Practice Questions CH 11

Questions CH 11
11.1
1. What is the focus of the article "Understanding Emotion and Motivation"?
a) Analyzing the behavior of Charlie Chaplin
b) Exploring emotions common across cultures
c) Studying the role of Pavlovian conditioning
d) Investigating theories of motivation
2. How does the article suggest we typically infer other people's emotional states?
a) By listening to their verbal information
b) By observing their facial expressions
c) By reading their thoughts
d) By analyzing their body language
3. According to the article, which of the following emotions are common across cultures?
a) Happiness, surprise, disgust, and anxiety
b) Anger, sadness, fear, and joy
c) Excitement, contentment, frustration, and guilt
d) Love, jealousy, pride, and shame
4. What is compared to emotions in terms of determining subsequent behavior and responses from
others?
a) Physical health
b) Intellectual curiosity
c) Hunger and sex
d) Sleep patterns
5. What is mentioned as an example of behavior resulting from hunger?
a) Visiting a friend's house

b) Watching a movie
c) Thinking about where to eat, ordering food, and consuming it
d) Playing a video game
6. Which type of conditioning is highlighted in the article in relation to hunger, sex, and emotions?
a) Operant conditioning
b) Classical conditioning
c) Observational conditioning
d) Reinforcement conditioning
7. What is suggested to be the focus of the final part of the article?
a) Analyzing Pavlov's experiments
b) Discussing the role of cognition in behavior
c) Exploring broader theories of motivation
d) Investigating cultural differences in emotions
8. Who conducted the classical conditioning experiments famously associated with dogs?
a) John B. Watson
b) B.F. Skinner
c) Ivan Pavlov
d) Edward Thorndike
9. What is the term used for behavior that is learned through associations with environmental stimuli?
a) Operant conditioning
b) Classical conditioning
c) Observational learning
d) Habituation
10. Who is known for their work on operant conditioning?

a) Ivan Pavlov
b) John B. Watson
c) B.F. Skinner
d) Edward Thorndike
11. What type of conditioning is primarily associated with rewards and punishments?
a) Classical conditioning
b) Operant conditioning
c) Observational conditioning
d) Habituation
12. Who proposed the theory of observational learning?
a) Ivan Pavlov
b) John B. Watson
c) B.F. Skinner
d) Albert Bandura
13. Who is known for his famous "Little Albert" experiment, demonstrating classical conditioning of fear?
a) Ivan Pavlov
b) John B. Watson
c) B.F. Skinner
d) Albert Bandura
14. What is the term for the decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated presentations?
a) Reinforcement
b) Extinction
c) Habituation
d) Generalization
15. Who introduced the concept of reinforcement schedules?
a) Ivan Pavlov
b) John B. Watson
c) B.F. Skinner
d) Albert Bandura
16. Who proposed the concept of operant conditioning chambers, also known as Skinner boxes?
a) Ivan Pavlov
b) John B. Watson
c) B.F. Skinner
d) Albert Bandura
17. Who is known for the Bobo doll experiment, illustrating the influence of observational learning?
a) Ivan Pavlov
b) John B. Watson
c) B.F. Skinner
d) Albert Bandura
18. What type of learning occurs through observing the actions and outcomes of others?
c) Observational learning
d) Habituation
19. Who proposed the concept of cognitive maps and latent learning?
a) Ivan Pavlov
b) John B. Watson
c) B.F. Skinner
d) Edward Tolman
20. Who conducted experiments with rats in mazes, supporting the theory of latent learning?
a) Ivan Pavlov
b) John B. Watson
c) B.F. Skinner
d) Edward Tolman
10.2
1. What is the focus of Chapter 11.2?
a) The biology of emotions
b) The evolution of emotions
c) The role of emotions in behavior
d) The interaction between genetics and emotions
2. Why do the examples of being anxious and pacing back and forth not provide explanations for
emotions?
a) Because they focus on circular reasoning
b) Because they lack specificity
c) Because they don't address the role of genetics
d) Because they ignore environmental factors
3. According to Kaplan et al. (2015), how are emotions defined?
a) Long-lasting states unaffected by specific events
b) Short-lived states corresponding to situational events
c) Stable traits developed over time
d) Innate responses to environmental stimuli
4. Which theory suggests that emotions are adaptive and serve as a form of communication?
a) Darwin's principle of antithesis
b) James-Lange theory
c) Cannon-Bard thalamic theory
d) Tracy's principle of serviceable habits
5. What is the primary function of the thalamus in processing emotions according to Cannon-Bard
theory?
a) It triggers physiological changes
b) It mediates emotional reactions
c) It interprets sensory stimuli
d) It controls conscious awareness
6. Who proposed the theory that emotions unfold over time in predictable patterns without attention or
intention?
a) Charles Darwin
b) Paul Ekman
c) William James
d) Walter Cannon
7. Which theory suggests that the sequence of events in emotional processing is perception, bodily
response, and acknowledgment of emotion?
a) James-Lange theory
b) Cannon-Bard thalamic theory
c) Ekman's basic emotion theory
d) Darwin's theory of emotional adaptation
8. According to the article, what is a common feature of basic emotions?
a) They have unique facial expressions
b) They are culturally determined
c) They are exclusively learned
d) They lack physiological arousal

9. Who proposed the concept of action units to describe facial expressions?
a) Charles Darwin
b) William James
c) Paul Ekman
d) Walter Cannon
10. How do bodily expressions of emotion compare to facial expressions in terms of recognition?
a) They are less important in determining emotion
b) They are equally important in determining emotion
c) They are more important in determining emotion
d) They are unrelated to emotional recognition
11. According to James (1884), what is the order of events involved in processing an emotion?
a) Perception, physiological response, acknowledgment of emotion
b) Physiological response, acknowledgment of emotion, perception
c) Acknowledgment of emotion, perception, physiological response
d) Perception, acknowledgment of emotion, physiological response
12. Who proposed that the brain processes emotions and sensations in the same way, without separate
cognitive modules for emotions?
a) Charles Darwin
b) William James
c) Paul Ekman
d) Walter Cannon
13. Which theory of emotion suggests that bodily expressions are not necessary middle steps to produce
an emotional experience?

d) Darwin's principle of antithesis
14. Who argued against James' assumptions about the internal organs' role in emotion processing?
a) Charles Darwin
b) William James
c) Paul Ekman
d) Walter Cannon
15. Which theory of emotion emphasizes the simultaneous production of bodily or facial expression
changes and acknowledgment of emotion?
16. Who proposed the principle of antithesis in emotion expression?
a) Charles Darwin
b) William James
c) Paul Ekman
d) Walter Cannon
17. What is the primary function of Darwin's principle of antithesis?
a) To explain the evolution of emotions
b) To emphasize the adaptive nature of emotions
c) To highlight opposite bodily expressions of opposite emotions
d) To describe the direct action of the nervous system on the body

18. Which theory of emotion suggests that events surrounding the expression of emotion occur
sequentially?
19. Who proposed the three principles of emotions, including serviceable habits and antithesis?
a) Charles Darwin
b) William James
c) Paul Ekman
d) Walter Cannon
20. According to the article, what distinguishes moods from emotions?
a) Moods are longer-lasting and less intense
b) Moods are specific to situational events
c) Moods have unique facial expressions
d) Moods are unaffected by environmental stimuli
21. Which theory of emotion emphasizes the importance of the thalamus in mediating emotional
reactions?
22. What is the primary focus of Chapter 11.2.1?
a) The evolution of emotions
b) The definition of emotions

c) The role of rewards and punishers in emotions
d) The identification of emotions in others
23. Who proposed that each distinct emotion has multiple behavioral elements occurring over time?
a) Tracy
b) Kaplan et al.
c) Hess & Thibault
d) Paul Ekman
24. According to the article, how are emotions conditioned to antecedent stimuli?
a) Through operant conditioning
b) Through classical conditioning
c) Through observational learning
d) Through social reinforcement
25. Which source of emotions involves conditioned reinforcers?
a) Antecedent stimuli
b) Unconditioned reinforcers
c) Positive punishment
d) Negative reinforcement
26. Who identified the various sources and functions of emotions related to instrumental reinforcers and
punishers?
a) Darwin
b) Rolls
c) James
d) Cannon
27. According to Rolls (2013), what is the role of emotions in communication?

a) To motivate behavior
b) To express hormonal responses
c) To facilitate social bonding
d) To evaluate memories
28. What is one function of emotions mentioned in the article?
a) To inhibit physiological responses
b) To impair memory storage
c) To prevent social bonding
d) To elicit hormonal changes
29. Which emotion might prevent people from coming into contact with infectious diseases?
a) Happiness
b) Anger
c) Disgust
d) Sadness
30. Who proposed the role of rewards and punishers in evoking emotional states?
a) Darwin
b) James
c) Rolls
d) Hess & Thibault
31. What is one example of a local cause of emotions mentioned in the article?
a) Evolutionary adaptations
b) Environmental factors
c) Genetic predispositions
d) Cognitive processes
32. Who proposed that emotions are states elicited by rewards and punishers?
a) Darwin
b) James
c) Rolls
d) Hess & Thibault
33. What is one function of emotion mentioned in the article?
a) Perseveration
b) Impairment of memory storage
c) Inhibition of social bonding
d) Reduction of hormonal responses
34. According to the article, why do emotions persist longer than the delivery of a reward?
a) To inhibit future behavior
b) To impair memory storage
c) To keep us responding until the next reward
d) To prevent social bonding
35. Who proposed that emotions have multiple functions in today's world?
a) Tracy
b) Kaplan et al.
c) Rolls
d) Darwin
36. What is one example of a far-removed cause of emotions mentioned in the article?
a) Pavlovian conditioning
c) Evolution
d) Genetics
37. Who proposed that each distinct emotion evolved to serve a specific purpose?
a) Tracy
b) Kaplan et al.
c) Rolls
d) Darwin
38. What is one example of a basic emotion mentioned in the article?
a) Confusion
b) Surprise
c) Indifference
d) Boredom
39. According to the article, what is one function of emotions related to hormonal and physiological
responses?
a) To inhibit hormonal changes
b) To facilitate social bonding
c) To express communication
d) To elicit a rush of adrenaline
a) Tracy
b) Kaplan et al.
c) Rolls
d) Darwin
41. What is one example of a proximate source of emotions mentioned in the article?
a) Intensity of reinforcer
b) Genetic predispositions
c) Evolutionary adaptations
d) Environmental enrichment
42. According to the article, what is the role of the thalamus in processing emotions?
43. Who proposed the James-Lange theory of emotions?
a) Charles Darwin
b) William James
c) Paul Ekman
d) Walter Cannon
44. What is the primary function of the thalamus in processing emotions according to Cannon-Bard
theory?
45. According to James (1884), what is the order of events involved in processing an emotion?
a) Perception, physiological response, acknowledgment of emotion
b) Physiological response, acknowledgment of emotion, perception
c) Acknowledgment of emotion, perception, physiological response
d) Perception, acknowledgment of emotion, physiological response

46. Who proposed that the brain processes emotions and sensations in the same way, without separate
cognitive modules for emotions?
a) Charles Darwin
b) William James
c) Paul Ekman
d) Walter Cannon
47. Which theory of emotion emphasizes the importance of the thalamus in mediating emotional
reactions?
48. What is the primary function of Darwin's principle of antithesis?
a) To explain the evolution of emotions
b) To emphasize the adaptive nature of emotions
c) To highlight opposite bodily expressions of opposite emotions
d) To describe the direct action of the nervous system on the body
49. Which theory of emotion suggests that events surrounding the expression of emotion occur
sequentially?
a) Charles Darwin
b) William James
c) Paul Ekman
d) Walter Cannon
1. What are some responses observed when people express different emotions, according to the article?
a) Clenching fists and displaying knitted eyebrows
b) Crying and laughing
c) Singing and dancing
d) Shouting and jumping
2. Who explored emotional contagion, where people catch emotions from others, according to the
article?
a) Moody et al.
b) Kelly et al.
c) Harrison et al.
d) Green & Rachlin
3. What method is used in the laboratory to produce fear in rats and pigeons, as described in the article?
a) Shock therapy
b) Social interaction
c) Conditioned emotional response procedure
d) Hypnosis
4. According to the article, what accompanies fear in the natural environment for rats and pigeons?
a) Running and flying away from danger
b) Laughing and playing
c) Singing and dancing
d) Freezing in place
5. Which brain region accompanies the emotional response to stress in people, as mentioned in the
article?
a) Hippocampus
b) Prefrontal cortex
c) Amygdala
d) Cerebellum
6. Who conducted a study pairing videos of live snakes or visual static with a mild shock to investigate
fear conditioning in people?
a) Pavlov
b) Fischer and colleagues
c) Harrison et al.
d) Moody et al.
7. What type of learning involves animal-environment interactions specific to an individual over their
lifetime?
a) Phylogeny
b) Ontogeny
c) Pavlovian conditioning
d) Social learning
8. Who used chicks as a model for human depression and anxiety caused by social isolation?
a) Kelly et al.
b) Normansell and Panksepp
c) Gaioni & Evans
d) Smith and colleagues
9. According to the article, which brain region is abnormal in Wistar-Kyoto rats, often used to model
anxiety?
a) Amygdala
b) Hippocampus
c) Medial prefrontal cortex

d) Cerebellum
10. Who influenced early instrumental conditioning and proposed the theory of frustration events?
a) Clark Hull
b) Abram Amsel
c) Pavlov
d) Fischer and colleagues
11. Which theory added emotion to Hull's theory of instrumental conditioning?
a) Amsel's frustration theory
b) Kelly's emotional contagion theory
c) Harrison's fear conditioning theory
d) Moody's emotional response theory
12. Who recognized frustration as a cue for animals to continue responding longer in extinction?
a) Normansell and Panksepp
b) Smith and colleagues
c) Abram Amsel
d) Clark Hull
13. What do rats experience when they continue to respond in extinction even when rewards are not
given?
a) Joy
b) Frustration
c) Excitement
d) Contentment
14. Who conducted a study pairing videos of happy or angry expressions with participants' emotional
responses?
a) Moody et al.
b) Kelly et al.
c) Harrison et al.
d) Green & Rachlin
15. What type of vocalizations do juvenile rats emit when separated from littermates or an adult female
rat?
a) Ultrasonic vocalizations
b) Melodic vocalizations
c) Loud vocalizations
d) Quiet vocalizations
16. Which brain region modulates conditioned fear and avoidance, often abnormal in Wistar-Kyoto rats?
a) Amygdala
b) Hippocampus
c) Medial prefrontal cortex
d) Cerebellum
17. Who conducted a study investigating how housing rats in pairs alleviated unnecessary avoidance
responses?
a) Pavlov
b) Fischer and colleagues
c) Smith and colleagues
d) Normansell and Panksepp
18. What does the study by Sasaki et al. (2021) suggest about emotional contagion?
a) Participants smile less when viewing happy faces.
b) Participants smile more when viewing happy faces.
c) Participants imitate angry faces more than happy faces.

d) Participants imitate neutral faces more than happy faces.
19. Who suggested that drugs like ketamine could help alleviate distress in people experiencing
depression or anxiety?
a) Kelly et al.
b) Normansell and Panksepp
c) Gaioni & Evans
d) Normansell and Panksepp
11.3
1. What are the primary biological needs discussed in the article?
a) Sleep and exercise
b) Food and reproduction
c) Entertainment and socializing
d) Shelter and clothing
2. Who proposed the concept of Pavlovian conditioning?
a) Ivan Pavlov
b) B.F. Skinner
c) Sigmund Freud
d) John Watson
3. What is the purpose of Pavlovian conditioning in relation to biological needs?
a) To satisfy emotional cravings
b) To regulate hormonal balance
c) To identify reliable environmental cues
d) To control voluntary muscle movements
4. According to the article, what triggers hunger pangs?
a) Changes in blood pressure

b) Alterations in neural pathways
c) Metabolite usage and neuropeptide activity
d) Visual stimuli related to food preparation
5. Who conducted research on the effects of hunger on blood glucose levels?
a) Stockhorst et al. (2000)
b) Davidson, Sample, et al. (2014)
c) Jenkins & Moore (1973)
d) Holland & Ross (1981)
6. Which hormone stimulates appetite and is made in the stomach?
a) Insulin
b) Leptin
c) Ghrelin
d) Cortisol
7. Which brain region is responsible for regulating hunger and produces orexin?
a) Cerebellum
b) Amygdala
c) Hypothalamus
d) Insular cortex
8. What is the term used to describe the predictive association between a conditional stimulus and
calorie intake?
a) Excitatory conditioning
b) Inhibitory conditioning
c) Occasion setting
d) Evaluative conditioning
9. According to Skinner (1938), what internal state teaches us to eat when hungry but not when
satiated?
a) Salivation
b) Occasion setters
c) Hedonic eating
d) Appetite modulation
10. Who conducted research on rats' ability to use hunger as an occasion setter?
a) Benoit and Davidson (1996)
b) Tinbergen (2011)
c) Stockhorst et al. (2007)
d) Raby et al. (2007)
11. What term refers to exaggerated stimuli that preferentially evoke responses?
a) Supernormal stimuli
b) Excitatory stimuli
c) Inhibitory stimuli
d) Modulatory stimuli
12. Who introduced the concept of supernormal stimuli?
a) Ivan Pavlov
b) B.F. Skinner
c) Niko Tinbergen
d) John Watson
13. Which environmental factor influences food-related behavior by affecting portion sizes?
a) Social norms
b) Cultural practices
c) Perceived preferences
d) Portion size cues
14. According to the article, what environmental factor influenced the Khwe San tribe's food
preferences?
a) Government regulations
b) Economic factors
c) Availability of modern foods
d) Traditional dietary practices
15. Who conducted research on the effects of COVID-19 lockdowns on food-related behaviors?
a) Hawkins et al. (2020)
b) Grunert et al. (2021)
c) Heim & Pyhälä (2020)
d) Robinson (2015)
16. What did Keller and Marian Breland find about some animals at the IQ Zoo?
a) They exhibited hoarding behavior.
b) They avoided novel food items.
c) They showed aggression towards other animals.
d) They engaged in repetitive grooming.
17. What is the primary focus of the preparatory responding account in Pavlovian conditioning?
a) Predicting future events
b) Adapting to environmental changes
c) Maximizing reward outcomes
d) Enhancing learning efficiency
18. Which theory of conditional response suggests that the conditional stimulus substitutes for the
unconditional stimulus?
a) Stimulus substitution
b) Signal substitution
c) Preparatory responding
d) Occasion setting
19. According to the article, what did Guy-Grand and Goga find about obese women?
a) They salivated less than women with typical body mass index.
b) They had lower levels of ghrelin and leptin.
c) They consumed fewer calories overall.
d) They salivated more than women with typical body mass index.
20. Who conducted research on the effects of artificial sweeteners on rat behavior?
a) Davidson, Sample, et al. (2014)
b) Abramson et al. (2011)
c) Fitzgerald (1963)
d) Antenucci & Hayes (2015)
21. What did the study by Gough et al. (2021) reveal about popcorn consumption?
a) Participants consumed more popcorn in the laboratory.
b) Participants consumed less popcorn when offered larger portions.
c) Participants accurately estimated their popcorn consumption.
d) Laboratory results underestimated popcorn overconsumption.
22. Who proposed the concept of signal substitution in Pavlovian conditioning?
a) Ivan Pavlov
b) B.F. Skinner
c) Niko Tinbergen
d) John Watson
23. What type of stimuli do non-nutritive sweeteners like saccharin and aspartame represent?
a) Supernormal stimuli
b) Conditioned stimuli
c) Interstitial stimuli
d) Unconditioned stimuli
24. Who suggested that rats treat conditioned stimuli as if they were the unconditional stimuli?
a) Guy-Grand and Goga (1981)
b) Jenkins & Moore (1973)
c) Stockhorst et al. (2007)
d) Skinner (1938)
25. What did the study by Benoit and Davidson (1996) demonstrate about rats' ability to use internal
cues for behavior?
a) Rats could not distinguish between internal and external cues.
b) Rats relied solely on external cues for behavior.
c) Rats could use hunger as an occasion setter.
d) Rats were unable to generalize between hunger states.
26. Who found evidence contradicting the stimulus substitution account of Pavlovian conditioning?
a) Holland & Ross (1981)
b) Tinbergen (2011)
c) Guy-Grand and Goga (1981)
d) Jenkins & Moore (1973)
27. According to the article, what environmental factor influences nonhuman animal food-related
behaviors?
a) Cultural practices
b) Portion size cues

c) Social norms
d) Availability of food
28. Who introduced the term "preparatory responding" in Pavlovian conditioning?
a) Ivan Pavlov
b) B.F. Skinner
c) John Watson
d) Guy-Grand and Goga
29. What is the main difference between stimulus substitution and signal substitution in Pavlovian
conditioning?
a) The type of response elicited
b) The nature of the conditioned stimulus
c) The form of the unconditional response
d) The timing of the conditioned response
30. Who proposed the concept of supernormal stimuli in animal behavior?
a) Ivan Pavlov
b) Niko Tinbergen
c) B.F. Skinner
d) John Watson
31. What did the study by Raby et al. (2007) demonstrate about Western scrub-jays?
a) They exhibited caching behavior.
b) They preferred artificial sweeteners.
c) They showed conditioned taste aversion.
d) They had excellent spatial episodic memory.
32. Who conducted research on the influence of social media on eating behaviors?
d) Robinson (2015)
33. According to the article, what did the COVID-19 lockdowns prompt some people to do?
a) Eat more unhealthy foods
b) Spend less time in the kitchen
c) Engage in mindful eating
d) Ignore social norms
34. What did the study by Fitzgerald (1963) demonstrate about dog behavior?
a) Dogs exhibited caching behavior.
b) Dogs salivated in anticipation of acetic acid.
c) Dogs preferred artificial sweeteners.
d) Dogs showed conditioned taste aversion.
35. Who proposed the concept of preparatory responding in Pavlovian conditioning?
a) Ivan Pavlov
b) B.F. Skinner
c) John Watson
d) Guy-Grand and Goga
36. What is the purpose of salivation in anticipatory responding?
a) To enhance olfactory perception
b) To dilute acids in the stomach
c) To prepare for food consumption
d) To regulate body temperature

37. Who conducted research on portion size cues and popcorn consumption?
a) Gough et al. (2021)
b) Benoit and Davidson (1996)
c) Guy-Grand and Goga (1981)
d) Fitzgerald (1963)
38. According to the article, what did the study by Guy-Grand and Goga (1981) reveal about salivation in
obese women?
a) Obese women salivated less than women with typical body mass index.
b) Obese women salivated more than women with typical body mass index.
c) Obese women salivated only in response to high-calorie foods.
d) Obese women showed no differences in salivation compared to women with typical body mass index.
39. Who introduced the concept of signal substitution in Pavlovian conditioning?
a) Ivan Pavlov
b) B.F. Skinner
c) Niko Tinbergen
d) John Watson
40. What did the study by Benoit and Davidson (1996) demonstrate about rats' behavior in response to
internal cues?
a) Rats relied solely on external cues for behavior.
b) Rats could not distinguish between internal and external cues.
c) Rats could use hunger as an occasion setter.
d) Rats were unable to generalize between hunger states.
a) Ivan Pavlov
b) Niko Tinbergen
c) B.F. Skinner
d) John Watson
42. What is the primary focus of the preparatory responding account in Pavlovian conditioning?
a) Predicting future events
b) Adapting to environmental changes
c) Maximizing reward outcomes
d) Enhancing learning efficiency
43. Which theory of conditional response suggests that the conditional stimulus substitutes for the
unconditional stimulus?
a) Stimulus substitution
b) Signal substitution
c) Preparatory responding
d) Occasion setting
44. According to the article, what environmental factor influences food-related behavior by affecting
portion sizes?
a) Social norms
b) Cultural practices
c) Perceived preferences
d) Portion size cues
45. According to the article, what environmental factor influenced the Khwe San tribe's food
preferences?
a) Government regulations
b) Economic factors
c) Availability of modern foods
d) Traditional dietary practices

46. Who conducted research on the effects of COVID-19 lockdowns on food-related behaviors?
d) Robinson (2015)
47. What did Keller and Marian Breland find about some animals at the IQ Zoo?
a) They exhibited hoarding behavior.
b) They avoided novel food items.
c) They showed aggression towards other animals.
d) They engaged in repetitive grooming.
48. What is the main difference between stimulus substitution and signal substitution in Pavlovian
conditioning?
a) The type of response elicited
b) The nature of the conditioned stimulus
c) The form of the unconditional response
d) The timing of the conditioned response
a) Ivan Pavlov
b) Niko Tinbergen
c) B.F. Skinner
d) John Watson
50. What did the study by Raby et al. (2007) demonstrate about Western scrub-jays?
a) They exhibited caching behavior.
b) They preferred artificial sweeteners.
c) They showed conditioned taste aversion.

d) They had excellent spatial episodic memory.
Here are 50 practice questions based on the provided article:
1. What is the ultimate cause of all behavior according to the article?
a) Survival
b) Selecting a mate and producing offspring
c) Finding shelter
d) Establishing dominance
2. Which type of learning involves it being easier for a rat to associate flavor with an illness-inducing
toxin rather than a visual stimulus?
c) Constrained learning
d) Social learning
3. Who conducted research on Pavlovian conditioning with male blue gouramis?
a) Pavlov & Skinner
b) LoLordo
c) Hollis et al.
d) Kippin & Pfaus
4. What is the term used to describe the phenomenon where habituated sexual response increases with
a new mate?
a) Coolidge effect
b) Pavlovian conditioning
c) Skinner's principle
d) Operant response
5. According to the article, what is a type of chemical signal to indicate the reproductive status of a
potential partner?
a) Pheromones
b) Hormones
c) Enzymes
d) Antibodies
6. Who is credited with the Coolidge effect?
a) Calvin Coolidge
b) John Dewsbury
c) Ivan Pavlov
d) B.F. Skinner
7. Which animal species is mentioned as an example of hermaphroditism in the article?
a) Humans
b) Rats
c) Seahorses
d) Dogs
8. What term is used to describe mate poaching initiated by an outsider in a monogamous relationship?
a) Infidelity
b) Polygamy
c) Bigamy
d) Mate poaching
9. Who conducted research on the effect of pheromones on sexual behavior in male rats?
a) Moffatt
b) Spencer et al.
c) Williams & Jacobson

d) Keverne
10. According to the article, what determines which sexual role a sea slug fulfills during mating
encounters?
a) Gender
b) Size and number of sexual partners
c) Age
d) Hormonal levels
11. Who proposed the good genes hypothesis mentioned in the article?
a) Costa & Corazza
b) Gangestad et al.
c) Flegr et al.
d) Anthes et al.
12. In what type of relationships do women tend to focus more on rivals in their partner’s immediate
vicinity, according to Ein-Dor et al. (2015)?
a) Committed relationships
b) Casual relationships
c) Same-sex relationships
d) Open relationships
13. What is the implication of the fact that men can father children into their 60s, while women
generally cannot have children after menopause?
a) Men are more likely to be monogamous.
b) Women are more likely to be promiscuous.
c) Men are capable of reproducing far more frequently than women.
d) Women have a shorter reproductive lifespan.

14. Who conducted research on how women react to the scent of other women who are currently
breastfeeding?
a) Spencer et al.
b) Williams & Jacobson
c) Gangestad et al.
d) Moffatt
15. What is the purpose of the Coolidge effect, as explained in the article?
a) To prevent overpopulation
b) To maximize mating opportunities
c) To ensure genetic diversity
d) To establish dominance
16. Which animal is mentioned as an example of exhibiting the Whitten effect?
a) Rats
b) Sheep
c) Dogs
d) Cats
17. Who conducted research on how jealousy may have evolved to limit mate poaching?
a) Buss et al.
b) DeBruine
c) Yu et al.
d) Sagarin et al.
18. What is the term used to describe the ability to contribute sperm or receive sperm to fertilize eggs
during a sexual encounter?
a) Fertilization
b) Hermaphroditism
c) Oviparity
d) Copulation
19. Who conducted research on how women pay more attention to other women around their partner
and cues of infidelity?
a) Ein-Dor et al.
b) Davies & Shackelford
c) Spencer et al.
d) Moffatt
20. According to the article, what is the purpose of pheromones in sexual behavior?
a) To induce sleep
b) To indicate reproductive status
c) To regulate body temperature
d) To control appetite
21. Who conducted research on how male rats use different pheromones to determine whether a
female is fertile or already pregnant?
a) Keverne
b) Moffatt
d) Dewsbury
22. In what type of relationship do men typically judge attractiveness solely on fertility and reproductive
value, according to the article?
a) Casual relationships
b) Committed relationships
c) Open relationships
d) Same-sex relationships
23. Who proposed the term "mate poaching" in the context of infidelity?
a) Moffatt
b) DeBruine
c) Buss et al.
d) Yu et al.
24. According to the article, which animal experiences the Bruce effect?
a) Rats
b) Mice
c) Dogs
d) Cats
25. Who conducted research on how women and men state their preferences in a mate versus their
actual choices based on photos?
a) Flegr et al.
b) Gangestad et al.
c) Anthes et al.
d) Spencer et al.
26. What term is used to describe the process in which male rats can avoid wasting time trying to
copulate with pregnant rats?
a) Bruce effect
b) Whitten effect
c) Coolidge effect
d) Pavlovian conditioning
27. Who conducted research on how women tend to select mates according to the good genes
hypothesis?
a) Costa & Corazza
b) Gangestad et al.
c) Flegr et al.
d) Anthes et al.
28. According to the article, what is the purpose of hermaphroditism in sea slugs?
b) To enhance mating opportunities
d) To maximize reproductive success
29. Who conducted research on how women tend to choose more masculine and aggressive men when
they are ovulating?
a) Gangestad et al.
b) Costa & Corazza
c) Flegr et al.
d) Anthes et al.
30. What term is used to describe the phenomenon where female rats will express a renewed sexual
interest in a new male after being habituated to a previous one?
a) Coolidge effect
b) Whitten effect
c) Bruce effect
31. Who conducted research on how exposure to chemical compounds in breastmilk can indicate to
other fertile women that the local environment would support a successful pregnancy?
a) Spencer et al.
c) Gangestad et al.
d) Moffatt
32. According to the article, which gender tends to focus more on their own partner and her intentions
in the context of mate poaching?
a) Women
b) Men
c) Both equally
d) Neither
33. Who conducted research on how male shrimp postpone maturity if they live in a group with multiple
hermaphrodites during the reproductive season?
a) Baeza
b) Anthes et al.
c) Keverne
d) Dewsbury
34. What term is used to describe the phenomenon where male rats express renewed sexual interest in
a new female after being habituated to a previous one?
a) Coolidge effect
b) Whitten effect
c) Bruce effect
35. Who conducted research on how men and women state their preferences in a mate versus their
a) Flegr et al.
b) Gangestad et al.
c) Anthes et al.
d) Spencer et al.
36. According to the article, what is the purpose of the Whitten effect?
b) To maximize mating opportunities
d) To establish dominance
37. Who conducted research on how women pay more attention to other women around their partner
and cues of infidelity?
a) Ein-Dor et al.
b) Davies & Shackelford
c) Spencer et al.
d) Moffatt
38. According to the article, what is the purpose of pheromones in sexual behavior?
a) To induce sleep
b) To indicate reproductive status
c) To regulate body temperature
d) To control appetite
39. Who conducted research on how male rats use different pheromones to determine whether a
female is fertile or already pregnant?
a) Keverne
b) Moffatt
d) Dewsbury
40. In what type of relationship do men typically judge attractiveness solely on fertility and reproductive
value, according to the article?
a) Casual relationships
b) Committed relationships
c) Open relationships
d) Same-sex relationships
41. Who proposed the term "mate poaching" in the context of infidelity?
a) Moffatt
b) DeBruine
c) Buss et al.
d) Yu et al.
42. According to the article, which animal experiences the Bruce effect?
a) Rats
b) Mice
c) Dogs
d) Cats
43. Who conducted research on how women and men state their preferences in a mate versus their
a) Flegr et al.
b) Gangestad et al.
c) Anthes et al.
d) Spencer et al.
44. What term is used to describe the process in which male rats can avoid wasting time trying to
copulate with pregnant rats?
a) Bruce effect
b) Whitten effect
c) Coolidge effect
45. Who conducted research on how women tend to select mates according to the good genes
hypothesis?
a) Costa & Corazza
b) Gangestad et al.
c) Flegr et al.
d) Anthes et al.
46. According to the article, what is the purpose of hermaphroditism in sea slugs?
b) To enhance mating opportunities
d) To maximize reproductive success
47. Who conducted research on how women tend to choose more masculine and aggressive men when
they are ovulating?
a) Gangestad et al.
b) Costa & Corazza
c) Flegr et al.
d) Anthes et al.
48. What term is used to describe the phenomenon where female rats will express a renewed sexual
interest in a new male after being habituated to a previous one?
a) Coolidge effect
b) Whitten effect
c) Bruce effect
49. Who conducted research on how exposure to chemical compounds in breastmilk can indicate to
other fertile women that the local environment would support a successful pregnancy?
a) Spencer et al.
c) Gangestad et al.
d) Moffatt
50. According to the article, which gender tends to focus more on their own partner and her intentions
in the context of mate poaching?
a) Women
b) Men
c) Both equally
d) Neither
11.4
1. What is the primary focus of the article?
a) Exploring various types of behavior
b) Analyzing the relationship between emotions and motivation
c) Examining factors influencing motivation
d) Investigating the physiological basis of motivation
2. According to the article, what is motivation?
a) The outcome of internal conflicts
b) The reason or purpose for actions
c) A response to external stimuli
d) A result of genetic predisposition
3. Who proposed the drive-reduction theory of motivation?
a) Abraham Maslow
b) Clark Hull and Kenneth Spence
c) David McClelland and John Atkinson
d) Robert Yerkes and John Dodson

4. How did Clark Hull and Kenneth Spence describe their theory of motivation?
a) As a response to operant conditioning
b) As a function of internal personality traits
c) As a positive monotonic function of excitatory potential
d) As a reaction to external stimuli only
5. What did Robert Yerkes and John Dodson study in relation to motivation?
a) The effect of food deprivation on motivation
b) The role of reinforcement in operant conditioning
c) The impact of stimulus intensity on performance
d) The relationship between genetics and motivation
6. Who proposed the Premack principle of reinforcer efficacy?
a) David Premack
b) Abraham Maslow
c) Jack Michael
d) Clark Hull
7. According to Premack's principle, what creates a reinforcer?
a) Engaging in preferred activities
b) Avoiding less preferred activities
c) Performing less enjoyable activities to access preferred ones
d) Prioritizing intrinsic motivation over extrinsic rewards
8. What did Premack use to demonstrate his principle with rats?
a) Running wheel and food deprivation
b) Food and water deprivation
c) Shock avoidance task
d) Maze learning experiments

9. Who proposed the concept of motivating operations?
a) David Premack
b) Abraham Maslow
c) Jack Michael
d) Clark Hull
10. What is the function of motivating operations?
a) They directly reinforce behavior
b) They momentarily change the frequency of behavior related to a specific reinforcer
c) They create intrinsic motivation
d) They decrease the effectiveness of reinforcers
11. Who developed the hierarchy of needs theory?
a) David Premack
b) Robert Yerkes
c) Abraham Maslow
d) Jack Michael
12. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, what needs must be met first?
a) Safety needs
b) Love/belonging needs
c) Self-actualization needs
d) Physiological needs
13. Who studied the need for achievement in Navy men?
a) David McClelland and John Atkinson
c) Robert Yerkes and John Dodson

d) Abraham Maslow
14. What did McClelland and Atkinson find regarding the need for achievement?
a) Hunger affects achievement motivation
b) Success or failure feedback influences future performance
c) Navy men perform better when deprived of food
d) Achievement motivation is primarily influenced by genetics
15. Which theory suggests that extrinsic rewards can reduce intrinsic motivation?
a) Premack's principle
b) Maslow's hierarchy of needs
c) McClelland's theory of achievement motivation
d) Self-determination theory by Deci and Ryan
16. What did Lepper et al. (1973) find regarding extrinsic rewards and intrinsic motivation?
a) Extrinsic rewards enhance intrinsic motivation
b) Extrinsic rewards have no effect on intrinsic motivation
c) Extrinsic rewards reduce existing levels of intrinsic motivation
d) Extrinsic rewards are more effective than intrinsic rewards
17. Who asserted that people need to form close, strong, and lasting interpersonal relationships?
a) David McClelland
b) Abraham Maslow
c) Jack Michael
d) Roy Baumeister and Mark Leary
18. What is ostracism according to the article?
a) A form of social bonding
b) A method for enhancing achievement motivation

c) Ignoring and excluding someone from a group
d) A technique for increasing intrinsic motivation
19. Who proposed self-determination theory?
a) David Premack
b) Edward Deci and Richard Ryan
d) Abraham Maslow
20. What is the primary focus of self-determination theory?
a) The role of intrinsic motivation
b) The hierarchy of needs
c) The effects of social ostracism
d) The need for achievement motivation
21. According to the article, what factors influence motivation?
a) Genetic predisposition and environmental factors
b) Social status and economic conditions
c) Cultural background and personality traits
d) Cognitive abilities and emotional intelligence
22. Who conducted studies on motivation using Navy men and food deprivation?
a) David Premack
d) Robert Yerkes and John Dodson
23. How did Premack demonstrate his principle of reinforcer efficacy with rats?
a) By providing food and water deprivation

b) By allowing rats access to a running wheel
c) By shocking mice for errors in a visual task
d) By inducing success or failure feedback in Navy men
24. Which theory suggests that individuals strive for self-improvement and self-enhancement?
a) Premack's principle
b) Yerkes-Dodson law
c) Maslow's hierarchy of needs
d) McClelland's theory of achievement motivation
25. Who are some examples of self-actualized individuals mentioned in the article?
a) Clark Hull and Kenneth Spence
b) Robert Yerkes and John Dodson
c) Albert Einstein and Thomas Jefferson
d) David McClelland and John Atkinson
11.5
1. What is one of the primary functions of emotional facial expressions, as mentioned in the article?
a) Self-reflection
b) Communication
c) Suppression
d) Introspection
2. According to the article, what do participants in experiments typically do when shown pictures of
faces?
a) Categorize emotions in words
b) Analyze facial structure
c) Rate attractiveness
d) Ignore facial expressions

3. Who conducted research on how perception of secondary emotions affects interpersonal
relationships?
a) Hess et al.
b) Darwin
c) Freud
d) Ekman
4. What did Hess et al. (2016) note about the perception of secondary emotions?
a) It improves the accuracy of categorizing intended emotions.
b) It has no effect on interpersonal relationships.
c) It decreases the quality of relationships.
d) It enhances emotional intelligence.
5. What method is commonly used in experiments to investigate how individuals categorize facial
expressions?
a) Brain imaging
b) Facial recognition software
c) Showing pictures of faces
d) Interviewing participants
6. Who is known for their research on universal facial expressions of emotions?
a) Freud
b) Darwin
c) Ekman
d) Skinner
7. According to the article, what do universal emotions imply?
a) They are culturally specific.
b) They vary based on individual experiences.

c) They are interpreted similarly across cultures.
d) They are limited to specific regions.
8. Who proposed the theory of basic emotions, including happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, and
disgust?
a) Freud
b) Darwin
c) Ekman
d) Skinner
9. What is one implication of the universality of emotions, as discussed in the article?
a) Emotions are solely determined by culture.
b) Emotions play a minor role in human interactions.
c) Emotions serve as a means of communication.
d) Emotions are static and unchanging.
10. What did Hess et al. (2016) find regarding the perception of intended emotions and secondary
emotions?
a) Perceiving secondary emotions enhances interpersonal relationships.
b) Ignoring secondary emotions decreases the accuracy of categorizing intended emotions.
c) Perceiving secondary emotions decreases the accuracy of categorizing intended emotions.
d) Ignoring secondary emotions has no impact on interpersonal relationships.
11. What method did Hess et al. (2016) use in their research on perception of emotions?
a) Observational studies
b) Brain imaging
c) Surveys
d) Experimental manipulation
12. Who proposed that emotions have specific facial expressions that are universal across cultures?
a) Sigmund Freud
b) Charles Darwin
c) Carl Jung
d) Paul Ekman
13. What is one implication of Hess et al.'s research for interpersonal relationships?
a) Perceiving secondary emotions improves relationship quality.
b) Perceiving secondary emotions decreases relationship quality.
c) Ignoring secondary emotions has no effect on relationship quality.
d) Perceiving secondary emotions enhances emotional intelligence.
14. Who conducted research on the communication function of emotional facial expressions?
a) Hess et al.
b) Charles Darwin
c) Sigmund Freud
d) Paul Ekman
15. Which type of information was noted to influence perception of emotion in the article?
a) Secondary emotions
b) Cultural background
c) Personality traits
d) Cognitive biases
16. Who is known for their work on the interpretation of facial expressions across different cultures?
a) Sigmund Freud
b) Charles Darwin
c) Paul Ekman
d) B.F. Skinner
17. What did Hess et al. (2016) find about the impact of perceiving secondary emotions on categorizing
intended emotions?
a) It improves accuracy.
b) It has no effect.
c) It decreases accuracy.
d) It enhances emotional intelligence.
18. Who proposed that emotional facial expressions serve as a means of communication?
a) Hess et al.
b) Charles Darwin
c) Sigmund Freud
d) Paul Ekman
19. Which researcher is associated with the theory of basic emotions?
a) Sigmund Freud
b) Charles Darwin
c) Paul Ekman
d) Carl Jung
20. What did Hess et al. (2016) note about the perception of intended emotions and secondary
emotions?
a) Perceiving secondary emotions enhances interpersonal relationships.
b) Ignoring secondary emotions decreases the accuracy of categorizing intended emotions.
c) Perceiving secondary emotions decreases the accuracy of categorizing intended emotions.
d) Ignoring secondary emotions has no impact on interpersonal relationships.

answers
11.1
1. b) Exploring emotions common across cultures
2. b) By observing their facial expressions
3. a) Happiness, surprise, disgust, and anxiety
4. c) Hunger and sex
5. c) Thinking about where to eat, ordering food, and consuming it
6. b) Classical conditioning
7. c) Exploring broader theories of motivation
8. c) Ivan Pavlov
9. b) Classical conditioning
10. c) B.F. Skinner
11. b) Operant conditioning
12. d) Albert Bandura
13. b) John B. Watson
14. c) Habituation
15. c) B.F. Skinner
16. c) B.F. Skinner
17. d) Albert Bandura
18. c) Observational learning
19. d) Edward Tolman
20. d) Edward Tolman
11.2
1. c) The role of emotions in behavior
2. a) Because they focus on circular reasoning
3. b) Short-lived states corresponding to situational events
4. d) Tracy's principle of serviceable habits

5. b) It mediates emotional reactions
6. b) Paul Ekman
7. a) James-Lange theory
8. a) They have unique facial expressions
9. c) Paul Ekman
10. c) They are more important in determining emotion
11. d) Perception, acknowledgment of emotion, physiological response
12. b) William James
13. a) James-Lange theory
14. d) Walter Cannon
15. b) Cannon-Bard thalamic theory
16. a) Charles Darwin
17. c) To highlight opposite bodily expressions of opposite emotions
20. a) Moods are longer-lasting and less intense
22. c) The role of rewards and punishers in emotions
23. c) Hess & Thibault
24. b) Through classical conditioning
25. a) Antecedent stimuli
26. b) Rolls
27. c) To facilitate social bonding
28. a) To inhibit physiological responses
29. c) Disgust
30. d) Hess & Thibault
31. b) Environmental factors
32. d) Hess & Thibault
33. a) Perseveration
34. c) To keep us responding until the next reward
35. a) Tracy
36. c) Evolution
37. a) Tracy
38. b) Surprise
39. d) To elicit a rush of adrenaline
40. d) Darwin
41. a) Intensity of reinforcer
45. a) Perception, physiological response, acknowledgment of emotion
48. c) To highlight opposite bodily expressions of opposite emotions
1. a) Clenching fists and displaying knitted eyebrows
2. b) Kelly et al.
3. c) Conditioned emotional response procedure
4. d) Freezing in place
5. b) Prefrontal cortex
6. b) Fischer and colleagues
7. b) Ontogeny
8. b) Normansell and Panksepp
9. c) Medial prefrontal cortex
10. a) Clark Hull
11. a) Amsel's frustration theory
12. c) Abram Amsel

13. b) Frustration
14. b) Kelly et al.
15. a) Ultrasonic vocalizations
16. c) Medial prefrontal cortex
17. c) Smith and colleagues
18. b) Participants smile more when viewing happy faces.
19. d) Normansell and Panksepp
11.3
1. b) Food and reproduction
2. a) Ivan Pavlov
3. c) To identify reliable environmental cues
4. c) Metabolite usage and neuropeptide activity
5. a) Stockhorst et al. (2000)
6. c) Ghrelin
7. c) Hypothalamus
8. a) Excitatory conditioning
9. d) Appetite modulation
10. a) Benoit and Davidson (1996)
11. a) Supernormal stimuli
12. c) Niko Tinbergen
13. d) Portion size cues
14. c) Availability of modern foods
15. a) Hawkins et al. (2020)
16. a) They exhibited hoarding behavior.
17. a) Predicting future events
18. a) Stimulus substitution
19. d) They salivated more than women with typical body mass index.
20. d) Antenucci & Hayes (2015)
21. d) Laboratory results underestimated popcorn overconsumption.

22. d) John Watson
23. b) Conditioned stimuli
24. d) Skinner (1938)
25. c) Rats could use hunger as an occasion setter.
26. a) Holland & Ross (1981)
27. d) Availability of food
28. d) Guy-Grand and Goga
29. a) The type of response elicited
30. b) Niko Tinbergen
31. a) They exhibited caching behavior.
33. a) Eat more unhealthy foods
34. a) Dogs exhibited caching behavior.
35. d) Guy-Grand and Goga
36. c) To prepare for food consumption
37. a) Gough et al. (2021)
38. b) Obese women salivated more than women with typical body mass index.
39. d) John Watson
40. c) Rats could use hunger as an occasion setter.
42. a) Predicting future events
43. b) Signal substitution
44. d) Portion size cues
45. d) Traditional dietary practices
47. a) They exhibited hoarding behavior.
48. b) The nature of the conditioned stimulus
50. a) They exhibited caching behavior.

1. b) Selecting a mate and producing offspring
2. c) Constrained learning
3. c) Hollis et al.
4. a) Coolidge effect
5. a) Pheromones
6. a) Calvin Coolidge
7. c) Seahorses
8. d) Mate poaching
9. d) Keverne
10. b) Size and number of sexual partners
11. b) Gangestad et al.
12. a) Committed relationships
13. c) Men are capable of reproducing far more frequently than women.
14. a) Spencer et al.
15. b) To maximize mating opportunities
16. a) Rats
17. a) Buss et al.
18. b) Hermaphroditism
19. a) Ein-Dor et al.
20. b) To indicate reproductive status
21. d) Keverne
22. b) Committed relationships
23. c) Buss et al.
24. a) Rats
25. a) Flegr et al.
26. b) Whitten effect
28. d) To maximize reproductive success
29. a) Gangestad et al.

32. a) Women
33. a) Baeza
35. a) Flegr et al.
36. b) To maximize mating opportunities
37. a) Ein-Dor et al.
38. b) To indicate reproductive status
39. d) Dewsbury
40. b) Committed relationships
41. c) Buss et al.
42. a) Rats
43. a) Flegr et al.
44. a) Bruce effect
46. b) To enhance mating opportunities
47. a) Gangestad et al.
50. a) Women
11.4
1. c) Examining factors influencing motivation
2. b) The reason or purpose for actions
3. b) Clark Hull and Kenneth Spence
4. c) As a positive monotonic function of excitatory potential
5. d) The relationship between genetics and motivation
6. a) David Premack
7. c) Performing less enjoyable activities to access preferred ones

8. a) Running wheel and food deprivation
9. c) Jack Michael
10. b) They momentarily change the frequency of behavior related to a specific reinforcer
11. c) Abraham Maslow
12. d) Physiological needs
13. a) David McClelland and John Atkinson
14. b) Success or failure feedback influences future performance
15. d) Self-determination theory by Deci and Ryan
16. c) Extrinsic rewards reduce existing levels of intrinsic motivation
17. d) Roy Baumeister and Mark Leary
18. c) Ignoring and excluding someone from a group
19. b) Edward Deci and Richard Ryan
20. a) The role of intrinsic motivation
21. a) Genetic predisposition and environmental factors
22. c) David McClelland and John Atkinson
23. b) By allowing rats access to a running wheel
24. c) Maslow's hierarchy of needs
25. c) Albert Einstein and Thomas Jefferson
11.5
1. b) Communication
2. a) Categorize emotions in words
3. a) Hess et al.
4. c) It decreases the quality of relationships.
5. c) Showing pictures of faces
6. c) Ekman
7. c) They are interpreted similarly across cultures.
8. b) Darwin
9. c) Emotions serve as a means of communication.
10. c) Perceiving secondary emotions decreases the accuracy of categorizing intended emotions.
11. d) Experimental manipulation
12. d) Paul Ekman
13. b) Perceiving secondary emotions decreases relationship quality.
14. b) Charles Darwin
15. a) Secondary emotions
16. c) Paul Ekman
17. c) It decreases accuracy.
18. b) Charles Darwin
19. c) Paul Ekman
20. c) Perceiving secondary emotions decreases the accuracy of categorizing intended emotions.

Practice Questions CH 11

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Questions CH 11

1. What is the focus of the article "Understanding Emotion and Motivation"?

a) Analyzing the behavior of Charlie Chaplin

b) Exploring emotions common across cultures

c) Studying the role of Pavlovian conditioning

d) Investigating theories of motivation

a) By listening to their verbal information

b) By observing their facial expressions

c) By reading their thoughts

d) By analyzing their body language

a) Happiness, surprise, disgust, and anxiety

b) Anger, sadness, fear, and joy

c) Excitement, contentment, frustration, and guilt

d) Love, jealousy, pride, and shame

c) Hunger and sex

5. What is mentioned as an example of behavior resulting from hunger?

a) Visiting a friend's house

c) Thinking about where to eat, ordering food, and consuming it

d) Playing a video game

7. What is suggested to be the focus of the final part of the article?

a) Analyzing Pavlov's experiments

b) Discussing the role of cognition in behavior

c) Exploring broader theories of motivation

d) Investigating cultural differences in emotions

10. Who is known for their work on operant conditioning?

12. Who proposed the theory of observational learning?

1. What is the focus of Chapter 11.2?

a) The biology of emotions

b) The evolution of emotions

c) The role of emotions in behavior

d) The interaction between genetics and emotions

a) Because they focus on circular reasoning

b) Because they lack specificity

c) Because they don't address the role of genetics

d) Because they ignore environmental factors

3. According to Kaplan et al. (2015), how are emotions defined?

a) Long-lasting states unaffected by specific events

b) Short-lived states corresponding to situational events

c) Stable traits developed over time

d) Innate responses to environmental stimuli

a) Darwin's principle of antithesis

d) Tracy's principle of serviceable habits

a) It triggers physiological changes

b) It mediates emotional reactions

c) It interprets sensory stimuli

d) It controls conscious awareness

b) Cannon-Bard thalamic theory

c) Ekman's basic emotion theory

d) Darwin's theory of emotional adaptation

8. According to the article, what is a common feature of basic emotions?

a) They have unique facial expressions

b) They are culturally determined

c) They are exclusively learned

d) They lack physiological arousal

a) They are less important in determining emotion

b) They are equally important in determining emotion

c) They are more important in determining emotion

d) They are unrelated to emotional recognition

a) Perception, physiological response, acknowledgment of emotion

b) Physiological response, acknowledgment of emotion, perception

c) Acknowledgment of emotion, perception, physiological response

d) Perception, acknowledgment of emotion, physiological response

b) Cannon-Bard thalamic theory