11th Chemistry | Chapter 1: Stoichiometry Notes Provide by TaleemCorner.

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Stoichiometry

Previous Knowledge?

 Calculation of Molar mass

Example1 : Molar mass of H2SO4

H2SO4

= 2(H) + 1(S) + 4(O)

= 2(1) + 1(32) + 4(16)

= 2 + 32 + 64

= 98 g

Example 2: Molar mass of Ca3(PO4)2

Ca3(PO4)2

= 3(Ca) + 2 [ 1(P) + 4(O) ]

= 3(40) + 2 [ 1(31) + 4(16) ]

= 120 + 2 [ 31 + 64 ]

= 120 + 2 [ 95 ]

= 120 + 190

= 310 g
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Moles Calculations

 Balancing of Chemical Equations

11th Chemistry | Chapter 1: Stoichiometry Notes Provide by TaleemCorner.com Page 3

STOICHIOMETRY

Definition: Stoichiometry is the calculation of relative amounts of reactants or products

using balance chemical equations.

Etymology: Derived from two Greek words ; “stoichion” means element and “metron”
means measurement.

Principle: It is based on law of conservation of mass which states that “mass can neither
be produced nor be destroyed but it is converted one to another form”

Assumptions: Following are the assumptions of stoichiometry

 All the reactants are completely converted in products (irreversible reaction)

 No side reaction occurs

Stoichiometric Relationships
11th Chemistry | Chapter 1: Stoichiometry Notes Provide by TaleemCorner.com Page 4

1) Mole-Mole Relationship

Moles are given and moles are to be calculated

Example 1

Methanol burns according to the following equations;

If 3.5 moles of methanol are burnt in oxygen, calculate

a) How many moles of oxygen are used?

b) How many moles of water are produced?

Solution: Example 2 (Self-Check Exercise 1.1)

NH3 is an important raw material for the manufacturing of many fertilizers. It is obtained by
the combination of N2 and H2 as shown by the following balanced equation. How many
moles of following are required to manufacture 5.0 moles of NH3?

a) Nitrogen b) Hydrogen
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Solution:

Example 1.2

Iron can be produced from iron ore F2O3 by reacting the iron ore with carbon monoxide
(CO). Carbon dioxide (CO2) is produced in this reaction as byproduct. What mass of iron
can be formed from 425 g of iron ore?

Known

Mass of Iron ore = 425 g

Unknown

Mass of iron produced = ?

11th Chemistry | Chapter 1: Stoichiometry Notes Provide by TaleemCorner.com Page 6

Solution:

Self-check Exercise 1.2

The main engines of U.S. space shuttle are powered by liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen.
If 1.02 × 105 Kg of liquid hydrogen is carried on a particular launch, What mass of liquid
oxygen is necessary for all the hydrogen to burn? The equation for the reaction is;

Known

Mass of hydrogen = 1.02 × 105 Kg or 1.02 × 105 × 103 g = 1.02 × 108 g

11th Chemistry | Chapter 1: Stoichiometry Notes Provide by TaleemCorner.com Page 7

Unknown

Mass of oxygen = ?

Problem 1.3

Calculate the number of molecules of oxygen produced by thermal decomposition of 490

grams of KClO3.

Known
11th Chemistry | Chapter 1: Stoichiometry Notes Provide by TaleemCorner.com Page 8

Mass of KClO3 = 490 grams

Unknown

Molecules of Oxygen = ?

Solution:
11th Chemistry | Chapter 1: Stoichiometry Notes Provide by TaleemCorner.com Page 9

Molar Volume

Definition: Volume of any ideal gas at standard temperature and pressure (S.T.P) is 22.414
dm3 or 22414 cm3. It is called molar volume.

Examples:

2 grams of hydrogen = 1 mole of hydrogen = 22.414 dm3

32 grams of oxygen = 1 mole of oxygen = 22.414 dm3

From above examples, it is clear that different gases have different masses but if their
moles are equal than their molar volumes are also equal.

Problem 1.4
Determine the volume that 2.5 moles of chlorine molecules occupy at STP.
Known
Moles of chlorine = 2.5
Unknown
Volume of chlorine =?
Solution
1 mole : 22.414 dm3 (at STP)
2.5 moles : X
X × 1 = 2.5 × 22.414 dm3
Volume of chlorine = X = 56 dm3
Self-Check Exercise 1.3
a) How many moles of oxygen molecules are there in 50 dm3 of oxygen gas at STP?
1 mole : 22.414 dm3 (at STP)
X : 50 dm3
X × 22.414 dm3 = 1 × 50 dm3
1 × 50 dm3
Moles of oxygen = X = 22.414 dm3

Moles of oxygen = X = 2.23 dm3

b) What volume does 0.80 mole of N2 gas occupies at S.T.P?
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1 mole : 22.414 dm3 (at STP)

0.80 moles : X
X × 1 = 0.80 × 22.414 dm3
Volume of N2 gas = X = 17.93 dm3 or 18 dm3
Limiting Reactant

Definition: Limiting reactant is that;

 Which is consumed completely in reaction

 Which produces least number of moles of product
 It limits/controls the amount of product

Reactant in Excess

Definition: The reactant that is

 Not completely consumed in reaction

 Its some amount is left un-used is called reactant in excess.

How to determine limiting reactant?

 By calculating which reactant is producing least amount of product

 Reactant that produces least amount of product is limiting reactant
 For example in a reaction;

If A produces 2 moles of P and B produced 5 moles of then A is liming reactant.

Problem 1.5

200 g of K2Cr2O7 was reacted with 200 g conc. H2SO4. Calculate

a) Mass of atomic oxygen produced

b) Mass of reactant left unreacted

Known
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 Mass of K2Cr2O7 = 200 g

 Mass of H2SO4 = 200 g

Unknown

a) Mass of atomic oxygen = ?

b) Mass of reactant left unreacted = ?

Solution:

Balanced Chemical Equation

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Limiting reactant : Since H2SO4 produced least amount of atomic oxygen so H2SO4 is
limiting reactant.

a) Mass of Atomic oxygen

Moles of atomic oxygen [O] produced = 1.53

Mass of atomic oxygen [O] produced = moles × molar mass

Mass of atomic oxygen [O] produced = 1.53 ×16 g

Mass of atomic oxygen [O] produced = 24.48 g

b) Mass of reactant left unreacted

Reactant in excess = K2Cr2O7

Total moles of K2Cr2O7 = 0.68

Moles of K2Cr2O7 used = ?

Moles of K2Cr2O7 used

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Moles of K2Cr2O7 left unreacted = total moles – moles used

Moles of K2Cr2O7 left unreacted = 0.68 – 0.51

Moles of K2Cr2O7 left unreacted = 0.17

Mass of K2Cr2O7 left unreacted = moles left × molar mass

Mass of K2Cr2O7 left unreacted = 0.17 × 294 g

Mass of K2Cr2O7 left unreacted = 49.98 g

Sample Problem No 1.6

20 g of H2SO4 on dissolving in water ionizes completely. Calculate

a) No of H2SO4 Molecules
b) No of H+ and SO 4-2
c) Mass of individual ion

Known

Mass of H2SO4 = 20 g

Moles of H2SO4 = mass / molar mass

= 20 g / 98 g

Moles of H2SO4 = 0.204

Unknown

a) No of H2SO4 Molecules
b) No of H+ and SO4-2
c) Mass of individual ion
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Solution

a) No of H2SO4 Molecules

Molecules = moles × N.A

= 0.204 × 6.022 × 1023

Molecules = 1.228 × 1023

b) No of H+ and SO4-2

c) Mass of individual ions

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Sample Problem 1.7

Magnesium metal reacts with Sulphur to produce MgS. How many grams of magnesium
sulphide (MgS) can be made from 1.50 g of Mg and 1.50 g of sulphur by the reaction?

Known:

a) Mass of Mg = 1.50g

Moles of Mg = mass / molar mass

Moles of Mg = 1.50g/ 24g

Moles of Mg = 0.0625 moles

b) Mass of S = 1.50g

Moles of S = mass / molar mass

Moles of S = 1.50g / 32g

Moles of S = 0.0467

Unknown:

Mass of MgS produced =?

Solution (Strategy: find limiting reactant, that gives MgS mass)

Mass of MgS = Moles × Molar mass Molar Mass of MgS

Mass of MgS = 0.0467 × 56 = 1(Mg) + 1(S)
Mass of MgS = 2.6152g = 1(24) + 1(32)

= 56g
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Types of Yield

Theoretical Yield

 Amount of product calculated from a balanced chemical equation is called theoretical

yield
 Most of the time, it is greater than actual yield.

Actual Yield

 Amount of product produced in actual chemical reaction is called actual yield.

 Most of the time it is lesser than theoretical yield

Percent yield

 It is the ratio of actual yield to theoretical yield multiplied by 100.

 Percent yield = 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑦i𝑒𝑙𝑑 × 100
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡i𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑦i𝑒𝑙𝑑

Q. Why actual yield may be less than theoretical yield?

Ans: Actual yield may be less than theoretical yield due to following reasons;

 Side reactions may produce by-products

 Some reactions are reversible
 Mechanical loss takes place due to filtration, distillation, washing, crystallization etc.

How to calculate different types of yields?

a) Actual yield: it is always given in question

b) Theoretical yield: it is calculated using balanced chemical equation from limiting
reactant
c) Percent yield: using formula of percent yield

Sample Problem 1.9 (Book Page :17)

In an industry copper metal was prepared by following reaction;

1.274 g CuSO4 when reacted with excess of Zn metal a yield of 0.392 g Cu metal was
produced. Calculate the percentage yield.
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Answer

Known:

 Actual yield of Cu = 0.392 g

 Mass of CuSO4 = 1.274 g
Moles of CuSO4 = mass / molar mass
Moles of CuSO4 = 1.274 g / 159.5 g
Moles of CuSO4 = 7.98 × 10-3

Unknown:

 Percentage yield = ?

Solution:

Theoretical yield = amount from balanced equation

Theoretical yield = mass of Cu = moles × molar mass

Theoretical yield = 7.98 × 10-3 × 63.5 g

Theoretical yield = 0.5072 g

𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑦i𝑒𝑙𝑑
Percentage yield = 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡i𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑦i𝑒𝑙𝑑 × 100
0.392 g
Percentage yield = 0.5072
× 100

Percentage yield = 77.3 %

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Sample Problem 1.10 (Book page : 17)

In a reaction, 2.00 moles of CH4 were reacted with excess of Cl2. As a result, 177.0 g of CCl4
is obtained. What is the

a) Theoretical yield b) Actual yield c) % yield of this reaction

Solution

Science Tidbit (Book page 18)

Ans: Do yourself

Hint: