Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 10 Notes

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1st Year Chemistry
Chapter 10
CAUSES OF LOWERING IN VAPOUR PRESSURE
Statement
The vapour pressure of a solution containing a nonvolatile solute is always less
than the vapour pressure of the pure solvent.
Causes
 Every liquid has a definite vapour pressure at a particular temperature.
 In a pure liquid, all the surface particles are that of the liquid.
 But in a solution containing a nonvolatile solute, both solute and solvent
particles occur on the surface.
 The solute particles decrease the number of solvent surface particles.

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 Decreasing the number of surface solvent particles decreases the rate of
evaporation of the solvent, which decreases the vapour pressure.
 Thus the vapour pressure of a solution containing a nonvolatile solute is
always less than the vapour pressure of the pure solvent.
From Raoult’s Law
Raoult’s law can also be stated as the lowering in vapour pressure is directly
proportional to the mole fraction of solute.
Diagram
COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES
Definition
The properties of solutions which depend only on number of solute particles
and not on their nature are called as colligative properties.

Colligative Properties
Four such related properties are;
 Vapour pressure lowering
 Boiling point elevation
 Freezing point depression
 Osmotic pressure
Application
The study of colligative properties has provided methods of molecular weight
determination
LOWERING OF VAPOUR PRESSURE
Definition
Decrease in vapour pressure of a solvent when a non-volatile solute is dissolved
in it is called lowering of vapour pressure.
Explanation
According to the Raoult’s law relative lowering of vapour pressure is equal to
mole fraction of solute.
∆𝑃
= X2
𝑃𝑜
∆𝑃
= X2
𝑃𝑜
If n1 and n2 are the number of moles of the solvent and solute respectively, then
𝑛2
X =
2 𝑛1 + 𝑛2
By putting the value of X2;
∆𝑃 𝑛2
=
𝑃𝑜 𝑛1 + 𝑛2
For a very dilute solution 𝑛2 < < 𝑛1, 𝑛2 can be ignored in the denominator;
∆𝑃 𝑛2
=
𝑃𝑜 𝑛1
If W1 and W2 are masses of solvent and solute while M1 and M2 are their
molecular masses respectively, then;
W1 W2
𝑛1 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛2 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒f𝑜𝑟𝑒;
𝑀1 𝑀2
W2
∆𝑃 𝑀2
=
𝑃𝑜 W1
𝑀1
W2 ∆𝑃 W1
= ×
𝑀2 𝑃𝑜 𝑀1
By inversing on both sides;
𝑀2 𝑃𝑜 𝑀1
= ×
W2 ∆𝑃 W1
𝑀2 𝑃𝑜 × 𝑀1
=
W2 ∆𝑃 × W1
𝑃𝑜 × 𝑀1
𝑀2 = W2 ×
∆𝑃 × W1
𝑜
𝑀2 W2 × 𝑃 × 𝑀1
=
∆𝑃 × W1
Thus molecular mass of a non-volatile solute can be calculated from this
equation.
ELEVATION OF BOILING POINT
1) Definition
The difference between the Boiling point of solution and that of pure solvent is
called Elevation of Boiling Point.
2) Causes of Elevation of Boiling Point
 A liquid boils at a temperature when its vapour pressure becomes equal to
the atmospheric pressure
 When a non-volatile and non-electrolyte solute is added to a solvent, its
vapour pressure is decreased
 Thus solute particles decrease the number of solvent surface particles.

 This decreases the rate of evaporation of solvent, which decreases the
vapour pressure.
 Therefore, a solution must be heated to a higher temperature than the
boiling point of pure solvent to equalize its vapour pressure to the
atmospheric pressure.
 Thus addition of solute to a pure solvent causes an elevation of the boiling
point of solution
3) Quantitative Aspects of Boiling Point Elevation
i) Molal Boiling Point Elevation Constant
 Elevation of boiling point when 1 mole of non-volatile, non-electrolyte
solute is dissolved in 1 kg of solvent is called molal boiling point elevation
constant.
 It is also called ebullioscopic constant.
 When one mole of non-electrolyte and nonvolatile solute is dissolved in 1
kg of water boiling point is raised by 0.52°C. This value is known as the
molal boiling point elevation constant for water.
ii) Graphical Representation
Curve AB:
Curve AB represents variation in vapour pressure of pure solvent with
temperature.
The solvent boils at temperature T1 when its vapour pressure becomes equal to
the external pressure P°.
Curve CD:
The curve CD represents variation in vapour pressure of solution with
temperature.
This curve must lie below that of pure solvent. This is because the vapour
pressure of solution at all temperatures is lower than that of the pure solvent.
Elevation of B.P:
The solution will boil at higher temperature T2 to equalize its vapour pressure to
external pressure P°
iii) Mathematically
The difference of two boiling points gives the elevation of boiling point (∆𝑇𝑏)
∆𝑇𝑏 = 𝑇1 − 𝑇2
The magnitude of the boiling point elevation is directly proportional to the
molality of solution;
∆𝑇𝑏 𝖺 𝑚
∆𝑇𝑏 = 𝐾𝑏 𝑚
∆𝑇𝑏
𝑜𝑟 𝑚 =
𝐾𝑏
Where 𝐾𝑏 is constant of proportionality. It is known as molal boiling point
elevation constant or ebullioscopic constant.
For one molal solution, molality = m = 1 , therefore;
∆𝑇𝑏 = 𝐾𝑏 (1)
∆𝑇𝑏 = 𝐾𝑏
iv) Dependence of Kb
 The value of Kb depends only on the nature of the solvent, and is
independent of nature of solute used.
 The nature of solute does not affect boiling point of elevation as long as
the solute does not ionize.

4) Determination of Molecular Weight
The molality m of the solution containing W2 grams of solute of molecular mass
M2 dissolved in W1 grams of the solvent is given by;
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜f 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 1
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑙i𝑡𝑦 = ×
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜f 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜f 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 i𝑛 𝐾𝑔
𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
W2 1
𝑚 = × W
𝑀2 1⁄
1000
W2 1000
𝑚 = ×
𝑀2 W1
W2 × 1000
𝑚 =
𝑀2 × W1
∆𝑇𝑏
𝐵𝑦 𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑡i𝑛𝑔 𝑚 =
𝐾𝑏
∆𝑇𝑏 W2 × 1000
=
𝐾𝑏 𝑀2 × W1
By inversing fraction on both sides;
𝐾𝑏 𝑀2 × W1
=
∆𝑇𝑏 W2 × 1000
By rearranging;
𝐾𝑏 × W2 × 1000
𝑀2 =
∆𝑇𝑏 × W1
This equation is used to determine the molecular mass of solute.
DEPRESSION IN FREEZING POINT
1) Definition
The difference in the freezing points of pure solvent and solution is called the
depression of freezing point.
2) Causes of Depression in Freezing Point
 When a non-volatile and non-electrolyte solute is added to a solvent, its
vapour pressure is decreased.
 This decrease in vapour pressure of a pure solvent will decrease the
freezing point of the solution.
 The solution will freeze at a temperature at which vapour pressure of both
solution and solid solvent are the same.
 This means solution will freeze at a lower temperature than that of the
pure solvent.
3) Quantitative Aspects of Freezing Point Depression
i) Molal Freezing Point Constant

 The depression of freezing point when 1 mole of non-volatile, non-
electrolyte solute is dissolved in 1 kg of solvent is called molal freezing
point depression constant.
 It is also called cryoscopic constant
ii) Graphical Representation
Curve ABC
Curve ABC is for the pure solvent.
The solvent freezes at temperature T1 corresponding to the point B when its
vapour pressure is P°.
Curve BC
 The portion of the curve BC is for the solid solvent.
 Greater slope of curve BC indicates a rapid change of vapour pressure with
temperature.
Curve DEC
 The curve DEC is for the solution.
 It meets curve BC at point E which is freezing point of solution T2 when its
vapour pressure is P which is lower than P°.
 This is because vapour pressure of solution is always less than that of the
pure solvent
iii) Mathematically
The Difference between the two freezing points gives the depression of the
freezing point ∆𝑇ƒ
∆𝑇ƒ = 𝑇1 − 𝑇2
∆𝑇ƒ 𝖺 𝑚
∆𝑇ƒ = 𝐾ƒ 𝑚
∆𝑇ƒ
𝑜𝑟 𝑚 =
𝐾ƒ
Where 𝐾ƒ is constant of proportionality. It is known as molal freezing point
elevation constant or cryoscopic constant.
For one molal solution, molality = m = 1 , therefore;
∆𝑇ƒ = 𝐾ƒ (1)
∆𝑇ƒ = 𝐾ƒ
iv) Dependence of Kf
 The value of Kf depends upon the nature of the solvents and is
independent of the solute used.
 The nature of solute does not affect the freezing point depression as long
as the solute doesn’t ionize.
4) Determination of Molecular Weight
The molality m of the solution containing W2 grams of solute of molecular mass
M2 dissolved in W1 grams of the solvent is given by;
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜f 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 1
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑙i𝑡𝑦 = ×
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜f 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜f 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 i𝑛 𝐾𝑔
𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
W2 1
𝑚 = × W
𝑀2 1⁄
1000
W2 1000
𝑚 = ×
𝑀2 W1
W2 × 1000
𝑚 =
𝑀2 × W1
∆𝑇ƒ
𝐵𝑦 𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑡i𝑛𝑔 𝑚 =
𝐾ƒ
∆𝑇ƒ W2 × 1000
=
𝐾ƒ 𝑀2 × W1
By inversing fraction on both sides;
𝐾ƒ 𝑀2 × W1
=
∆𝑇ƒ W2 × 1000
By rearranging;
𝐾ƒ × W2 × 1000
𝑀2 =
∆𝑇ƒ × W1
This equation is used to determine the molecular mass of solute.

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More Notes, Books for Class, 9, 10, 11, 12 Visit TaleemCorner.

1st Year Chemistry

CAUSES OF LOWERING IN VAPOUR PRESSURE

The vapour pressure of a solution containing a nonvolatile solute is always less

than the vapour pressure of the pure solvent.

 Every liquid has a definite vapour pressure at a particular temperature.

 But in a solution containing a nonvolatile solute, both solute and solvent

particles occur on the surface.

 The solute particles decrease the number of solvent surface particles.

evaporation of the solvent, which decreases the vapour pressure.

 Thus the vapour pressure of a solution containing a nonvolatile solute is

always less than the vapour pressure of the pure solvent.

From Raoult’s Law

proportional to the mole fraction of solute.

The properties of solutions which depend only on number of solute particles

and not on their nature are called as colligative properties.

Four such related properties are;

 Vapour pressure lowering

 Boiling point elevation

 Freezing point depression

The study of colligative properties has provided methods of molecular weight

LOWERING OF VAPOUR PRESSURE

Decrease in vapour pressure of a solvent when a non-volatile solute is dissolved

in it is called lowering of vapour pressure.

According to the Raoult’s law relative lowering of vapour pressure is equal to

mole fraction of solute.

By putting the value of X2;

molecular masses respectively, then;

By inversing on both sides;

ELEVATION OF BOILING POINT

called Elevation of Boiling Point.

2) Causes of Elevation of Boiling Point

 A liquid boils at a temperature when its vapour pressure becomes equal to

the atmospheric pressure

 When a non-volatile and non-electrolyte solute is added to a solvent, its

vapour pressure is decreased

 Thus solute particles decrease the number of solvent surface particles.

 Therefore, a solution must be heated to a higher temperature than the

boiling point of pure solvent to equalize its vapour pressure to the

 Thus addition of solute to a pure solvent causes an elevation of the boiling

3) Quantitative Aspects of Boiling Point Elevation

i) Molal Boiling Point Elevation Constant

 Elevation of boiling point when 1 mole of non-volatile, non-electrolyte

solute is dissolved in 1 kg of solvent is called molal boiling point elevation

 It is also called ebullioscopic constant.

 When one mole of non-electrolyte and nonvolatile solute is dissolved in 1

kg of water boiling point is raised by 0.52°C. This value is known as the

molal boiling point elevation constant for water.

ii) Graphical Representation

Curve AB represents variation in vapour pressure of pure solvent with

the external pressure P°.

The curve CD represents variation in vapour pressure of solution with

The magnitude of the boiling point elevation is directly proportional to the

Where 𝐾𝑏 is constant of proportionality. It is known as molal boiling point

elevation constant or ebullioscopic constant.

For one molal solution, molality = m = 1 , therefore;

 The value of Kb depends only on the nature of the solvent, and is

independent of nature of solute used.

the solute does not ionize.

The molality m of the solution containing W2 grams of solute of molecular mass

M2 dissolved in W1 grams of the solvent is given by;

By inversing fraction on both sides;

This equation is used to determine the molecular mass of solute.