GROUP 4 RESEARCH With Chap 4 5

JOHN B. LACSON FOUNDATION MARITIME UNIVERSITY-MOLO, INC.
COLLEGE OF MARITIME EDUCATION

M. H. Del Pilar St., Molo, Iloilo City
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IDENTIFYING THE REASONS OF SMOKING ENGAGEMENT AND ALCOHOL
INTOXICATION AMONG MARITIME STUDENTS
A Research Paper Presented to The Faculty of the Bachelor of Science in Marine
Engineering John B. Lacson Foundation Maritime University-Molo, Inc. Iloilo City
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the subject Research
By:
Atordido, Sherwin
Azuela, Dominic Edis
Mabulac, Vonne Laurenz
Pabiona, James
Pacete, Rosellier
Panergar, Ian Jay
Peralta, Dionn Chloe
Sadsad, Shrenner
Suelo, Dionald
Torreflores, Dharill John
May, 2023
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Chapter 1
Introduction
Chapter 1 is divided into five parts: (1) Background of the Study, (2) Statement
of the Problem and Hypothesis, (3) Significance of the Study, (4) Definition of Terms,
and (5) Delimitation of the Study .
Part One, Background of the Study, included basic concepts, context, rationale,
theoretical framework, and conceptual framework of the study.
Part Two, Statement of the Problem, provided specific questions that the
researcher seeks to answer. It also indicated the purpose of the study and specifically, it
stated both descriptive and inferential questions.
Part Three, Significance of the Study, gave the people an idea on how relevant
the study is to other researchers. It also stated the importance of the study, the benefits
derived from the results of the study.
Part Four, Definition of Terms, defined the key words from the title and variables
of the study for the purposes and clarity and understanding. It included conceptual
definition and operational definition.
Part Five, Delimitation of the Study, identified what are included in the study and
the boundaries of the study, the place and the time.
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Background of the Study
Based on the study conducted by Moffateh (2021), prevalence of challenges
among college students, ranging from mental health issues, peer pressure, financial
constraints, academic stress, and familial concerns, contributes to heightened stress
levels and diminished self-esteem. This, in turn, manifests in various detrimental
behaviors such as smoking and alcohol intoxication. Notably, individuals facing an
elevated risk of developing alcohol and nicotine use disorders often engage in the
simultaneous consumption of cigarettes and alcohol. Despite the extensive research on
predictors of drinking or smoking behaviors, there is a noticeable gap in investigating
the specific variables influencing the concurrent use of cigarettes and alcohol within this
demographic (Ekpenyong et al., 2024).
As elucidated by the World Health Organization (2022), alcohol consumption
habits and the prevalence of alcohol-related issues are shaped by multifaceted factors at
both individual and societal levels. Societal determinants encompass economic
development, cultural influences, social norms, accessibility to alcohol, and the
establishment and enforcement of alcohol-related legislation. Within this context,
societies with lower economic standings are more susceptible to adverse health effects
and heightened social consequences for a given level and pattern of drinking. On a
personal level, factors such as age, gender, familial situation, and socioeconomic status
contribute to an individual's susceptibility to alcohol-related difficulties. While there is no
singular predominant risk factor, individuals with increased vulnerabilities are more likely
to experience challenges associated with alcohol usage. This study acknowledges the
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disproportionate impact of alcohol consumption on health and societal well-being,
particularly accentuating its ramifications on less affluent populations.
The primary objective of this study is to systematically investigate the
determinants and motivations underlying the engagement of maritime students in
smoking and alcohol intoxication. The research endeavors to identify students involved
in these vices, offering valuable insights to predict the associated risk levels, specifically
focusing on second-year college students at JBLFMU Molo. The anticipated outcomes of
this research may suggest that second-year college students at JBLFMU face a
heightened risk compared to other academic levels concerning alcohol consumption and
smoking behaviors. This study seeks to contribute to the existing body of knowledge by
offering a nuanced understanding of the reasons of substance engagement among
maritime students.
Theoretical and Conceptual Framework
In this study, both early Psychoanalysis Theory of Sigmund Freud (1923) and the
Five-Factor theory of Mccrae and Costa (1987) provide the perspective of the main
determinants of why students are associated with vices such as smoking and alcohol
intoxication because of peer pressure (Soto, 2018). According to these theories, a
person's behavior is primarily determined by unconscious influences. Because this is
what the student's unconscious mind is telling him or her to do, the student is compelled
to give in to what their peers are doing. The primary influence is not the surroundings or
an external force (such as the student's peers), but rather an inner desire that has been
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growing over time. The student submits to peer pressure using social psychoanalysis in
order to feel secure and accepted by his or her classmates. It was proven in the cross-
sectional study conducted by (Getachew et al., 2019), that a student’s unconscious mind
resulted to engagement on vices such as smoking and drinking alcohol.
Using the aforementioned theories, the researchers determined both internal and
external factors as well as the reason why the second-year maritime college students of
JBLFMU engage to smoking and alcohol intoxication.
Independent Variables Dependent Variable
Socioeconomic Status (SES) Reasons of Engaging in

Smoking and Alcohol
Place of Origin Intoxication Among
Maritime Students
Section
Fig.1 Research Paradigm showing the relationships of variable conducted in this study.
Statement of the Problem
This study aims to determine the reasons of smoking engagement and alcohol
intoxication among maritime students.
Specifically, this study sought answer the following questions:
1.) What are the first three reasons why students engage in smoking and alcohol
intoxication when group as a whole?
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2.) What are the first three reasons why students engage in smoking and alcohol
intoxication when classified according to sections, place of origin and socio-
economic status?
3.) Is there a significant difference in the reasons why students engage in smoking
and alcohol intoxication when classified based on the given variables?
Hypothesis
1. There is no significant difference in the factors and reasons why students engage
in smoking and alcohol intoxication when classified based on the given variables.
Definition of Terms
For the purpose of clarification and better understanding, the following terms
were defined conceptually and operationally.
Reason. It is defined as a reason is a statement offered in explanation or
justification (Toulmin, 1958).
In this study, reason refers to the causes of maritime student engagement in
smoking and alcohol intoxication.
Smoking. Smoking is a practice in which a substance is ignited and typically
inhaled to be tasted and absorbed into the bloodstream. It is one of the most common
forms of recreational drug use ( Benowitz, 2010).
In this study, smoking refers to one of the vices where maritime students
engage with.
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Alcohol Intoxication. Alcohol intoxication is a condition associated with the
consumption of excessive alcohol over a short duration, commonly known as alcohol
poisoning (Longo and Fauci, 2012).
In this study, alcohol intoxication refers to another form of vices where maritime
students engage with.
Maritime Students. A maritime students are individuals actively involved in the
study of global maritime and coastal issues, traditions, and problems, as defined by the
(Smith and Johnson, 2015).
In this study, maritime students refer to the respondents of the study.
Significance of the Study
This study, will benefit the following:
Students. They will know the factors of how cigarettes and alcohol intoxication
can affect their health such as cancers and failure in academic performance.
Teachers. They will be aware of what their students are focusing on and will
know why some students fail in academic performance.
Parents. This will help the parents to discipline their children in using cigarettes
and engaging in alcohol intoxication.
Future Researchers. This will serve as their guide and basis in their future
research.
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Scope and Delimitation
The focus of this study is to determine the reasons for smoking engagement and
alcohol intoxication among maritime students.
This study limits its coverage on the officially enrolled 2nd year marine
engineering students of JBLFMU-Molo for the school year 2022-2023 that are purposely
chosen . The research will be only limited in identifying the reasons why students
engage in smoking engagement and alcohol intoxication who engage in both
smoking/vaping and alcohol intoxication. Those who are not into these vices are
excluded in this study. A researcher made-questionnaire was used to gather the data.
To describe the data gathered, means and standard deviation were employed as
descriptive statistics, while T-test,ANOVA and Pearson-r was used as inferential statistics
set at 0.05 level of significance were employed. All statistical computations were
processed through the use of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS).
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CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In this chapter, selected readings, and related studies that are relevant to this
study are reviewed. This study aims to determine the Factors and Reasons of Engaging
in Smoking and Alcohol Intoxication Among Maritime Students. Similar studies that
focus on classifying the Factors and Reasons of Engaging in Smoking and Alcohol
Intoxication are presented in this chapter.
Part One, states the Nature of Smoking and Alcohol Intoxication’s meaning and
related studies under it.
Part Two, Smoking and Alcohol Intoxication Among Adolescents, dicuss the
situations of smoking and alcohol intoxication among adolescents.
Part Three, Reasons of Engaging in Smoking and Alcohol Intoxication, discusses
in detail the reasons behind the engagement of students in this kind of activity.
Part Four, is Summary of Related Literature and Studies.
Nature of Smoking and Alcohol Intoxication
Smoking is a risk factor for several diseases and has been increasing in many
developing countries. It is seen as a severe public health concern worldwide due to its
link to higher mortality rates, particularly among adolescents (Ehsani-Chimeh et al.,
2020). When used as intended by makers, tobacco is the only legal substance that
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frequently kills users. A person has a larger likelihood of becoming a regular smoker and
contracting related ailments if they start smoking earlier in life. It was vital to design
tests and support tobacco control measures that target this demographic through an
age-appropriate and creative approach because the majority of smokers begin smoking
during their early adolescent years. As a result, the majority of school health initiatives
concentrated on warning pupils away from tobacco use and raising their understanding
of problems brought on by tobacco use (Marzo et al., 2019).
Smoking is a major cause of untimely passing and infection worldwide, and more
than two-thirds of individuals who attempt a cigarette (start smoking) raise to day-by-
day smoking. Clarifying the indicators of youth smoking take-up (start and acceleration)
is essential for understanding the smoking habit and creating intercessions to decrease
youth smoking. Near-organize members' clear standards have been found to have a
positive impact, but the impact of parental objection to smoking is less clear.
Additionally, few consider graphic or injunctive standards among more distal social
systems. Social standards are used to clarify how tobacco control arrangements alter
smoking conduct.
In the literature review conducted by Aboagye (2021) it was suggested that due
to its detrimental effects on people's physical, social, psychological, and economic
outcomes, alcohol consumption is a significant public health issue. Students face
particular obstacles during their time in postsecondary education, and some turn to
alcohol as a coping mechanism.
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In the study of Mmereki (2022), it states that there are two factors why
adolescents engage in alcohol intoxication: socio-cultural and demographic factors.
These factors include; implicated in alcohol use include age, race, smoking, missing
school because of illness, self-reported academic/education, repeated school
class/grade, difficulty use of leisure time, a lack of healthy recreational activities, low
socioeconomic status, and attending religious services.
Liquor and tobacco are among the best causes of preventable passing within the
United States. Additionally, these substances regularly are utilized together: Ponders
have found that individuals who smoke are much more likely to drink, and individuals
who drink are much more likely to smoke. Reliance on liquor and tobacco moreover is
connected: Individuals who are subordinate on liquor are three times more likely at that
point those within the common populace to be smokers, and individuals who are
subordinate on tobacco are four times more likely than the common populace to be
subordinate on liquor (Myers, 2019).
Hurtful wellbeing practices, such as smoking tobacco, devouring liquor and
utilizing unlawful drugs ordinarily commence amid puberty. A few thinks about propose
that the start of sensation-seeking and risk-taking conduct is activated by pressure
between, on the one hand, the early advancement of subcortical districts that express
overstated reactivity to motivational boosts, and, on the other, the afterward
development of the prefrontal locales which are related with administrative control and
hazard evaluation. This lopsidedness within the development of brain districts is
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improved by peer pressure, which is known to decrease cognitive control and, in turn,
lead to young people being at expanded hazard of incautious conduct and testing with
substance utilize (Meld, 2021).
Smoking and Alcohol Intoxication Among Adolescents
Cigarette smoking is consistently linked to the origins of alcohol and other drug
(AOD) use problems (Johnston, 2019). The use of psychoactive substances increases
significantly during the high school years, the majority of research in this area has
concentrated on high school-aged youth (e.g., 14–18 years old). Although researchers
have identified a wide range of factors that influence the initiation and progression of
tobacco and AOD use, peer influences have been. Adolescent cigarette smoking is
strongly linked to the use of illegal drugs, just like alcohol use (Eckhardt, 2019).
Youth who smoke regularly throughout adolescence are significantly more likely
to abuse marijuana and other drugs or become dependent on them, as well as to use
illicit drugs more frequently (Vega and Gil, 2020). In this area, a lot of research has
been done on smoking and drinking at the same time, which can predict a lot of
problems in adolescence and beyond. For instance, adolescents who smoke and drink
are more likely to have difficulties in school, be delinquent, and use other drugs
(Hoffman, 2021).
According to Orlando et al. (2019) adolescents who report regularly smoking and
drinking have higher rates of deviant behavior, violence, and legal and substance use
issues in their 20s than those who report regularly drinking but do not smoke. According
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to Orlando et al., (2019) the authors of the most recent study, "...while it is common
during adolescence to drink but not smoke, it is very unusual to smoke and not drink."
indicating that smoking is a reliable indicator of alcohol use among adolescents
identified as one of the most important.
Reasons of Smoking Engagement and Alcohol Intoxication
Smoking and drinking are seen by many as complimentary: two habits that go
hand in hand. While people who smoke are more likely to drink and vice-versa, this
definitely isn’t a good idea. Smoking is dangerous, drinking is dangerous, and doing
both is even worse (Tacacco-Free Life, 2022).
Around 8.5 million individuals kick the bucket each year as a result of liquor and
tobacco, agreeing to the World Wellbeing Organization (WHO, 2022). Both liquor and
cigarettes speak to genuine dangers to open wellbeing, but for numerous clients, there's
an unavoidable sense that these two propensities are connected, or indeed complement
each other. This discernment may be based on a grain of truth, but smoking and
drinking in combination are more likely to slaughter you than either one individually, but
there's prove that smokers drink more than non-smokers and vice-versa. Finding out
more approximately the interface between smoking and drinking appears why it’s a
combination we ought to take genuinely.
Tobacco and alcohol are the foremost broadly utilized psychoactive substances
over the globe. Alcohol is the driving chance calculate related to the major burden of
infection in immature and creating nations. It is the third most predominant figure for
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driving maladies and wounds in created nations (WHO 2002). Indeed, as liquor
utilization is diminishing in a few created nations, it is on the rise in creating countries.
Universally, a noteworthy extent of the youthful devours it at a perilous level.
Compulsion is characterized as a constant, backsliding malady, characterized by
compulsive drug-seeking and mishandle since of long-lasting chemical changes within
the brain.
The World Wellbeing Organization (WHO) gauges that there are around two
billion individuals around the world, who devour alcoholic refreshments and 76.3 million
with diagnosable alcohol-use clutters, counting destructive utilize and reliance, 78% of
whom stay untreated. The rate of liquor utilize clutter for men is 2.8% and for ladies it
is 0.5%. It causes 1.8 million passing (3.2% of the entire) and a loss of 58.3 million (4%
of the entire) Disability-Adjusted Life A long time (DALY) (WHO 2002). Concurring to the
WHO, in 2005, liquor utilization was evaluated to be display among 21% of the Indian
populace.
The utilize of tobacco is one of the most noteworthy dangers to worldwide
wellbeing nowadays. At show, agreeing to the WHO, one in three grown-ups or 1.2
billion individuals utilize tobacco. In 2025, the number is anticipated to rise to more than
1.6 billion. Concurring to the foremost later appraise, 4.9 million individuals around the
world kicked the bucket in 2020 as a result of their enslavement to nicotine (WHO
2019). This tremendous number is rising rapidly within the moo- and middle-income
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nations, where most of the world's 1.2 billion tobacco clients live. This is often
anticipated to rise to 8.4 million passing by 2020.
Summary
Smoking is a major public health concern worldwide due to its link to higher
mortality rates, particularly among adolescents. It is important to design tests and
support tobacco control measures that target this demographic through an age-
appropriate and creative approach. A person has a larger likelihood of becoming a
regular smoker and contracting related ailments if they start smoking earlier in life. It
was vital to design tests and support tobacco control measures that target this
demographic through an age-appropriate and creative approach because the majority of
smokers begin smoking during their early adolescent years. As a result, the majority of
school health initiatives concentrated on warning pupils away from tobacco use and
raising their understanding of problems brought on by tobacco use (Marzo et al., 2019).
Between eighty and ninety-five percent of alcoholics also smoke cigarettes, a
rate more than four times higher than in the general population. These could include
synergism of effects, especially reward-related feelings of stimulation and positive affect,
additive effects, whereby the stimulating effects of nicotine could offset the depressant
effects of alcohol, and smoking-related desensitization to the effects of alcohol, by a
mechanism of cross-tolerance.
Smoking and drinking are seen by numerous as complimentary: two propensities
that go hand in hand. Whereas individuals who smoke are more likely to drink and vice-
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versa, this unquestionably isn’t a great thought. Smoking is perilous, drinking is perilous,
and doing both is indeed more regrettable. Around 8.5 million people kick the bucket
each year as a result of alcohol and tobacco, concurring to the World Prosperity
Organization (WHO, 2022). Both alcohol and cigarettes talk to veritable threats to open
prosperity, but for various clients, there's an unavoidable sense that these two
penchants are associated, or in fact complement each other. This acumen may be based
on a grain of truth, but smoking and drinking in combination are more likely to butcher
you than either one separately, but there's demonstrate that smokers drink more than
non-smokers and vice-versa. Finding out more around the interface between smoking
and drinking shows up why it’s a combination we have to be take truly.
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CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents a detailed description of the research methodology that
will be used in the study. It is divided into five parts: 1) the Quantitative Research, 2)
the Research Design, 3) the Respondents and Sampling Method, 4) the Instrument and
Data Collection, 5) Data Gathering Procedure and 6) Data Analysis.
Part One, Quantitative Research which discusses the type of research used in
this study.
Part Two, the Research Design discusses the methodology applied in the study.
Part Three, the Respondents and Sampling Method, describes the respondents
that have been selected.
Part Four, the Instrument and Data Collection, describes the data gathering tools
used.
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Part Five, Data Gathering procedure discusses the step by step system in
gathering the primary data through researcher made-questionnaire.
Part Six, the Data Analysis, discusses the details of the procedures for scoring
the data gathering and statistical analysis to test the hypothesis.
Quantitative Research
Quantitative research involves the systematic collection and analysis of numerical
data. This method is employed to identify patterns, determine averages, establish
expectations, test relationships, and generalize findings for large populations (Bhandari,
2020). Utilizing sampling methods, online surveys, polls, and questionnaires,
quantitative research gathers information from existing and potential customers.
Notably, the outcomes of this research are presented in numerical form, allowing for a
detailed understanding of the data. Through a careful analysis of these numerical
findings, it becomes possible to forecast the long-term prospects of a product or service,
facilitating informed adjustments and improvements (Bhandari, 2020).
Research Design
The present study aims to delve into the determining factors and motivations
driving smoking and alcohol intoxication among maritime students. Given the study's
nature, a Descriptive design was employed. This design choice enables researchers to
extract insights from respondents' experiences, whether documented in writing or
gathered through interviews. Descriptive studies prove invaluable in elucidating the
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meaning of lived experiences for individuals concerning a specific concept or
phenomenon (Prabhu et al., 2018).
The Descriptive Study method is related in this study in a way that the
researchers want to determine the reasons for smoking engagement and alcohol
intoxications in which the student’s life experiences will be interpreted in an analytical
meaning.
Respondents and Sampling Method
Purposive sampling is a non-random sampling technique where researchers
deliberately choose participants based on specific characteristics relevant to the study's
objectives. This method is used to ensure the inclusion of individuals who can provide
valuable insights or represent particular traits of interest. In this study, maritime
students were purposely chosen to be the respondents of the study (Thomas, 2020).
The study targeted 2nd-year maritime students enrolled at John B. Lacson
Foundation Maritime University - Molo. Employing a simple purposive sampling method,
participants sought to be identified purposely from the population, ensuring equal
opportunity for every student to be included in the study. This approach promotes
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fairness and avoids bias in participant selection. Individuals willing to participate and
available during the data collection period will form the sample for in-depth analysis.
Categories n %
Entire Group 100 100%
Socio-economic Status
Low Income (monthly) 40 40%
Middle Income 39 39%

(monthly)
High Income (monthly) 21 21%
Place of Origin
Rural 48 48%
Urban 52 52%
Section
Polaris A 22 22%
Charlie 18 18%
Polaris B 21 21%
Delta 17 17&
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Bravo 20 20%
Instrumentation
The data collection method used in this study was a researcher-made
questionnaire. The instrument was designed to collect data on the factors and reasons
for engaging in smoking and alcohol intoxication among maritime students. The
questionnaire was distributed to the participants who were selected based on a
purposive sampling method. The instrument for this study was a researcher-made
questionnaire, divided into two parts:
Section A: This part collected demographic information about the participants,
such as their place of origin, socio-economic status and section.
Section B: This section gathered information about the characteristics of the
participants, their smoking and alcohol consumption behaviors and reasons for engaging
in smoking and alcohol intoxications.
Mean Score Interpretation
4.21 – 5.00 Extremely Observable
3.41 – 4.20 Highly Observable
2.61 – 3.40 Moderately Observable
1.81 – 2.60 Fairly Observable
1.00 – 1.80 21 Not Observable

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Data Gathering Procedure
The researcher meticulously organized the data collection schedule. Prior to
commencement, a letter of intent detailing the questionnaire's purpose and seeking
voluntary participation was formally submitted to the Dean for approval. Subsequently,
individual copies of this letter were disseminated to 2nd-year marine engineering
students. Once approval was obtained, the researchers proceeded to distribute the
questionnaires among the participants. Following distribution, respondents were
courteously instructed to complete and return the questionnaire as part of their
voluntary participation in the study.
Data Analysis
The data gathered was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social
Sciences (SPSS).
The statistical tools that were used in the study were both descriptive and
inferential statistics.
Descriptive statistics – will be used to describe the demographic characteristics of
the participants, their smoking and alcohol consumption behaviors, and the factors and
reasons for engaging in smoking and alcohol intoxications.
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Mean – This can be used to determine the typical amount of smoking and
alcohol consumption among the participants.
Rank – will be used to ascertain the homogeneity and the heterogeneity of the
reactions of the subjects
Inferential statistics - will be used to test the hypotheses developed in this study.
It will estimate the population in determining factors and reasons of engaging in
smoking and alcohol intoxication among officially enrolled 2nd year marine engineering
students of JBLFMU-Molo for the school year 2022-2023.
T-test - will be used in examining the hypotheses formulated in this study. Its
application aims to estimate population parameters, shedding light on the factors and
motivations behind the engagement in smoking and alcohol intoxication among the 2nd-
year marine engineering students officially enrolled at JBLFMU-Molo for the academic
year 2022-2023.
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) - This can be used to compare the means of
smoking and alcohol consumption across multiple groups of participants.
This can be used to explore the relationships between smoking/alcohol use and
other variables, such as stress levels or social support.
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CHAPTER 4
RESULTS
Chapter 4 presented the results and the corresponding analysis of data. It is
divided into two parts: (1) Descriptive Data Analysis, and (2) Inferential Data Analysis.
Part One, Descriptive Data Analysis, presented the mean, rank and standard
deviation results of the reasons why students engage in smoking and alcohol
intoxication when in a group as a whole and reasons why students engage in smoking
and alcohol intoxication when classified according to sections, place of origin and socio-
economic status.
Part Two, Inferential Data Analysis, provided the t-Test, and ANOVA tables for
the significant difference in the reasons why students engage in smoking and alcohol
intoxication when classified based on the given variables.
The inferential data analysis was set at 0.05 level of significance.
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Table 4.1. Reasons Why Students Engage in Alcohol Intoxication When Taken as A
Whole
Classification Reasons Mean Std. Verbal Interpretation

Deviation
Whole: 1. To escape from stress or problems. 3.98 1.128 Highly Observable

Alcohol
2. Finds alcohol enjoyable and 3.80 .998 Highly Observable
pleasurable.
3. Curiosity to try alcohol, initially. 3.47 1.105 Highly Observable
4. Drinks alcohol helps cope with 3.38 1.210 Moderately Observable

boredom.
5. Drinks alcohol as a way to rebel or 3.19 1.116 Moderately Observable

assert independence.
6. Started drinking alcohol because of 3.72 1.144 Highly Observable

the influence of friends or siblings.
7. Alcohol helps the person relax and 3.64 .987 Highly Observable
unwind.
8. Alcohol is a way for the person to 3.55 1.033 Highly Observable

deal with negative emotions.
9. Alcohol consumption is a part 3.11 .881 Moderately Observable

lifestyle or identity.
10. Drinking alcohol as a form of self- 3.34 .878 Moderately Observable

expression or personal style.
Weighted Mean 3.516541 1.048029 Highly Observable
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Figure 4. 1. Chart Result in Reasons for Alcohol Intoxication as A Whole
Reasons for Alcohol Intoxication as A Whole

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00
Table 4.1 presents an analysis of reasons why students engage in alcohol
intoxication in an aspect classified as a whole. This study utilized mean, standard
deviation, and weighted mean as statistical treatments to quantify and interpret the
responses. The mean provides the average score for each reason, the standard
deviation indicates the variability in responses, and the weighted mean considers the
relative importance of each reason. The overall weighted mean for reasons why
maritime students engages in alcohol intoxication as a whole is 3.516541, falling within
the "Highly Observable" category, category, indicating that these reasons are common
and significant among maritime students. This indicates a significant proclivity for
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alcohol consumption among maritime students, emphasizing the need for targeted
interventions to address the underlying causes of this behavior.
Furthermore, based on the result from Figure 4.1, the first three reasons why
maritime students engage in alcohol intoxication when grouped as a whole are: to
escape from stress or problems (1) with a mean value of (3.98); to find alcohol
enjoyable and pleasurable (2) with a mean value of (3.80); and to have started drinking
alcohol because of the influence of friends or siblings (6) with a mean value of (3.72).
Table 4.2. Reasons Why Students Engage in Smoking When Taken as A Whole

Deviation
Whole: 1. Media has influence to smoking 3.32 1.090 Moderately Observable

habits.
Smoking
2. Smoking as way of self expression. 3.36 .995 Moderately Observable
3. Smoking to cope with social 3.27 .906 Moderately Observable

situations and fit in with peers.
4. Smoking has become a habit. 3.71 1.086 Highly Observable
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5. Smoking helps to relax and unwind. 3.73 .938 Highly Observable
6. Smoking to cope with fellings of 3.43 1.110 Highly Observable

sadness or depression.
7. Smoking to feel more relaxed. 3.56 1.117 Highly Observable
8. Smoking because it helps 3.41 .827 Highly Observable

concentrate better.
9. Smoking helps to think better in 3.14 .978 Moderately Observable

complicated situation.
10. Smoking to take a break when 3.16 1.029 Moderately Observable

studying.
Figure 4. 2. Chart Result in Reasons for Alcohol Intoxication as A Whole
Reasons for Smoking as A Whole

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80
Table 4.2 presents an analysis of reasons why students engage in smoking in an
aspect classified as a whole. This study utilized mean, standard deviation, and weighted
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mean as statistical treatments to quantify and interpret the responses. The mean
provides the average score for each reason, the standard deviation indicates the
variability in responses, and the weighted mean considers the relative importance of
each reason. The overall weighted mean for reasons why maritime students engages in
smoking as a whole is 3.41, falling within the "Highly Observable" category, indicating
that these reasons are common and significant among maritime students, indicating a
significant prevalence of smoking behavior among this demographic. As a result,
interventions aimed at addressing the underlying causes of smoking among maritime
students are essential for promoting healthier lifestyles and lowering the prevalence of
smoking-related health risks in this population.
Based on the result from that graph, the first three reasons why maritime
students engage in smoking when grouped as a whole are: smoking helps to relax and
unwind (5) with a mean value of (3.73), smoking has become a habit (4) with a mean
value of (3.71); and smoking makes them feel more relaxed (7) with a mean value of
(3.56).
Table 4.3. Reasons Why Students Engage in Alcohol Intoxication When Socio-Economic
Status is Considered: Low Income

Deviation
Socio- 1. To escape from stress or problems. 4.28 .944 Extremely Observable

economic:
Low Income 2. Finds alcohol enjoyable and 4.08 .957 Highly Observable
pleasurable.
29
________________________________________________________________
3. Curiosity to try alcohol, initially. 3.74 1.117 Highly Observable
4. Drinks alcohol helps cope with 3.67 1.284 Highly Observable

boredom.
5. Drinks alcohol as a way to rebel or 3.41 1.186 Highly Observable

6. Started drinking alcohol because of 3.92 1.133 Highly Observable

7. Alcohol helps the person relax and 3.79 1.031 Highly Observable
unwind.
8. Alcohol is a way for the person to 3.67 1.132 Highly Observable


10. Drinking alcohol as a form of self- 3.49 .970 Highly Observable

Figure 4.3 Reasons Why Students Engage in Alcohol Intoxication When Socio-Economic
Status is Considered: Low Income
30
________________________________________________________________
low income earners alcohol

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50
Table 4.3 presents an analysis of reasons why students engage in alcohol
intoxication, specifically focusing on the socio-economic aspect, particularly within the
low-income category. The overall weighted mean for reasons why maritime students
engages in alcohol intoxication, considering socio-economic factors, is 3.725641, falling
within the "Highly Observable" category. This classification underscores the prevalence
and significance of these reasons among maritime students, especially those in the low-
income category.
Looking deeper into the data, the top three causes of alcohol intoxication among
low-income maritime students are as follows:
1. To escape stress or problems (Reason 1): This reason was identified as the
primary motivator for alcohol intoxication among low-income maritime students, with
a mean value of 4.28. The high score highlights the important role that stress and
personal challenges play in driving alcohol consumption behaviors in this
demographic. Addressing underlying stressors and promoting healthier coping
31
________________________________________________________________
mechanisms is critical for reducing alcohol-related risks among low-income maritime
students.
2. Finds alcohol enjoyable and pleasurable (Reason 2): With a mean value of
4.08, enjoyment and pleasure from alcohol consumption is another common reason
for alcohol intoxication among low-income maritime students. This finding
emphasizes the subjective experience of alcohol consumption and suggests that
perceptions of pleasure and enjoyment play a significant role in drinking behaviors
among this population.
3. Started drinking alcohol because of the influence of friends or siblings
(Reason 6): With a mean value of 3.92, peer and family influence emerges as a
significant contributor to alcohol intoxication among low-income maritime students.
This emphasizes the role of social influences and peer dynamics in shaping alcohol
consumption behaviors among this demographic. Interventions aimed at promoting
positive peer influences and teaching peer pressure resistance strategies may help
reduce the influence of friends and siblings on alcohol consumption among low-
income maritime students.
These findings shed light on the specific causes of alcohol intoxication among
low-income maritime students, emphasizing the importance of targeted interventions
that address underlying stressors, promote healthier perceptions of alcohol
consumption, and address social influences in this population.
32
________________________________________________________________
Table 4.4. Reasons Why Students Engage in Smoking When Socio-Economic Status is
Considered: Low Income

Deviation
Socio- 1. Media has influence to smoking 3.62 .877 Highly Observable

habits.
economic:
Low Income 2. Smoking as way of self expression. 3.74 1.044 Highly Observable
3. Smoking to cope with social 3.41 1.141 Highly Observable



concentrate better.
9. Smoking helps to think better in 3.31 1.104 Moderately Observable

10. Smoking to take a break when 3.28 1.050 Moderately Observable

studying.

5
33
________________________________________________________________
Figure 4.4 Reasons Why Students Engage in Smoking When Socio-Economic Status is
Considered: Low Income
low income smoking

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50
Table 4.4 examines the socioeconomic factors that influence students' smoking
habits, with a focus on the low-income category. The overall weighted mean for reasons
why maritime students smoke, considering socioeconomic factors, is 3.653846, which
falls into the "Highly Observable" category. This classification emphasizes the prevalence
and significance of these reasons among maritime students, particularly those from low-
income backgrounds.
Looking at the graph's specific findings, the first three reasons identified for
smoking behavior among maritime students, in the low-income group, are as follows:
1. Smoking helps to relax and unwind (Reason 5): With a mean value of
4.15, maritime students perceive smoking as a means of relaxation and
unwinding. This finding suggests that students may use smoking as a coping
34
________________________________________________________________
mechanism to relieve stress and tension, emphasizing the importance of stress
management strategies for this demographic.
2. Smoking has become a habit (Reason 4): Another significant reason for
maritime students' smoking behavior is the habit-forming nature of smoking,
which has a mean value of 3.85. This highlights the difficulty of breaking habitual
smoking patterns and emphasizes the need for interventions that promote
healthier alternatives and smoking cessation support in this population.
3. Smoking makes them feel more relaxed (Reason 7): With a mean value
of 3.72, the perception that smoking promotes relaxation strengthens the link
between smoking behavior and stress management among maritime students.
This finding suggests that students may see smoking as a way to relieve
tension and improve relaxation, emphasizing the importance of targeted
interventions that address stress management and provide alternative
relaxation techniques.
These findings shed light on the specific reasons for smoking among maritime
students, particularly those with low incomes. Addressing underlying stressors,
promoting healthier coping mechanisms, and providing support for smoking cessation
efforts are essential steps in reducing smoking-related risks and promoting overall well-
being within this demographic.
Status is Considered: Middle Income
35
________________________________________________________________

Deviation
Socio- 1. To escape from stress or problems. 4.30 1.055 Extremely Observable

economic:
Middle Income 2. Finds alcohol enjoyable and 4.22 .582 Extremely Observable
pleasurable.
3. Curiosity to try alcohol, initially. 3.78 .764 Highly Observable
4. Drinks alcohol helps cope with 3.86 .756 Highly Observable

boredom.
5. Drinks alcohol as a way to rebel or 3.76 .687 Highly Observable

6. Started drinking alcohol because of 4.10 .735 Highly Observable

unwind.
8. Alcohol is a way for the person to 3.92 .665 Highly Observable



Figure 4.5 Reasons Why Students Engage in Alcohol Intoxication When Socio-Economic
Status is Considered: Middle Income
36
________________________________________________________________
middle income alcohol

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3 Table 4.5
2
analyzes
1
the 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 reasons
why students engage in alcohol intoxication, with a focus on the socioeconomic aspect,
particularly in the middle-income category. The overall weighted mean for reasons why
maritime students engage in alcohol intoxication, taking into account socioeconomic
factors, is 3.906, which falls into the "Highly Observable" category. This classification
emphasizes the prevalence and significance of these factors among maritime students,
particularly those in the middle income bracket.
In terms of the graph's specific findings, the first three reasons identified for
alcohol intoxication among maritime students when considering socioeconomic status
within the middle-income category are:
1. To escape from stress or problems (Reason 1): With a mean value of 4.30, the
desire to escape from stress or problems emerges as the primary motivator for alcohol
intoxication among maritime students from middle-income families. This finding
suggests that stress management has a significant impact on alcohol consumption
37
________________________________________________________________
behaviors in this demographic, emphasizing the importance of addressing underlying
stressors and promoting healthier coping mechanisms.
2. Finds alcohol enjoyable and pleasurable (Reason 2): With a mean value of
4.22, enjoyment and pleasure from alcohol consumption is another common reason for
alcohol intoxication among middle-income maritime students. This emphasizes the
subjective experience of alcohol consumption and suggests that perceptions of
enjoyment play a significant role in drinking behaviors among this population.
3. Started drinking alcohol due to the influence of friends or siblings (Reason
6): With a mean value of 4.10, peer and family influence emerges as a significant
contributor to alcohol intoxication among middle-income maritime students. This finding
emphasizes the role of social influences and peer dynamics in shaping alcohol
consumption behaviors among this demographic. Interventions aimed at promoting
positive peer influences and teaching peer pressure resistance strategies may help
reduce the influence of friends and siblings on alcohol consumption behaviors among
middle-income maritime students.
These findings shed light on the specific reasons for alcohol intoxication among
middle-income maritime students, emphasizing the importance of targeted interventions
that address underlying stressors, promote healthier perceptions of alcohol
consumption, and address social influences within this demographic.
Considered: Middle Income
38
________________________________________________________________

Deviation
Socio- 1. Media has influence to smoking 3.54 1.216 Highly Observable

habits.
economic:
Middle Income 2. Smoking as way of self expression. 3.70 .678 Highly Observable
3. Smoking to cope with social 3.62 .635 Highly Observable

4. Smoking has become a habit. 4.10 .814 Highly Observable
6. Smoking to cope with fellings of 3.74 .853 Highly Observable

7. Smoking to feel more relaxed. 3.86 .904 Highly Observable

concentrate better.

10. Smoking to take a break when 3.68 .741 Highly Observable

studying.
Figure 4.6. Reasons Why Students Engage in Smoking When Socio-Economic Status is
Considered: Middle Income
39
________________________________________________________________
middle income smoking

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50
Table 4.6 examines the socioeconomic factors that influence students' smoking
habits, with a focus on the middle-income category. The overall weighted mean for
reasons why maritime students smoke, taking into account socioeconomic factors, is
3.692, which falls into the "Highly Observable" category. This classification emphasizes
the prevalence and significance of these factors among maritime students, particularly
those in the middle-income bracket.
Looking at the specific findings from Figure 4.6, the reasons identified for
smoking behavior among maritime students when considering socioeconomic status
within the middle-income category are as follows:
1. Smoking has become a habit (Reason 4): With a mean value of 4.10, the habit-
forming nature of smoking is identified as the primary reason for middle-income
maritime students' smoking behavior. This finding suggests that habitual smoking
patterns are common in this demographic, emphasizing the difficulty of breaking
40
________________________________________________________________
established smoking habits and the importance of targeted interventions for smoking
cessation support.
2. Smoking makes them feel more relaxed (Reason 7): With a mean value of 3.86,
middle-income maritime students perceive smoking to induce relaxation, which is
another significant reason for smoking behavior. This finding highlights the link
between smoking and stress management in this demographic, emphasizing the
need for interventions that address stress management strategies and alternative
relaxation techniques.
3. Smoking helps to relax and unwind (Reason 5): With a mean value of 3.84, the
belief that smoking aids in relaxation and unwinding strengthens the link between
smoking behavior and stress relief among middle-income maritime students. This
finding implies that students may view smoking as a coping mechanism to relieve
stress and tension, emphasizing the importance of promoting healthier stress
management strategies in this population.
These findings shed light on the specific factors that influence smoking behavior
among middle-income maritime students, emphasizing the importance of targeted
interventions that address underlying stressors, promote healthier coping
mechanisms, and support smoking cessation efforts in this demographic.
Status is Considered: High Income
41
________________________________________________________________
Deviation
Socio- 1. To escape from stress or problems. 3.36 1.055 Moderately Observable

economic:
High Income 2. Finds alcohol enjoyable and 3.07 .582 Moderately Observable
pleasurable.
3. Curiosity to try alcohol, initially. 2.86 .764 Moderately Observable
4. Drinks alcohol helps cope with 2.57 .756 Fairly Observable

boredom.
5. Drinks alcohol as a way to rebel or 2.34 .687 Fairly Observable

6. Started drinking alcohol because of 3.11 .735 Moderately Observable

7. Alcohol helps the person relax and 3.05 .570 Moderately Observable
unwind.
8. Alcohol is a way for the person to 3.02 .665 Moderately Observable



Weighted Mean 2.888636 1.040325 Moderately Observable
Figure 4.7. Reasons Why Students Engage in Alcohol Intoxication When Socio-Economic
Status is Considered: High Income
42
________________________________________________________________
high income alcohol

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1 Table 4.7
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00
analyzes
the reasons why students engage in alcohol intoxication, with a focus on the
socioeconomic aspect, particularly among the high-income group. The overall weighted
mean for reasons why maritime students engage in alcohol intoxication, taking into
account socioeconomic factors, is 2.888636, which falls into the "Moderately
Observable" category. This classification implies that, while these reasons are still
relevant among high-income maritime students, they may not be as prevalent or
significant as those observed in lower-income and middle-income categories.
Looking at the specific findings from Figure 4.6, the reasons for alcohol intoxication
among maritime students when considering socioeconomic status within the high-
income category are as follows:
desire to escape stress or problems is still a significant reason for alcohol
intoxication among high-income maritime students. While still significant, the
43
________________________________________________________________
lower mean value compared to both lower income and middle income categories
suggests that stress-related motivations may be less pronounced among high-
income students, which could indicate different coping mechanisms or stressors
within this demographic.
2. Started drinking alcohol because of the influence of friends or siblings (Reason
6): With a mean value of 3.11, peer and family influences emerge as another
cause of alcohol intoxication among high-income maritime students. This finding
suggests that social influences shape alcohol consumption behaviors in this
demographic, though they may not be as prominent as in lower income categories.
3. Finds alcohol enjoyable and pleasurable (Reason 2): With a mean value of 3.07,
enjoyment and pleasure from alcohol consumption remain significant contributors
to alcohol intoxication among high-income maritime students. However, the
slightly lower mean value when compared to lower income categories indicates
that enjoyment may not be the primary motivator for alcohol consumption in this
demographic.
high-income maritime students, highlighting potential differences in motivations and
behaviors compared to lower-income groups. Understanding these nuances is critical for
44
________________________________________________________________
tailoring interventions and support services to meet the specific needs of high-income
maritime students while also encouraging healthier alcohol consumption behaviors
among this demographic.
Considered: High Income

Deviation
Socio- 1. Media has influence to smoking 2.80 .930 Moderately Observable

habits.
economic:
High Income 2. Smoking as way of self expression. 2.64 .865 Moderately Observable

4. Smoking has become a habit. 3.14 1.112 Moderately Observable
5. Smoking helps to relax and unwind. 3.23 .912 Moderately Observable
6. Smoking to cope with fellings of 2.89 1.185 Moderately Observable

7. Smoking to feel more relaxed. 3.00 1.201 Moderately Observable
8. Smoking because it helps 3.02 .821 Moderately Observable

concentrate better.

10. Smoking to take a break when 2.45 .901 Fairly Observable

studying.
45
________________________________________________________________
Figure 4.8. Reasons Why Students Engage in Smoking When Socio-Economic Status is
Considered: High Income
high income smoking

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50
Table 4.8 analyzes the reasons why students smoke, with a focus on the socioeconomic
aspect, particularly among those with high incomes. The overall weighted mean for
reasons why maritime students smoke, taking into account socioeconomic factors, is
2.870455, which falls into the "Moderately Observable" category. This classification
implies that, while these reasons are still relevant among high-income maritime
students, they may not be as prevalent or significant as those observed in lower-income
categories.
46
________________________________________________________________
Looking at the specific findings from Figure 4.8, the reasons identified for smoking
behavior among maritime students when considering socioeconomic status within the
high-income category are as follows:
1. Smoking helps to relax and unwind (Reason 5): With a mean value of 3.23, the
perception that smoking aids in relaxation and unwinding is still a significant
reason for smoking behavior among high-income maritime students. While still
significant, the slightly lower mean value when compared to lower income
categories suggests that stress relief may be less pronounced among high-
income students, possibly due to different stressors or coping mechanisms within
this demographic.
2. Smoking has developed into a habit (Reason 4): With a mean value of 3.14, the
habit-forming nature of smoking is another significant reason for high-income
maritime students' smoking behavior. This finding suggests that habitual
smoking is common among this demographic, though it may not be as
pronounced as in lower income groups.
3. Smoking because it helps you concentrate better (Reason 8): With a mean value
of 3.02, the perception that smoking improves concentration emerges as another
reason for smoking among high-income maritime students. This finding implies
that students may perceive smoking as a cognitive enhancer, which could
indicate different motivations or beliefs about smoking among this demographic.
47
________________________________________________________________
These findings shed light on the specific reasons driving smoking
behavior among high-income maritime students, highlighting potential
differences in motivations and behaviors compared to lower-income groups.
Understanding these nuances is critical for tailoring interventions and support
services to meet the specific needs of high-income maritime students while also
encouraging healthier behaviors within this demographic.
Table 4.9. Reasons Why Students Engage in Alcohol Intoxication When It Comes to
Residence

Deviation
Residence 1. To escape from stress or problems. 4.46 .803 Extremely Observable
Rural 2. Finds alcohol enjoyable and 4.23 .866 Extremely Observable

pleasurable.
3. Curiosity to try alcohol, initially. 3.98 .954 Highly Observable
4. Drinks alcohol helps cope with 3.93 1.050 Highly Observable

boredom.
5. Drinks alcohol as a way to rebel or 3.77 1.035 Highly Observable

6. Started drinking alcohol because of 4.16 .882 Highly Observable

unwind.
8. Alcohol is a way for the person to 3.96 .981 Highly Observable

9. Alcohol consumption is a part 3.42 1.017 Highly Observable

48
________________________________________________________________

Figure 4.9. Reasons Why Students Engage in Alcohol Intoxication When It Comes to
Residence
Rural Group Alcohol Intoxication

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00
Table 4.9 analyzes the reasons why students engage in alcohol intoxication, focusing on
the residence aspect, particularly in the rural category. The overall weighted mean for
the reasons why maritime students engage in alcohol intoxication, taking residence into
account, is 3.947368, which falls into the "Highly Observable" category. This
classification indicates that these reasons are common and important among maritime
students, particularly those living in rural areas.
49
________________________________________________________________
Looking at the specific findings from Figure 4.9, the reasons for alcohol intoxication
among maritime students when considering the residence aspect within the rural
category are as follows:
desire to escape from stress or problems is identified as the primary motivator
for alcohol intoxication among maritime students living in rural areas. This
finding emphasizes the importance of stress relief in driving alcohol consumption
behaviors in rural communities, which may indicate a lack of access to alternative
coping mechanisms or support services.
enjoyment and pleasure from alcohol consumption are another common reason
for alcohol intoxication among maritime students in rural areas. This suggests
that the subjective experience of alcohol consumption has a significant impact on
drinking behaviors in rural communities.
3. Started drinking alcohol because of the influence of friends or siblings (Reason
6): With a mean value of 4.16, peers and family members are identified as a
significant factor contributing to alcohol intoxication among maritime students in
rural areas. This finding emphasizes the importance of social influences and peer
dynamics in shaping alcohol consumption behaviors in rural communities, as well
as the need for targeted interventions that address social norms and peer
pressure resistance strategies.
50
________________________________________________________________
maritime students living in rural areas, emphasizing the unique challenges and
influences that this demographic faces. Understanding these factors is critical for
developing targeted interventions and support services that meet the needs of
maritime students in rural communities while also encouraging healthier behaviors
within these settings.
Table 4.10. Reasons Why Students Engage in Smoking When It Comes to Residence

Deviation
Residence 1. Media has influence to smoking 3.72 .959 Highly Observable

habits.
Rural 2. Smoking as way of self expression. 3.82 .947 Highly Observable
3. Smoking to cope with social 3.65 .973 Highly Observable

4. Smoking has become a habit. 4.00 .982 Highly Observable


concentrate better.
9. Smoking helps to think better in 3.37 1.096 Moderately Observable

51
________________________________________________________________
10. Smoking to take a break when 3.46 1.019 Highly Observable

studying.
Figure 4.10. Reasons Why Students Engage in Smoking When It Comes to Residence
Rural Group Smoking Data

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60
Table 4.10 presents an analysis of the reasons why students smoke, with a focus on
residence, particularly in the rural category. The overall weighted mean for reasons why
maritime students smoke, taking into account their residence, is 3.764912, which falls
into the "Highly Observable" category. This classification indicates that these reasons
are common and significant among maritime students, particularly those who live in
rural areas.
52
________________________________________________________________
Looking at the specific findings from Figure 4.10, the reasons identified for smoking
behavior among maritime students when considering residence within the rural category
are as follows:
1. Smoking has become a habit (Reason 4): With a mean value of 4.00, the habit-
forming nature of smoking is identified as the primary reason for smoking
behavior among maritime students living in rural areas. This finding suggests
that rural communities have a high prevalence of habitual smoking, which could
indicate a lack of access to smoking cessation support or alternative activities.
2. Smoking helps to relax and unwind (Reason 5): With a mean value of 4.12,
maritime students in rural areas perceive smoking to aid in relaxation and
unwinding. This highlights the link between smoking behavior and stress relief in
rural communities, emphasizing the need for interventions that address stress
management strategies and offer alternative relaxation techniques.
3. Smoking to feel more relaxed (Reason 7): With a mean value of 3.82, the desire
to feel more relaxed through smoking strengthens the link between smoking
behavior and stress relief among maritime students in rural communities. This
finding suggests that students may view smoking as a way to relieve tension and
relax, emphasizing the importance of promoting healthier stress management
strategies in rural communities.
These findings shed light on the specific reasons that drive smoking behavior among
maritime students living in rural areas, highlighting the demographic's unique influences
and challenges. Understanding these factors is critical for developing targeted
53
________________________________________________________________
interventions and support services that meet the needs of maritime students in rural
communities while also encouraging healthier behaviors within these settings.
Table 4.11. Reasons Why Students Engage in Alcohol Intoxication When It Comes to
Residence

Deviation
Residence 1. To escape from stress or problems. 3.63 .803 Highly Observable
Urban 2. Finds alcohol enjoyable and 3.47 .866 Highly Observable

pleasurable.
3. Curiosity to try alcohol, initially. 3.08 .954 Moderately Observable
4. Drinks alcohol helps cope with 2.96 1.050 Moderately Observable

boredom.
5. Drinks alcohol as a way to rebel or 2.75 1.035 Moderately Observable

6. Started drinking alcohol because of 3.39 .882 Moderately Observable

7. Alcohol helps the person relax and 3.38 .876 Moderately Observable
unwind.
8. Alcohol is a way for the person to 3.24 .981 Moderately Observable

9. Alcohol consumption is a part 2.87 1.017 Moderately Observable


54
________________________________________________________________
Figure 4.11. Reasons Why Students Engage in Alcohol Intoxication When It Comes to
Residence
Urban Group Alcohol Intoxication

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00
Table 4.11 provides an analysis of the reasons why students engage in alcohol
intoxication, with a focus on the residence aspect, particularly in the urban category.
The overall weighted mean for the reasons why maritime students engage in alcohol
intoxication, taking into account residence, is 3.193421, which falls into the "Moderately
Observable" category. This classification implies that, while these reasons are still
relevant among maritime students in urban areas, they may not be as common or
significant as those observed in rural or low-income areas.
Looking at the specific findings in Figure 4.11, the reasons identified for alcohol
intoxication among maritime students when considering the residence aspect within the
urban category are as follows:
55
________________________________________________________________
1. To escape stress or problems (Reason 1): With a mean value of 3.63, the desire
to escape stress or problems is still a significant reason for alcohol intoxication
among maritime students living in cities. While still significant, the slightly lower
mean value compared to rural areas suggests that stress relief may be less
pronounced among urban students, possibly due to different stressors or coping
mechanisms within this demographic.
enjoyment and pleasure from alcohol consumption are another common reason
for alcohol intoxication among maritime students in urban areas. This suggests
that the subjective experience of alcohol consumption has a significant impact on
drinking behaviors in urban communities, albeit not as pronounced as in rural
areas.
3. Started drinking alcohol due to the influence of friends or siblings (Reason 6):
With a mean value of 3.39, peer and family influence emerges as a significant
contributor to alcohol intoxication among maritime students in urban areas. This
finding emphasizes the importance of social influences and peer dynamics in
shaping alcohol consumption behaviors in urban communities, though they may
not be as prevalent as in rural areas.
maritime students living in urban areas, highlighting potential differences in
motivations and behaviors when compared to rural or low-income groups.
Understanding these nuances is critical for developing targeted interventions and
56
________________________________________________________________
support services that meet the specific needs of maritime students in urban
communities while also encouraging healthier behaviors in these settings.
Table 4.12. Reasons Why Students Engage in Smoking When It Comes to Residence

Deviation
Residence 1. Media has influence to smoking 3.01 1.089 Moderately Observable

habits.
Urban 2. Smoking as way of self expression. 3.01 .887 Moderately Observable

6. Smoking to cope with fellings of 3.11 1.078 Moderately Observable

7. Smoking to feel more relaxed. 3.37 1.141 Moderately Observable
8. Smoking because it helps 3.11 .759 Moderately Observable

concentrate better.

10. Smoking to take a break when 2.93 .984 Moderately Observable

studying.
57
________________________________________________________________
Figure 4.12. Reasons Why Students Engage in Smoking When It Comes to Residence
Urban Group Smoking Data

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60
Table 4.12 presents an analysis of the reasons why students smoke, with a focus
on residence, particularly in the urban category. The overall weighted mean for reasons
why maritime students smoke, taking into account their residence, is 3.142105, which
falls into the "Moderately Observable" category. This classification implies that, while
these reasons are still relevant among maritime students in urban areas, they may not
be as common or significant as those observed in rural or low-income areas.
Looking at the specific findings from Figure 4.12, the reasons identified for
smoking behavior among maritime students when considering residence within the
urban category are as follows:
1. Smoking has become a habit (Reason 4): With a mean value of 3.49, the
habit-forming nature of smoking is identified as the primary reason for
58
________________________________________________________________
smoking behavior among maritime students living in urban areas. This
finding suggests that habitual smoking patterns exist in urban
communities, albeit to a lesser extent than in rural areas.
2. Smoking helps to relax and unwind (Reason 5): With a mean value of
3.43, maritime students in urban areas perceive smoking to aid in
relaxation and unwinding. This highlights the link between smoking
behavior and stress relief in urban communities, though it may not be as
strong as in rural areas.
3. Smoking to feel more relaxed (Reason 7): With a mean value of 3.37, the
desire to feel more relaxed through smoking strengthens the link
between smoking behaviour and stress relief among maritime students in
urban areas. This finding suggests that students may see smoking as a
way to relieve stress and relax, though it may not be as prevalent as in
rural areas.
These findings shed light on the specific factors that influence smoking behavior
among maritime students living in cities, highlighting potential differences in motivations
and behaviors when compared to rural or low-income groups. Understanding these
nuances is critical for developing targeted interventions and support services that meet
the specific needs of maritime students in urban communities while also encouraging
healthier behaviors in these settings.
59
________________________________________________________________
CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary of Findings
The purpose of this study was to identify the causes of smoking and alcohol intoxication
among maritime students, taking into account various socio-economic factors and
residence aspects. The following findings were summarized based on statistical analysis
and interpretation of gathered data:
5.1.1 Causes of Alcohol Intoxication
1. Overall, the reasons for alcohol intoxication among maritime students had a
weighted mean of 3.516541, falling into the "Highly Observable" category. Primary
motivations included stress relief, enjoyment, and peer influence.
2. Socio-economic Aspects:
● Low-Income Category: Stress relief, pleasure, and peer influence were the most
important factors, with stress relief taking the lead.
● Middle-Income Category: Stress relief, pleasure, and peer influence were all
significant, following similar patterns to the low-income category.
60
________________________________________________________________
● High-Income Category: Stress relief, enjoyment, and peer influence were all
significant factors, albeit with slightly lower mean values than lower income
categories.
3. Residence Aspect:
● Rural Category: The primary reasons were stress relief, enjoyment, and peer
influence, with stress relief taking the top spot.
● Urban Category: Stress relief, enjoyment, and peer influence were all significant
factors, with similar patterns observed as in rural areas.
5.1.2 Reasons for Smoking Engagement.
1. Overall, reasons for smoking engagement among maritime students had a weighted
mean of 3.41, placing them in the "Highly Observable" category. Habit formation, stress
relief, and relaxation were all significant factors.
2. Socioeconomic Aspects:
● Low-Income Category: Habit formation, stress relief, and relaxation were the main
reasons, with habit formation being the most important.
● Middle-Income Category: Habit formation, stress relief, and relaxation remained
significant, following similar patterns as the low-income category.
61
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● Habit formation, relaxation, and cognitive enhancement were significant factors,
with similar patterns observed across income levels.
3. Residence Aspect:
● Rural Category: The main reasons were habit formation, stress relief, and
relaxation, with habit formation being the most important.
● Urban Category: Habit formation, stress relief, and relaxation were significant
factors, reflecting similar patterns observed in rural areas.
5.2 Conclusions
The findings from this study shed light on the multifaceted reasons behind
smoking engagement and alcohol intoxication among maritime students. Stress relief
emerged as a consistent theme across different socio-economic statuses and
residence aspects, indicating the importance of addressing stress management
strategies among maritime student populations.
Furthermore, peer influence and enjoyment were significant influences on
alcohol intoxication, indicating the need for interventions that address social norms
and promote healthier leisure activities. Similarly, habit formation played an important
role in smoking behavior, emphasizing the difficulty of breaking old smoking habits
and the importance of smoking cessation assistance.
5.3 Recommendations
Based on the results of this study, the following recommendations are proposed:
62
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1. Create Tailored Interventions: Implement targeted interventions that address
stress management strategies, peer influence, and recreational alternatives to reduce
alcohol intoxication and smoking among maritime students.
2. Improve Access to Support Services: Increase access to smoking cessation
programs and mental health support services in maritime education institutions to help
students manage stress and quit smoking.
3. Promote Healthier Social Norms: Create campaigns and initiatives to promote
healthier social norms for alcohol consumption and smoking, emphasizing the
importance of moderation and responsible behavior.
4. Enhance Collaboration: Encourage collaboration among maritime education
institutions, health professionals, and local communities to develop comprehensive
prevention and intervention programs that are tailored to the specific needs of maritime
students.
5. Longitudinal Studies: Conduct longitudinal studies to track changes in alcohol
consumption and smoking behaviors among maritime students over time, allowing for
the assessment of intervention effectiveness and the identification of emerging trends.
Implementing these recommendations allows stakeholders to collaborate to
address the underlying factors that contribute to alcohol intoxication and smoking
63
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behaviors among maritime students, ultimately promoting the health and well-being of
this group.
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JOHN B. LACSON FOUNDATION MARITIME UNIVERSITY-MOLO, INC.

COLLEGE OF MARITIME EDUCATION

IDENTIFYING THE REASONS OF SMOKING ENGAGEMENT AND ALCOHOL

INTOXICATION AMONG MARITIME STUDENTS

A Research Paper Presented to The Faculty of the Bachelor of Science in Marine

Engineering John B. Lacson Foundation Maritime University-Molo, Inc. Iloilo City

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the subject Research

Azuela, Dominic Edis

Mabulac, Vonne Laurenz

Panergar, Ian Jay

Peralta, Dionn Chloe

Torreflores, Dharill John

and (5) Delimitation of the Study .

theoretical framework, and conceptual framework of the study.

stated both descriptive and inferential questions.

derived from the results of the study.

definition and operational definition.

the boundaries of the study, the place and the time.

Background of the Study

Based on the study conducted by Moffateh (2021), prevalence of challenges

constraints, academic stress, and familial concerns, contributes to heightened stress

levels and diminished self-esteem. This, in turn, manifests in various detrimental

behaviors such as smoking and alcohol intoxication. Notably, individuals facing an

simultaneous consumption of cigarettes and alcohol. Despite the extensive research on

predictors of drinking or smoking behaviors, there is a noticeable gap in investigating

demographic (Ekpenyong et al., 2024).

As elucidated by the World Health Organization (2022), alcohol consumption

both individual and societal levels. Societal determinants encompass economic

development, cultural influences, social norms, accessibility to alcohol, and the

establishment and enforcement of alcohol-related legislation. Within this context,

contribute to an individual's susceptibility to alcohol-related difficulties. While there is no

disproportionate impact of alcohol consumption on health and societal well-being,

particularly accentuating its ramifications on less affluent populations.

The primary objective of this study is to systematically investigate the

determinants and motivations underlying the engagement of maritime students in

focusing on second-year college students at JBLFMU Molo. The anticipated outcomes of

offering a nuanced understanding of the reasons of substance engagement among

Theoretical and Conceptual Framework

intoxication because of peer pressure (Soto, 2018). According to these theories, a

person's behavior is primarily determined by unconscious influences. Because this is

resulted to engagement on vices such as smoking and drinking alcohol.

JBLFMU engage to smoking and alcohol intoxication.

Independent Variables Dependent Variable

Socioeconomic Status (SES) Reasons of Engaging in

Statement of the Problem

intoxication among maritime students.

Specifically, this study sought answer the following questions:

intoxication when group as a whole?

intoxication when classified according to sections, place of origin and socio-

and alcohol intoxication when classified based on the given variables?

were defined conceptually and operationally.

Reason. It is defined as a reason is a statement offered in explanation or

justification (Toulmin, 1958).

In this study, reason refers to the causes of maritime student engagement in

smoking and alcohol intoxication.

Smoking. Smoking is a practice in which a substance is ignited and typically

forms of recreational drug use ( Benowitz, 2010).

Alcohol Intoxication. Alcohol intoxication is a condition associated with the