Joint Power Allocation for Energy Harvesting to
Maximize Throughput in Classified WBAN
Shuang Li, Fengye Hu, Zhi Mao, He Liu, Zhuang Ling
Jilin University, Changchun, China
Abstract—In this paper, a classified system with a relay is
investigated in wireless body area network (WBAN), where
several sensors are divided into several groups. All types of
sensors and the relay harvest energy by the radio frequency (RF)
source broadcasting, then the same type of sensors simultaneously
send common information through cooperation to the source.
Since the classified system is a confined system, based on power
allocation and maximum ratio combining (MRC) in a point-
to-point WBAN, we propose a joint power allocation on MRC
(JPA-MRC) protocol, where the transmission power allocation at
relay is unequal for different types of sensors and interacts with
the sensors power allocation. In order to achieve the maximum
sum-throughput at the source by joint power allocation at the
relay and at sensors, the optimal solutions for joint-objective
linear programming methods are proposed. Analytical and sim-
ulation results show that, our proposed optimal method can
greatly improve the information throughput compared to direct
transmission (DT) and relay transmission (RT), respectively. In
addition, the protocol based on classified scheme outperforms
than that of conventional unclassified scheme. The impacts
of various important system parameters are analyzed, which
provide useful design insights under different cases.
Index Terms—multiple types of sensors; energy harvesting;
information transmission; cooperation; classified WBAN
I. I NTRODUCTION
Wireless body area network (WBAN) consists of a source
and several sensors, where on-body sensors periodically send
physiological and multimedia data to a source. It is a dy-
namic heterogeneous network that includes multiple types
of sensors with different energy demands [1], [2]. Many
tiny sensors or actuators are connected to each other and
communication among them is achieved based on the RF in
WBAN [3]. WBAN can provide many applications, such as
medical treatment and health care, sports training, military,
etc. Low-power operation plays a significant role in WBAN,
especially considering the person health [4]. The propagation
environment around the human body is complex because the
body is in a dynamic change every moment. Different people
performe states differently, and even the same person has
different states in different situations. Therefore, it is more
necessary to establish a general model in WBAN [5].
In traditional relaying networks, there is a thorny issue to
be assressed that is the limited energy of relay. So, energy
harvesting (EH) is an important technology to supply energy
in relaying system [6], [7]. Due to the energy harvesting
constraints at relay, it is essential to optimize the informa-
tion throughput at the source in point-to-point networks. An
unidirectional amplify-and-forward (AF) relaying network in
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Rayleigh fading channels is proposed in [8]. The uses of
relays are shown to be vital for maintaining reliability. In
[9], the methods of decode-and-forward (DF) based on time
switching (TS) and power splitting (PS) bidirectional protocol
with an energy harvesting relay are discussed. However, it
only optimizes relay transmission (RT) without cooperation.
Cooperative communication has been proposed to increase
the transmission diversity gain in various types of wireless
network [10], [11]. In [12], the cooperative network with
maximum ratio combining (MRC) has been considered com-
pared with direct transmission (DT) and RT, which increase
the throughput in wireless network. Adaptive-MRC protocol
is proposed based on the TS and PS relaying protocols, which
can proactively choose the best model to achieved information
transmission [13]. But these studies are all based on point-to-
point system.
In order to get close to the actual complex networks, multi-
point communication has been introduced. In [14], the problem
to maximize sum-throughput with multi-user is solved by
jointly optimizing TS. And considering ”doubly near-far” phe-
nomenon, the common-throughput algorithm is proposed that
all users should be allocated with an equal rate whether their
distances to the source. In [15], the optimal system throughput
by power allocation and TS has been achieved in the case of
limited power, but which does not consider causality of energy.
On the basis of considering the limitation of energy causality,
it optimizes users power with the aim of system throughput,
and solves it by Lambert W-Function method [16]. In [17],
it aims to distribute the harvested energy among the multiple
users on the relays strategies, which achieve multi-pair sources
and destinations communication. However, all the study in
[14]–[17] do not mention that when the number of sensors
is large, how to solve the throughput decreasing problem of
each sensor.
To overcome this issue, we consider a classified WBAN,
where a number of sensors are divided into several groups
based on their positions and the same group of sensors
simultaneously send common information to source through
cooperation. This is the first work to apply the classified
scheme to WBAN, and this scheme can ensure that the sensors
and the relay get enough energy and send the information to
the source successfully. Previous work refering to the design
of transmission strategies for EH devices are mainly based on
the assumptions made on relay about the EH process [18]. In
this classified WBAN, the sensors and relay are all confined
system, so how to allocate the power of sensors and relay
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Fig. 1. Classified WBAN model with multiple types of of sensors.
is essential to the system. In addition, we will significantly
discuss the joint power allocation algorithm based on DF in
classified WBAN. The main contributions of this paper are as
follows:
1) : According to the characteristics of classified WBAN,
we consider a cooperative system with multiple types of
sensors based on DF. All types of sensors and the relay harvest
energy by the source broadcasting radio frequency (RF) signals
and the same type of sensors simultaneously send common
information to the source through cooperation.
2) : Due to the limition of all sensors power and relay
power, a joint power allocation on MRC (JPA-MRC) protocol
is proposed. In order to achieve the maximum sum-throughput,
the optimal solutions for joint-objective linear programming
methods are proposed. It aims to obtain the maximum sum-
throughput at the source by joint power allocation at relay and
at sensors.
3) : Compared the sum-throughput of the links in classified
WBAN: mean power allocation on RT (MPA-RT), mean time
allocation on DT (MTA-DT) and JPA-MRC, the performance
of the JPA-MRC protocol always attians the best throughput
among all three proposed protocols. Moreover, the protocol
based on classified scheme outperforms than the protocol
based on unclassified scheme. Then, we analyze the effect
of various system parameters in classified WBAN, such as
distance between source and relay, angle between one type of
sensors and relay, source transmit power, and number of each
type of sensors.
II. S YSTEM M ODEL
As shown in Fig.1, this paper considers an energy harvesting
relay communication system in classified WBAN, which con-
sists of one source (S), one relay (R) and N types of sensors
denoted by Di , i = 1, 2, · · · , N . The ith type sensors have n
nodes denoted by Dij , j = 1, 2, · · · , n, which send common
information. It is assumed that the relay and the destination
nodes can harvest energy from the source, which is stored in
the battery. Then all destination nodes send the information
data to the source not only through DT, but also through RT.
Without loss of generality, the links between S and R, between
S and Di /Dij , between Di /Dij and R are denoted by S − R,
S −Di /Dij and Di /Dij −R, respectively. We assume that hsr
and girs denote the channel coefficients of S − R, and hsd ij and
ds
gij denote the channel coefficients of S − Dij . Let gij dr
be the
channel coefficent of Dij − R. The same type of sensors are
located similarly, so the differences in their position is ignored.
Hence, the distance of S − R is expressed as d0 , the distance
of Di /Dij − R is expressed as ri , i = 1, 2, · · · , N and the
distance of S − Di /Dij is expressed as di , i = 1, 2, · · · , N .
Each node is equipped with a single antenna and operates in
half-duplex mode.
For our cooperative system model, the communication chan-
nels are independent and conform to the WBAN channel path
loss model. In this paper, the channel model is
di /ri
P L(di /ri ) = P L + 10αlog10 ( ) (1)
d
where α implies path loss index caused by multipath, d
implies the reference distance, and P L is path loss at a
distance of d from the reference distance.
Fig.2 shows the transmission based on JPA-MRC protocol,
which includes (1+N ) time slots of duration T /(1+N ), with
T denoting the block length. The whole wireless information
and power transfer process is executed by two phases, wireless
energy harvesting (WEH) phase and wireless information
transmission (WIT) phases. The first t0 amount of time is
assigned to S for broadcasting RF signals towards R and
Dij , while the remaining time in the same block is assigned
to Di for information transmission by time-division-multiple-
access (TDMA). In the WIT phase, the first half of ti is
assigned to Dij for sending data both towards S and R; the
remaining half of ti is assigned to R for relay transmission
towards S. Moreover, we adopt DF relaying mode in this
work. Furthermore, we assume S, R and Dij all operate over
the same frequency band. The relevant formula is analyzed as
follows.
A. WEH Phase
In the WEH phase, the source broadcasts RF signals so that
the receivers harvest energy in t0 . Hence, the received signal

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at Dij can be expressed as In order to ensure the success of information transmission,
 the achievable throughput at the source by the relay transmis-
d
yij = Ps hsd
ij x + nij
s
(2) sion should satisfy  r
where PS is the transmit power at S and hsd γi  γir1
ij is the channel (7)
coefficient from S towards Dij . The transmitted baseband γir  γir2
signal of S with unit power is denoted by xs . And nij denotes 3) MRC Transmission Part: At the end of the relaying
the noise at Dij . Therefore, the amount
 sd of energy harvested transmission, direct link data can be superimposed with relay
2
 
by Dij is defined as Eij = ηt0 Ps hij . η (0 < η  1) is
d link data based on joint power allocation protocol at the source
the energy harvesting efficiency at each destination node. And using maximum ratio combining (MRC). The final SNR
d
Eij with MRC at the source for each information transmission
we give the transmit power of Di as Pijd = ρdij t0 /2 , where
  is presented as γimrc = γid + γir . Due to the cooperative
ρij 0 < ρi  1 is the power allocation ratio at each node.
d d

Meanwhile, the received signal at the relay can be expressed transmission protocol based on DF, so we get the information
as throughput for each node as

y r = Ps hsr xs + nr (3)   t0
Rir ρd , ρr = log2 (1 + γimrc ) (8)
2T
where hsr is the channel coefficient from S towards R and nr  d d d T
 d dρ =d ρ1 , ρ2 ,r...ρN r ris a rN × n matrix, ρi =
d d
is the noise at R. In addition, the amount of energy harvested where
2
by the relay is defined as E r = ηt0 Ps |hsr | . We give the ρi1 , ρi2 , ...ρin , and ρ = [ρ1 , ρ2 , ...ρN ].
r
transmit power of R as Pir = ρri tE 0 /2
, where ρri (0 < ρri  1)
III. O PTIMIZATION S TRATEGY
is the power allocation ratio at the relay.
In this section, in order to obtain the optimal power alloca-
B. WIT Phase tion of the JPA-MRC transmission protocol, we formulate the
After the relay and all the sensors replenish their energy optimization problem which maximizes sum-throughput for
during the WEH phase, they transmit independent information this system, and the constraints of the problem are related to
data to the source in their allocated time slots ti . the harvested energy at the sensors and relay. Hence, the maxi-
1) Direct Transmission Part: In the direct transmission part, mization problem through the joint-objective programming can
the source receives the data from Dij in the first half of ti . be shown as
So the received signal at Dij can be given by N
 (P 1) : max Rimrc
s
= Pijd gijds
xij + ns ρd r
yij (4) ij ,ρi i=1

ds
s.t. C1 0 < ρdij  1
where gij is the channel coefficient from Dij towards S and
xij is the transmitted baseband signal of Dij with unit power. C2 ρri > 0
N
ns denotes the noise at S. We can derive the signal noise ratio
(SNR) at the source for same type of sensors group, which C3 ρri  1
n ds 2
j=1 Pij |gij |
d
SNR can be presented as γi = d
2 , where σs2 is
i=1
⎡ ⎤
σs N n
the received noise power at the source. 2E r 4E d
C4 ⎣ ρri +
ij d ⎦
ρij  P0
2) Relay Transmission Part: In the relaying transmission i=1
t 0 j=1
t 0
part, the first stage is the signal transmission from Dij to R. (9)
The received signal at the relay in the first half of ti is given where C1 is the non-negative constraints on ρdij . C2 and C3
by  show the value range of ρri , which should be less than the
r1
yij = Pijd gij xij + ns
dr d
(5) maximum energy in WEH phase. C4 presents total power used
for transmission at the relay and sensors are restricted by P0
dr
where gij is the channel coefficient from Dij towards R. The which is a fixed value that is less than the transmit power at
received signal
n
to noise ratio at the relay can be represented the source.
dr 2
j=1 Pij |gij |
d
as γi =
r1
2 . The throughput of DT is related to the value of ρdij , while
σr
Next, the relay uses part of the harvested energy for in- the throughput of RT is affected by the both value of ρdij and
formation forwarding in the second half of ti . Therefore, the the value of ρri . Due to the harvested power, the maximum
received signal at the source is represented as throughput of the system is available by optimizing throughput
in both S − R and Di − R of the relay transfer process.

yir2 = Pir girs xri + ns (6) Lemma 3.1: When γir1 = γir2 , γir has the maximum in
point-to-point WBAN.
where girs is the channel coefficient between R and S, and xr Proof: Please refer to the [19].
is a unit-power of the relay. With the previous analysis, we From Lemma 3.1, when γir1 = γir2 , problem (P1) has the
P r |g rs |2
obtain SNR as γir2 = i σ2i . maximum. It’s assumed that σs2 = σr2 = σ 2 . The optimal
s

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power distribution condition for the relay and each node is TABLE I
given by SIMULATION PARAMETERS OF WBAN
n  dr 2 d d
j=1 gij Eij ρij parameter arm torso arm+torso
ρi =
r
2 r (10) PL

32.2 41.2 35.7
|gi | E
sr 
d 10 10 10
α 3.35 3.23 3.38
In this system, the optimization problem is divided into
two cases because of the relay position. On one hand,
N nj=1 |gij dr 2 d
| Eij
when 2 < E r , the throughput has the
i=1 |girs |
sensors power limit (SPL). On the other hand, when
N dr 2 d
j=1 |gij | Eij
n

2  E r , the throughput has the relay power

i=1 | gi |
rs
δ,ĞĂĚƐĞŶƐŽƌƐε
ϭ

limit (RPL). In this paper, we only study the case of SPL,

because the algorithms of two cases are similar. ƌϭ
In this case, we obtain the transmit power ratio at the relay Ěϭ Z
for each destination as ĚϬ ƌϮ δƌŵƐĞŶƐŽƌƐε
ɽϭ
n ɽϮ Ϯ
ρdij aij ^
ρri = (11)
bi ĚϮ
j=1
 dr 2 d
In (11), we assume aij = gij  E and bi = |g rs |2 E r . So
ij i Fig. 3. Sensors and Relay Position in this system
the problem (P1) is changed as
N
(P 2) : max Rimrc IV. S IMULATION R ESULTS
ρd
ij i=1
In this section, we give some simulation results to verify our
s.t. C1 0 < ρdij  1
analysis and proposal presented in Section III. Meanwhile, the
N n
ρdij aij (12) effect of various important parameters of JPA-MRC protocol
C2 1 based on classified WBAN is discussed for the systems
i=1 j=1
bi
performance. We set the transmit power at S, Ps = 1mw,
N n
2ρdij  and the energy harvesting efficiency η = 1. Due to the low
C3 2bi Eij
d
+ aij Er  P0
t0 b i transmission power of the body environment, the noise power
i=1 j=1
and the system power limit should be small enough, so they
According to the constraints of the problem (P2), the sum are set as σs2 = σr2 = −164dBm and P0 = −6.4dBm.
of C1 and C2 is compared with C3, the power obtain by the Furthermore, the signal bandwidth w is 1MHz. As shown in
sensors should satisfy Fig.3, two kinds of sensors with two sensors in each type are
⎧ ⎫ given by N = 2 and n = 2, and every sensor is independent
⎨ N n ⎬ of each other. The angle between S − D1 and S − R is θ1 . θ2
P = min 2t0 ( Eijd
+ Er ), P0 (13) is the angle between S − D2 and S − R. The distance of d1
⎩ ⎭
i=1 j=1 is 60cm and the distance d2 is 65cm. From (1), we can get
P L (d i ) P L ( ri )
In (13), P denotes maximum system power limit. As a the channel gain, which are 10− 10 and 10− 10 . The
result, the optimal distribution problem of the sensors can be parameter values of this model are shown in Table I [20].
tightly upper expressed as
A. Impact of Different Distance between Source and Relay d0
N
(P 3) : max Rimrc In Fig.4, we give the impact of the different distances
ρd
ij i=1
between source and relay on information throughput with
s.t. C1 0 < ρdij  1 θ1 = 20◦ and θ2 = 70◦ under the classified WBAN and
(14)
unclassified WBAN. It is illustrated that there exists a unique
N n
2ρdij  d∗0 which gives the best throughput expect DT. As d0 increases,
C2 2bi Eij
d
+ aij E r  P
t0 b i when d0 < d∗0 , the throughput improves because the channel
i=1 j=1
gain of R − Di gets better, but the system is limited by each
The Hessian matrix of problem (P3) is a negative definite sensor transmission power; when d0 > d∗0 , the throughput
matrix, in which all elements except that the main diagonal deteriorates because the energy harvested at R is reduced and
elements are negative, other elements are zero, so it is convex. the system is limited by relay transmission power. And we
Therefore, the optimization problems can be solved by convex can see that the optimal throughput under JPA-MRC is larger
optimization techniques and tools. than that under MPA-DT and MTA-RT by up to 16% and

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 1.5 1.5
Classified JPA-MRC JPA-MRC
Unclassified JPA-MRC MPA-RT
1.4 Classified MPA-RT MTA-DT
Unclassified MPA-RT
1.3 Classified MTA-DT
Unclassified MTA-DT
1.2
Throughput[KB/Hz]

Throughput[KB/Hz]
1.1

0.9 0.5

0.8

0.7

0.6 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
d 0 [cm] Ps[W] × 10-4

Fig. 4. Optimal throughput in different distances between source and relay Fig. 6. Optimal throughput in different source transmit power PS in classified
d0 in classified WBAN and unclassified WBAN WBAN

1.4 1.5
JPA-MRC
MPA-RT
1.4 MTA-DT
1.3

1.3
1.2
Throughput[KB/Hz]

1.2
Throughput[KB/Hz]

1.1 1.1

1
1
0.9
d0 =15cm,JPA-MRC
0.9
d0 =15cm,MPA-RT 0.8
d0 =25cm,JPA-MRC

0.8 d0 =25cm,MPA-RT 0.7

MTA-DT

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0.6
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3
1 n

Fig. 5. Optimal throughput in different angle between relay and D1 (Head Fig. 7. Optimal throughput in different number of sensors n in classified
sensors) θ1 in classified WBAN WBAN

22%, respectively. The protocol based on classified scheme

outperforms than the protocol based on unclassified scheme.
B. Impact of Angle between Relay and D1 (Head Sensors) θ1
Fig.5 depicts the impact of angle between relay and D1
(head sensors) on the information throughput with d0 = 15cm
or d0 = 25cm. Whatever the distance between source and
relay, the optimal throughput appears to go up first and decline
later for D1 (head sensors) with the angle from 0◦ to 90◦ . And
we can also see that when the relay and D2 (arm sensors)
are on the same line, the minimum of throughput is achieved
because the channel gain of R − D2 (arm sensors) is the
worst. Since d0 and θ1 jointly determine the relay position, we
give the angle variation curves with different d0 . It is shown
that the throughput with d0 = 25cm outperforms that with
d0 = 15cm, which is consistent with our analytical results
in Fig.4. Moreover, the JPA-MRC protocol always attains the
best throughput among all three proposed protocols.
C. Impact of Source Transmit Power PS
Fig.6 shows the impact of the transmit power at the source
on the information throughput with θ1 = 30◦ , θ2 = 60◦ and
d0 = 20cm. It is observed that the optimal throughput is an
incremental function of PS . When PS rises from 0.1mw to
1mw, the optimal throughput grows. With the increase of PS ,
the harvested energy at the relay and all sensors ascend, which
results in the relay transmit power and each node transmit
power ascend. We compare with the throughput achievable by
MPA-DT and MTA-RT, and our optimal strategy in throughput
is always better by up to 70% and 14%, respectively.

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D. Impact of Sensors Number n
Fig.7 plots the effect of each types of sensors number on
the information throughput with n from 1 to 3 i.e. all sensors
number from 2 to 6. It is assumed θ1 = 30◦ , θ2 = 60◦
and d0 = 20cm. The optimal throughput is rising with
the increasing of n, because the harvested energy increases.
However, we can observe that the simulation curve increases
gradually and slowly. If n is big enough, the system throughput
will approach a fixed value. Meanwhile, the throughput on
JPA-MRC outperforms the throughput by MPA-DT and MTA-
RT, which can increase by up to 17% and 22%, respectively.
V. C ONCLUSION
In this paper, we study an energy harvesting cooperative
relay system with the multiple types of sensors based on
DF in classified WBAN. In each time slot, the optimal sum-
throughput is analytically characterized by solving the joint-
objective power allocation problems. We analyze the curves
of throughput over the different distances between source and
relay in classified WBAN and unclassified WBAN. In addition,
we also analyze the effect of various system parameters in
classified network, such as distance between source and relay,
angle between one type of sensors and relay, source transmit
power, and number of each type of sensors on JPA-MRC
protocol compared with these on MPA-DT and MTA-RT. Our
theoretical results show that compared with MPA-DT and
MTA-RT, our optimal strategy can obtain the best through-
put among all the protocols. Specially, the protocol based
on classified scheme outperforms than that of conventional
unclassified scheme.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This work was supported by Jilin Provincial Science
and Technology Department Key Scientific and Technologi-
cal Project (No.20190302031GX), Changchun Scientific and
Technological Innovation Double Ten Project (No. 18SS010),
National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.61671219),
and Jilin Province Development and Reform Commission
Project (No.2017C046-3).
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