IA D 2202

DESIGN MEDIUM - IV
Module : 3 I SERVICES - PLUMBING

Course Tutor : Ar. Jabeenunisa

 IA D 2201

INTRODUCTION
Plumbing services in a building encompass a range of activities
related to the design, installation, maintenance, and repair of
systems that facilitate the supply and distribution of water, as well
as the removal of wastewater. These services are integral to the
functionality, safety, and hygiene of residential, commercial, and
industrial structures.

IMPORTANCE OF PLUMBING SYSTEM

The plumbing system in a building is of paramount importance, serving various critical functions
that contribute to the overall well-being, functionality, and safety of the structure and its
occupants. Here are key reasons highlighting the importance of a plumbing system in a building:

1.Water Supply:
1. Domestic Use: Plumbing systems provide a reliable and efficient supply of potable
water for various domestic purposes such as drinking, cooking, bathing, and cleaning.
2. Appliances: Water supply is essential for the proper functioning of appliances like
washing machines, dishwashers, and water heaters.

2.Sanitation:
1. Wastewater Removal: Plumbing systems facilitate the safe and hygienic removal of
wastewater from toilets, sinks, showers, and other sanitary fixtures.
2. Prevention of Waterborne Diseases: Proper sanitation prevents the accumulation of
stagnant water, reducing the risk of waterborne diseases and promoting a healthy living
environment.

3.Health and Hygiene:

1. Personal Hygiene: Adequate water supply and sanitation contribute to personal
hygiene, ensuring that occupants can maintain cleanliness and health.
2. Disease Prevention: A well-maintained plumbing system helps prevent the spread of
diseases related to poor sanitation and contaminated water.

Module : 3 I SERVICES – PLUMBING I Sem : IV I Batch : 2022 – 2026 I Course Tutor : Ar. Jabeenunisa
 IA D 2201
1.Building Integrity:
1. Prevention of Water Damage: Proper drainage and wastewater removal prevent water
damage to the building structure, including foundations, walls, and ceilings.
2. Pest Control: Effective drainage reduces the risk of standing water, which can attract pests
and compromise the structural integrity of the building.

2.Emergency Response:
1. Leak Detection: Modern plumbing systems may include sensors and devices for detecting
leaks, allowing for immediate response and minimizing damage.
2. Emergency Shut-Off: Plumbing systems often incorporate shut-off valves to control water
flow during emergencies, such as pipe bursts or leaks.

3. Regulatory Compliance:
1. Building Codes: Plumbing systems must comply with local building codes and regulations
to ensure the safety and legal adherence of the building.
4. Property Value:
1. Amenities: Well-designed plumbing systems with modern fixtures and amenities can
enhance the overall value and marketability of a property

Module : 3 I SERVICES – PLUMBING I Sem : IV I Batch : 2022 – 2026 I Course Tutor : Ar. Jabeenunisa
 IA D 2201

SCOPE OF INTERIOR DESIGNER IN PLUMBING SERVICES

While the primary focus of an interior designer is often on aesthetics, layout, and spatial
arrangements, there is a notable overlap with plumbing services within the scope of interior design.
Here are some aspects that highlight the intersection and collaboration between interior designers
and plumbing services:

1.Space Planning:
1. Interior designers work closely with plumbing services to plan the spatial layout of
rooms, especially areas with plumbing fixtures like bathrooms and kitchens. The
placement of sinks, showers, tubs, and toilets requires careful consideration of both
aesthetics and practicality.

2.Fixture Selection:
1. Interior designers assist clients in selecting plumbing fixtures that complement the
overall design theme. This includes choosing faucets, sinks, showerheads, and other
fixtures that align with the desired aesthetic while meeting functional requirements.

3.Color and Material Coordination:

1. Interior designers coordinate the color schemes and material selections in spaces with
plumbing elements. This includes selecting tiles, countertops, and other materials that
harmonize with the chosen plumbing fixtures.

4.Customization and Integration:

1. Interior designers may collaborate with plumbing services to customize fixtures or
integrate them seamlessly into the overall design. This can involve concealing
plumbing elements or creating custom-designed features that blend with the interior
aesthetics.

5.Spatial Flow:
1. Interior designers work to ensure a cohesive spatial flow in the building, which involves
considering how plumbing fixtures fit into the overall design without disrupting the
visual harmony.

Module : 3 I SERVICES – PLUMBING I Sem : IV I Batch : 2022 – 2026 I Course Tutor : Ar. Jabeenunisa
 IA D 2201

6. Lighting Design:
1. Lighting is a critical aspect of interior design, and interior designers often collaborate with
plumbing services to incorporate appropriate lighting around plumbing fixtures. This can
enhance the ambiance of spaces like bathrooms.

7. Accessibility and Universal Design:

1. Interior designers, in collaboration with plumbing services, may focus on creating accessible
spaces that adhere to universal design principles. This includes selecting fixtures that cater to
the needs of individuals with varying abilities.

8. Renovation and Remodeling:

1. During renovation projects, interior designers may work closely with plumbing services to
reconfigure spaces, relocate plumbing lines, and update fixtures while maintaining the
desired design aesthetic.

9. Technology Integration:
1. With the rise of smart home technology, interior designers may collaborate with plumbing
services to integrate technologically advanced plumbing fixtures that align with the overall
design and functionality of a modern space.

10. Sustainability Considerations:

1. Interior designers and plumbing services may work together to incorporate sustainable and
water-efficient plumbing solutions, aligning with eco-friendly design practices.

Module : 3 I SERVICES – PLUMBING I Sem : IV I Batch : 2022 – 2026 I Course Tutor : Ar. Jabeenunisa
 Aspect Pros Cons Example

- Requires careful
- Enables easy access to Well-designed kitchen
planning to ensure
1. Convenience water for various plumbing for efficient
optimal placement and
domestic tasks. cooking.
functionality.
- May pose challenges Modern bathroom
- Stylish and well-
in concealing pipes and design with
2. Aesthetics coordinated plumbing
fixtures in some aesthetically pleasing
fixtures enhance design.
designs. fixtures.
- Proper plumbing - Requires regular Efficient drainage in
3. Improved Hygiene systems contribute to maintenance to prevent bathrooms for
better sanitation. issues affecting hygiene. enhanced hygiene.
- Poorly maintained or Upgraded plumbing in a
4. Increased Property - High-quality plumbing outdated plumbing may remodeled bathroom
Value adds value to a property. decrease property boosting property
value. value.
- Allows for
- Customization may Custom-designed sink
customization of fixtures
5. Customization involve additional costs and faucet for a unique
to match design
and complexity. kitchen aesthetic.
preferences.

- Budget constraints
High-quality plumbing
- Initial installation costsmay limit the choice of
6. Installation Costs installation in a luxury
can be significant. high-end fixtures or
bathroom.
materials.
- Neglecting
- Regular maintenance is Timely maintenance of
maintenance can lead
7. Maintenance crucial for optimal pipes and fixtures to
to leaks, clogs, and
performance. prevent water damage.
other issues.
- Water damage from
- Poorly installed or aging Repairing a bathroom
leaks can be costly to
8. Potential Leaks plumbing may lead to with water damage
repair and may
leaks. from a hidden pipe leak.
compromise aesthetics.
- Radical design changes Challenges in
- Certain plumbing
9. Limited Design may require significant redesigning a bathroom
constraints may limit
Flexibility adjustments to with existing plumbing
design options.
plumbing layouts. constraints.
- Older plumbing
- Modern plumbing Installation of low-flow
10. Environmental systems may be less
fixtures can contribute to fixtures to promote
Impact eco-friendly and waste
water conservation. water conservation.
more water.

Module : 3 I SERVICES – PLUMBING I Sem : IV I Batch : 2022 – 2026 I Course Tutor : Ar. Jabeenunisa
 IA D 2201

Feature Water Distribution System Water Drainage System

Purpose Distributes potable water Removes wastewater

Components Pipes, pumps, valves Pipes, drains, sewers

Collects and carries away
Function Supplies water to users
wastewater
Water Quality Potable (drinkable) water Contaminated or used water

From treatment plants to From users to treatment plants

Direction of Flow
consumers or disposal points

Typically gravity-driven or
Pressure Maintained for efficient supply
assisted by pumps

May involve water treatment for Wastewater treatment to

Treatment
purity remove contaminants

Regular maintenance to ensure Clearing blockages, periodic

Maintenance
water quality inspections

Municipalities, treatment
Typical Users Residential, commercial, industrial
facilities
Regulated for environmental
Regulation Regulated for safety and quality
protection

Focus on effective drainage and

Design Considerations Focus on efficient distribution
wastewater removal

Sewer systems, storm water

Examples Water mains, distribution pipes
drains

Module : 3 I SERVICES – PLUMBING I Sem : IV I Batch : 2022 – 2026 I Course Tutor : Ar. Jabeenunisa
WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM IA D 2201

The water distribution system in interiors refers to the network of pipes, fittings, fixtures, and
components designed to efficiently and safely supply potable water to various points within a
building. It is a critical component of a building's plumbing infrastructure, ensuring a reliable and
convenient water supply for domestic use.

The water distribution system is a fundamental part of a building's plumbing that delivers water
from the main supply source (often a municipal water supply or well) to different areas within the
structure. The system is designed to meet specific water demand requirements, taking into
account factors such as the number of occupants, types of fixtures, and building codes.

VARIOUS COMPONENTS OF WATER

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM:

1.Water Source:
1. The primary source of water for the
distribution system, such as a
municipal water supply, well, or
other water sources.
2.Water Meter:
1. Measures the volume of water
consumed, helping in billing and
monitoring water usage.
3.Water Main:
1. The main pipe that carries water
from the water source to the
building. It is usually buried
underground.
4. Pressure Reducing Valve (PRV):
1. Controls and reduces the pressure of the incoming water to a safe level for the
building's plumbing.
5. Backflow Preventer:
1. Prevents the reverse flow of water, ensuring that contaminated water does not
enter the main water supply.
6. Water Storage Tanks:
1. In cases where there are intermittent water supply or for backup, storage tanks may
be used to store water.

Module : 3 I SERVICES – PLUMBING I Sem : IV I Batch : 2022 – 2026 I Course Tutor : Ar. Jabeenunisa
FITTINGS AND FIXTURES
Aspect Fittings
Fittings are devices or components
that connect or join sections of
plumbing pipes or tubing. They are
Definition
used to create a leak-tight seal
between pipes and other plumbing
components.
Fittings facilitate the connection and
redirection of pipes, ensuring a
Purpose
secure and efficient plumbing
system.
- Couplings - Elbows - Tees - Adapters - Sinks - Faucets - Bathtubs -
Examples
- Valves (e.g., ball valves, gate valves) Toilets - Showers
IA D 2201
Fixtures
Fixtures are stationary devices or
accessories attached to the
plumbing system that provide a
specific function, such as the
dispensing of water, drainage, or
the containment of waste.
Fixtures serve a specific purpose
within the building, providing
amenities such as water supply,
drainage, or containment of
waste.

Mobility
Installation Location
Maintenance and Repair
Aesthetic Impact
Examples in Table
Fittings are generally not mobile or
movable. They are fixed components
used to connect pipes and create a
plumbing network.
Fittings are typically installed in
concealed areas, inside walls, under
floors, or within plumbing
assemblies where they are not
visible in the finished space.
Fittings are less prone to
maintenance issues but may require
occasional inspection for leaks or
wear.
Fittings are usually not visible in the
finished interior space, so their
aesthetic impact is minimal.
- Coupling used to connect two
pipes. - Elbow used to change the
direction of a pipe. - Ball valve used
to control the flow of water.
Fixtures are often stationary but
may have movable parts or
features. For example, faucets
have handles that can be turned.
Fixtures are installed in visible
areas of the building where they
are accessible and functional for
occupants.
Fixtures may require more
frequent maintenance and repair
due to regular use and exposure
to wear and tear.
Fixtures contribute significantly
to the aesthetics of interiors,
influencing the overall design and
visual appeal of spaces.
- Kitchen sink used for washing
dishes. - Bathroom faucet used
for handwashing. - Toilet used for
waste disposal.

Module : 3 I SERVICES – PLUMBING I Sem : IV I Batch : 2022 – 2026 I Course Tutor : Ar. Jabeenunisa
 IA D 2201
VARIOUS TYPES OF FIXTURES
In a water distribution system within interiors, various fixtures
are used to provide specific functions related to water supply,
drainage, and waste disposal. Here are different types of fixtures
commonly found in water distribution systems:
1.Sinks:
1. Function: Sinks are fixtures used for washing hands,
dishes, and other items.
2. Types: Kitchen sinks, bathroom sinks, utility sinks,
bar sinks.
3. Materials: Stainless steel, porcelain, composite,
glass.
2.Faucets:
1. Function: Faucets control the flow of water,
providing access for washing and other water-
related activities.
2. Types: Kitchen faucets, bathroom faucets, bar
faucets.
3. Features: Single-handle, double-handle, touchless.

3. Bathtubs:
1. Function: Bathtubs are fixtures designed for
bathing and relaxation.
2. Types: Alcove, freestanding, corner, whirlpool,
soaking tubs.
3. Materials: Acrylic, fiberglass, cast iron.

4.Showers:
1. Function: Showers provide a dedicated space for
bathing, typically with the use of a showerhead.
2. Types: Walk-in showers, shower-tub combos,
steam showers.
3. Features: Rainfall showerheads, handheld
showerheads.

6. Toilets:
1. Function: Toilets are fixtures for the disposal of
human waste.
2. Types: One-piece toilets, two-piece toilets, wall-
mounted toilets.
3. Features: Dual-flush, pressure-assisted flush,
comfort height.

Module : 3 I SERVICES – PLUMBING I Sem : IV I Batch : 2022 – 2026 I Course Tutor : Ar. Jabeenunisa
 IA D 2201

Urinals:
1. Function: Urinals are fixtures designed for the
disposal of male urine.
2. Types: Wall-mounted urinals, floor-mounted
urinals.
3. Water Efficiency: Waterless urinals, low-flow
urinals.

Drinking Fountains:
1. Function: Drinking fountains provide access to
potable water for drinking.
2. Types: Wall-mounted, floor-standing, bottle
filling stations.
3. Features: Water filters, touchless sensors.

Water Heaters:
1. Function: Water heaters provide hot water for
various domestic purposes.
2. Types: Tankless water heaters, storage tank
water heaters.
3. Energy Source: Electric, gas, solar.

Water Dispensers:
1. Function: Water dispensers provide easy access
to both hot and cold water.
2. Types: Countertop dispensers, freestanding
dispensers.
3. Features: Filtration systems, adjustable
temperature.

Garbage Disposals:
1. Function: Garbage disposals grind food waste
into small particles for easy disposal through the
drainage system.
2. Features: Batch feed, continuous feed.
3. Power Source: Electric.

Module : 3 I SERVICES – PLUMBING I Sem : IV I Batch : 2022 – 2026 I Course Tutor : Ar. Jabeenunisa
 IA D 2201
VARIOUS TYPES OF FITTINGS
Various types of fittings are used in interior plumbing to connect and redirect pipes, ensuring
a secure and efficient plumbing system. These fittings play a crucial role in creating leak-tight
seals, changing directions, and facilitating the overall flow of water within a building. Here are
some common types of fittings used in interior plumbing:

Coupling:
1. Function: Connects two pipes together in a straight line.
2. Usage: Used to extend the length of a pipe or repair a broken section.
Elbow:
1. Function: Changes the direction of a pipe by a specific angle (e.g., 90 degrees).
2. Usage: Used in corners or turns where a change in direction is needed.
Tee:
1. Function: Creates a T-shaped junction in a plumbing system, allowing for a branch
line.
2. Usage: Used to connect three pipes at right angles.
Cross:
1. Function: Forms a cross-shaped junction in a plumbing system, allowing for multiple
branch lines.
2. Usage: Used to connect four pipes at right angles.
Reducer:
1. Function: Connects pipes of different sizes, allowing for a change in diameter.
2. Usage: Used when transitioning from a larger to a smaller pipe or vice versa.
Cap:
1. Function: Closes the end of a pipe, creating a sealed termination.
2. Usage: Used to cap off unused pipe ends or as an end point in the plumbing system.

Module : 3 I SERVICES – PLUMBING I Sem : IV I Batch : 2022 – 2026 I Course Tutor : Ar. Jabeenunisa
 IA D 2201

Plug:
1. Function: Similar to a cap, it closes the end of a pipe, but it can be removed for
access.
2. Usage: Used in situations where occasional access to the pipe is required.

Union:
1. Function: Joins two pipes while allowing for their easy disconnection.
2. Usage: Used in areas where periodic maintenance or repairs may be necessary.

Adapter:
1. Function: Connects pipes of different materials or sizes.
2. Usage: Used to join pipes with varying diameters or made of different materials.

Valve:
1. Function: Controls the flow of water within a plumbing system.
2. Types: Ball valve, gate valve, globe valve.
3. Usage: Used to start or stop the flow, regulate pressure, or control the direction of
water.

Cross Tee:
1. Function: Similar to a tee but with an additional outlet in the opposite direction.
2. Usage: Provides additional branch lines in a plumbing system.

Street Elbow:
1. Function: Similar to a regular elbow but has one threaded end.
2. Usage: Used when a threaded connection is required, such as with pipes and
fittings.
Nipple:
1. Function: Short length of pipe with threads on both ends.
2. Usage: Used to extend or connect pipes, often in tight spaces.

Module : 3 I SERVICES – PLUMBING I Sem : IV I Batch : 2022 – 2026 I Course Tutor : Ar. Jabeenunisa
 IA D 2201
APPLICATION
The water distribution system in a building serves various applications, providing a reliable and
efficient supply of potable water to different areas. Here are some common applications of the water
distribution system in interiors along with examples:

1.Domestic Water Supply:

1. Application: Supplying potable water for
daily domestic activities.
2. Example: Kitchen faucets providing water
for cooking, washing dishes, and drinking.

2.Bathroom Usage:
1. Application: Providing water for personal
hygiene and sanitation.
2. Example: Showers, sinks, and toilets in
bathrooms for bathing, handwashing, and
waste disposal.

3.Kitchen Appliances:
1. Application: Supporting water supply for
kitchen appliances.
2. Example: Connecting water lines to
dishwashers, refrigerators with water
dispensers, and ice makers.

4.Laundry Facilities:
1. Application: Supplying water for washing
machines and laundry sinks.
2. Example: Connecting washing machines to
the water distribution system for laundry
activities.

5.Outdoor Water Usage:

1. Application: Providing water for outdoor
activities.
2. Example: Outdoor faucets for gardening,
washing vehicles, or other outdoor cleaning
tasks.

6.Watering Systems:
1. Application: Irrigating lawns, gardens, or
landscapes.
2. Example: Connecting the water distribution
system to automated sprinkler systems for
efficient watering.

Module : 3 I SERVICES – PLUMBING I Sem : IV I Batch : 2022 – 2026 I Course Tutor : Ar. Jabeenunisa
 IA D 2201
1.Drinking Fountains:
1. Application: Offering accessible drinking
water.
2. Example: Public spaces, schools, or offices
equipped with drinking fountains for
hydration.

2.Fire Protection Systems:

1. Application: Providing water for fire
sprinkler systems.
2. Example: Connecting the water
distribution system to sprinklers
strategically placed throughout a building
for fire suppression.

3.HVAC Systems:
1. Application: Supplying water for heating,
ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC)
systems.
2. Example: Connecting water lines to cooling
towers or heating coils for climate control.

4.Emergency Eyewash Stations:

1. Application: Providing water for
emergency eye and face wash in industrial
or laboratory settings.
2. Example: Laboratories or manufacturing
facilities equipped with emergency
eyewash stations connected to the water
distribution system.

5.Specialized Facilities:
1. Application: Catering to specific water
needs in specialized areas.
2. Example: Hospitals with water distribution
systems designed to support medical
equipment, laboratories, and sanitation
needs.

6.Water Features:
1. Application: Supplying water for decorative
water features.
2. Example: Connecting the water
distribution system to fountains, ponds, or
waterfalls in landscaping or interior design.

Module : 3 I SERVICES – PLUMBING I Sem : IV I Batch : 2022 – 2026 I Course Tutor : Ar. Jabeenunisa
WATER DRINAGE SYSTEM IA D 2201
A water drainage system in interiors refers to the network of pipes, fittings, fixtures, and components
designed to efficiently and safely remove wastewater from various points within a building. This
system is an essential counterpart to the water distribution system, ensuring the proper disposal of
used water and preventing issues such as flooding, water damage, and contamination. The primary
goal of a drainage system is to transport wastewater from plumbing fixtures and appliances to the
sewer or septic system.

The water drainage system plays a critical role in maintaining the cleanliness, hygiene, and structural
integrity of a building. It is designed to handle various types of wastewater generated from activities
such as bathing, washing, and waste disposal. A well-designed drainage system should effectively
carry away wastewater, prevent the accumulation of stagnant water, and mitigate the risk of
waterborne diseases.

VARIOUS COMPONENTS OF WATER DRAINAGE SYSTEM:

Drain Pipes:
1. Function: Carry wastewater from plumbing fixtures to the main drainage line.
2. Material: Common materials include PVC (polyvinyl chloride), ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene
styrene), or cast iron.

Traps:
1. Function: Prevent sewer gases from entering the building by retaining a small amount of
water.
2. Types: P-traps, S-traps, bottle traps, floor traps.
3. Material: Typically made of PVC, ABS, or metal.

Vent Pipes:
1. Function: Allow air to enter the drainage system, preventing the formation of a vacuum
and ensuring proper drainage flow.
2. Location: Connected to drainpipes and extend to the roof.
3. Material: Commonly made of PVC or cast iron.

Module : 3 I SERVICES – PLUMBING I Sem : IV I Batch : 2022 – 2026 I Course Tutor : Ar. Jabeenunisa
 IA D 2201

Stacks:
1. Function: Vertical pipes that connect branch
drains and serve as conduits for wastewater
to reach the main sewer or septic system.
2. Types: Soil stacks (carry waste from toilets),
waste stacks (carry waste from other
fixtures).
3. Material: Typically made of cast iron or PVC.

Cleanouts:
1. Function: Provide access points for
inspection and maintenance, allowing
plumbers to remove blockages or perform
repairs.
2. Types: Screw-type cleanouts, flush
cleanouts.
3. Location: Placed strategically along the
drainage system.
4. Material: Usually made of PVC or metal.

Drainage Fittings:
1. Function: Connect and redirect drain pipes,
ensuring a well-organized and efficient
drainage network.
2. Types: Elbows, tees, couplings, reducers.
3. Material: PVC, ABS, or metal, depending on
the application.

Backflow Preventers:
1. Function: Prevent wastewater from flowing
back into the building, ensuring a one-way
flow toward the sewer or septic system.
2. Types: Check valves, gate valves, and other
devices that prevent reverse flow.
3. Location: Installed at strategic points in the
drainage system.

Slope and Grade:

1. Function: Ensure proper drainage flow by
designing drainpipes with a slope or grade.
2. Importance: Gravity helps wastewater move
efficiently toward the main drain.

Module : 3 I SERVICES – PLUMBING I Sem : IV I Batch : 2022 – 2026 I Course Tutor : Ar. Jabeenunisa
 IA D 2201

Module : 3 I SERVICES – PLUMBING I Sem : IV I Batch : 2022 – 2026 I Course Tutor : Ar. Jabeenunisa
 IA D 2201

Module : 3 I SERVICES – PLUMBING I Sem : IV I Batch : 2022 – 2026 I Course Tutor : Ar. Jabeenunisa