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1st Year Chemistry

Chapter 11

Lecture-1

HESS’S LAW

Statement

It states that the enthalpy change in a chemical reaction is same whether the

reaction takes place in a single step or in several steps.

Explanation

 Enthalpy is a state function; therefore, enthalpy change in a chemical

reaction in going from some initial state to some final state is independent

of the path followed by the reaction.

 Thus in going from a particular set of reactant to a particular set of

products, the change in enthalpy is the same whether the reaction takes

place in one step or in many steps.

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 This principle is known as Hess’s law.

Mathematical Form

∑ ∆𝐻 (𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒) = 0

General Representation

 Suppose a reactant A changes into the product B in one step and enthalpy

change in this step is ∆𝐻.

 Now suppose this change takes place in three steps, involving a change

from A to C, C to D, and finally D to B.

 If ∆𝐻1, ∆𝐻2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∆𝐻3 are enthalpy changes in these steps, then according

to the Hess’s Law;

∆𝐻 = ∆𝐻1 + ∆𝐻2 + ∆𝐻3

Example: Formation of CO2

Path-1

 Combustion of C to CO2 evolves 393.5 KJ of energy

 It is direct formation of CO2 from the reaction of C and O2

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Path-2

It is indirection path;

 C first changes to CO, it releases – 110.52 kJ

1
𝐶 + 𝑂 → 𝐶𝑂 ∆𝐻𝑜 = - 110.52 kJ
(𝑠) 2(g) (g) 1
2

 CO then change to CO2, it releases – 282.98 KJ

1
𝐶𝑂 + 𝑂 → 𝐶𝑂 ∆𝐻𝑜 = - 282.98 KJ
(g) 2(g) 2(g) 2
2

 Net release in path-2 is – 393.50 KJ

1
𝐶 + 𝑂 → 𝐶𝑂 ∆𝐻𝑜 = - 110.52 kJ
(𝑠) 2(g) (g) 1
2
1
𝐶𝑂 + 𝑂 → 𝐶𝑂 ∆𝐻𝑜 = - 282.98 KJ
(g) 2(g) 2(g) 2
2

𝐶(𝑠) + 𝑂2(g) → 𝐶𝑂(g) ∆𝐻𝑜 = - 393.50 kJ

Conclusion

Enthalpy change in path-1 and enthalpy change in path-2 is same.