NATSCI002 – BOTANY Date: March 26, 2024

Name: Year/Section: BSPSY II – SKINNER

MONTESINO, SUMMER SIBALA
Teacher/s: MS. STEPHANIE DALIDA; SIR. JOHN PHILIP LUMAWAG

EXTERNAL MORPHOLOGY OF A STEM

DICOT STEM
LABORATORY WORKSHEET

STEM

NODE PETIOLE
INTERNODE
STEM

LEAF SCAR
STIPULE
LENTICELS

NODE

PERIDERM (BARK)
CORTEX
EPIDERMIS EPIDERMIS
PITH
PITH

GUMAMELA DAMA DE NOCHE

(Cestrum nocturnum) (Cestrum nocturnum)

Questions:
1. What are the leaf scars? What are they for?
Leaf scars are marks left on the stem of a plant after a leaf was picked or falls off. They
are formed when the leaf is detached from the plant and the vascular tissue that connected it to
the stem breaks. The scars serve as a reminder of where the leaf was attached and can be used to
identify the species of the plant. It may also play a role in the healing process of the plant by
helping to seal the wound left by the detached leaf.

2. What are the small pores found in the leaf scar? What are they for?
The small pores found in the leaf scar are called lenticels. They are tiny openings in the
bark of a woody stem that allow for gas exchange between the outside air and the internal tissues
of the stem. The lenticels are involved in the process of respiration and play an important role
in the maintenance of healthy plant tissues.
3. What are buds? What are they for?
Buds are small, undeveloped shoots that are found on the stem of a plant. They are
typically located in the axils of leaves and are responsible for producing new branches, leaves,
and flowers. Buds are essential for the growth and development of the plant, and they contain all
the necessary genetic material to produce new plant tissues.

4. What type of bud is present in your specimen?

In the given specimen Dama de Noche (Cestrum nocturnum) and Gumamela (Hibiscus
rosa-sinensis), two types of bud are present and observable. The Dama de noche (Cestrum
nocturnum) specimen has lateral buds while Gumamela (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) has terminal
buds. Lateral buds are found on the sides of the stem and can produce new branches. On the
other hand, terminal buds are located at the end of a stem and are responsible for producing new
growth.

5. Compare the external anatomy of a monocot with that of a dicot stem by completing the
table.

PARTS MONOCOT STEM DICOT STEM

NODES / /
INTERNODES / /
LENTICELS /
LEAF SCARS /
BUNDLE SCARS

BUDS / /
 INTERNAL MORPHOLOGY OF A STEM
YOUNG HERBACEOUS DICOT STEM
LABORATORY WORKSHEET

HELIANTHUS MATURATED STEM HELIANTHUS YOUNG STEM

VASCULAR
BUNDLES
CORTEX
(PARENCHYMA)

FASCICULAR PITH
CAMBIUM

PRIMARY XYLEM

PRIMARY PARENCHYMATOUS
PHLOEM PITH

EPIDERMIS

LPO

HELIANTHUS MATURATED STEM HELIANTHUS YOUNG STEM

PARENCHYMA

HPO
Questions:
1. What tissue occupies the center of the dicot stem?
The center of the dicot stem is occupied by a tissue called the pith. The pith is a soft,
spongy tissue that is primarily involved in the storage of nutrients and water. It is located in the
center of the stem and is surrounded by the vascular tissue.

2. Describe the arrangement of the vascular bundles.

The vascular bundles in a dicot stem are arranged in a circular pattern around the pith. The
bundles are composed of xylem and phloem tissues, which are responsible for transporting water
and nutrients throughout the plant.

3. What is the function of pith rays?

Pith rays are thin strips of tissue that extend from the pith to the cortex of the stem. They
are responsible for transporting nutrients and water across the stem and play an important role
in the overall health of the plant. Pith rays can also help to support the stem and prevent it from
collapsing under its own weight.
 SPECIALIZED STEMS
LABORATORY WORKSHEET

1. Examine the thoroughly the specimens and take note of the part where you find the modifications.
2. Attached the picture and identify the specialized stems and indicate the type of specialization.

GINGER SUHA/CALAMANSI
(Zingerber officinale) (Citrus maxima)

Rhizome Typical Woody Stem

TYPE OF SPECIALIZATION TYPE OF SPECIALIZATION

QUESTIONS:
1. In bulbs, which part of the stem stores food?

In bulbs, the swollen part of the stem that stores food is known as the basal plate. It
contains a large amount of stored food in the form of starch and other complex carbohydrates.
The basal plate is located at the base of the bulb and is surrounded by fleshy scales that protect
and insulate it.

2. What are the main functions of underground stems? Explain your answer.

Underground stems, such as rhizomes, tubers, and corms help the plant to survive in harsh
conditions by providing a safe place for food storage and protecting the plant from temperature
extremes. They also allow the plant to spread and reproduce by producing new shoots from nodes
along the stem. Moreover, underground stems can also be used to store water, which is especially
important for plants in arid regions.