Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Social Assessment of The Azerbaijan National Environmental Action Plan A Focus On Community Responses To The Caspian Sea Environmental Disaster
Social Assessment of The Azerbaijan National Environmental Action Plan A Focus On Community Responses To The Caspian Sea Environmental Disaster
July 1999
Ayse Kudat
Ahmed Musayev
Bulent Ozbilgin
Social Development Papers
Paper Number 32
July 1999
Ayse Kudat
Ahmed Musayev
Bulent Ozbilgin
This publication was developed and produced by the Social Development Family of the World Bank.
The Environment, Rural Development, and Social Development Families are part of the Environmentally
and Socially Sustainable Development (ESSD) Network. The Social Development Family is made up of
World Bank staff working on social issues.
Papers in the Social Development series are not formal publications of the World Bank. They are
published informally and circulated to encourage discussion and comment within the development
community. The findings, interpretations, judgments, and conclusions expressed in this paper are those of
the author(s) and should not be attributed to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations, or to members of
the Board of Executive Directors or the governments they represent.
Social Development
The World Bank
1818 H Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20433 USA
Fax: 202-522-3247
E-mail: sdpublications@worldbank.org
Contents
Acknowledgments ii
1. Overview 1
Objectives 1
Achievements 1
Participatory Process and the NEAP 2
Project Implications 3
Social Development Concerns and Main Findings of the Socioeconomic Studies 3
Main Findings 4
2. Background 7
Neftchala Region 8
Lenkoran Region 8
Astara Region 9
Methodology of Social Analysis 9
Analyses 10
Priority Problems and their Relation to the Caspian Sea Rise 12
Impacts on Employment 15
Impacts on Health 15
Impacts on Education 17
Impacts on Local Infrastructure 18
Migration versus Relocation 20
The Situation in Baku 22
4. Epilogue 28
i
Acknowledgments
The Social Assessment is funded by the Environment Action Plan; Janis Bernstein
Swiss Trust Funds that helped establish made valuable contributions to this earlier
Social Science Networks in a number of draft. It was subsequently re-drafted by
Central Asian countries. The authors are Ayse Kudat as part of the Bank-wide
grateful for the generous support of the Social Assessment Thematic Teams effort
Swiss Government. to make available case studies of such
assessments to a broader audience within
The National Environment Action Plan for and outside the Bank. Thanks are due to
Azerbaijan (NEAP) was task managed by the Rockefeller Foundation for hosting the
Kristalina Georgieva of the World Bank. author as a resident scholar in the
This paper was originally drafted in late Rockefeller Foundation Study and
1996 by the authors as an input to the Conference Center in Bellagio during the
finalization of Azerbaijan National preparation of this document.
ii
1. Overview
Objectives Achievements
1
SA of the Azerbaijan NEAP
2
Overview
3
SA of the Azerbaijan NEAP
The following were the main findings of The sea rise has serious indirect impacts
the SA: on the level and quality of education
available in these three regions, mainly
Income and employment are the most because of the heavy damage to
important concerns for local people transportation and communication lines.
living in coastal settlements of Neftchala, Even though the majority of educational
Lenkoran, and Astara. The rising sea facilities are not directly affected by the
level is perceived to be a priority concern sea rise, many roads are blocked and
only where it is recognized as a main communication among settlements is, at
cause of unemployment. In Neftchala, best, irregular. Consequently, it has
for example, most unemployment is become extremely difficult to find
perceived to be related to the sea rise teachers willing or able to go to schools.
because it was responsible for destroying The declining quality of education
the sturgeon hatcheries and fishing in further erodes the base on which new
that region. Consequently, the majority local development initiatives can be
(almost 90 percent) of the people in this started. Unless the road infrastructure is
region views the rising level of the improved and the local educational
Caspian Sea as a priority concern. In institutions start functioning, the future
Lenkoran and Astara, by contrast, the could result in further economic decline
rising level of the sea is not perceived as in the coastal settlements.
a hazard. Although the rising level of
the Caspian caused some households to Local basic infrastructure has
suffer, region-wide impacts are less deteriorated due mainly to the effects of
important than those in Neftchala. And the sea rise as well as poor construction.
unlike many of the residents of Electricity is the only source of energy
Neftchala, the people of these regions for most people, but the supply is
have access to other means of survival unreliable. In each of the three regions
such as subsistence farming. surveyed, rising ground waters have had
a significant effect on the water supply.
Residents of coastal settlements In most cases, good quality drinking
experience severe health problems from water is not available. People usually
4
Overview
have to fetch water from a distance, and infrastructure, lack of opportunities for
in most cases, pay for the water. A alternative employment). Furthermore,
majority of households that cannot these three regions have different
afford to pay, use poor quality water, socioeconomic characteristics (for
which results in added health problems. example, Neftchala has oil wells
whereas Lenkoran and Astara are on an
Households in the city of Baku are not important international railway route).
directly affected by the sea rise. In the Different measures for different regions
suburbs of Baku, there are very few should be envisioned.
cases in which the rise in sea level has
directly affected houses. Most concerns Most people trust the central
stem from the economic and government and think that their
environmental effects of the sea rise, problems can only be solved through
such as the blockage of sewerage lines government intervention. Favoritism,
and the deterioration of production together with adverse conditions caused
enterprises. by the sea rise and economic conditions,
have caused people to lose trust in local
For most households in the affected administrations. Therefore, people do
communities, migration to other regions not have many expectations with respect
is not viewed as a desirable option. But a to local governments. If they have a
large percentage of the population who choice, they prefer to give local
are directly affected would be willing to governments a limited role in further
move to other areas of the same village. impact mitigation. They expect the
Even though some relocation has been central government to take the initiative
undertaken by the authorities, it has to start mitigation measures in
been limited in scope and in most cases, collaboration with international
falls short of the real needs of people. organizations who are experienced in
Many households that do not want to such activities.
migrate do so because they do not want
to change their lifestyle. Some families Because the adverse impact of the rising
think that they can stay in their homes sea levels vary widely from one region to
until they are directly affected by the the other, a case-by-case assessment of
rising sea. Others continue living in the affected communities is necessary to
homes that are largely inundated by sea achieve maximum protection. In some
water. Their main reasons appear to be settlements, for example, almost half the
their perception that those resettled are villages have been destroyed by the sea.
not faring well. While migration is not a In other settlements, by contrast, only a
desirable option for most households in small number of households are directly
affected coastal communities, relocation affected. In designing mitigation
will be acceptable if livelihood in the strategies, therefore, it is important to
new locations are sustainable. Any assess the actual level of damage in each
actions involving relocation should settlement.
consider its long-term sustainability with
respect to further (indirect) impacts of In one area, it is possible to reverse
the sea rise (for example, further economic conditions by improving the
salinization of the land, lack of fishing industry. The relevant
transportation, lack of basic investments recommended by the
5
SA of the Azerbaijan NEAP
6
2. Background
Among the republics of the Former Soviet meters below ocean level. The sea is
Union (FSU), Azerbaijan has the most expected to continue to rise until about
severe environmental problems. The country 2020, when it is expected to reach the level
inherited (from the Soviet period) an observed in 1900 (25 meters below ocean
inefficient environmental management level). The principal productive sectors
system and massive environmental affected by the sea rise are the oil and gas
degradation related to the high level of industry, chemical industries, agriculture,
industrial development (particularly oil and fisheries.
extraction and processing, chemical and
metallurgical production in the Absheron Apart from the long-term fluctuation of
peninsula where the capital, Baku, and the the average sea level, there are also seasonal
industrial city, Sumgayit, are located). In fluctuations ranging from 20 to 55 cm. This
addition to these environmental concerns, results from seasonal fluctuations of the
the Caspian Sea level is rising rapidly, inflow of rivers and evaporation. The sea
flooding industrial, urban, and agricultural reaches its highest level in June and July.
lands. Due to the direction of winds and changes
in atmospheric pressure, the level may rise
The Caspian Sea, the biggest inland sea as high as 80 cm. Tidal variations are limited
body in the world, is approximately 1,200 to 2 to 6 cm.
km. long and, on average, 320 km. wide
with a total area of 350,000 km2. The total The Kura River delta (Neftchala region)
length of the coast is 6,500 km, of which 800 with impacts on sturgeon fisheries, caviar
km belong to Azerbaijan. Fishing, especially production and sturgeon processing plants
for sturgeon, is important to local and the southern areas of Lenkoran and
economies. The sea is also rich in natural Astara with impacts on housing, transport,
resources such as oil and natural gas. and energy infrastructure are among the
Currently, a serious environmental concern priority areas identified. In addition, large
for the Government of Azerbaijan is the parts of the Absheron Peninsula, including
cyclical rise of the Caspian Sea level. Baku and Sumgayit, where rising Caspian
Historically, the sea level has fluctuated and groundwater levels may cause severe
greatly. In 1977, the lowest water level of pollution by flooding old oil fields and waste
the last 500 years was recorded29 meters ponds, sewage systems, and hazardous and
below ocean level. In the last two decades, radioactive waste sites are also priority areas
the water rose two and a half meters to 26.5 to be considered.
7
SA of the Azerbaijan NEAP
8
Background
region depends on agriculture. The main The main road to Iran, crossing through
products are vegetables and tea, but the Lenkoran and Astara, is an important
region is also well-known for its citrus international road link. The railway passing
plants. There are 27 industrial enterprises in through the region is heavily used to
this region, which include 2 vegetable/fruit transport passengers and goods from Astara
canning plants, 6 tea plants, 2 fish and Lenkoran to Baku. However, in some
processing plants, 3 textile plants, 3 car areas, the coast is so eroded that the railway
building plants and 1 electronics plant. and the roads have been undermined and
washed away. The current condition of
According to information obtained from roads seriously hampers land
regional authorities, around 850 households transportation. In this area, coastal
are affected by rising sea levels along the protection against the rising sea level and
coast, which has a total length of 40 km. In wave action is insufficient or completely
Lenkoran town, for example, 672 houses absent.
and 18 public buildings along the coast have
been evacuated due to permanent flooding. Methodology of Social Analysis
In addition, the economy of the region is
also heavily affected. The Narimanov fish The main goal of the socioeconomic
plant, Lenkoran nutria facilities, and the surveys and qualitative investigations
Lenkoran branch of the Baku knitwear carried out for the SA was to examine the
plant are closed. The total agricultural area social, economic, and psychological impacts
covered by water is approximately 200 ha. of the Caspian Sea rise and the attitudes of
In addition, 900 ha. of pastures and 90 ha. the people living in the coastal communities
of wildlife preserves have been lost to floods. of Azerbaijan. The specific objectives of the
assessment were to assess the number of
Astara Region households affected by the sea level rise;
determine the extent to which they are
The total area of this region is 616 km2. affected; explore the problems of households
Its population is 77,000 people, of which living in these coastal communities; explore
17,000 are urban (22 percent) and 60,000 these communities responses to the
rural (78 percent). There are fifty-six villages environmental problems and their coping
and one city in the region. The local methods; assess their attitudes toward
economy depends on tea and vegetable further rise in sea levels; and based on these
production as well as on fishing. As in findings, contribute to the NEAP process by
Lenkoran region, citrus plants are cultivated making recommendations on actions for
here. According to information obtained mitigating further impacts of the Caspian
from local authorities, around 30,000 people Sea rise.
are affected by rising sea levels: 560
households in the region are directly Following rapid assessments and
affected at the coastal line which is 21 km. evaluation of secondary data, the
long. Industrial enterprises and institutions socioeconomic analysis comprised
that were affected include the Motor interviews with 432 households in affected
Vehicles Agency in the rayon, asphalt plant, communities of Neftchala, Lenkoran, and
and Shahagaci tractor park. In addition, 400 Astara regions and seven focus group
ha. of cultivated land in the region were discussions in these regions and Baku. In
washed away by rising water and an addition, in-depth interviews were
another 600 ha. became marshland. conducted in the communities and
9
SA of the Azerbaijan NEAP
discussions were held with local leaders. statistics on affected households differ
Table 1 lists settlement names, their somewhat from SA findings. This is due
populations, the number of households, and partly to differences in the date of data
the number of families affected by the sea collection and to the criteria used for
rise for settlements included in the sample. classification. The SA results are based on
Interviewers conducted the survey by going peoples judgments on the nature and type
into each of these settlements and of adverse impacts.
interviewing every third house on all streets
according to the numbers on houses. In case Analyses
the house was empty, or the family did not
want to be interviewed, interviewers Household Composition
proceeded to the next house. The sample is
representative for coastal settlements at the Households in affected communities are
region level. Settlements which are further relatively large and many host a small
away from the sea (and therefore not extended family of a couple, their children,
directly affected) are not included in the and a widowed parent. Family members
sample. Table 1 illustrates the official help each other to cope with enormous
population data and data on the number of difficulties imposed upon them both by the
houses directly affected by the sea rise as environmental disaster and by the
identified by the interviewers. Official transition. Out-migration from Neftchala
Source: Local Executive Offices of Neftchala, Lenkoran, and Astara regions, 1996.
10
Background
)LJXUH,QFRPH/HYHOVLQ&RDVWDO&RPPXQLWLHV
$YHUDJH,QFRPHV
7KHSULPDU\UHDVRQVIR
1HIWFKDOD PDQDWV LQFRPHVLQ/HQNRUDQDUHW
/HQNRUDQ PDQDWV
UHYHQXHVIURPFXOWLYDWLQ
$VWDUD PDQDWV
SODQWVDQGUDLVLQJOLYH
V
G
O
R
K
H
V
X
R
K
G
H
Z
LH
Y
U
H
W
Q
L
I
R
W
Q
H
F
U
H
S
/HVVWKDQ 0RUHWKDQ
PRQWKO\KRXVHKROGLQFRPHOHYHOV
11
SA of the Azerbaijan NEAP
provided some 1,200 jobs directly within the losses of income suffered by households,
sturgeon hatchery and larger numbers in however, is less evident and more difficult to
supporting industries and services, is capture through the methodology employed
likewise severely affected. As a result, in the social assessment. In Baku, affected
people in Neftchala fully attribute their areas were previously used for leisure or for
current unemployment problems to the commercial activities. Other parts of the
environmental disaster. In the other regions coast were used for industrial purposes by
perceived linkages between current enterprises that no longer function as a
employment conditions and rising sea level result of transitional economic problems.
are weaker. Needless to say, the loss of commercial and
industrial activities might have caused
In Neftchala, despite severe damage to actual losses and increased opportunity
the local fishing industry, some people cope costs. The overall productive capacity is
by fishing, although this is not legal. perceived to be much less affected by the
Similarly, in other regions informal activities environmental disaster in Baku than in
supplement incomes.6 A similar pattern is other coastal settlements.
observed in Astara. Income levels in Astara
are slightly higher than those in the other Priority Problems and their Relation to
two regions. This is partially due to the level the Caspian Sea Rise
of informal economic activities in the region.
For example, during focus group In the affected coastal communities,
discussions, residents of Shahagaci village in economic problems of transition and
Astara region reported that they earn most problems caused by the rise of the Caspian
of their revenues on private economies.7 Sea are considered the most important
Villagers are engaged in fishing which is concerns in daily life. Other concerns such
done informally and, in some cases, illegally. as employment, health, education, and
This is no doubt the case in many villages in demographic problems are all connected to
the coastal areas of Azerbaijan. Even these two major problems.9 According to
though open sea fishing is prohibited, in the household survey, about 86 percent of
most villages, it is the only way of sustaining the households in Neftchala relate their
a livelihood for many families due to the economic problems to the rise of the
losses of arable land, livestock, and the Caspian.
salinization of available land.8
People who had to move from their
In addition to cash income reported as homes consider the sea level rise as an
wages, salaries, pensions and/or part- time important factor affecting their livelihood in
jobs, etc., households generate some income general even in their new locations (Table 2)
from their garden plots; however, as even though their situations seem to be
mentioned earlier, the rising sea level has better than those who did not move. For
adversely affected the ground water and example, only 37 percent of the households
caused deterioration of soil conditions, thus, that moved relate their health problems
making it difficult for families to have a directly to the rise of the Caspian; the
reasonable return to their agricultural regions average is 68 percent. The majority
activities. of residents links ecological problems such
as formation of swamps and polluted ponds
The coastal areas of Baku are also and infrastructure problems directly to the
inundated by the rising Caspian Sea. Direct sea rise.10
12
Background
)LJXUH3ULRULW\3UREOHPVDQGWKHLU5HODWLRQVWRWKH6
/HYHOLQ1HIWFKDOD/HQNRUDQDQG$VWDUD
,QIUDV WUXFWXUH
(FRORJLFDO
(GXFDWLRQ
+HDOWK
1H
(P SOR\P HQW
(FRQRP LFSUREOHP V
(F RORJLF DO
3UREOH
/HQNRUDQ (GX FDWLRQ
+HDOWK
,PSRUW
(PSOR\ PHQW
(FRQRPLFSUREOHPV
'HP RJUDSKLF
,PSRUWD QFHRIWKHSUREOHP
,QIUDV WUXFWXUH
(FRORJLFDO
(GXFDWLRQ
$VW
+HDOWK
(P SOR\P HQW
(FRQRP LFSUREOHP V
13
SA of the Azerbaijan NEAP
)LJXUH3ULRULW\(FRQRPLF,PSDFWVRIWKH6HD5LVH
V
G
O
R
K
H
V
X
R
K
I
R
W
Q
H
F
U
H
S
V V W W V
L H R R O\ O\ D
H
U
\ Q Q Q S G S G K Q D
U
W LO O S H S H
G O R D R W H Z V H
V H U X X Q \ U R W O
X G
Q
J LD
U
G
X
G
V
H
O V
H J X G R
O E
G H LR
W D W V N
U
W
O V N
U G S U V
U U W S D
V H F
LQ
LQ D P X
H R X H R R H W R H
X
Q O V
X
W
U D LV Z LF LV Z R G D Z
Q U
W
H D X
J U G U U U ) ( N Q W
Q R G Q S J S : V R R
L S , U U D U R
K V H H $ H U E V Q
U W W I U
LV Q D Q Q Q
L H
) D H H
U 3
7
)LJXUH6RFLRORJLFDODQG(QYLURQPHQWDO3UREOHPVLQ&RDVWDO&RPPXQLWLHV
GXHWRWKH&DVSLDQ6HD5LVH
1HIWFKDOD
/HQNRUDQ
$VWDUD
6RFLDO3UREOHPV (QYLUR
WQ
I
QR V V V LQ
QJL
R
WKO
V
\
LW P P P H H LW Q V
( + URS
F
Q K P
U
Z
V
P , R
( )
14
Background
community basis. In Neftchala, the sea rise latter that previously had employment
affects the livelihood of residents in almost opportunities. Residents of these settlements
all settlements due to flooding from the think it crucial for their livelihood to have
Kura River and the flat geography of the the fish processing plant brought back into
region. operation (to resolve their unemployment
problems). The closing of the fishing plant
Impacts on Employment hit the local economy, including nearby
villagers, hard.
According to the household survey,
fishing was the most common employment In Astara, too, people do not heavily
source in Neftchala before the relate their unemployment problem to the
environmental disaster. About 24 percent of sea rise. A number of industrial enterprises,
the population (older than 20) were directly social facilities and enterprises located along
engaged in the fishing business. However, of the seaside had to close due to the rise of the
this 24 percent, the majority (66 percent) are sea level. Among people who are older than
currently unemployed, the main reasons 20, a high portion was working in
being that people are unable to find agriculture (25 percent) before the sea rise.
employment that matches their skills and However, currently only 16 percent of the
qualifications. The premises of the fish plant population between ages 16 and 65 are
(including special pools for fingerlings and reported to be employed. The local economy
workshops) are currently in poor shape. in small coastal settlements of Astara region
According to focus group participants, a depended heavily on fishing. The local
high number of workers were dismissed on population is experienced in fishing and
grounds of redundancy. In addition, raising citrus trees, and sees these activities
because of silting in the Kura River delta, as the main sectors of the economy in the
fishing boats cannot be usedfishing future as well. They expect government
stations close and employees are laid off. In action to reverse conditions. Table 3 and
this region, almost everybody has an Figure 5 summarize the economic impacts of
employment problem and 85 percent link the sea rise as perceived by the residents.
these problems to the rise of the Caspian.11
Impacts on Health
According to focus group discussions, in
Lenkoran, even though wage employment The sea rise has adverse effects on the
problems are important, they do not have health of the local population in the affected
the absolute priority that they have in coastal regions of Azerbaijan. For example,
Neftchala, and people seem to think that a significant portion of the people in coastal
these problems are not necessarily settlements of Neftchala (71 percent) think
connected to the rise of the sea, but rather, that their health was better before the sea
to the transition to a market economy. Sixty- started to rise, and 36 percent of the people
five percent of the respondents in the region say that their current health situation is
consider wage employment problems poor. On average, this regions residents
important. Even though some production were sick for 5.98 days during the month
facilities in the region were seriously before the survey. Their complaints include
affected by the rise of the sea level and rheumatism, asthma and, in some cases,
consequently ceased operations, not all tuberculosis. During focus group
unemployment is caused by the disaster. discussions, some villages in the region
Indeed, small settlements are more affected indicated that they have no medical facilities
as compared to larger towns and it is the
15
SA of the Azerbaijan NEAP
because rising water encompassed those worsened. On average, people here were
buildings, barring access. sick for 3.7 days out of one month. This
average is slightly lower than that for
The rise of the Caspian Sea caused health Neftchala. In focus group discussions, it was
problems in Lenkoran, too, where about 20 established that in Lenkoran, the quality of
percent are in poor health, and more than drinking water has worsened considerably
80 percent think that their health has and that the increase of swamps has
)LJXUH*HQHUDO,PSDFWVRI6HD5LVHLQ1HIWFKDOD/HQN
+RXVHKROGV,PSDFWHGE\WKH6HD5LVH
1HIWFKDOD
/HQNRUDQ
$VWDUD
SHUFHQWRI KRXVHKROGV
6SHFLILF,PSDFWRIWKH6HD5LVHRQ$IIHFWHG+RX
V
G
O
R
K
H
V
X
R
K
I
R
W
Q
H
F
U
H
S
+RXVHVIORRGHG <DUGIORRGHGDQG 5RDGVEORFNHG /RVWMRE (OHFWULFLW
XVHOHVV FRPPXQL
UXLQH
16
Background
resulted in bad sanitary and hygienic Lenkoran, cases of snakes entering houses
conditions. The number of registered cases were reported.13
of rheumatism, asthma, and infectious
diseases went up. The increase of swamps Impacts on Education
led to an increase in the number of snakes in
residential areas.12 Sector-specific ecological In the affected communities, most
assessments are necessary to evaluate the schooling facilities were not directly affected
current conditions of swampy areas and by water; however, indirect impacts have
marshlands, which are major causes of serious implications for the level and quality
diseases. of education in these regions. In Neftchala
region, 60 percent of the schools were not
affected directly by the rising water. Yet, in
Especially in the Shahagaci and Narimanabad focus groups, it was emphasized that the
villages of Lenkoran, health conditions were quality of education had deteriorated. For
very bad. At least one person in each
example, regardless of the fact that the
household was afflicted with tuberculosis or
asthma. In Port-Ilich, an entire family was lost Sarigamysh school was moved to Mikailly
as a result of tuberculosis and poor nutrition. village, classes are not held. There are no
People tend to go to state hospitals and clinics teachers in the village and teachers from
for treatment of tuberculosis; however, most of outside cannot travel to Mikailly for lack of
the sick here do not stand a chance of receiving transportation. There is no way for children
treatment. As one person said, . . . our situation to study somewhere else. Thirty-four
is worse than even the refugees, but we cant percent of the respondents indicated
talk about it. At least the refugees have financial and work-related reasons for not
international aid and their health problems going to school, and 6 percent complained
are somewhat taken care of. Here, we get sick
about the school being too far to travel
and die, but nobody knows about it even just
outside the settlement . . . without adequate means of transportation.
________
Source: Focus group discussions, 1996
There are hardly any jobs in Sarigamysh village.
The only available means of sustaining a
Deteriorating health conditions were also livelihood are through fishing and livestock
reported in Astara region. Twenty percent raising. Jobs may be available in other villages,
but the lack of transport and the poor state of the
of the population in this region are in poor
roads make commuting almost impossible. After
health, and 87 percent indicated that their
the local collective farm and the iodine plant in
health was much better before being Neftchala closed down, residents were left with
impacted by the sea rise. On average, no employment opportunities. There are no
residents of this region were sick for 4.49 educational facilities in the villageflooding
days of one month. Cases of rheumatism, waters have made the school buildings unusable.
tuberculosis, and asthma among people
living at the seashore increased. The number Of the total 56 households in Sarigamysh, 43
of marshes and pools with dirty water also were completely ruined. Currently 22 house-
increased due to the fluctuations of sea holds remain in the settlement (33.8 percent of
the original). Some of these households had to
levels, which exacerbated sanitary
relocate to other relatively sites within the
conditions and led to a spread of contagious
villages. Others moved to Mikailly village, about
diseases such as malaria and skin diseases. 3 km. away.
Here, too, the number of snakes at the sea _________
shore has considerably increased. As in Source: Focus group discussions, 1996.
17
SA of the Azerbaijan NEAP
Astara residents also mentioned adverse According to the household survey, about
effects of the rise of the sea level on 93 percent of households in Lenkoran have
education, which led to an increase in the electricity and everybody interviewed in
number of school absences. Fourteen Narimanabad has it. However, central
percent of the population interviewed heating is unavailable for almost all
mentioned financial problems as reasons for households interviewed, and central water
children not going to school. Generally, supply is low in Lenkoran (10 percent in the
education possibilities for children from affected communities of the region).14
coastal communities have been considerably
restricted. Children from households located Water Supply. The supply of drinking
in the remote parts of villages have to walk water is problematic in Neftchala region.
long distances to get to school. Table 4 About 78 percent agree that their water
provides a snapshot of peoples views of the supply has worsened as a result of the sea
perceived social infrastructure impacts of rise. Focus groups found out that drinking
the sea rise. water is brought by trucks at a price of
70,000 manats per truck. Most households
cannot afford this amount, and are forced to
Table 4. Perceived Social Impacts of Rising Sea drink salinized or dirty water, or carry
Levels in Coastal Communities of Neftchala,
Lenkoran and Astara
water from far away, on foot. There is also
no drinking water for animals, which causes
% Households who find a livestock to perish as they are forced to
Problem particular problem important drink salty sea water.
Neftchala Lenkoran Astara
18
Background
Narimanabad village, Lenkoran region, was affected from all directions as it is located on an island. There used
to be 1,732 households in Narimanabad, of which about 500 were affected: over 200 of these were completely
destroyed. Some affected households received aid in cash (300,000 manats per household) and construction
materials (5 sacks of cement per household but these measures compensated for only a small portion of the
damage incurred, and did not satisfy the local people. There are reports of land allotments (60 square miles);
however, these pieces of land are too small, and too far away from the city. Even if people had the means to
move to those land plots, they would not be able to sustain a living on them.
Residents who used to live in the flooded parts of Narimanabad village did not move out of the village,
choosing instead, to relocate to other parts of Narimanabad. These households conditions are particularly
bad: they lack access to even basic utilities. Only a few residents succeeded in salvaging their property.
In Shahagaci village, where many houses on the shoreline were completely ruined, the situation is even worse.
The distance between shoreline homes and the sea used to be between 500-1,000 m. before the sea levels rose.
Today, most houses are less than 500 m. away from the sea, and are thus in a constant state of danger, especially
during high tides and strong winds. The sea washes away walls and groundwork of these houses. In total, 85
houses in the village were reported to be directly affected by the water. Of this number, 40 were completely
destroyed. The rest face a similar fate.
_____________
Source: Focus group discussions, 1996.
point, and 59 percent reported partial Neftchala than in other regions are
flooding. More than 90 percent indicated completely flooded, more land plots have
that their land plots were rendered useless become useless, and access to farmland from
as a result of flooding (Table 5). the city is blocked in many instances. Not
surprisingly, people in Neftchala more
Although the situation is similar in other commonly link the reasons for their poor
regions, Neftchala residents report a more living conditions directly to the sea rise in
acute deterioration in living conditions. contrast to the residents of Lenkoran and
About twice as many households in Astara. With respect to communications
Impacts on infrastructure
Roads to farmlands blocked 97 76 82
Electricity and communication lines
to house ruined 68 62 68
Drinking water supply worsened 95 99 97
19
SA of the Azerbaijan NEAP
and electricity infrastructure as well as houses on their own, and were not able to
access to drinking water, all three regions take most of their property with them. Some
are similarly affected by the sea rise. moved to the house of their relatives, others
moved into public buildings, while some
Focus group discussions and household households failed to find any refuge, and
visits in Lenkoran revealed that people in had to stay in the affected areas. Regardless
some homes lived practically in water: first of the fact that households affected by the
floors of multi-story buildings were filled water were offered new sites in safe parts of
with water, so families live on the upper the town, no construction work is
floors. Snakes and other bugs were underway there, due to a lack of finances.
commonplacewhen one interviewer
wanted a demonstration, household In Neftchala, the impact of sea rise on the
residents went downstairs and promptly livelihood of people in terms of their
returned with a snake to show her. economic situation and hopes for the future
Regardless of the fact that plots in the safe is severe. Most households in coastal
part of the village were allocated for settlements are completely ruined: their
households affected by the water, people gardens have perished, and their land is
did not have the means to construct new salinized. Local authorities allocated plots in
houses. Although families living in houses safe areas of the region for residents of
which were completely destroyed found Subh, Mayak-I and Yenikend, but villagers
refuge in different parts of the village there are unwilling to move to these new plots,
appeared to be a general resistance to leave. mainly due to lack of money, and because
The fact that many of those who were the small size of these land plots makes it
allocated land by the government elsewhere nearly impossible to raise livestock,
in the settlement or the region did not fare vegetables, or fruits.
well, and had severe difficulties in building
their homes, had much to with the peoples Perceived impacts of the rising level of
apparent willingness to continue to live in the Caspian Sea were not confined to
homes largely inundated by floods. economic and social problems. Residents of
coastal communities were particularly
The coastal part of Astara city in the articulate about their concern with
Astara region has been severely affected by ecological damage caused by the sea.
the rise of the Caspian Sea. According to Indeed, there was far greater agreement
residents, there used to be three rows of among residents of all regions about this
houses at the seaside. All houses in the first damage (Table 6). Less clear to all was
row were completely ruined and residents whether any of this damage was
had to leave. The same happened in the reversiblemany sought clarification and
second row, but the majority of households scientifically valid explanations to address
in this row did not leave their homes, even their concerns.
when seriously impacted, because of their
inability to move, or reluctance to change Migration versus Relocation
their lifestyles. About 150 houses are
partially affected and 50 households have Migration to other regions unaffected by
already moved because of the rising water the rising sea was not seen as a desirable
in Astara town. option by most households in the coastal
communities. In Neftchala, only 24 percent
Focus group discussions showed that of the households were willing to migrate.
most people in Astara moved from their Thirty-five percent in Lenkoran, and 17
20
Background
percent in Astara had the same view. For were also worried about employment
those who wanted to migrate, the most opportunities or bad living conditions in
important reason was the level of damage to other regions, and were reluctant to migrate
their homes. The second reason was the lack without prior reliable knowledge or
of support provided by the regional and guarantee of employment, income and
central government to their situation. Many assets.
households indicated that while they did
have confidence in the future, they also An important portion (82 percent) of
knew that they would have to continually those who did not want to migrate felt that
rely on family, relatives, and friends to be even if things change for the worse, they
able to survive. Moving elsewhere was not would rather stay in their home towns and
an option as it would result in loss of social move to places where water would not
capital. In Neftchala the majority of people affect them, than leave their communities
felt that living conditions elsewhere were (Table 7). The facts that Neftchala has oil
better. This perception was less dominant in wells and foreign companies that produce
other regions. oil, and Lenkoran and Astara are on an
important international railway (which the
The households that did not want to government hopes to restore), increase the
migrate offered, as a reason, their perceived opportunity cost of migration.
unwillingness to change their lifestyle. As However, even relocation within a narrow
mentioned earlier, to many this meant the geographical area is a source of concern to
deprivation of social networks and the fear many, with implications of high opportunity
of losing their community. Also, some costs in terms of potential loss of access to
families felt that they could stay in their social networks and basic infrastructure.
homes until they were more directly affected Thus, while both the donors and
by the rising sea. There were fears that life government were interested in relocation as
in other regions would be similar to life in a potential remedy to the disaster, few
their own region. Therefore, a large portion people who were actually facing the related
showed willingness to move to other areas problems were eager to move. Table 7
of the same village or region only in the presents the attitudes of people with regard
event that their homes and plots were to relocation.
completely inundated by floods. People
21
SA of the Azerbaijan NEAP
___________
a/ Other reasons for migration include family and health reasons.
Source: Caspian Sea Communities Household Survey, 1996.
22
Background
created favorable conditions for the spread Azerbaijan before the sea started to rise. It was
of infection. Water pipes in the city of Baku a popular place for people from around the
are old and in poor shape. Leaks cause Soviet Union to come and spend their
polluted water to mix with the drinking vacations. Because of that, there are many
beautiful houses in the village and people
water supply. And the rise of the sea level
sometimes do not want to leave these houses
only hastens the destruction of the citys because of their previous value. The region is
pipes. in a sub-tropical zone and the soil used to be
good for agriculture. Even though the ground
Members of the focus group believed water is salinized in coastal villages, there are
strongly that the resolution of the still areas in which small-scale agriculture can
environmental problem caused by the rising still be undertaken.
sea level should not to be left to Azerbaijan
alone, but should be handled at the 7
Private Economies refer to mostly informal
international level. The felt it important that economic activities such as selling produces at
an international institution or center be set the market. It can, in some cases, be illegal i.e.
up in the Caspian Sea area to research the fishing and selling fish to neighbors and
relatives.
periodicity of the rise in the Caspian Sea
level for future forecasts and devise 8
At first, people did not want to talk about being
protection mechanisms. engaged in illegal fishing because fines are
heavy and there is favoritism on the part of
________ some local authorities, who sometimes fine
people they do not know well (or do not like)
1
These settlements are as follows: Neftchala and turn a blind eye to their friends and
town, Banke, Hasanabad, Sarigamysh, relatives doing the same thing. Local people
Mikailli, Gyzgayitli, Hakhverdili, Yenikend, say that whenever they feel they will not be
Mayak-I, Mayak-II, Subh, Shirvankend, Yeni caught, they go for open sea fishing, that is, if
Gyshlag, Khazar, Mirzabanly, Dalga, Kurdili they can find a boat in working order. Even
and Sahil villages. though people understand that the sturgeon
population is decreasing and fishing is doing
2
Neftchala fish breeding plant; Kura mouth harm to it, they see fishing as the only way to
(Upper Kura) sturgeon breeding plant; Kura sustain their livelihood while waiting for the
mouth fishing industry; fish processing plant economic conditions to improve in their
(750 tons of fish annually); Oryat pool facilities villages.
(800-1,000 tons of fish annually).
9
People living in coastal regions think their
3
For example, the plant used to release 10.7 situation is as bad as the conditions
million fingerlings a year. Currently, the experienced by the Internally Displaced People
production is down to 2.7 million fingerlings (IDPs) who are dispersed throughout the
per year. country because of the conflict with Armenia.
However, they say we cant voice our
4
Exchange rate at the time of the survey was complaints because it would not be
4,050 manats per one dollar. appropriate while there are 600,000 refugees
all over our country. Even though they need
5
About 40 percent in Neftchala, 13 percent in help, they are hesitant to ask for it.
Lenkoran and 44 percent in the interviewed
settlements of Astara say that they lost their 10
One woman in a focus group in Neftchala
jobs directly as a result of the Sea rise. region said Once, during Soviet times, there
was an increase in mosquitoes around our
6
According to focus group participants, village. Special people came from the capital
Lenkoran region was one of the best regions in and exterminated the mosquitoes and then
23
SA of the Azerbaijan NEAP
11
In addition, favoritism is said to be an 14
Electricity is usually the only source of energy
important problem in the affected available. Before, there were trees which could
communities. People claim that local state be cut down and burned to obtain heat in
enterprises favor their own people who are emergencies; however, salinization of the land
usually relatives or close friends of managers has caused all these trees to die and new ones
of these enterprises. In some cases, people are are not growing, so the wood supply is gone.
put out of their jobs because somebody else Most households use their ovens as a heater,
who knew an important person was placed in trying to obtain heat while food is being
the same job. This naturally decreases trust in cooked. The unreliability of the supply of
local administrations and increases the sense electricity is another serious threat to these
of helplessness that appears to prevail in these peoples livelihood.
once dynamic coastal communities.
15
According to the survey and in-depth
12
A resident of Lenkoran region said Only interviews, most residents felt that it was
this morning I saw a snake with its tongue out important for scientific studies to be carried out
staring at me. My son told me not to come close to identify protective measures.
to the snake . . .
24
3. Recommendations Proposed by
Residents of Affected Communities
The people involved in in-depth Digging a new canal from the Kura
interviews, focus groups, and household River to the sea, to ensure the flow of the
surveys were eager that measures be taken Kuras waters into the sea, enable the
to improve their livelihoods. To this end they fishing boats to move, and restore fishing
hoped to receive international assistance. stations
They proposed many ideas for improving
their situation. However, they felt that they Supplying necessary means (boat, fuel,
did not have the required information to net, etc.) to help create fishing teams.
make informed decisions.1 For example, due Reconstruction of the fish plant would
to the seasonal fluctuations in the sea level, help the local economy through sales of
most people falsely believed that the sea fingerlings.
would not rise any more, and therefore, did
not invest in shore protection. In fact, Participants of the focus group discussion
forecasts showed that the sea is likely to rise in Lenkoran stated that Goyshaban village
another 1 - 1½ meters. When presented with in Lenkoran was good at raising vegetables
these forecasts, people felt it important to and crops, and fishing, and that it was
receive timely and accurate information on possible to promote these industries in the
the sea level rise and on protection village. Villagers have the necessary know-
measures. how for fishing. It was clear from the focus
group discussion that residents of both
Specific protection measures suggested by Goyshaban and Lenkoran used to have
the coastal communities of Neftchala were higher incomes. Their main sources of
particularly interesting: these were based on income were salaries earned in the state
the assumption that the sea level would sector, revenues from fishing, and yields on
cease to rise. Residents here suggested the their personal plots. However, currently, the
following recommendations: potential for all these activities is severely
limited. Figure 6 summarizes peoples
Constructing drainage works in the recommendations for measures to mitigate
delta of the Kura River to deepen it and problems caused by the Sea rise.
to restore the operation of fishing boats.
This measure, residents believed, would Many of the priority improvements
allow fish to swim into the mouth of the expected by people require heavy
river and to revitalize the operation of involvement of the central government and
fishing stations international organizations. Trust in the
25
SA of the Azerbaijan NEAP
)LJXUH3ULRULW\,QWHUYHQWLRQVWR&RSHZLWK6HD/HYHO5LVH
3URWHFWHQWHUSULVHVDQG
ILVKLQJIDFLOLWLHV
&UHDWHVSHFLDOIXQG
&RQVWUXFWVKRUHSURWHFWLRQ
ZDOO
,QYROYH,QWHUQDWLRQDO
2UJDQL]DWLRQV
'HVLJQ*RYHUQPHQW
LQWHJUDWHGSURJUDP
8VHVFLHQWLILFPHWKRGVWR
GHILQHSURWHFWLRQPHDVXUHV
local and regional government institutions Coastal settlement residents also believe it
has been shaken. Because the natural would be possible to adopt measures
disaster coincided with a period in which through use of modern technology.
the government lacked the means to provide Specifically, they mentioned that it is
people with appropriate assistance, people possible to perform shore reinforcement
felt particularly abandoned by the works and referred to efforts undertaken on
government. The government was able to their own and successful experience of the
provide only a minimal amount of aid to railway agency. People in the settlements
those who were severely affected by the sea included in the SA have already undertaken
rise and the recipients were largely some shore reinforcement works on their
unsatisfied. In spite of that, the majority of own, but these efforts are piecemeal and are
the households favor government-led not adequate to protect the large-scale
integrated projects, which encompass a damage to houses in the villages.
large set of measures as compared to stand-
alone prevention methods. They also favor ___________
the idea of international organization and
experts involvement in protection measures. 1
According to the survey and in-depth
Figure 7 presents the priority of stakeholder interviews, most residents felt that it was
responsibilities as identified by the important for scientific studies to be carried out
respondents in coastal communities. to identify protective measures.
26
Recommendations
)LJXUH5HVSRQVLELOLW\ZLWK5HVSHFWWR(QYLURQPHQWDO3URW
V
OG
R
K
H
V
X
R
K
I
R
W
Q
H
/HQ
F
U
H
S
1HIWFKDOD
W O V V H
Q D Q
H Q E
Q
LR
W LR
P LR O
W
O WR
Q W D D G
U D WU V
H
D ]
L F LD H
W
Q V F H
Y U Q R L D
R H D / Q H WH
W J L S LW H
U
* U
,Q P 6 P &
2 G
P
$ R
&
L QVW LWXW LRQV
27
SA of the Azerbaijan NEAP
4. Epilogue
The SA presented in this report lacks the is partially a result of lack of funding of the
rigor and depth of analysis of many other NEAP and the follow-up investment project;
SAs carried out in the ECA Region of the the SA teams participation in the work of
World Bank. Therefore, it is important to re- the technical team assessing the investment
iterate the reasons for this publication and project was not solicited because of lack of
explain why the SA team wanted to share funds.
the results with a broader audience.
The SA has a third weakness relating to
As summarized in Part I of this report, the effort devoted to analyzing the relatively
this SA represents a partial effort in two large body of information gathered on the
senses. First, instead of providing an Caspian communities. The data were
understanding of environmental concerns of presented only with sub-regional
many different groups in Azerbaijan as an breakdowns, rather than exploring
input to the preparation of the NEAP and to differences in the views of significant social
the identification of follow-up priority groups (men and women; younger and
actions to be included in an investment older residents; and occupational groups).
project, the SA focuses on the victims of the This was by design; there was a high level of
Caspian Sea environment disaster. This did agreement among residents of each region
not happen by design of the SA; rather, the on perceived needs and recommended
inadequacy of funding made it impossible action; thus, analyses of data by gender,
for the SA team to complete its work once age, occupational group did not reveal
the Caspian communities were consulted. significant differences. Rather, the more
Secondly, the SA fell short of addressing all direct the adverse impacts of the
four of the basic principles of good SA environmental disaster on the household,
practice and concentrates more heavily on the higher was the level of deterioration of
making information available about the living standards, the perceived failure of
affected communities, their needs and public institutions to provide useful support,
perceptions, and the actions that they and the reliance on the central government
recommend be taken. It does not sufficiently and international financial institutions for
deal with institutional issues, the mitigation action.
participatory framework for investment
projects, or with monitoring and evaluation There were, nevertheless, good reasons
to measure development effectiveness of for sharing the SA results with a broader
actions adopted to improve environmental public despite the above mentioned
conditions in the Republic. This situation too deficiencies.
28
Epilogue
29