INTRODUCTION TO

PIPING DESIGN
AND ENGINEERING

By : Parth Yogi, Sapna Kumari & Krutik Nerkar

Class : SEM V|, 2023-24
Branch : BTech Chemical Engineering
Subject : Piping Design
Professor's Name: Dr. Prasad Patil Sir
INTRODUCTION
Air pollution is contamination of the indoor or outdoor environment by any chemical, physical or biological agent that modifies
Piping design is a crucial aspect of engineering that involves planning and creating the layout for systems that transport fluids or
gases. This process ensures efficient and safe conveyance of materials within industrial plants, refineries, or other facilities. The key
components of piping design include:
1. Process Flow Diagram (PFD): Begin with a PFD to outline the overall process, identifying key equipment and their connections.
This serves as the foundation for the piping system.
2. Piping and Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID): Develop detailed P&IDs to specify the equipment, instrumentation, and
interconnections within the system. This schematic representation guides the subsequent design stages.
3. Piping Materials and Specifications: Select appropriate materials based on the fluid properties, temperature, pressure, and
corrosion resistance. Consider factors like stress analysis, insulation, and environmental conditions.
4. Pipe Sizing and Layout: Determine the size and routing of pipes to meet process requirements. This involves considering factors
such as flow rates, pressure drops, and accessibility for maintenance.
5. Pipe Support and Hanger Design: Design supports and hangers to ensure stability and prevent excessive stress on the piping
system. This involves accounting for thermal expansion, seismic forces, and weight distribution.
6. Stress Analysis: Perform stress analysis to assess the structural integrity of the piping system under various operating
conditions. Ensure compliance with industry codes and standards.
7. 3D Modeling: Utilize computer-aided design (CAD) software for 3D modeling, enabling a comprehensive visualization of the
entire piping system. This aids in detecting clashes and optimizing the layout.
INTRODUCTION
8.Pipe Flange and Valve Selection: Choose appropriate flanges and valves based on system requirements, considering factors like
material compatibility, pressure, and temperature.

9.Instrumentation and Control Integration: Integrate instrumentation and control devices into the piping design, ensuring
accurate monitoring and control of the system.

10.Safety Considerations: Implement safety measures such as pressure relief devices, emergency shutdown systems, and hazard
identification to safeguard personnel and assets.

11.Regulatory Compliance: Adhere to relevant industry codes and standards, ensuring that the piping design meets legal and safety
requirements.
Throughout the design process, collaboration among engineers, designers, and other stakeholders is crucial to address diverse
aspects of the system. Piping design requires a multidisciplinary approach to achieve a reliable and efficient infrastructure.
NEED OF PIPING AND ITS DESIGN REQUIREMENT
The need for piping arises in various industrial and commercial applications where the transportation of fluids or gases is
essential. Piping systems play a critical role in ensuring the safe and efficient conveyance of materials. The key reasons for the
need of piping, along with design requirements, include:
1. Fluid Transportation: Piping facilitates the movement of liquids, gases, or slurries from one point to another within industrial
plants, refineries, chemical processing units, and other facilities. This is vital for processes such as manufacturing, cooling,
heating, and distribution of resources.
2. Process Efficiency: Well-designed piping systems contribute to the overall efficiency of industrial processes. Properly sized
and configured pipes ensure optimal flow rates, minimizing pressure drops and maximizing the efficiency of the system.
3. Safety Considerations: Piping design must prioritize safety, taking into account factors such as material compatibility,
pressure containment, and adherence to industry standards. Proper design helps prevent leaks, spills, and accidents,
safeguarding both personnel and assets.
4. Environmental Protection: Secure piping design prevents environmental contamination by minimizing the risk of leaks or
spills. Proper materials, coatings, and containment measures are essential to ensure the integrity of the system.
5. Compliance with Standards: Piping systems must adhere to industry-specific codes and standards to meet regulatory
requirements. Compliance ensures that the design and construction of the piping infrastructure meet the necessary safety
and performance criteria.
6. Optimal Material Selection: The choice of materials for piping is crucial and depends on factors such as the type of fluid being
transported, temperature, pressure, corrosion resistance, and environmental conditions. The right material selection
enhances the longevity and reliability of the piping system..
NEED OF PIPING AND ITS DESIGN REQUIREMENT

7.Maintenance and Accessibility: Piping design should consider ease of maintenance and accessibility for inspection or repairs.
Proper spacing, support structures, and thoughtful layout contribute to efficient maintenance practices.

8.Flexibility and Expansion: Designing piping systems with flexibility allows for future expansions or modifications. Considering
potential changes in process requirements and accommodating them in the initial design reduces the need for extensive
retrofitting.

9.Economic Considerations: An optimized piping design considers cost-effectiveness, taking into account factors such as
material costs, installation expenses, and long-term operational efficiency. Balancing these factors ensures an economically
viable piping system.

10.Integration with Other Systems: Piping design often involves integrating with other systems, such as electrical,
instrumentation, and control systems. Coordination among different disciplines ensures seamless operation and monitoring of
the overall facility.
In summary, the need for piping lies in its role as a fundamental component for fluid transportation in industrial processes. To
meet this need, piping design must adhere to safety standards, environmental considerations, and factors that contribute to
efficient and reliable system operation.
PIPING MATERIAL AND SELECTION CRITERIA

Piping materials are crucial for the success and reliability of a piping system, and selecting the right material involves careful
consideration of various factors. The selection criteria for piping materials include:
1. Fluid Compatibility: Choose materials that are compatible with the fluids or gases being transported. Consider potential
corrosive effects, chemical reactions, and the possibility of contamination. Materials like stainless steel, PVC, and
corrosion-resistant alloys are often used for specific applications.
2. Temperature and Pressure: Evaluate the temperature and pressure conditions within the piping system. Different
materials have varying temperature and pressure tolerances. For high-temperature applications, alloys like Inconel or
carbon steel may be suitable, while PVC or HDPE might be adequate for lower temperatures.
3. Corrosion Resistance: Consider the corrosive nature of the transported fluid. Materials like stainless steel, fiberglass, or
lined pipes (e.g., PTFE-lined) are chosen for their corrosion resistance, ensuring the longevity of the piping system.
4. Mechanical Properties: Assess the mechanical properties required for the specific application, including tensile strength,
yield strength, and ductility. For instance, carbon steel is commonly used due to its robust mechanical properties.
5. Cost Considerations: Evaluate the overall cost of materials, including initial purchase, installation, and maintenance.
Balancing performance requirements with economic considerations is crucial for an efficient and cost-effective piping
system.
6. Fabrication and Installation Ease: Consider the ease of fabrication and installation. Some materials, like PVC or HDPE, are
lightweight and easy to handle, reducing installation complexity. Others, such as stainless steel or alloy pipes, may
require specialized welding processes.
PIPING MATERIAL AND SELECTION CRITERIA
7.Availability: Ensure that the selected materials are readily available in the required specifications. Availability can impact
project timelines and costs, especially for large-scale installations.

8.Insulation Compatibility: If insulation is required for temperature control, choose materials that are compatible with
insulation methods. Some materials may require additional considerations when insulating the piping system.

9.Regulatory Compliance: Verify that the selected materials comply with industry standards and regulations. This is essential
for ensuring the safety and reliability of the piping system and may involve considering certifications or approvals from
relevant authorities.

10.Maintenance Requirements: Consider the long-term maintenance requirements of the selected materials. Materials that
resist corrosion and degradation often require less frequent maintenance, reducing operational costs.
By carefully evaluating these criteria, engineers can choose the most appropriate piping materials for a given application,
ensuring the integrity, safety, and longevity of the piping system.
PIPING DIMENSIONS AND SCHEDULE NUMBERS

Piping dimensions and schedule numbers play a crucial role in the design and construction of piping systems, providing
standardized specifications for various components. Here's an overview:
1. Pipe Dimensions:
Nominal Pipe Size (NPS): Nominal size used to describe the diameter of the pipe, not its actual physical dimensions.
Outside Diameter (OD): The actual external diameter of the pipe, a key factor in determining pipe size.
Wall Thickness (WT): Thickness of the pipe wall, critical for withstanding pressure and temperature variations.
Inside Diameter (ID): Calculated by subtracting twice the wall thickness from the outside diameter (ID = OD - 2 * WT).
2. Schedule Numbers:
Schedule: A numerical designation indicating the wall thickness of a pipe relative to its nominal size.
Schedule Number (SCH): Corresponds to a specific wall thickness for a given nominal pipe size.
Common Schedule Numbers: Standard schedules include 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160, STD (Standard),
XS (Extra Strong), and XXS (Double Extra Strong).
Higher Schedule Numbers: Indicate thicker walls, suitable for higher pressure and temperature applications.
PIPING DIMENSIONS AND SCHEDULE NUMBERS

3.Relationship Between Schedule Numbers and Wall Thickness:

As the schedule number increases, the wall thickness of the pipe also increases.
For example, a Schedule 40 pipe has a smaller wall thickness compared to a Schedule 80 pipe of the same nominal
size.

4.Standardisation and Industry Codes:

Dimensions and schedule numbers are standardized by industry codes such as ASME B36.10 (carbon steel) and ASME
B36.19 (stainless steel).
These standards ensure consistency and compatibility in piping systems across different manufacturers and
applications.

5.Selection Criteria:
Choose the appropriate schedule based on the required pressure and temperature ratings for the specific
application.
Thicker-walled pipes (higher schedule numbers) are used for higher-pressure applications, while lighter schedules
may suffice for lower-pressure services.
COMMON PIPING ABBREVIATIONS

Several common abbreviations are used in the field of piping design and engineering. Here are some frequently
encountered ones:
1. NPS: Nominal Pipe Size 15.BWG: Birmingham Wire Gauge
2. OD: Outside Diameter 16.MSS: Manufacturers Standardization Society
3. ID: Inside Diameter 17.ASTM: American Society for Testing and Materials
4. WT: Wall Thickness 18.ASME: American Society of Mechanical Engineers
5. SCH: Schedule (referring to schedule numbers) 19.API: American Petroleum Institute
6. BW: Butt Weld 20.ISO: International Organization for Standardization
7. SW: Socket Weld
8. THD or NPT: Threaded (National Pipe Taper)
9. LR: Long Radius (elbow) These abbreviations are commonly used in piping drawings,
10. SR: Short Radius (elbow) specifications, and documentation to convey essential information
11. SMLS: Seamless about materials, dimensions, and welding techniques.
12. ERW: Electric Resistance Welded Familiarity with these abbreviations is valuable for professionals
13. SAW: Submerged Arc Welding working in the piping industry.
14. RTJ: Ring Type Joint
Thank
you!!