Determinants

(1) A square matrix A is a singular matrix if A  0

(2) For any square matrix A, the |A| satisfy following properties.
2a. |AB| = |A| B|
2b. If we interchange any two rows (or columns), then sign of determinant changes.
2c. If any two rows or any two columns are identical or proportional, then value of
determinant is zero.
2d. If we multiply each element of a row or a column of a determinant by constant k, then
value of determinant is multiplied by k.
2e. Multiplying a determinant by k means multiply elements of only one row (or one
column) by k.
2f. If elements of a row or a column in a determinant can be expressed as sum of two or
more elements, then the given determinant can be expressed as sum of two or more
determinants.
2g. If to each element of a row or a column of a determinant the equimultiples of
corresponding elements of other rows or columns are added, then value of determinant
remains same.

(3) Let A   aij  be a square matrix. The Minor M ij of an element aij of A is the determinant of

the matrix obtained by deleting ith row and j th column of A . Minor of an element of a square

matrix of order n ( n  2 ) is a determinant of order  n  1 .

i j
(4) The Cofactor Aij of an element aij of a square matrix A   aij  is defined as Aij   1 M ij .

(5) A =Sum of product of elements (of any row or column) with their corresponding cofactors.

(6) If elements of a row (or column) are multiplied with cofactors of any other row (or column),

then their sum is zero.

(7) Adjoint of a matrix A is the transpose of a cofactor matrix.

(8) If A and B are square matrices of the same order n , then:

(a) A  adj A   A I n   adj A  A (b) adj  AB    adj B  adj A 

T T n 1
(c) adj  A    adj A  (d) adj A  A
  n 12
(e) adj  adj A   A n2
A (f) adj  adj A   A
1
(g) adj  kA   k n 1  adjA  , k  R (h)  adjA  adjA1

(9) A square matrix A of order n is invertible if there exists a square matrix B of the same order
such that AB  I n  BA . We write, A1  B .

(10) Properties of inverse of a matrix:

(a) Every invertible matrix possesses a unique inverse.
1 1
 b   A1  A (c)  AB 
1
 B 1 A 1 (d) A1 
A
1 T 1
 e   AT   
 A1 (f) A1  adj  A 
A

(11) Let A  x1 , y1  , B  x2 , y2  and C  x3 , y3  be any three points in XY-plane. Then, area of triangle

x1 y1 1
1
ABC is given by   x2 y2 1 .
2
x3 y3 1

(12) A system AX  B of n linear equations has a unique solution given by X  A1 B , if

A  0.

(13) If A  0 and  adjA  B  0 , then the system is consistent and has infinitely many solutions.

But if A  0 and  adjA  B  0 , then the system is inconsistent.