Population

The term population refers to the total number of people living in an area at a
particular point in time. However, just knowing the population of an area is not very
useful. We need ways to relate the population to the land on which these people live.

Population Density

One way of relating the population to the land is population density. It gives a rough
idea of how densely or sparsely populated an area is. This is done by dividing the total
population by the area of the land these people occupy. Population density is
expressed as the number of people per square kilometer, eg 300 per square kilometer
(300 per sq km).

Example:
Geographica is a country with an area of 500 square kilometers. The population of this
country is 30,000. What is the population density of Geographica?

Working:
Population density = total population/total area (it is important to state the formula)

= 30,000 people/500 square kilometers

= 60 people per square kilometer or 60 per sq km

This answer is just an average. It does not mean that there are exactly 60 people in
every square kilometer of the country. Indeed, some parts of Geographica may be very
densely populated while other areas may be uninhabited.

Population Distribution

Another way of relating the population to the land which the people occupy
is population distribution. This term refers to the way in which people are
spread out over an area. For example, in some islands, most people live near the coast
and few live in the interior. There are several factors which affect population
distribution including the following:

Relief:
Steep slopes are generally less densely populated than gently sloping or flat areas. The
photo below shows a section of the town of Soufriere in St. Lucia. Notice that most of
the buildings are located in the flatter areas. There are very few buildings in the
steeper areas.
Drainage and soils:
Infertile or poorly drained soils are usually less densely populated than well drained or
fertile areas. Throughout much of history, the Nile delta in the north of Africa has been
more densely populated than the surrounding area. The fertility of the soil in the area
has allowed it to support a very large population.

Climate:
Parts of the world where the climate is very harsh are generally less densely populated
than areas with a favourable climate. For instance, Antarctica is so cold and
inhospitable, that nobody lives there. The people who go there are usually scientists
who want to conduct research there.

The Atacama desert is another example of a place with a very harsh climate. Parts of
this desert have not experienced any rainfall for over 400 years. No people, or even
animals live in these parts. Generally, people prefer to live in areas where water is
readily available and the temperature is not extremely high or low.

Mineral deposits:
Areas which have large deposits of minerals such as bauxite tend to have high
population densities. In Jamaica for instance there are relatively high
population densities near some bauxite mining areas. Some relatively large settlements
such as May Pen and Mandeville are located near bauxite mining areas.

Population Growth

At the beginning of the 1900’s, the world’s population was roughly 1.65 billion people.
By 1950, the world’s population had grown to about 2.56 billion. In 2000, the world’s
population reached 6 billion. The population of the world reached 8 billion in
November 2022. The world’s population is growing quite quickly. However, in some
countries, the population is decreasing while in others, the population is increasing.
Some other countries have a stable population. What are the factors which affect
population growth in various countries? Let us examine a few of them:

The fertility rate:

This is the number of children that the average woman will bear in her lifetime. If the
fertility rate is about 2.0, then the population tends to be stable. The population will
tend to increase in countries which have a fertility rate which is greater than 2.0. In
countries which have a fertility rate which is less than 2.0, the population will tend to
decrease. The fertility rate has decreased in many countries because the women in
those countries are delaying child bearing to pursue higher education and careers.
The birth rate:
This is given as the number of births per thousand. Therefore a birth rate of 20 per
thousand means that 20 babies were born for every thousand people in the population.
The birth rate is not to be confused with the fertility rate. In countries with a very high
birth rate, the population will tend to increase. The population will tend to decrease in
countries where the birth rate is very low.

Death rate:
This is given as the number of deaths per thousand. A high death rate may cause the
population to grow very slowly or even to decrease. Note that the difference between
the birth rate and death rate is known as natural increase.

Life Expectancy:
This is the number of years that someone born today can expect to live. A high life
expectancy tends to have a positive effect on population growth. In countries with
very low life expectancy, the population tends to grow very slowly or even decrease.

Infant mortality:
This refers to the proportion of children who die before the age of one. A high infant
mortality rate tends to slow the rate of population growth.

Migration:
This refers to the number of people entering and leaving a country. Large numbers of
immigrants will tend to cause an increase in the population. Large numbers of
emigrants will reduce the rate of population growth or even cause a decrease in the
population.