10

Science
Fourth Quarter
Module 1: Gas Laws

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 10
Science
Fourth Quarter
Module 1: Gas Laws
 Science 10
Fourth Quarter
Module 1: Gas Laws

INTRODUCTION

The module is written in support of the K to 12 Basic Education Program

to ensure attainment of standard expected of you as a learner.
This aims to equip you with essential knowledge on concept of the
different gas laws and the kinetic molecular theory.

This includes the following activities/tasks:

 Expected Learning Outcome –This is the learning outcome that
you are expected to have accomplished at the end of the
module.
 Pre- test- This will determine how much you have learned on
the lesson that you are about to take.
 Discussion of the lesson- This will provide you the necessary
knowledge, principles and attitude that will help you meet the
expected learning outcome.
 Learning Activities – These will provide you the application of
knowledge and principles you have gained from the lesson and
enable you to further enhance your skills as you carried out the
prescribed tasks.
 Post – test – This will evaluate your overall understanding about
the module.
With the different activities provided in this module, may you find this
material engaging and challenging as it develops your critical thinking skills.

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 What I Need to Know
As a learner, you are going to investigate the relationship between:
1. volume and pressure at constant temperature of a gas; and
2. volume and temperature at constant temperature of a gas. You should be able to
explain volume-pressure relationship and volume-temperature relationship using
the kinetic molecular theory.

What I know
Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answers in your
notebook.
.
1. Air, the gas we are most familiar with, consists of
A. a mixture of several different kinds of gases
B. a single compound made up of several gases
C. gas particles of only one kind
D. particles of only nonreactive gases

2. Which of the following is not a property of gases?

A. gases can be compressed
B. gases exert pressure on their containers
C. gases diffuse quickly through other gases
D. gases are weightless near the surface of the Earth.

3. What kind of movement is exhibited by gas molecules?

A. vibrational movement
B. translational movement
C. rotational movement
D. combination of A, B and C

4. The process of spreading out spontaneously to occupy a space uniformly is

known as
A. diffusion
B. pressure
C. compressibility
D. expansion

5. The most useful unit for describing the amount of gas is the
A. liter
B. atmosphere
C. mole
D. cubic meter

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6. If the volume available to the gas is increased, the pressure exerted by one mole
of gas molecules will
A. increase
B. decrease
C. increase then decrease
D. decrease then increase

7. Boyle’s law involves which of the following?

A. a direct proportion
B. a constant volume
C. a constant pressure
D. a constant temperature

8. For a gas, which pair of variables are inversely proportional to each other (if all
other conditions remain constant)?
A. P, T
B. P, V
C. V, T
D. n, V

9. Charles’s law involves which of the following?

A. a direct proportion
B. a constant volume
C. constant temperature
D. an indirect proportion

10. The characteristics (variables) of gases needed to describe a gas completely

include all of the following except
A. temperature
B. density
C. volume
D. pressure

11. If the volume of the confined gas is doubled while the temperature remains
constant, what change (if any) would be observed in the pressure?
A. It would be half as large.
B. It would double.
C. It would be four times as large.
D. It would remain the same.
12. Indicate what the missing words are in the following statement of Charles’ law: At
constant pressure, the volume of a gas sample is _______ proportional to
its_______ temperature.
A. directly; Celsius
B. directly; Kelvin
C. inversely; Celsius
D. inversely; Kelvin
.

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 What’s In
Activity
“Remember Me”

Directions: Identify the terms defined below. Circle the terms in the puzzle. The
words may be arranged vertically, horizontally or diagonally.

Z X Y T I L I B I S S E R P M O C L
D E R M I S E A O X A T O I I H A F
I R O K D E P L O Y B E O T A W M O
F U E M E L Q L V X L I M R J H O R
F S H O A U S T N E M E L E P Y U C
U S T T L C I T S A L E S M H O N E
S E S A G E X P A N S I B I L I T Y
I R O V O L U M E R E H P S O M T A
O P W O W O O L I T E R N I V L E K
N O I T O M S E R U T A R E P M E T

1. It is the intermingling of the particles of a material with those of another, or the

outward movement of molecules from their source. The molecules of gases are
always in rapid random, straight line motion, endlessly bumping against each
other and hitting the walls of the container.
2. One of the phases of matter, that has no definite shape and size and can be
compressed easily.
3. The movement of gas molecules randomly colliding each other and with the walls
of the container.
4. a property of a gas that is the force exerted per unit area.
5. the amount of space occupied by an object as measured in cubic units such as
quarts or liters.
6. the degree or intensity of heat present in a substance or object, especially as
expressed according to a comparative scale and shown by a thermometer or
perceived by touch.
7. is the smallest particle of a substance which can exist by itself and which has all
the properties of the substance.
8. is the basic unit of matter.
9. this property is exhibited by the air inside the ball or a balloon that is it can be
reduced in volume when pressure is applied on it. This is being shown using
Boyle’s Law that is volume is inversely proportional to pressure.
10. a property of a gas that shows the relationship between the temperature and
volume of a gas. This means that a gas increases or decreases in volume as the
temperature rises or falls. In other words, a gas expands when temperature
increases and contracts when the temperature decreases or lowered
11. an idea or set of ideas that is intended to explain facts or events; or an idea that
is suggested or presented as possibly true but that is not known or proven to be
true.

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12. summarize the results of experiments or observations, usually within a certain
range of application. In general, the accuracy of these does not change when a
new theory of the relevant phenomenon is worked out, but rather the scope of
the application.
13. Law that is volume is inversely proportional to pressure; Formula:
P1 V1 = P2 V2
14. Law that shows the relationship between the temperature and volume of a gas.
This means that a gas increases or decreases in volume as the temperature
rises or falls. A gas expands when temperature increases and contracts when
the temperature decreases or lowered.
15. the mixture of invisible odorless, tasteless gases surrounding the Earth.
16. strength or energy as an attribute of physical action or movement.
17. is made up of one kind of atom.
18. a standard unit of pressure.
19. A quantity of something, especially the total of a thing or things in number, size,
value or extent.
20. is the unit of measurement for amount of substance in the International System
of Units (SI).
21. Standard unit of temperature used in calculations in gas laws.
22. A standard unit for the volume of gas.
23. an encounter between two bodies in which the total kinetic energy of the two
bodies remains the same.
24. a theoretical gas composed of many randomly moving point particles that are not
subject to interparticle interactions.

What’s New
Activity 1

Directions: Match the different gas laws in Column A with the pictures that applies
the gas law in Column B.

Column A Column B
1. Boyle’s Law

A.
Air is pump inside the ball
2. Charles’ Law

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 B.
3. Gay-Lussac’s Law

C.
4. Combined Gas Law Lungs during breathing

D.
5. Avogadro’s Law Pressure cooker

E.
Aerosol container

6. Ideal Gas Equation F.

Blown out tire

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 What Is It
Read and Learn
Gases have three characteristic properties: (1) they are easy to compress, (2) they
expand to fill their containers, and (3) they occupy far more space than the liquids or
solids from which they form. An internal combustion engine provides a good example
of the ease with which gases can be compressed. Because most gases are difficult
to observe directly, they are described through the use of four physical properties or
macroscopic characteristics: pressure, volume, number of particles in moles and
temperature.

Gas Laws are formulated based on the Scientists observation of the relationships
among the properties of gases. These gas laws can also be explained by the Kinetic
Molecular Theory of Gases. There are six different gas laws: 1. Boyle’s Law; 2.
Charles’ Law; 3. Gay-Lussac’s Law; 4. Combined Gas Law; 5. Avogadro’s Law; 6.
Ideal Gas Equation.

Kinetic Molecular Theory states that gas particles are in constant motion and exhibit
perfectly elastic collisions. Kinetic Molecular Theory can be used to explain both
Charles' and Boyle's Laws. The average kinetic energy of a collection of gas
particles is directly proportional to absolute temperature only.
Read and Learn More…
Gas Laws:
1. Boyle’s Law
Boyle’s Laws is named after Robert Boyle, who first stated it in 1662. Boyle’s Law
states that if temperature is held constant, volume and pressure have an inverse
relationship; that is, as volume increases, pressure decreases and vice versa. This
relationship is expressed by a mathematical equation:

2. Charles’ Law: Temperature and Volume

Charles’ Law named after Jacques Charles who investigate on volume-temperature
relationship in gases. Charles’ Law also known as the law of volumes describing how
gases tend to expand when heated. A modern statement of Charles’ Law is “When
pressure on a sample of a dry gas is held constant, the Kelvin temperature and the
volume is in direct proportion.”

This law describes how a gas expands as the temperature increases; conversely, a
decrease in temperature will lead to a decrease in volume.

3. Gay-Lussac’s Law which states that the pressure of the gas is directly proportional
to its temperature at constant volume and amount of gas in moles. This means that
when the temperature of gases increases its pressure also increases or vice versa.
Hence, Gay-Lussac’s Law states that at constant volume, the pressure of a fixed
mass of gas is directly proportional to the absolute temperature. Named after Joseph
Louis Gay-Lussac.

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4. Combined Gas Law which determine the relationship among temperature,
pressure and volume of gases at constant number of moles. The pressure and
volume of a gas are inversely proportional to each other, but are both directly
proportional to the temperature of the gas. No one is credited for the Combined Gas
Law, this is law result from combining Boyle’s Law, Charles’ Law and Gay-Lussac’s
Law.

5. Avogadro’s Law. This law shows the relationship between the volume of a gas
and the amount of gas in moles. Equal volumes of all gases, kept at the same
pressure and temperature, contain the same number of molecules according to
Lorenzo Romano Amedeo Carlo Avogadro in 1811. This means that the volume of
gases is directly proportional to the number of moles whose symbol is n.

6. Combining the three gas laws; Boyle’s Law, Charles’ Law and Avogadro’s Law will
come up with the Ideal Gas Equation.

Where: V is the volume in liters; T is the temperature in Kelvin; P is the pressure in

atmosphere; n is the amount of gas in moles and R is the universal constant value
0.0821 L. atm
mol. K
The value of R is computed based on STP or Standard Temperature and Pressure.
P = 1.00 atm.; V = 22.4 L; T = 273 K; n = 1.0 mole

Important units to remember in calculations:

• Volume units and their equivalents:
1mL = 1 cm3 1L = 1000 mL 1L = 1 dm3 1m3 = 1000L
• Pressure Units and their equivalents:
1 atm =760 mm Hg =76 cm Hg =760 torr =101325 Pa =14. 6956 psi
• Temperature Units and their equivalents:
0 0 C = 273 K 0 0 C = 32 0 F
• STP or Standard Temperature and Pressure:
Standard Temperature is 0 0 C; 32 0 F; 273.15 K or 273 K
Standard Pressure is 1 atm.
• Temperature, pressure, amount and volume of a gas are interdependent, and many
scientists have developed laws to describe the relationships among them.

Read and Learn More…

1. Boyle’s Law Formula:

P1 V1 = P2 V2

Where: P1 = Initial Pressure (atm or mm Hg)

V1 = Initial Volume (L or mL)
P2 = Final Pressure (atm or mm Hg)
V2 = Final Volume (L or mL)
Note: The units of pressure and volume do not matter however the units must match
for both P1 and P2; and for V1 and V2

Sample Problem on Boyle’s Law:

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 The inflated balloon that slipped from the hand of Jane has a volume of 0.50 L
at sea level with an atmospheric pressure of 1.0 atm, and reached a height of
approximately 8 km where the atmospheric pressure is approximately 0.33 atm.
Assuming that the temperature is constant, compute for the final volume of the
balloon.

In solving the problem, it is important to categorize the initial and final conditions of
the variables.

Initial Conditions: Final Conditions:

V1 = 0.50 L V2 =?
P1 = 1.0 atm P2 = 0.33 atm

Applying Boyle’s Law:

P1 V1 = P2 V2
Find V2 = P1 V1
P2
Substitute the given values:
V2 = (1.0 atm) (0.50 L) = 1.5 L
0.33 atm

What’s More
Independent Activity 1
Answer the following problems of Boyle’s Law in your activity notebook.

1.) A balloon contains 7.2 L of He. The pressure is reduced to 2.0 atm and the
balloon expands to occupy a volume of 25.1L What was the initial pressure
exerted on the balloon?

2.) 352 mL of chlorine under a pressure of 680 mm Hg are placed into a container
under a pressure of 1210 mm Hg. The temperature remains constant at 296 K.
What is the volume of the container?

Read and Learn More…

2. Charles’ Law Formula:

V1 = V2 or V2 = T2
T1 T2 V1 T1

Where: V1 is the initial volume

T1 is the initial temperature in Kelvin
V2 is the final volume
T2 is the final temperature in Kelvin

The equation shows that, as the absolute temperature increases, the volume of the
gas also increases in proportion.

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Sample Problem:
An inflated balloon with a volume of 0.75L at 30 0 C was placed inside the freezer
where the temperature is -10 0 C. Find out what will happen to the volume of the
balloon if the pressure remains constant. Support your answer with computation.

Analyzing the problem: Temperature always convert to Kelvin

Initial Conditions: Final Conditions:
V1 = 0.75L V2 = ?
T1 = 30 C + 273 = 303 K
0
T2 = -10 0 C + 273 = 263 K

V1 = V2 or V2 = T2 derived V2 from the formula:

T1 T2 V1 T1

V2 = V1 T2 Substitute the given values:

T1

V2 = (0.75L) (263 K) = 0.65 L

303 K

Independent Activity 2
Answer the following problems of Charles’ Law in your activity notebook.
1. A container contains 5 L of nitrogen gas at 25 0 C. What will be its volume if the
temperature increases by 35 0 C keeping the pressure constant?

2. A sample of gas occupies 3 L at 300 K. What volume will it occupy at 200 K?

Read and Learn More…

3. Gay-Lussac’s Law Formula:

P1 = P2
T1 T2

Where: P1 is the initial pressure

T1 is the initial temperature in Kelvin
P2 is the final pressure
T2 is the final temperature in Kelvin.

Sample Problem:
The pressure of a nitrogen gas inside a rigid tank is 1.5 atmosphere at 30 0 C. What
will be the resulting pressure if the tank is cooled to 0 0 C?

Identify the given in the problem:

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Initial conditions Final conditions
P1 = 1.5 atm P2 =?
T1 = 30 0 C + 273 = 303 K T2 = 0 0 C + 273 = 273 K

Substitute the given values to the equation

P1 = P2
T1 T2
So, P2 = P1 T2
T1
P2 = (1.5 atm) (273 K) = 1.35 atm
303 K

Independent Activity 3
Solve the following problems of Gay-Lussac’s Law:
1. A certain light bulb containing argon has a pressure of 1.20 atm. at 18 0 C. If it will
be heated to 85 0 C at constant volume, what will be the resulting pressure? Is it
enough to cause sudden breakage of the bulb?

2. At 20 0 C a confined ammonia gas has a pressure of 2.50 atm. At what

temperature would its pressure be equal to 760 mm Hg?

Read and Learn More …

4. Combined Gas Law is represented by this equation:

P1 V1 = P2 V2
T1 T2
Where: P1 is the initial pressure P2 is the final pressure
V1 is the initial volume V2 is the final volume
T1 is the initial temperature T2 is the final temperature

Sample Problem:
A gas measures 100 mL at 27 0 C and 760 mm Hg. What will be its volume at
15 C and 750 mm Hg?
0

The given values are shown below:

V1 = 100 mL V2 = ?
P1 = 760 mm Hg P2 = 750 mm Hg
T1 = 27 0 C + 273 = 300 K T2 = 15 0 C + 273 = 288 K

Using the formula:

P1 V1 = P2 V2
T1 T2 derived V2 = P1 V1 T2
P2 T1 then, substitute the given values

V2 = (760 mm Hg) (100 mL) (288 K) = 97 mL

(750 mm Hg) (300 K)

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Independent Activity 4

1. Helium gas has a volume of 250 mL at 0 0 C at 1.0 atm. What will be the final
pressure if the volume is reduced to 100 mL at 45 0 C?

2. The volume of gas at 27 0 C and 700 mm Hg is 600 mL. What is the volume of the
gas at -20 0 C and 500 mm Hg?

Read and Learn More …

Do you still remember the mole concept? Can you still recall what a mole means?

5. Avogadro’s Law. This law represented this mathematical equation:

V α n at constant T and P; finally the formula is V1 = V2 or V1 n2 = V2 n1
n1 n2
where: V1 is the initial volume
n1 is the initial amount of gas in moles
V2 is the final volume
n2 is the final amount of gas in moles

Sample Problem:
What will be the final volume of a 5.00 L He gas which contains 0.965 mole of
gas at 30 0 C and 1.00 atmosphere, if the amount of this gas is increased to 1.80
moles provided that temperature and pressure remains unchanged?

Initial Conditions Final Conditions

V1 = 5.0 L V2 = ?
n1 = 0.965 mole n2 = 1.80 mole
P1 = 1.0 atm. P2 = 1.0 atm.
T1 = 30 0 C T2 = 30 0 C

Using the formula : V1 = V2 derived V2 = V1 n2

n1 n2 n1

Substitute the given values: V2 = (5.0 L) (1.80 mole) = 9.3 L

0.965 mole

Independent Activity 5
Solve the following problems of Avogadro’s Law:
1. A 7.25 L sample of nitrogen gas is determined to contain 0.75 mole of nitrogen.
How many moles of nitrogen gas would there be in a 20 L sample provided the
temperature and pressure remain the same.

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2. Consider the following chemical equation:
2 NO2 (g) ———˃ N2 O4 (g)

If 50.0 mL of NO2 gas is completely converted to N2 O4 gas, under the same

conditions, what volume will the N2 O4 occupy?

Read and Learn More …

Now, let us review the different gas laws:

Boyle’s Law: V α 1 ( n and T are constant)

P

Charles’ Law: V α T ( n and P are constant)

Avogadro’s Law: V α n ( P and T are constant)

Combining these three gas laws, will come up with the Ideal Gas Equation

VαnT change the proportionality sign with equal sign

P

V=nT since this is Ideal Gas Equation, the value of the gas is set at STP
P or Standard Temperature and Pressure. Inserting the
universal gas constant R in the formula.

V = n R T then finally the equation is PV = n R T

P

Where: V is the volume in liters; T is the temperature in Kelvin; P is the

pressure in atmosphere; n is the amount of gas in moles and R is the
universal constant value 0.0821 L. atm
mol. K

The value of R is computed based on STP or Standard Temperature and

Pressure. P = 1.00 atm.; V = 22.4 L; T = 273 K; n = 1.0 mole

R = PV R = (1.00 atm.) (22.4 L) = 0.08205 or 0.0821 L. atm

nT (1.0 mole) (273 K) mol. K

Sample Problem:
What is the volume of a container that can hold 0.50 mole of gas at 25 0 C and
1.25 atm.?

Given: P = 1.25 atm.

T = 25 0 C + 273 = 298 K
n = 0.50 mole

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 V=?

Using the Equation PV = n R T derived V = n R T

P

V = (0.50 mole) (0.0821 L. atm / mol. K) (298 K) = 9.8 L

1.25 atm.

Independent Activity 6
Solve the following problems of Ideal Gas Equation:
1. Calculate the pressure exerted by a 0.25 mole sulfur hexafluoride in a steel vessel
having a capacity of 1250 mL at 70 0 C.

2. Fermentation of glucose produce gas in the form of carbon dioxide , how many
moles of carbon dioxide is produced if 0.78 L of carbon dioxide at 20.1 0 C 1.00
atm. was collected during the process?

What I Have Learned

Gases do not behave ideally that is why different gas laws were being
formulated based on the different set of conditions. However, in general the behavior
of gases depends on its absolute temperature and that is directly proportional to its
Kelvin temperature. This can be explained using the Kinetic Molecular Theory that
when the temperature increases the average kinetic energy of the gas molecules will
also increases. To sum it up, Gay-Lussac’s Law shows the relationship between
pressure and temperature at constant volume and amount of gas, that is when the
temperature increases the pressure will also increase due to the fast motion of the
molecules of the gas. This concept explains why a pressure cooker can cooked
faster than an ordinary kettle. Combined Gas Law determine the relationship
among temperature, pressure, and volume of gases at constant amount of gas. An
application to this law is the weather balloon rises up from the ground, it responds to
three variable changes in the surrounding; volume, pressure and temperature.
Avogadro’s Law shows the direct relationship between the volume and amount of
gas at constant temperature and pressure. This explains when you pump air inside
the balloon the balloon will inflate as the gas molecules enter the balloon increases.
However, when this balloon puncture a small hole the gas molecules effuses out the
balloon the volume of the gas inside the balloon decreases. The last one is the Ideal
Gas Equation in which it explains if the four variables are being observe and the
values are set at STP or Standard Temperature and Pressure.

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 What I Can Do
Activity: Know Me Better

Match the different gas laws in Column A with its formula on Column B

Column A Column B

1. Boyle’s Law A) PV = n R T

2. Charles’ Law B) P1 V1 = P2 V2

3. Gay-Lussac’s Law C) V1 = V2
T1 T2

4. Combined Gas Law D) P1 V1 = P2 V2

T1 T2
5. Avogadro’s Law E) P1 = P2
T1 T2
6. Ideal Gas Equation F) V1 = V2
n1 n2

Assessment
I. Write the letter of the correct answer on your paper.
1. When air is added into an automobile tire, which of the following does NOT
happen?
A. The gas density increases.
B. The gas molecules collide more frequently.
C. The gas molecules move faster.
D. The space between the molecules decreases.
2. As the volume of a gas goes up, what happens to the temperature of the
gas?
A. goes up
B. stays the same
C. goes down
D. goes down, then up

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3. The temperature and pressure of a gas are directly related. This is a
statement of:
A. Boyle's Law
B. Gay-Lussac's Law
C. Combined Gas Law
D. the Ideal Gas Law
4. Which of the following pair/s is/are correctly matched?

A. I & II
B. III & IV
C. I, III, & IV
D. I, II, III, & IV
5. Determine what will happen to the temperature of a confined gas as the
pressure decreases.
A. the gas temperature stays the same
B. the gas temperature decreases
C. the gas temperature increases
D. there is no enough data
6. In the ideal gas equation, the universal gas constant R has the value of
_______ L . atm/ mol . K.
A. 0.008206
B. 0.820600
C. 0.082060
D. 8.206000
7. A sample of carbon dioxide occupies 3 L at 35ºC and 1 atm. What will
happen to its volume if its condition is changed to 48ºC and 1.5 atm?
A. The volume will decrease.
B. The volume will remain the same.
C. The volume will increase.
D. The volume cannot be determined.

16
8. Which of the following pairs of variables are inversely proportional for an
ideal gas, if all other variables are kept constant.
I. Pressure and volume
II. Pressure and temperature
III. Volume and temperature
A) I only C) I and II only
B) II only D) I and III only
9. Avogadro stated that equal volumes of gases under the same conditions
of temperature and pressure have equal
A. number of molecules
B. number of grams
C. molar masses
D. atoms
10. A given mass of gas in a rigid container is heated from 100 0 C to 500 0 C.
Which of the following responses best describes what will happen to the
pressure of the gas?
A. The pressure will decrease by a factor of five.
B. The pressure will increase by a factor of five.
C. The pressure will increase by a factor of about two.
D. The pressure will increase by a factor of about eight.

11-12. Solve the problem for 2 points.

A 2 L sample of helium at 400°C and 560 torr is compressed to a
volume of 1.8 L at 200°C. What is the new pressure of the gas?

17
References:
SCIENCE 10 Learner’s Module page 362-374
SCIENCE 6 Alternative Delivery Mode 2020
Science and Technology III Chemistry by Amelia Mapa, Trinidad Fidelino, Lilia
Rabago
Chemistry Teaching Textbook and Guide by Estrella E. Mendoza and Teresita P.
Religioso
Science and Technology III Chemistry
Science III (Science and Technology for the future

https://en.m.wikipedia.org>wiki
https://www.nationaldeographic.org
https://www.britannica.com>science
www.google.com
http://en.m.wikipedia.org
www.meriamwebster.org
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Sup
plemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_
of_Matter/Properties_of_Gases/Kinetic_Theory_of_Gases/Basics_of_Kinetic_Molecular_Theory

18