‬رة اﻟ ﺎﻟ*ﺔ‪:‬‬
‫}……‪ℤ={0,±1, ±2, ±3,‬‬
‫وﻫﻲ ﻣ ﻋﺔ ﻏ‪ A‬ﻣ? ﻬ*ﺔ‪ ،‬وﺗ‪ 2‬ن ﻣﻐﻠﻘﺔ داﺋ ﺎ ‪%‬ﺎﻟ?‪wG‬ﺔ ﻟﻌ ﻠ*ﺎت‬
‫اﻟ ﻊ واﻟ‪ $‬ح واﻟ‪ x‬ب‪ ،‬وﻟ‪?2‬ﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺗ‪ 2‬ن ﻣﻐﻠﻘﺔ داﺋ ﺎ ﺗ ‪ j‬ﻋ ﻠ*ﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻘ‪ G‬ﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋ اﻟﻘﺎدر ﺟ ﺎ‬ ‫‪ -31‬أﺣ‬

‫اﻷﻋ اد اﻟ‪ Q‬ﺎﺳ ﺔ )‪(Rational Numbers‬‬

‫ﺗ ‪ 2‬ن ﻣ‪ 4‬اﻷﻋ اد اﻟ ﻲ ﺗ‪ 2‬ن ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻ رة ‪ ،U‬و= ﻣ‪ N‬ﻟﻬﺎ ‪%‬ﺎﻟ ﻣ‪N‬‬
‫‪T‬‬

‫‪ ،ℚ‬وﺗ‪ 2‬ن ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ‪ .‬رة اﻟ ﺎﻟ*ﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪T‬‬
‫}‪ℚ={x: x=U, a,b∊Z , b≠0‬‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫‪ ‬أ[ ﻋ د ﺻ *ﺢ ‪ :; a‬ن ﻋ دا ‪*Ž‬ﺎﺳ*ﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻ رة‬
‫‪Y‬‬
‫‪ ‬اﻟﻌ د اﻟ‪*g‬ﺎﺳﻲ ﻗ ;‪ :‬ن ﻋ دا ﻋ‪= D‬ﺎ ﻣ? ﻬ*ﺎ ﻣ‪I‬ﻞ ‪0.567‬‬
‫‪ ‬اﻟﻌ د اﻟ‪*g‬ﺎﺳﻲ ﻗ ;‪ :‬ن ﻋ دا ﻋ‪= D‬ﺎ ﻏ‪ A‬ﻣ? ﻬﻲ وﻣ ‪ 2‬ر‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪Y‬‬
‫…‪=0.272727‬‬ ‫أو‬ ‫…‪=0.333‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﻘﺎ‪m‬ﻊ ﻣ‪I‬ﻞ‬
‫‪YY‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫وﻫﻲ ﻣ ﻋﺔ ﻏ‪ A‬ﻣ? ﻬ*ﺔ‪ ،‬وﺗ‪ 2‬ن ﻣﻐﻠﻘﺔ داﺋ ﺎ ‪%‬ﺎﻟ?‪wG‬ﺔ ﻟﻌ ﻠ*ﺎت‬
‫اﻟ ﻊ واﻟ‪ $‬ح واﻟ‪ x‬ب واﻟﻘ‪ G‬ﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋ اﻟﻘﺎدر ﺟ ﺎ‬ ‫‪ -32‬أﺣ‬
 ‫اﻟ‪ Q‬ﺎﺳ ﺔ )‪(Irrational Numbers‬‬ ‫اﻷﻋ اد ﻏ‬
‫ﻋﺔ اﻷﻋ اد ﻏ‪ A‬اﻟ‪*g‬ﺎﺳ*ﺔ ﺗ‪ D‬ﻞ ﺟ *ﻊ اﻷﻋ اد اﻟ ﻲ ﻻ; ‪4:‬‬ ‫ﻣ‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫وﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ‪ .‬رة ‪ U‬ﺣ‪I ; a,b eA‬ﻼن ﻋ دﯾ‪ 4‬ﺻ * ‪،4A‬‬
‫و= ﻣ‪ N‬ﻟﻬﺎ ‪%‬ﺎﻟ ﻣ‪ ℚ6 N‬وﺗ‪ 2‬ن ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ‪ .‬رة اﻟ ﺎﻟ*ﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫}‪ℚ6 ={r: r≠U, a,b∊Z‬‬
‫‪Z‬‬
‫‪2=1.4142135623731 ‬‬
‫‪Z‬‬
‫‪3=1.73205080756888 ‬‬
‫‪e=2.71828182445905 ‬‬

‫ﻋ اﻟﻘﺎدر ﺟ ﺎ‬ ‫‪ -33‬أﺣ‬

‫اﻷﻋ اد اﻟ*‪ Q Q‬ﺔ )‪(Real Numbers‬‬

‫ﺗ ‪ 2‬ن ﻣ‪ 4‬ﺟ *ﻊ اﻷﻋ اد اﻟ‪*g‬ﺎﺳ*ﺔ وﻏ‪ A‬اﻟ‪*g‬ﺎﺳ*ﺔ‪ ،‬و= ﻣ‪ N‬ﻟﻬﺎ ‪%‬ﺎﻟ ﻣ‪،ℝ N‬‬
‫وﺗ‪ 2‬ن ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ‪ .‬رة اﻟ ﺎﻟ*ﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ℝ=ℚ⋃ℚ6‬‬
‫‪-0.5‬‬ ‫‪Z‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫∞‪-‬‬ ‫∞‬
‫‪-3‬‬ ‫‪-2‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺗ ‪I‬ﻞ اﻷﻋ اد اﻟ ‪*g*g‬ﺔ ﺑ?ﻘ› ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧ› أﻓﻘﻲ ;‪ G‬ﻰ ﺧ› اﻷﻋ اد‬
‫اﻟ ‪*g*g‬ﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻛﻞ ﻋ د ﺣ‪*g‬ﻘﻲ ; ‪I‬ﻞ ﻧﻘ‪$‬ﺔ واﺣ ة ﻓﻘ›‪ ،‬واﻟﻌ‪ W:‬ﺻ *ﺢ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻣ ﻋﺔ ﻏ‪ A‬ﻣ? ﻬ*ﺔ‪ ،‬وﺗ‪ 2‬ن ﻣﻐﻠﻘﺔ داﺋ ﺎ ‪%‬ﺎﻟ?‪wG‬ﺔ ﻟﻌ ﻠ*ﺎت اﻟ ﻊ‬
‫واﻟ‪ $‬ح واﻟ‪ x‬ب واﻟﻘ‪ G‬ﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋ اﻟﻘﺎدر ﺟ ﺎ‬ ‫‪ -34‬أﺣ‬
 ‫اﻷﻋ اد اﻟ*‪ Q Q‬ﺔ )‪(Real Numbers‬‬

‫ﻋﺔ اﻷﻋ اد‬ ‫ﻋﺔ ﺟ‪N‬ﺋ*ﺔ ﻣ‪ 4‬ﻣ‬

‫‪ ‬ﻣ ﻋﺔ اﻷﻋ اد اﻟ‪*˜* $‬ﺔ ﺗ ‪I‬ﻞ ﻣ‬
‫اﻟ‪ * .‬ﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻣ ﻋﺔ اﻷﻋ اد اﻟ‪ * .‬ﺔ ﺗ ‪I‬ﻞ ﻣ ﻋﺔ ﺟ‪N‬ﺋ*ﺔ ﻣ‪ 4‬ﻣ ﻋﺔ‬
‫اﻷﻋ اد اﻟ‪*g‬ﺎﺳ*ﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻣ ﻋﺔ اﻷﻋ اد اﻟ‪*g‬ﺎﺳ*ﺔ ﺗ ‪I‬ﻞ ﻣ ﻋﺔ ﺟ‪N‬ﺋ*ﺔ ﻣ‪ 4‬ﻣ ﻋﺔ اﻷﻋ اد‬
‫اﻟ ‪*g*g‬ﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪N⊆Z⊆ ] ⊆R‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻻﯾ ﺟ أ[ ﻋ د ﻣ‪ D‬ك ﺑ‪ 4A‬ﻣ ﻋ ﻲ اﻷﻋ اد اﻟ‪*g‬ﺎﺳ*ﺔ وﻏ‪A‬‬
‫اﻟ‪*g‬ﺎﺳ*ﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫‪] ⋃] =R‬‬ ‫‪] ⋂] =ɸ‬‬
‫ﻋ اﻟﻘﺎدر ﺟ ﺎ‬ ‫‪ -35‬أﺣ‬

‫‪$‬ﻌ‪ R‬ﺧ اص اﻷﻋ اد اﻟ*‪ Q Q‬ﺔ‬

‫أذا 'ﺎﻧ‪ a, b, c j‬أﻋ ادا ﺣ‪*g*g‬ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن‪:‬‬
‫‪ a+b ‬ﻋ د ﺣ‪*g‬ﻘﻲ‪ a-b ،‬ﻋ د ﺣ‪*g‬ﻘﻲ‪ a⨯b ،‬ﻋ د ﺣ‪*g‬ﻘﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫‪ b≠0‬ﻋ د ﺣ‪*g‬ﻘﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ، ‬ﺣ‪eA‬‬
‫`‬
‫‪ 0 ‬ﻋ د ﺣ‪*g‬ﻘﻲ‪ ،‬و= ‪I‬ﻞ اﻟﻌ?‪ .‬اﻟ ﺎﯾ ﻟﻌ ﻠ*ﺔ اﻟ ﻊ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 1 ‬ﻋ د ﺣ‪*g‬ﻘﻲ‪ ،‬و= ‪I‬ﻞ اﻟﻌ?‪ .‬اﻟ ﺎﯾ ﻟﻌ ﻠ*ﺔ اﻟ‪ x‬ب‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻟ‪2‬ﻞ ﻋ د ﺣ‪*g‬ﻘﻲ ‪ a‬ﻣﻌ‪ :‬س ﺟ ﻌﻲ )‪.(–a‬‬
‫‪Y‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻟ‪2‬ﻞ ﻋ د ﺣ‪*g‬ﻘﻲ ‪ a‬ﻣﻌ‪ :‬س ﺿ _ﻲ ) (‪.‬‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫‪ℕ⊆ℤ⊆ℚ⊆ℝ‬‬

‫ﻋ اﻟﻘﺎدر ﺟ ﺎ‬ ‫‪ -36‬أﺣ‬
 ‫أﻣ‪S‬ﻠﺔ ﻣ*ﻠ ﻟﺔ‬
‫‪Solved Examples‬‬

‫ﻋ اﻟﻘﺎدر ﺟ ﺎ‬ ‫‪ -37‬أﺣ‬

‫ﻣ‪S‬ﺎل )‪(1‬‬
‫ﻋﺔ ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪ ،‬و'ﺎﻧ‪A={1,2,3,4,5} j‬‬ ‫إذا 'ﺎﻧ‪ U={1,2,3,…….} j‬ﺗ ‪I‬ﻞ ﻣ‬
‫و }‪ B={x: x≤7, x∊ℕ‬ﻓﺄوﺟ ﻣﺎﯾﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪.(A⋂B)6 ،(A⋃B)6 ،B6 ،A6 ،B-A ،A-B ،A⋂B ،A⋃B‬‬
‫اﻟ ﻞ‬
‫}‪B={1,2,3,4,5,6,7‬‬
‫}‪A⋃B={1,2,3,4,5}⋃{1,2,3,4,5,6,7}={1,2,3,4,5,6,7‬‬
‫}‪A⋂B={1,2,3,4,5}⋂{1,2,3,4,5,6,7}={1,2,3,4,5‬‬
‫} {=}‪A-B={1,2,3,4,5}-{1,2,3,4,5,6,7‬‬
‫}‪B-A={1,2,3,4,5,6,7}-{1,2,3,4,5}={6,7‬‬
‫}……‪A6 ={6,7,8,‬‬
‫}……‪B6 ={8,9,10,‬‬
‫}……‪(A⋃B)6 =A6 ⋂B6 ={6,7,8,……}⋂{8,9,10,……}={8,9,10,‬‬
‫}……‪(A⋂B)6 =A6 ⋃B6 ={6,7,8,‬‬ ‫‪ -38‬أﺣ ﻋ اﻟﻘﺎدر ﺟ ﺎ‬
 ‫ﻣ‪S‬ﺎل )‪(2‬‬
‫إذا 'ﺎﻧ‪ U={1,2,3,……,10} j‬ﺗ ‪I‬ﻞ ﻣ ﻋﺔ ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪ ،‬و'ﺎﻧ‪j‬‬
‫}‪ ،B={1,3,5,7} ،A={1,2,3,4‬و}‪ C={2,3,6‬ﻓﺄوﺟ ﻣﺎﯾﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪.(A⋃C)6 ،A6 -B ،A-B ،A6‬‬
‫اﻟ ﻞ‬
‫}‪A6 ={5,6,7,8,9,10‬‬
‫}‪A-B={1,2,3,4}-{1,3,5,7}={2,4‬‬
‫}‪A6 -B={5,6,7,8,9,10}-{1,3,5,7}={6,8,9,10‬‬
‫}‪A⋃C={1,2,3,4}⋃{2,3,6} ={1,2,3,4,6‬‬
‫}‪(A⋃C)6 ={5,7,8,9,10‬‬

‫ﻋ اﻟﻘﺎدر ﺟ ﺎ‬ ‫‪ -39‬أﺣ‬

‫ﻣ‪S‬ﺎل )‪(3‬‬
‫إذا 'ﺎﻧ‪ U={1,2,3,……} j‬ﺗ ‪I‬ﻞ ﻣ ﻋﺔ ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪ ،‬و'ﺎﻧ‪j‬‬
‫}‪ A={x: x≤3, x∊ℕ‬و}‪ ،B={x: x b -4=0, x∊ℕ‬ﻓﺄوﺟ ﻣﺎﯾﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪.A⋂B ،A⋃B ،A-B ،B-A ،A6‬‬
‫اﻟ ﻞ‬
‫}‪A={1,2,3‬‬
‫}‪x b -4=0 ∴x=±2 ∴B={2‬‬
‫}……‪A6 ={4,5,6,‬‬
‫‪B-A={2}-{1,2,3}=ɸ‬‬
‫}‪A-B={1,2,3}-{2}={1,3‬‬
‫}‪A⋃B={1,2,3}⋃{2} ={1,2,3‬‬
‫}‪A⋂B={1,2,3}⋂{2} ={2‬‬ ‫ﻋ اﻟﻘﺎدر ﺟ ﺎ‬ ‫‪ -40‬أﺣ‬