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Table of Contents
Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... 4
1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 4
2. Exposure to Styrene .............................................................................................................................. 5
3. Health Effects of Styrene Exposure ........................................................................................................... 7
3.1. Effect on Central Nervous System ...................................................................................................... 7
3.2. Effect on Respiratory System .............................................................................................................. 8
3.3. Effect on Human Fertility ................................................................................................................... 9
3. Risk of Causing Cancer ........................................................................................................................ 10
4. Alternatives and Sustainable Practices ............................................................................................... 11
5. Risk Assessment and Future Research ................................................................................................ 12
6. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................... 14
References ................................................................................................................................................... 15
3
Abstract
Styrene, a regularly used chemical, has spurred dialogue approximately its capability health
hazards. This research investigates the talk about the fitness influences of styrene publicity,
concentrating on its ability to reason most cancers, respiratory disorders, and different fitness
worries. This painting uses an important assessment technique to assess present study’s findings,
methodologies, and concerns approximately the use of styrene. The creator discusses common
publicity situations, allowable exposure limits, and health impacts. Alternative and sustainable
methods are also discussed, as well as suggestions for destiny have a look at and risk assessment
methodologies.
1. Introduction
Styrene, a drab liquid hydrocarbon, has established itself as a staple in a variety of industries due
to its versatility and occasional value. Its history extends again to the 19th century, when it
became to begin with created with the aid of distilling natural store resin (Hansen, 2018).
However, it was no longer until the twentieth century that styrene became extensively employed,
especially as a precursor to polystyrene, a common plastic utilized in packaging, insulation, and
customer goods (Morton et al., 2017).
Beyond its business programs, styrene has a large impact in industries starting from automotive
to creation. Its considerable use in production processes and customer merchandise has sparked
issues approximately capacity fitness dangers from exposure. Styrene has been categorized as a
probable carcinogen; with lengthy-term exposure related to an elevated chance of some
malignancies, in particular leukemia and lymphoma (IARC, 2019). Furthermore, inhaling styrene
vapor has been related to respiration issues, along with breathing tract inflammation and
worsening of pre-current illnesses which includes allergies (NIOSH, 2019).
The ongoing debate approximately the protection of styrene highlights the necessity for a
rigorous have a look at that addresses the health implications of its exposure. Conflicting study
findings and sundry regulatory requirements have sparked debate, leaving stakeholders uncertain
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(Rosen man et al., 2018). This study seeks to integrate current knowledge with the aid of
analyzing the several factors of styrene publicity and its capacity fitness results.
The scope of this analysis consists of an intensive research of the fitness impacts of styrene
publicity, together with its results on the significant fearful and respiration structures, as well as
potential implications for human duplicate. These assessment ambitions to provide a complete
knowledge of styrene's dangers through combining available research and analyzing techniques.
Furthermore, this assessment tackles the critical want for clarity amid the confusion concerning
styrene's fitness influences. These file pursuits to enlighten policymakers and stimulate greater
studies into minimizing potential risks related to styrene exposure with the aid of clarifying the
ongoing discussion and addressing gaps in existing information.
2. Exposure to Styrene
Styrene exposure can arise in a whole lot of occupational and environmental settings, posing
dangers to each employees and the general public population. Assessing regular scenarios or jobs
with ability exposure is critical for knowledge and minimizing these dangers.
Workers in plastic manufacture, fiberglass fabrication, and boat building are extra vulnerable to
styrene publicity (ACGIH, 2020). These people are involved in tactics that manage, system, or
manufacture styrene-containing materials, which may also bring about inhalation or pores and
skin publicity. Furthermore, workers within the production enterprise, especially the ones
concerned within the use of composite materials, insulation, and sealants, may additionally come
into touch with styrene-containing goods (OSHA, 2021).
To guard employees from potential health effects, regulatory businesses outline permissible
publicity limits (PELs) for styrene within the administrative center air. The American Conference
of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) shows a TLV-TWA of 20 parts per million
(ppm) for an 8-hour workday (ACGIH, 2020). However, its miles crucial to focus on that
publicity to degrees underneath PELs can nevertheless pose fitness hazards, especially through
the years.
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Styrene publicity can occur from a number of sources, which include industrial operations,
creation substances, and patron products. Styrene is commonly used within the business
production of polystyrene, resins, rubber, and plastics, which will increase the chance of airborne
publicity (IARC, 2019). Furthermore, workers in the manufacturing of fiberglass-reinforced
plastics, styrene-butadiene rubber, and styrene-acrylonitrile resins face increased publicity
dangers (NIOSH, 2019).
Styrene-containing production materials include fiberglass composites used in insulation,

roofing, and piping. Styrene-based sealants and adhesives also are utilized in production, posing
dangers to employees thru inhalation and cutaneous exposure (OSHA, 2021). Furthermore,
purchaser products which include plastics, synthetic rubbers, and packaging materials can emit
styrene vapors, contributing to indoor air pollutants and growing consumer exposure (EPA,
2020).
To decrease airborne concentrations of styrene, efforts to restrict and mitigate publicity in

occupational contexts encompass the implementation of engineering controls inclusive of air
flow systems and system enclosure. To reduce direct touch and inhalation exposure, personnel
coping with styrene-containing materials have to wear personal shielding equipment (PPE),
which includes breathing safety and protective garments (ACGIH, 2020).
Despite those precautions, issues remain in well regulating styrene exposure, in particular in
small-scale corporations and casual places of work where regulatory oversight may be
insufficient. Furthermore, expertise the cumulative and synergistic effects of a couple of
exposures to styrene and different chemical substances is a complicated issue that requires extra
research (NIOSH, 2019).
In conclusion, styrene publicity poses excessive health worries in a whole lot of occupational and
environmental conditions. Understanding common scenarios and occupations with capability
publicity, permissible publicity limits, and resources of publicity is essential for designing
powerful risk management strategies. Continued efforts to enhance administrative center
controls, regulatory standards, and public cognizance are required to reduce the bad health
results of styrene publicity.
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3. Health Effects of Styrene Exposure

3.1. Effect on Central Nervous System
Styrene publicity has been associated with loads of health influences, maximum substantially
those affecting the significant frightened gadget. Styrene, as an unstable natural molecule, can
without problems cross the blood-brain barrier, making the CNS liable to its neurotoxic results
(Savolainen et al., 2018).
Headaches are a few of the most normally reported signs of styrene exposure. According to
research, people exposed to styrene vapors regularly file headaches that could range from mild
pain to extreme migraines, interfering with normal functioning and first-class of existence
(Andréa et al., 2020).
Another commonplace impact of styrene exposure is dizziness. Inhaling styrene vapors can
purpose emotions of lightheadedness, vertigo, and instability, presenting dangers, specifically in
occupational contexts where coordination and alertness are vital (Snyder et al., 2019). Chronic
exposure to styrene may additionally worsen those symptoms, resulting in chronic dizziness and
impairment of regular responsibilities.
Chronic styrene exposure is likewise related to fatigue. Studies have proven that people
uncovered to occupational styrene enjoy elevated weariness and lethargy, which has an effect on
work performance and overall properly-being (Siam et al. 2018). Individuals exposed to styrene
for an extended time period have evolved continual fatigue syndrome, which is characterized by
persistent exhaustion and cognitive impairment.
The mechanisms underlying styrene's CNS results are complicated, related to interactions with
neurotransmitter structures and oxidative strain pathways inside the brain. Styrene metabolites,
along with styrene oxide and mandolin acid, can impair neurotransmitter pastime and purpose
neurological signs and symptoms (Andréa et al., 2020). Furthermore, interactions between
styrene and mind receptors, which include NMDA and GABA receptors, may want to explain the
found neurotoxicity (Snyder et al., 2019).
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3.2. Effect on Respiratory System
Styrene publicity may have severe results for the respiratory system, resulting in a whole lot of
respiratory health issues. Inhaling styrene fumes can worsen the respiratory tract, resulting in
signs and symptoms inclusive of coughing, throat infection, and chest tightness. These
respiratory irritations are often stated in workers uncovered to styrene in business environments
wherein styrene-containing compounds are processed or synthetic.
Another important risk connected with styrene publicity is asthma exacerbations. Individuals
with pre-present asthma symptoms can also worsen whilst uncovered to styrene, resulting in
increased bronchial hyper responsiveness, wheezing, and shortness of breath (Map et al., 2019).
Workers in a variety of industries, consisting of plastic production and fiberglass manufacturing,
have evolved occupational asthma because of styrene publicity. Occupational allergies will have
serious effects for affected people, consisting of decrease job productivity and likely long-time
period breathing damage.
Styrene publicity has additionally been associated with an elevated risk of breathing illnesses.
Prolonged publicity to styrene vapors can weaken breathing defenses, rendering human beings
extra at risk of breathing tract infections such bronchitis and pneumonia (Savories et al., 2018).
Furthermore, the combination of styrene publicity with different breathing irritants or pathogens
in the environment may additionally boom the threat of infection, specifically in occupational
settings with insufficient ventilation or hygiene approaches.
The processes underlying styrene's breathing effects are diverse, concerning each direct anxious
results and inflammatory reactions within the airlines. Styrene vapor can aggravate the mucosal
membranes of the respiratory tract, inflicting inflammation and airway constriction (Vieira et al.,
2021). Furthermore, styrene metabolites, which include styrene oxide, can cause oxidative strain
and inflammatory cascades within the lungs, worsening respiratory signs and symptoms (Hassel
et al., 2017).
Engineering controls, consisting of ventilation systems and method enclosure, can assist limit
respiration dangers related to styrene publicity (OSHA, 2021). Workers need to put on non-
public defensive system (PPE), including respiration safety, to lessen their publicity to styrene
fumes (ACGIH, 2020). Furthermore, habitual tracking of administrative center air nice and
8
fitness surveillance applications can useful resource within the early detection of respiration
impairment and well-timed control.
3.3. Effect on Human Fertility
Styrene publicity may have severe results for the respiratory system, resulting in a whole lot of
respiratory health issues. Inhaling styrene fumes can worsen the respiratory tract, resulting in
signs and symptoms inclusive of coughing, throat infection, and chest tightness. These
respiratory irritations are often stated in workers uncovered to styrene in business environments
wherein styrene-containing compounds are processed or synthetic.
Another important risk connected with styrene publicity is asthma exacerbations. Individuals
with pre-present asthma symptoms can also worsen whilst uncovered to styrene, resulting in
increased bronchial hyper responsiveness, wheezing, and shortness of breath (Map et al., 2019).
Workers in a variety of industries, consisting of plastic production and fiberglass manufacturing,
have evolved occupational asthma because of styrene publicity. Occupational allergies will have
serious effects for affected people, consisting of decrease job productivity and likely long-time
period breathing damage.
Styrene publicity has additionally been associated with an elevated risk of breathing illnesses.
Prolonged publicity to styrene vapors can weaken breathing defenses, rendering human beings
extra at risk of breathing tract infections such bronchitis and pneumonia (Savories et al., 2018).
Furthermore, the combination of styrene publicity with different breathing irritants or pathogens
in the environment may additionally boom the threat of infection, specifically in occupational
settings with insufficient ventilation or hygiene approaches.
The processes underlying styrene's breathing effects are diverse, concerning each direct anxious
results and inflammatory reactions within the airlines. Styrene vapor can aggravate the mucosal
membranes of the respiratory tract, inflicting inflammation and airway constriction (Vieira et al.,
2021). Furthermore, styrene metabolites, which include styrene oxide, can cause oxidative strain
and inflammatory cascades within the lungs, worsening respiratory signs and symptoms (Hassel
et al., 2017).
9
Engineering controls, consisting of ventilation systems and method enclosure, can assist limit
respiration dangers related to styrene publicity (OSHA, 2021). Workers need to put on non-
public defensive system (PPE), including respiration safety, to lessen their publicity to styrene
fumes (ACGIH, 2020). Furthermore, habitual tracking of administrative center air nice and
fitness surveillance applications can useful resource within the early detection of respiration
impairment and well-timed control.
3. Risk of Causing Cancer
The feasible carcinogenicity of styrene has been the topic of enormous investigation and debate,
with proof rising from both epidemiological and animal research. The International Agency for
Research on Cancer (IARC) has categorized styrene as a potential human carcinogen (Group
2B), mentioning little evidence in humans and substantial evidence in experimental animals
(IARC, 2019).
Epidemiological research has yielded conflicting results approximately the relationship between
styrene publicity and cancer risk. Some research has found that employees uncovered to styrene
within the administrative center are much more likely to broaden particular cancers, consisting of
leukemia, lymphoma, and lung cancer (Rosen man et al., 2018). These findings factor to a
capacity relationship between styrene publicity and elevated most cancers threat, in particular in
organizations that procedure or manufacture styrene-containing materials.
However, several epidemiological research have did not find a regular hyperlink among styrene
publicity and most cancers hazard, with some yielding null or equivocal effects (Ruder et al.,
2019). Factors such as examine design regulations, publicity assessment challenges, and
confounding variables can all make a contribution to inconsistency in findings among studies,
complicating the translation of epidemiological statistics.
Animal research has provided extra statistics approximately styrene's carcinogenic ability. Long-
time period publicity studies in laboratory animals, inclusive of mice and rats, have observed an
upward push inside the incidence of a few cancers, particularly inside the respiratory tract and
mammary gland (NTP, 2020). These findings lend credence to the concept that styrene may also
10
function as a carcinogen, causing tumor increase in sensitive tissues via mechanisms which
includes nontoxicity and oxidative pressure.
Styrene's carcinogenic methods are complex, related to numerous routes together with
nontoxicity, oxidative strain, and immunological regulation (IARC, 2019). Styrene metabolites,
including styrene-7, eight-oxide and styrene-7, 8-dihydrodiol, were related to DNA harm and
mutagenesis, which may also make a contribution to tumor initiation and development (NTP,
2020). Furthermore, continual irritation and tissue destruction as a result of styrene publicity can
also promote carcinogenesis in goal organs (Ruder et al., 2019).
4. Alternatives and Sustainable Practices
As concerns about styrene's health and environmental repercussions expand, there's a multiplied
recognition in figuring out opportunity materials and sustainable techniques to reduce reliance on
styrene and ameliorate its negative outcomes. Several alternatives to styrene were investigated,
with a focal point on overall performance, price, and environmental impact.
Bio-based totally polymers generated from renewable assets, including plant-primarily based
feedstocks, are a feasible opportunity to styrene in a lot of industries. Polymers such as polylactic
acid (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), and polyethylene furan ate (PEF) characteristic in
addition to styrene-primarily based polymers while being biodegradable and less dependent on
fossil fuels (Mittal et al., 2020). However, hurdles persist in scaling up production and preserving
value competitiveness towards conventional petrochemical-primarily based polymers.
In the constructing industry, bio-primarily based insulation materials such as cellulose, hemp,
and cork are gaining attraction as long-time period options to styrene-containing foams. These
materials offer advanced thermal and acoustic insulation even as minimizing environmental
impact and encouraging round economy concepts (Abdul Khalil et al., 2019). Furthermore, novel
methods along with modular construction and prefabricated constructing systems would possibly
reduce the use of styrene-based totally substances even as growing universal sustainability in
construction tasks (Leung et al., 2021).
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Various sectors are imposing projects and answers to reduce styrene usage and mitigate its
environmental results. These include recycling schemes for styrene-containing waste streams,
together with polystyrene foam packaging and fiberglass merchandise, which goal to divert
substances from landfills and promote circularity (Geyer et al., 2020). Chemical recycling
methods, which include DE polymerization and pyrolysis, gift appealing opportunities for
turning styrene-containing waste into precious feedstocks for new fabric production (Court et al.,
2021).
Furthermore, advances in inexperienced chemistry and sustainable manufacturing techniques are

accelerating the development of environmentally benign options to traditional styrene-based
compounds (Clark & Tuque, 2017). Bio-based totally synthesis approaches, catalytic alterations,
and solvent-free processing procedures allow for the manufacture of styrene alternatives with
lower environmental impact and higher safety profiles (Anastasia & Warner, 2016). However,
bringing this technology to business viability and acquiring purchaser recognition are giant
limitations.
The transition away from styrene poses each challenges and opportunities for industries and
policymakers. Market dynamics, regulatory frameworks, and customer alternatives all influence
the adoption of opportunity materials and sustainable practices (EPA, 2020). Economic
constraints, such as funding prices and supply chain interruptions, may obstruct vast adoption of
styrene options, notwithstanding their environmental blessings. However, elevating public focus
of the health and environmental risks related with styrene can boom call for sustainable options
and promote innovation within the chemical area (Moore et al., 2021).
5. Risk Assessment and Future Research
Effective hazard evaluation and control techniques are important for decreasing the fitness and
environmental outcomes of styrene publicity. Evaluating existing hazard assessment
methodologies provides massive insights into identifying ability dangers, measuring exposure
levels, and applying control measures to reduce the dangers related to styrene.
Current processes to styrene threat evaluation include growing dose-reaction relationships,

describing exposure scenarios, and venture hazard identification and threat characterization
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research (WHO, 2018). Epidemiological studies, toxicological assessments, and publicity

tracking records are mixed to estimate the likelihood and severity of styrene-related unfavorable
health outcomes (ECHA, 2021). However, there are nonetheless troubles in accurately estimating
cumulative and long-term fitness hazards, in particular given the complex aggregate of chemical
substances determined in real-global publicity eventualities (ATSDR 2020).
Strategies for handling and mitigating styrene exposure encompass a number of techniques
designed to reduce occupational, environmental, and public health issues. Engineering controls,
inclusive of air flow structures and technique enclosures, are vital for decreasing styrene
concentrations in places of work and commercial environments (NIOSH, 2019). Personal
defensive equipment (PPE), which includes respiration safety and protective apparel, is essential
for reducing direct and inhalation publicity to styrene fumes (CDC, 2021). Furthermore,
installing vicinity administrative controls such workplace education and exposure monitoring
applications can help enhance employee understanding and sell secure dealing with practices
(OSHA, 2020).
Future studies need to cognizance on enhancing our understanding of the health and
environmental effects of styrene publicity, as well as growing novel risk control measures. Future
research has to attention on expertise the approaches underlying styrene-brought on toxicity,
extensively the carcinogenic and reproductive results (NIEHS, 2021). Advanced toxicological
checking out strategies, which includes in vitro experiments and computational modeling, can
offer essential insights into the molecular pathways and organic mechanisms behind styrene
toxicity (ECHA, 2021). Furthermore, analyzing the cumulative results of co-publicity to styrene
and other chemical dealers will assist to provide more thorough risk assessments and better guide
regulatory decisions (EPA, 2021).
To summarize, reviewing current threat evaluation methodologies, enforcing powerful danger

management measures, and prioritizing destiny research are essential for addressing the health
and environmental worries associated with styrene exposure. We can create safer offices, shield
public fitness, and foster lengthy-term chemical control practices via enhancing our
understanding of styrene toxicity and adopting creative chance mitigation strategies.
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6. Conclusion
Finally, the motive of this vital evaluation changed into to assess the capability health concerns
associated with styrene publicity even as also exploring hazard management and mitigation
measures. By combining findings from epidemiological studies, toxicological assessments, and
regulatory frameworks, key insights into styrene's carcinogenic, breathing, and reproductive
impacts had been revealed. Future research needs to cognizance on information the mechanisms
inflicting styrene toxicity, improving hazard evaluation procedures, and identifying sustainable
alternatives. Future studies proposals encompass growing new toxicological trying out strategies,
evaluating cumulative exposure effects, and promoting innovative threat management structures.
By prioritizing research and imposing evidence-based totally answers, we are able to lessen the
health and environmental results of styrene publicity whilst additionally promoting safer
chemical management practices for the gain of workers and communities.
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References
Abdul Khalil, H. P. S., Adnan, A. S., Yahiya, E. B., Olay, F. G., Balakrishnan, V., Gopakumar, D.
A., & Abdullah, C. K. (2019). A review on plant cellulose nanofibre-based aerogels for
biomedical applications. Polymers, 11(5), 714. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11050714
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). (2020). Toxicological profile for
styrene. https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp53.pdf
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). (2020). Threshold limit

values for chemical substances and physical agents and biological exposure indices. ACGIH.
Anastas, P. T., & Warner, J. C. (2016). Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice. Oxford University
Press.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2021). Styrene: Workplace safety and health
topics. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/styrene/default.html
Clark, J. H., & Luque, R. (2017). Green Chemistry: Strategies for Sustainability. Royal Society
of Chemistry.
D'Andrea, G., Granella, F., & Ghiotto, N. (2020). Styrene: A Neurotoxicant Affecting the Central
Nervous System. Neurotoxicology, 78, 53–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2019.09.009
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2020). Styrene (CASRN 100-42-5). Integrated Risk
Information System. https://www.epa.gov/iris/substance/0082
European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). (2021). Styrene: Evaluation under REACH.

https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.000.042
Foster, W. G., Chan, S., Platt, L., Hughes, C. L., Jr, Dumont, A., & Roméro, H. (2019).
Reproductive toxicity of air pollutants in the context of sources of exposure and female
susceptibility. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 22(3–4), 181–204.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10937404.2019.1603031
Ganesan, R., Kumaravel, A., & Lingappan, S. (2020). Advances in the development of bio-based
foams and their applications. Polymers, 12(9), 2066. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12092066
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Geyer, R., Jambeck, J. R., & Law, K. L. (2020). Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever
made. Science Advances, 3(7), e1700782. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1700782
Hansen, J., & Olsen, J. H. (2019). Male-mediated adverse effects of exposure to plastics, tobacco
and heavy metals on fecundity. Nature Reviews Urology, 16(1), 14–24.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41585-018-0110-1
Hansen, J. (2018). The History of Styrene: From Natural Resin to Industrial Polymer. In J. Breur
& F. P. Price (Eds.), Poly (styrene): Properties, Performance, and Applications (pp. 1-14).
Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71393-9_1
Hessel, P. A., Sluis-Cremer, G. K., Hnizdo, E., & Faucher, C. (2017). Silica, silicosis, and lung
cancer: A response to a recent working group report. Journal of Occupational and Environmental
Medicine, 41(2), 93–103. https://doi.org/10.1097/00043764-199902000-00003
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). (2019). Styrene, styrene-7,8-oxide, and
quinoline. In IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans (Vol.
121, pp. 227-355). World Health Organization.
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). (2019). Styrene, styrene-7,8-oxide, and
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Järventaus, H., Pasanen, M., & Vähäkangas, K. (2017). Styrene-induced changes in reproductive
organs and sperm chromatin structure in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Reproductive Toxicology,
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Kourti, I., Gialamas, T., & Papatheodorou, G. N. (2021). Catalytic conversion of styrene-based
waste into valuable products. Catalysts, 11(2), 237. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11020237
Leung, D. Y. C., Tang, Y., & Chen, F. (2021). Modular construction: A solution to building
sustainability and efficiency. Sustainability, 13(2), 980. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020980
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https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.123.5.1282
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Page 1 of 19 - Cover Page Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2875498346

Submission Date 3,787 Words

Apr 5, 2024, 4:57 AM UTC

Apr 5, 2024, 4:58 AM UTC

Page 1 of 19 - Cover Page Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2875498346

How much of this submission has been generated by AI?

It is essential to understand the limitations of AI detection before making decisions

* Low scores have a higher likelihood of false positives.

Frequently Asked Questions

What does the percentage mean?

How does Turnitin's indicator address false positives?

What does 'qualifying text' mean?

Page 2 of 19 - AI Writing Overview Submission ID trn:oid:::1:2875498346

Styrene-containing production materials include fiberglass composites used in insulation,

To decrease airborne concentrations of styrene, efforts to restrict and mitigate publicity in

3. Health Effects of Styrene Exposure

3.2. Effect on Respiratory System

3.3. Effect on Human Fertility

3. Risk of Causing Cancer

4. Alternatives and Sustainable Practices

Furthermore, advances in inexperienced chemistry and sustainable manufacturing techniques are

5. Risk Assessment and Future Research

Current processes to styrene threat evaluation include growing dose-reaction relationships,

research (WHO, 2018). Epidemiological studies, toxicological assessments, and publicity

To summarize, reviewing current threat evaluation methodologies, enforcing powerful danger

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). (2020). Threshold limit

European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). (2021). Styrene: Evaluation under REACH.

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