guitar or wires inside the electrical
General Chemistry
1 Malleability is the ability of substance to
Properties of Matter
Property: It means characteristics,
traits or qualities.
Mass: The amount of matter possessed
by an object.
PROPERTIES OF MATTER
There are two major classifications of the
properties of matter. These are; (1) physical
property of matter and (2) chemical
property of matter. Furthermore, the physical
properties of matter can still be classified into
2 groups. These are; (1) intensive physical
property and (2) extensive physical property.
1. Physical property- This refers to the
characteristic or trait of matter that can be
observed or perceived with our senses easily
without changing its chemical composition. If
color and shape can be determined using our
sense of sight, what properties can be
determined if we will use the sense of touch
and smell. You are right, if we will use the
sense of touch, the properties of matter that
could determine are the texture and
temperature. And if we will use the sense of
smell, the property of matter that could
determine is the scent.
Now, those physical properties of matter
which we have mentioned a while ago can be
classified into two. These are; (1) intensive
physical property and (2) extensive physical
property.
A. Intensive Physical Property- This is the
characteristic or trait of matter that does not
depend on the amount.
Ductility is the ability of substance to be
stretched into wire. A very good example of
this property is found in the strings of the
connections.
be hammered or transformed into thin sheet.
This can be seen among metals like bracelet,
tin cans and metallic roofs of our houses.
Diffusion is the ability of matter to be
scattered or spread out. This can be observed
when you add ink into the water. The ink will
mix to the water even without stirring it.
B. Extensive Physical Property- It is the
characteristic or trait of matter which is
dependent on the amount or quantity.
Examples of extensive physical properties of
matter are size, mass, volume, density, length
and width. This means that if the amount of
matter or particles is increased, it may cause
change in the size, mass, volume, density,
length and width of an object.
2. Chemical Property- This is the
characteristic or trait that can be observed
when a matter reacts to another substance.
Combustibility/flammability and oxidation
like rusting are examples of chemical
properties of matter.
Uses of the Properties of
Matter
IMPORTANT VOCABULARY WORDS
1. Physical Property- The characteristic or
trait of matter that can be observed or
perceived with our senses easily without
changing its chemical composition.
2. Chemical Property- The characteristic
or trait that can be observed when a matter
reacts to another substance.
Many products which we are using at home
have similarities to one another. Good
examples of these are the sugar and salt
which are both white in color. Because of this
similarity in color, some people may get
confuse on which of the salt and sugar will
they use specially in times of urgency.
Because of this, people should be familiar
with the different properties of matter to
various reasons. First is to avoid accident
because of the wrong choice of substance,
and secondly is get the best result by using
the right material.
Separation of Mixtures
Heterogeneous mixtures are ones in
which their constituents do not mix
uniformly, while homogeneous mixtures
are ones in which they mix uniformly.
Uniformity means all the constituent
particles are evenly distributed and are
indistinguishable from each other.
A mixture is composed of two or more
types of matter that can be present in
varying amounts and can be physically
separated by using methods that use
physical properties to separate the
components of the mixture, such as
evaporation, distillation, filtration and
chromatography.
Evaporation can be used as a separation
method to separate components of a
mixture with a dissolved solid in a liquid.
The liquid is evaporated, meaning it is
convert from its liquid state to gaseous
state. This often requires heat. Once the
liquid is completely evaporated, the solid
is all that is left behind.
Figure 1. Evaporation can be used as a
separation technique.
Distillation is a separation technique used
to separate components of a liquid
mixture by a process of heating and
cooling, which exploits the differences in
the volatility of each of the components.
Distillation procedure:
1) the round bottom flask contains the
liquid mixture which must be heated to a
vigorous boil,
2) the component with the lower boiling
point will change into its gaseous state,
3) upon contact with the water-cooled
condenser, the gas will condense,
4) trickle down into the graduated
cylinder where the chemist can them
recuperate the final distilled liquid, and
5) the other liquid component remains in
the round bottom flask.
Filtration is a separation technique used
to
separate the components of a mixture
containing an undissolved solid in a
liquid. Filtration may be done cold or
hot, using gravity or applying vacuum,
using a Buchner or Hirsch funnel or a
simple glass funnel. The exact method
used depends on the purpose of the
filtration, whether it is for the isolation of
a solid from a mixture or removal of
impurities from a mixture.
Figure 3. Filtration apparatus.
Filtration procedure:
1) the mixture is pored through a funnel
lined with a filter paper,
2) the filtrate (liquid) drips through to
the filter flask,
3) the solid remains in the funnel.
Chromatography: is a separation
technique based on how the different
components in a mixture have different
affinity for the stationary and mobile
phase
Three important types of
chromatography based on the principles
discussed above are:
1) thin layer chromatography (TLC),
2) column chromatography, and
3) gas chromatography.
Figure 4. Thin layer chromatography is a
one type of chromatography.
Chemical Formula of
Common Elements
Chemical Formula
If we are to study the meaning of chemical
formula, two words are involved namely
chemical and formula. Chemical refers to a
compound or substance while formula refers
to the symbolic expression. Thus, a chemical
formula is a symbolic expression of a
compound or substance. It is also described
as shorthand of expressing the types and the
number of atoms in a substance.
What is the Meaning of a Given Chemical
Formula?
Once again, chemical formula is the
shorthand of expressing the types and the
number of atoms in a substance. For example,
CO2 is the chemical formula of a substance
known as carbon dioxide.
But what does this CO2 formula mean? What
information can we get from this formula? In
this substance based from its formula of CO2,
the said substance is made up of two types of
atoms, these are carbon and oxygen. This is
because the formula has two different letters
that are written in capital form; C and O. The
capital letter is known as chemical symbol
that represents a certain substance known as
element.
The chemical formula also tells the number
of each type of atom and the central atom of
the molecule specifically if it is not a
diatomic molecule. The first chemical symbol
written at the right side of the formula tells us
that it is the central atom, or the atom located
at the center of the molecule. So, for CO2,
since C is the first letter of the chemical
formula, the C which is the carbon atom is the
central atom.
If the letter is the chemical symbol that
represents an element, the subscript
represents the number of atoms in the
chemical formula. In CO2, the subscript of
oxygen is 2 while carbon is 1. Even though
there is no number 1 indicated after letter C in
CO2, it is presumed that there is one. So, the
number after the letter refers to its number of
atoms.
Example.
HCI - In the chemical formula HCl, there are
two elements which are combined together.
These are hydrogen represented by the
chemical symbol of H and chlorine which is
represented by the chemical symbol of Cl.
Note that the l in Cl is not expressed in capital
letter. This means that the letter l is part of Cl
and not separate chemical symbol.
After determining that HCl has two combined
chemical symbols. The next step is to identify
the number of atoms of each element that
make up the chemical formula. So, in HCl,
since there is no number written after H, we
presumed that there is only 1 H. The same
thing with Cl, there is only 1 atom of Cl in the
formula. In short, there is only 1 Hydrogen
atom and 1 Chlorine atom.
Knowledge (Science) will improve due to
new or latest discoveries made by scientists or
even an ordinary person (Society), there will
be also a corresponding effect or
improvement to the consumer products
(Technology) we use every day. There are
many consumer products available in the
market because of their usefulness. However,
the same consumer products may post danger
to anyone.
A consumer product may cause harm to us for
two reasons. First is when we abuse or
misuse such product. A good example of this
would be the solvent like rugby that was
invented to use as an adhesive material. But
for some instances, the same solvent is being

Consumer used by drug dependent. And secondly is if a

consumer product was made intended to

Products
cause harm such as gun powder and poisons.

Consumer product is the final good that is

bought by individuals or households for
personal use. In other words, consumer
products are goods that are bought for
consumption by the average consumer.
Consumer products are goods that are bought
for consumption by the average consumer.
Consumer products were made possible
because of the interactions of Science,
Technology and Society. The Knowledge
(Science) is being used to come up with the
different consumer products (Technology)
Isotopes and their
that address problems of the community
(Society). For example, Bath soap
Uses
(Technology) is a consumer product which The word isotope was derived from Greek
we usually use to solve a problem of the words isos and topos which means “the same
Society that is skin infection and poor place”. Isotopes variants of an element are
hygiene. still found in the same.
Bath soap which invented to solve skin
infection and poor hygiene
The Science, Technology and Society are
interrelated to one another because any
change in one aspect could trigger also a
change to other aspects. Meaning if
location in the periodic table of elements.
This term was introduced by a British
Chemist Frederick Soddy.
What is the Nature of Isotopes?
Isotopes are atoms of the same element that
have the same number of protons but different
in the number of neutrons. For example, the
most common oxygen isotope has 8 neutrons
inside the nucleus, but other isotopes have 9
or 10 neutrons.
When we talk about the chemical properties
of isotopes of a given element, they are
almost the same or identical. Different
isotopes exhibit nearly identical chemical
behaviors. However, when it comes to
physical properties of isotopes like the mass,
melting point, melting point, density and
freezing point they are all different. Some
isotopes of an element have unique properties
because they are unstable. An unstable atom
is an atom whose nucleus can change its
composition. This type of isotope is called
radioisotope. Radioisotopes are radioactive
isotope because they produce radiation as
they breakdown in the process.
Writing and Naming
the Chemical Formula
of Compounds
Valence Electron - The electron located at the
outermost shell or energy level.
Intramolecular force- The force that binds the
atoms together in a molecule or compound.
Chemical formula a symbolic expression of a
compound or substance. It is also defined as
shorthand of expressing the types and the
number of atoms in a substance.
Chemical name is the scientific name given to
a chemical in accordance with the
nomenclature system developed by the
International Union of Pure and Applied
Chemistry.
While structural formula is a graphical
representation of the molecular structure
showing how the atoms are possibly arranged
in the real three-dimensional space.
Compound
This is a substance which is made up of two
or more atoms joined together by a chemical
bond. Compounds may be classified into two
based from the nature of the atoms that make
up them, and the type of intramolecular bond
that exist between atoms. The two
classifications of compounds are ionic
compound and covalent compound. The ionic
compound is formed between a metal atom
and a nonmetal atom, and the type of
intramolecular bond exist between atoms is
ionic bond due to the presence of ionic
charges. Example of this is sodium chloride
which is made up of metal sodium and
nonmetal chlorine.
Formula Mass and
Molecular Mass
Mass number - It means characteristics, traits
or qualities.
Molecular formula - A formula that gives
number of atoms of each element present in a
molecule.
Formula Mass and Molecular Mass
Formula mass is used for compounds that are
made up of ions and have primarily ionic
bonding. While Molecular mass or known as
molar mass is used for compounds that are
composed of molecules and have primarily
covalent bonding. The term formula mass is
suitable to use as it can be used for both ionic
and covalent compounds. Molecular mass
will only be used for covalent compounds.
How to Write the Formula Mass of a
Compound?
Compound - A substance which is made up of
two or more atoms joined together by a
chemical bond. Compounds may be classified
into two based from the nature of the atoms
that make up them, and the type of
intramolecular bond that exist between atoms.
The two classifications of compounds are
ionic compound and covalent compound. The
ionic compound is formed between a metal
atom and a nonmetal atom, and the type of
intramolecular bond exist between atoms is
ionic bond due to the presence of ionic
charges. Example of this is sodium chloride
which is made up of metal sodium and
nonmetal chlorine.
Calculating the Empirical
Formula from Percent
Composition, and Molecular
Formula from Molecular
Mass
Ratio - It is the quantitative relation between
two amounts showing the number of times
one value contain or is contained with the
other.
Atomic Mass - The number of the protons
and neutrons inside the nucleus of the atom