Lesson 3 – Measure of Location

Introduction
By the end of this lesson the students should be able to:
1. Calculate the position/s of the data
2. Calculate the variability

The measures of locations are called quantiles or the quartiles, deciles and
percentile
A. Ungrouped Data
1. Quartiles – divides the data into 4 equal parts
𝑘(𝑛+1)
𝑄𝑘 = , where,
4

𝑘 = 1, 2, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3
𝑄𝑘 = 𝑘 𝑡ℎ 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒
𝑛 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠/𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠

2. Deciles – divides the data into 10 equal parts

𝑘(𝑛+1)
𝐷𝑘 = , where,
10

𝑘 = 1, 2, … , 10
𝐷𝑘 = 𝑘 𝑡ℎ 𝐷𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑒
𝑛 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠/𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠

3. Percentiles – divides the data into 100 equal parts

𝑘(𝑛+1)
𝑃𝑘 = , where,
100

𝑘 = 1, 2, … , 100
𝑃𝑘 = 𝑘 𝑡ℎ 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒
𝑛 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠/𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
Example. Given the data below
22 33 44 55 36 44
27 42 38 50 41 31
33 35 44 40 41 38
43 43 38 50 53 49
42 38 39 45 49 52
Solve for:
1. 𝑄𝑘 where 𝑘 = 1, 2, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3
2. 𝐷𝑘 where 𝑘 = 1, 3, 5, 7 𝑎𝑛𝑑 9
3. 𝑃𝑘 where 𝑘 = 15, 25, 50, 75 𝑎𝑛𝑑 90
1
Solution. Arrange the data from lowest to highest order
22 27 31 33 33 35 36 38 38 38 38 39
40 41 41 42 42 43 43 44 44 44 45 49
49 50 50 52 53 55
1(30+1)
1. 𝑄1 = = 7.75𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚, we have
4

7𝑡ℎ + 0.75(8𝑡ℎ − 7𝑡ℎ ) = 36 + 0.75(38 − 36) = 37.5

2(30+1)
𝑄2 = = 15.5𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚, we have
4

15𝑡ℎ + 0.5(16𝑡ℎ − 15𝑡ℎ ) = 41 + 0.5(42 − 41) = 41.5

For 𝑄3 try to answer on your own and verify using the answers below
𝑄3 = 45.25
1(30+1)
2. 𝐷1 = = 3.1𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚, we have
10

3𝑟𝑑 + 0.1(4𝑡ℎ + 3𝑟𝑑 ) = 31 + 0.1(33 − 31) = 31.2

5(30+1)
𝐷5 = = 15.5𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚, we have
10

15𝑡ℎ + 0.5(16𝑡ℎ − 15𝑡ℎ ) = 41 + 0.5(42 − 41) = 41.5

For 𝐷3 , 𝐷7 and 𝐷9 try to answer on your own and verify using the answers
below
𝐷3 = 38 𝐷7 = 44 𝐷9 = 51.8
25(30+1)
3. 𝑃25 = = 7.75𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚, we have
100

7𝑡ℎ + 0.75(8𝑡ℎ − 7𝑡ℎ ) = 36 + 0.75(38 − 36) = 37.5

50(30+1)
𝑃50 = = 15.5𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚, we have
100

15𝑡ℎ + 0.5(16𝑡ℎ − 15𝑡ℎ ) = 41 + 0.5(42 − 41) = 41.5

For 𝑃15 , 𝑃75 and 𝑃90 try to answer on your own and verify using the answers
below
𝑃15 = 33 𝑃75 = 45.25 𝑃90 = 51.8

B. Grouped Data
𝑘𝑛
−𝑐𝑓𝑏
4
1. Quartiles 𝑄𝑘 = 𝐿𝑞𝑘 + 𝑐 ( 𝑓𝑞𝑘
) where,

𝑘 = 1, 2, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3
𝑄𝑘 = 𝑘 𝑡ℎ 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒
𝐿𝑞𝑘 = 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠

2
 𝑐 = 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ
𝑐𝑓𝑏 = 𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑓𝑞𝑘 = 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑛 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠/𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
𝑘𝑛
= 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠
4
𝑘𝑛
−𝑐𝑓𝑏
10
2. Deciles 𝐷𝑘 = 𝐿𝑑𝑘 + 𝑐 ( ) where,
𝑓𝑑𝑘

𝑘 = 1, 2, … , 10
𝐷𝑘 = 𝑘 𝑡ℎ 𝐷𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑒
𝐿𝑑𝑘 = 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑐 = 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ
𝑐𝑓𝑏 = 𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑓𝑑𝑘 = 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑛 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠/𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
𝑘𝑛
= 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠
10
𝑘𝑛
−𝑐𝑓𝑏
100
3. Percentiles 𝑃𝑘 = 𝐿𝑝𝑘 + 𝑐 ( )
𝑓𝑝𝑘

𝑘 = 1, 2, … , 100
𝑃𝑘 = 𝑘 𝑡ℎ 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒
𝐿𝑝𝑘 = 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑐 = 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ
𝑐𝑓𝑏 = 𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑓𝑝𝑘 = 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑛 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠/𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
𝑘𝑛
= 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠
100
𝑘𝑛 𝑘𝑛 𝑘𝑛
Note: Use 4 or 10 or 100 as the basis for comparing a number with a cumulative
𝑘𝑛 𝑘𝑛 𝑘𝑛
frequency equal or less than or 10 or 100, for quartile or decile or percentile.
4

Example. Given the data below

Class interval Frequency Midpoint (m) Real limits Cumulative freq. (<cf)
22 – 28 2 25 21.5 – 28.5 2
29 – 35 2 32 28.5 – 35.5 4
36 – 42 13 39 35.5 – 42.5 17
43 – 49 8 46 42.5 – 49.5 25
50 – 56 5 53 49.5 – 56.5 30
n = 30
Solve for:
1. 𝑄𝑘 where 𝑘 = 1, 2, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3
2. 𝐷𝑘 where 𝑘 = 1, 3, 5, 7 𝑎𝑛𝑑 9

3
 3. 𝑃𝑘 where 𝑘 = 15, 25, 50, 75 𝑎𝑛𝑑 90
Solution.
1𝑛
−𝑐𝑓𝑏 7.5−4
4
1. 𝑄1 = 𝐿𝑞1 + 𝑐 ( ) = 35.5 + 7 ( ) ≈ 37.38
𝑓𝑞1 13

For 𝑘 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2 try to answer on your own and verify using the answers
below
𝑄2 ≈ 41.42 𝑄3 ≈ 45.46
1𝑛
−𝑐𝑓𝑏 3−2
10
2. 𝐷1 = 𝐿𝑑1 + 𝑐 ( ) = 28.5 + 7 ( ) = 32
𝑓𝑑1 2

3𝑛
−𝑐𝑓𝑏 9−4
10
𝐷3 = 𝐿𝑑3 + 𝑐 ( ) = 35.5 + 7 ( ) ≈ 38.19
𝑓𝑑3 13

For 𝑘 = 5, 7, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 9 try to answer on your own and verify using the answers
below
𝐷5 ≈ 41.42 𝐷7 = 46 𝐷9 = 52.3
15𝑛
−𝑐𝑓𝑏 4.5−4
100
3. 𝑃15 = 𝐿𝑝15 + 𝑐 ( ) = 35.5 + 7 ( ) ≈ 35.77
𝑓𝑝15 13

25𝑛
−𝑐𝑓𝑏 7.5−4
100
𝑃25 = 𝐿𝑝25 + 𝑐 ( ) = 35.5 + 7 ( ) ≈ 37.38
𝑓𝑝25 13

For 𝑘 = 50, 75, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 90 try to answer on your own and verify using the
answers below
𝑃50 ≈ 41.42 𝑃75 ≈ 45.46 𝑃90 = 52.3

4
References:
1. Adanza, E. G, Adanza, J.G. and Bermudo, P.J.V., Statistics: Support systems for
research, Mindshapers Co.,inc. (2011)
2. Amid, D.M., Fundamentals of Statistics, Lorimar Publishing Company inc. (2005)
3. Barbara, I., et.al, Introductory Statistics by OpenStax College,
http://cnx.org/content/col11562/latest/