1

THE STATUS OF BUSINESS ENTERPRISES IN CAMILING DURING THE

PANDEMIC

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study

Business is an organization or an enterprise entity that is engaged in commercial,

industrial, or professional activities. It is usually a commercial or mercantile activity

engaged in as a means of livelihood. A lot of people venture into this activity due to

passion, ambition, desire, as well as to make a living in the means where the person is the

head and the ruler of the profession. Enterprise is a project or undertaking, typically one

that is difficult or requires effort. It may as well be a business or a company.

Business, is a work associating to the production, buying, and selling of a product

or services for a profit. Businesses play a huge role in culture and society in general.

They not only take up the most amount of time in most people's lives, but they also help

create innovations and make important technological advancements. Corona Virus

Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the greatest enemy of businesses and it has caused a major

economic shock. Amidst the pandemic, there are still few businesses that are open but

some failed. Business landscape radically changing in the past several months due to the

coronavirus, the majority of stories people are seeing concern businesses that are closing,

losing revenue and laying off workers. However, some small businesses have proven to

be uniquely suited to the COVID-19 crisis and have seen an uptick in demand.

Business enterprises have been providing everyone the goods and services

involving financial, commercial, and industrial aspects. These businesses have been

making our lives easier and lighter as we have been living. However, ever since the
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pandemic has begun, some of them have been falling down, and some have been keeping

up. And so, the purpose of this study is to determine the status of the business enterprises

in Camiling during the pandemic.

Statements of the Problem

This study will be conducted in order to determine the Status of Business

Enterprises in Camiling During the Pandemic.

Specifically, this study will answer the following questions:

1. How does the pandemic affect the status of business enterprises in terms of the

following:

1.1. Profit

1.2. Customer Service

1.3. Staff Performance and Status

2. How does COVID-19 affect the business entrepreneurs of the business enterprises

in terms of the following:

2.1. Financial Status

2.2. Mental Health

3. How do the business enterprises cope with the pandemic in terms of the

following:

3.1. Business strategies

3.2. Income loss

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Objectives of the Study

This study was conducted with the following objectives:

1. To determine the effect of the pandemic to the business enterprises in terms of the

following:

1.1. Profit

1.2. Customer Service

1.3. Staff Performance and Status

2. To determine the effect of COVID-19 to the business entrepreneurs of the

business enterprises in terms of the following:

2.1. Financial Status

2.2. Mental Health

3. To determine how the business enterprises cope with the pandemic in terms of the

following:

3.1. Business strategies

3.2. Income loss

Significance of the Study

This study is essential:

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To the Students. This study will benefit the students because this research will help them

become aware about how the pandemic may affect business enterprises.

To the Parents. This study will benefit the parents by helping them become

knowledgeable about the effects of the pandemic to business enterprises, which may be

an information to share to other people and to aspiring future entrepreneurs.

To the Entrepreneurs. This study is essential to the entrepreneurs to perceive the effects

of the pandemic to the status of business enterprises.

To the Future Researchers. This study is beneficial to the future researchers because

they may be able to find this study useful when it comes to identifying the effects of the

pandemic to business enterprises.

Scope and Delimitations

As the pandemic has begun, a lot of business enterprises have been affected.

Hence, this study concentrates on the Status of Business Enterprises in Camiling During

the Pandemic. This study covers the following business enterprises: JKKL Enterprises, 1 st

Mega Saver, Andrew B. Net Enterprise, JRS Express, CMB Delos Reyes Enterprises,

LBC Express – Camiling Branch, and Prado Builders Center, Inc. Other than the business

enterprises and the entrepreneurs, this study also covers the customers of the business

enterprises.

The respondents of this study will be chosen randomly and will be in the number

of 10. The study will be conducted at Camiling, Tarlac.

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DEFINITION OF TERMS

Amidst. In the middle of.

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Aspects. A particular part or feature of something.

Aspiring. Directing one's hopes or ambitions toward becoming a specified type of

person.

Business enterprises. Refers to a person spotting a business opportunity and setting up a

business; An entrepreneur might start a business enterprise because they believe there is a

demand for the goods or services they can provide.

Business landscape. Provide a global view on all business functions and business items

within a company.

Business. A commercial operation or company.

Commercial. Making or intended to make a profit;

Company. A commercial business.

Cope. Deal effectively with something difficult.

Covid-19. It is a disease caused by a new strain of coronavirus. 'CO' stands for corona,

'VI' for virus, and 'D' for disease. Formerly, this disease was referred to as '2019 novel

coronavirus' or '2019-nCoV.'

Crisis. A time of intense difficulty, trouble, or danger.

Customer Service. Involves the action of serving the consumers to satisfy their wants

and needs as a customer.

Demand. The desire of purchasers, consumers, clients, employers, etc., for a particular

commodity, service, or other item.

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Economic shock. Refers to any change to fundamental macroeconomic variables or

relationships that has a substantial effect on macroeconomic outcomes and measures of

economic performance, such as unemployment, consumption, and inflation.

Engaged. Participate or become involved in.

Enterprise. A business or company; A project or undertaking, typically one that is

difficult or requires effort.

Entity. A thing with distinct and independent existence.

Entrepreneurs. A person who organizes and operates a business or businesses, taking on

greater than normal financial risks in order to do so.

Essential. Absolutely necessary; extremely important.

Financial Status. The condition or state of the finance or money of the business.

Head. A person in charge of something; a director or leader.

Income. Money received, especially on a regular basis, for work or through investments.

Income loss. The loss of income of a business with respect to the current situation

happening.

Innovations. Transformation; Changes; The action or process of innovating.

Laying off. Discharge a worker temporarily or permanently because of a shortage of

work.

Lighter. Easy; Easily borne or done.

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Loss. The fact or process of losing something or someone; an amount of money lost by a

business or organization.

Mental Health. A person’s condition with regard to their psychological and emotional

well-being.

Mercantile. Relating to trade or commerce; commercial.

Organization. An organized body of people with a particular purpose, especially a

business, society, association, etc.

Pandemic. An outbreak of a pandemic disease; (Of a disease) prevalent over a whole

country or the world.

Perceive. Become aware or conscious of (something); come to realize or understand.

Profit. A financial gain, especially the difference between the amount earned and the

amount spent in buying, operating, or producing something.

Project. Plan (a project or undertaking).

Radically. In a thorough or fundamental way; completely.

Revenue. Income, especially when of a company or organization and of a substantial

nature.

Ruler. Leader; head; Boss.

Staff Performance.

Status. The state or condition of something as of the moment or depending on a certain

situation.
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Suited. Go well with; Right or appropriate for a particular person, purpose, or situation.

Undertaking. A task that is taken on; an enterprise.

Uptick. A small increase.

Venture. Dare to do something or go somewhere; a risky or daring journey; Set out;

Journey.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES AND STUDIES

Related Literatures

Today’s CEOs are faced with overwhelming, competing challenges and uncharted

waters as they continue to navigate the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. Many
 10

organizations are already taking “no regret” actions to emerge from the pandemic

stronger. These leaders are facing the crisis with a spirit of reinvention—accelerating

digital transformation, establishing variable cost structures, and implementing agile

operations. (Accenture, 2020)

The Asian Development Bank conducted a Philippine enterprise survey from 28

April to 15 May 2020 to gauge the impact of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

on the business community. Questions focused on production, finance, workforce, supply

chains, and other issues. The survey also asked about the support measures needed from

government, and the measures enterprises would take at reopening (e.g., social distancing

in the workplace). Section 1 describes the methodology adopted in this study. Responses

were received from 2,481 enterprises, which included micro, small, and medium-sized

enterprises as well as large firms. Due to the emergency situation— where businesses

were unexpectedly disrupted but nimble data collection was needed—non-standard

sampling procedures had to be adopted: the responses, while highly informative, are not

based on a random or representative sample. In unweighted survey data, there appears to

be overrepresentation from the National Capital Region and underrepresentation from the

wholesale and retail trade sector. Section 2 summarizes the key findings from the survey.

Survey responses show that quarantine restrictions, which began on 16 March to contain

the spread of the virus, had a significant impact on business activity. Two-thirds of

businesses closed temporarily, with most others (29%) reducing operations. Of those

remaining open, most (78%) operated at half capacity or less. Only 4% of the enterprises

maintained full operations. Liquidity was a serious concern for most enterprises as

working capital became scarce. One-third of respondents had run out of cash and savings
 11

by the time of the survey, while another one-third expected to run out over the next 1–3

months. Constraints on additional credit were also binding: just over half (53%) could not

arrange to borrow ₱50,000 within a week, if needed. The situation and needs assessment

questions in our survey revealed that the most pressing payment concern was wages and

related social security contributions (37%). In line with this, a wage subsidy was the most

frequently requested government support measure (57%). Micro and small enterprises

were about 10 percentage points more likely to request a wage subsidy than large

enterprises. Some 33% of those surveyed availed of the Department of Labor and

Employment’s grant program for workers unable to receive wages (Clarificatory

Guidelines on the COVID-19 Adjustment Measures Program). Use of the program was

higher among small and medium-sized enterprises (38%) than for microenterprises (28%)

or large firms (35%). Deferment of tax payments was the second most common policy

support desired, cited by 52% of respondents. The third most common request was for

low-interest or subsidized loans (36%) followed by tax reductions or credits (35%).

Those surveyed were allowed multiple responses. As just a few (14%) of the enterprises

in our survey sell products or services via the internet, it was generally difficult for

businesses to service customers and generate revenue during quarantine. Better

connection to internet-based business platforms would not only help continue businesses

operations currently, but also help prevent adverse impacts from a second wave of

infections in the near future. While enterprises are prepared to take required health and

safety measures for reopening in general, our survey also identified different challenges

to reopening businesses. The most frequently cited challenge after reopening is providing

face masks to workers (63%). However, only 17% of enterprises would practice social
 12

distancing and create smaller working groups. Regular body temperature checks were

planned by 13% of enterprises. Measures least likely to be used were contact tracing

(6%) and canteen rationing (less than 1%). Section 3 discusses the policy implications

derived from the survey findings. Several current government initiatives, such as

increasing the flow of credit and subsidizing wages, appear to respond to the expressed

needs of business, according to the Asian Development Bank (2020).

As per Bartik et al. (2020), To explore the impact of coronavirus disease 2019

(COVID-19) on small businesses, we conducted a survey of more than 5,800 small

businesses between March 28 and April 4, 2020. Several themes emerged. First, mass

layoffs and closures had already occurred—just a few weeks into the crisis. Second, the

risk of closure was negatively associated with the expected length of the crisis. Moreover,

businesses had widely varying beliefs about the likely duration of COVID-related

disruptions. Third, many small businesses are financially fragile: The median business

with more than $10,000 in monthly expenses had only about 2 wk of cash on hand at the

time of the survey. Fourth, the majority of businesses planned to seek funding through the

Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act. However, many

anticipated problems with accessing the program, such as bureaucratic hassles and

difficulties establishing eligibility. Using experimental variation, we also assess take-up

rates and business resilience effects for loans relative to grants-based programs.

More than 99% of all businesses are small businesses1, and they employ about

half the US workforce. Most small businesses lack the cash reserves to weather a month-

long interruption, and forecasts indicate more than 2 million workers could lose their jobs

in just one week as a result of the coronavirus pandemic. There’s also the possibility
 13

of a "startup depression," wherein new companies don't enter the job market because of

the pandemic. (Business Insider, n.d.)

According Donthu and Gustafsson (2020), The COVID-19 outbreak is a sharp

reminder that pandemics, like other rarely occurring catastrophes, have happened in the

past and will continue to happen in the future. Even if we cannot prevent dangerous

viruses from emerging, we should prepare to dampen their effects on society. The current

outbreak has had severe economic consequences across the globe, and it does not look

like any country will be unaffected. This not only has consequences for the economy; all

of society is affected, which has led to dramatic changes in how businesses act and

consumers behave. This special issue is a global effort to address some of the pandemic-

related issues affecting society. In total, there are 13 papers that cover different industry

sectors (e.g., tourism, retail, higher education), changes in consumer behavior and

businesses, ethical issues, and aspects related to employees and leadership.

Every crisis brings challenges and threats to entrepreneurs and their organizations,

no matter if initiated by human behaviour, natural disasters or economic mechanisms

(Doern et al., 2019). At the end of December 2019, the coronavirus (so-called COVID-

19) has started spreading from Wuhan, China to other countries so widely and quickly,

that on 11th March 2020, World Health Organization – WHO (2020) declared COVID-

19 pandemic. As a response to mitigate coronavirus spread and save lives, governments

in affected countries imposed desperate measures of social distancing, widespread

lockdown, restrictions on travelling, movement, and people gatherings. Many aspects of

private and public life had to be moved online (Liguori and Winkler, 2020).

Entrepreneurs were not an exception. They had to start moving their business activities
 14

online. However, not everything could be solved conveniently online. COVID-19 has

significantly influenced the entrepreneurial engagement of self-employed persons. Some

entrepreneurs had to close their businesses temporarily as a result of governmental

restrictions; others had to impose precautions and to run their activities in reduced extent.

They also needed to find innovative solutions in all aspects of their entrepreneurial

endeavor as the consequences of the pandemic linger on. It took time before the

entrepreneurs got oriented in the new situation, and governments started helping them out

with particular policy-actions aiming to deliver information, advisory and financial

support (Kuckertz et al., 2020; Turner and Akinremi, 2020). Pandemics will very likely

influence traditional entrepreneurial decision-making processes (Chell, 2013),

communication and conflict management (Aldairany et al., 2018), well-being (Stephan,

2018) and entrepreneurial outcomes (Wach et al., 2016). (Dvouletý O. et al, 2020)

Stated by Fairlie (2020), The widespread closing of stores and businesses in the

United States and around the world due to the coronovirus is unprecedented. Stores,

factories and many other businesses have closed by policy mandate or downward demand

shifts. Many of these closures may be permanent because of the inability to pay ongoing

expenses and survive the shutdown. The impact on small businesses around the world is

likely to be severe. Although the effects of COVID-19 on the economy showed up

quickly in the stock market, the real estate market and unemployment claims, the effects

on small business are not well known because of the lack of timely business-level data

released by the government. This paper addresses this limitation by creating estimates of

the number of business owners from monthly Current Population Survey (CPS)

microdata files. Using these timely data, I examine how COVID-19 impacted small
 15

business owners in mid-April 2020 – the first month to capture the wide-spread shelter-

in-place restrictions in the United States. The CPS data are used by the Bureau of Labor

Statistics (BLS) to track unemployment rates, and have been used in previous research to

study determinants of business ownership (e.g. recently, Levine and Rubenstein 2017,

Wang 2019, Fairlie and Fossen 2019). The data allow for an analysis of recent trends in

the number of business owners by business characteristics such as corporation status and

industry, and demographic characteristics such as gender, race, and immigrant status.

This study provides the first estimates of the early-stage effects of COVID-19 on small

business owners from April 2020 CPS microdata. I find that the number of working

business owners plummeted from 15.0 million in February 2020 to 11.7 million in April

2020 because of COVID-19 mandates and demand shifts. The loss of 3.3 million

business owners (or 22 percent) was the largest drop on record. When conditioning on

working roughly two days per week or four days a week, the losses are even larger (28

percent and 31 percent, respectively). Although incorporated businesses are more growth-

oriented and stable, they experienced a drop of 20 percent from February to April 2020.

Patterns across gender, race and immigrant status reveal interesting findings. African-

Americans experienced the largest losses, eliminating 41 percent of business owners.

Latinx also experienced major losses with 32 percent of business owners disappearing

between February and April 2020. Immigrant business owners suffered a large drop of 36

percent, and female business owners suffered a disproportionate drop of 25 percent. Most

major industries faced large drops in the number of business owners with the only

exception being agriculture. Construction, restaurants, hotels and transportation all faced

large declines in the number of business owners due to COVID-19. Simulations reveal
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that the concentrations of female, black, Latinx and Asian businesses in industries hit

hard by the pandemic contributed to why losses were higher for these groups than the

national average loss. Overall, these first estimates of impacts of COVID-19 on small

businesses from the April 2020 CPS indicate that losses were spread across demographic

groups and types of business – no group was immune to negative impacts of social

distancing policy mandates and demand shifts. These results build on the findings from a

few previous studies of the early effects of the coronavirus on small businesses.

Employer business applications as measured by the U.S. Census weekly Business

Formation Statistics fell in the five weeks from mid-March to md-April by over 27

percent relative to the previous year (Wilmoth 2020). Estimates from the U.S. Census

Small Business Pulse Survey indicate that roughly 50 percent of businesses report having

a large negative effect from the COVID-19 pandemic and that only 15-20 percent of

businesses have enough cash on hand to cover 3 months of operations (U.S. Census

Bureau 2020; Bohn, Mejia and Lafortune 2020). Bartik et al. (2020) conducted a survey

in late March of nearly 6,000 small businesses that were members of the Alignable

business network. They find that 43 percent of businesses are temporarily closed, large

reductions in employees, and the majority of businesses have less than one month of cash

on hand. The Stanford Latino Entrepreneurship Initiative (2020) surveyed 224 high-

revenue Latinx-owned businesses and found that 86% of respondents reported immediate

negative effects such as delayed projects and closure from the pandemic. This paper is

the first to use CPS data covering the early effects of COVID-19 mandates and demand

shifts on small businesses, and the first to explore differential effects for female, minority
 17

and immigrant business owners, which is potentially important for targeting government

aid to preserve small businesses and the jobs they create.

The world of work is being profoundly affected by the global virus pandemic. The

crisis has already transformed into an economic and labour market shock, impacting all

businesses regardless of their size. During this difficult time, it is important that jobs are

preserved, enterprises remain sustainable, workers and their families affected are

protected, in particular the most vulnerable, and those in the informal economy. The ILO

Enterprises Department has been monitoring and collecting key information resources

available on the functioning of enterprises in the crisis, including its impact on

enterprises, responses by enterprises and state policy measures to support affected

enterprises. These briefs will be published regularly to provide updated information on

actions taken to support enterprises. (International Labour Organization, n.d.)

The results of an ILO SCORE Programme survey indicate that micro-, small, and

medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) matter more than ever. Representing more than 70%

of global employment and 50% of GDP, they cannot be ignored. Unfortunately, small

businesses are being hit hardest by the fall-out of the pandemic. Solutions are needed to

give them the support they need to survive and continue to contribute to the global

economy. (International Labour Organization, 2020)

The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly affected the small business sector. A

previous JPMC Institute report provided estimates of the impact during the initial weeks

after a national emergency was declared on March 13, 2020 and as many states issued

stay-at-home orders that restricted many businesses (Farrell, Wheat, and Mac 2020a).

Firms adjusted their operations not only in light of these restrictions but also as
 18

consumers cut their spending (Farrell, Greig, et al. 2020a) and shifted some of it online

(Farrell, Wheat, et al. 2020). Some businesses temporarily closed (Bartik, et al. 2020).

While cash balances rebounded, bolstered by pandemic-related relief programs, revenues

in May remained materially lower than they were a year ago. (JPMorgan Chase & Co.,

2020)

Evidence on the COVID-19 crisis impacts on SMEs from business surveys

indicates severe disruptions and concerns among small businesses. Table 1 presents the

outcome of 41 SME surveys identified world-wide on the impact of COVID-19 on

SMEs.8 The Table shows that more than half of SMEs face severe losses in revenues.

One third of SMEs fear to be out of business without further support within 1 month, and

up to 50% within three months. (OECD, 2020)

In terms of the coronavirus pandemic’s impact on businesses and households, the

Philippines had it worst, according to a study by the Asian Development Bank (ADB). A

paper by ADB financial sector specialist Shigehiro Shinozaki, presented in a webinar on

Wednesday, September 16, showed that 70.6% of micro, small, and medium enterprises

(MSMEs) in the Philippines were forced to temporarily close due to the COVID-19

outbreak. The country was followed by Laos (61.1%), Indonesia (48.6%), and Thailand

(41.1%). Philippine MSMEs also noted the most cancellation of contracts (19.1%) and

delayed delivery of products and services (35%) during the lockdown. A total of 3,877

MSMEs were surveyed for the study, 1,804 of which came from the Philippines. Majority

or 58.8% of MSMEs in the Philippines reported zero income, while 28% said revenues

fell over 30%. Laos topped the surveyed countries, with 62.8% of MSMEs reporting zero

income due to temporary closure. (Rivas R., 2020)

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The outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has severely affected the global

and Pakistani economy. Major victims of the COVID-19 outbreak are micro, small, and

medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs). This article aims to assess the impact of COVID-19

outbreak on these businesses and provide policy recommendations to help MSMEs in

reducing business losses and survive through the crisis. We adopted an exploratory

methodology with comprehensively reviewing the available literature, including policy

documents, research papers, and reports in the relevant field. Further, to add empirical

evidence, we collected data from 184 Pakistani MSMEs by administering an online

questionnaire. The data were analyzed through descriptive statistics. The results indicate

that most of the participating enterprises have been severely affected and they are facing

several issues such as financial, supply chain disruption, decrease in demand, reduction in

sales and profit, among others. Besides, over 83% of enterprises were neither prepared

nor have any plan to handle such a situation. Further, more than two-thirds of

participating enterprises reported that they could not survive if the lockdown lasts more

than two months. The findings of our study are consistent with previous studies. Based on

the results of the research, different policy recommendations were proposed to ease the

adverse effects of the outbreak on MSMEs. Although our suggested policy

recommendations may not be sufficient to help MSMEs go through the ongoing crisis,

these measures will help them weather the storm. (Shafi M. et al, 2020)

According to Turner and Akenremi (2020), This review considers the existing

evidence on the business effects of pandemics, with a particular focus on the impact on

small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Evidence from previous pandemics is reviewed,

and in addition, we provide an overview of early assessments of the emerging evidence

 20

on the business impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on Chinese firms and other related

businesses. Evidence on the 1918 influenza pandemic in the US suggests higher mortality

in urban areas and higher working-age mortality – a very different pattern to COVID-19.

Shutdowns did cause significant losses for many businesses, especially those in the

service and entertainment industries that suffered double-digit losses in revenue. Other

businesses that specialised in health-care products experienced gains in revenue. The

1918 pandemic caused labour shortages in the US as well as longer-term productivity

benefits. These were not repeated in other countries. Scenario-based studies for the US

and UK have also examined potential pandemic effects and may provide a more robust

indication of potential medium-term effects from COVID-19. Early evidence from the

COVID-19 pandemic in China emphasises the severity of the short-term effects on

SMEs. In February 2020, 30 per cent reported that, due to a cash shortage, they would be

able to sustain their business for no more than three months; 30 percent reported that they

would be able to sustain their business for six to twelve months. Furthermore, 30 per cent

of firms have seen their income fall by more than 50 per cent, with almost a third

reporting a 20 to 50 per cent reduction. Three months after the COVID-19 outbreak in

China, many small businesses are not working at full capacity. Many employees continue

to work from home, and business owners attempt to fix broken supply chains and look for

new domestic and overseas contracts. Estimates suggest that each ten-day period of lost

work in the Chinese economy reduces quarterly GDP growth by 0.39 to 0.46 percent.

The World Health Organization has declared the coronavirus, or COVID-19, a

pandemic. It’s an uncertain time with lots of unknowns, and while we don’t have all the

answers, we want to share what we do know and offer some guidance for our customers
 21

and other small businesses that may be experiencing shifts in their business. This

pandemic is affecting the health of the public, and it’s also impacting the economy.

According to Google, “since the first week of February, search interest in coronavirus

increased by +260% globally.” While spikes in search trends are common during events

of this scale, there have also been surges in traffic for related products and topics as a

direct response to the pandemic. (Word Stream, 2020)

Related Studies

Akpan et al. (2020), Many challenges continue to hinder digital technologies'

adoption by small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) in developing economies.

Comparatively, there are more success stories by SMEs in emerging markets. However,

most SMEs operating in the informal sector in the emerging markets and developing

economies (EMDEs) face similar challenges that inhibit the adoption of advanced

technologies and innovations needed to improve business operations and re-engineer

processes. This article evaluates the implementation and use of state-of-the-art

technologies by SMEs in EMDEs to improve operations performance and create

sustainable competitive advantages. Further, the papers in this Special Issue identify

FinTech and analytical algorithms as some of the current technologies employed by

SMEs in EMDEs to improve operations and processes in the manufacturing and service

industries. The recognized technologies and technical innovations that seem novel in

EMDEs have long existed in the advanced economies. Most state-of-the-art technologies,

including cloud computing, 'big data', and predictive analytics that can improve

operations and strategic decisions, are yet to make inroads in most EMDEs. Also,
 22

disruptive computing technologies, data analytics, and the Internet of Things (IoT)

required to engineer new business models, reduce overheads, enhance competitive

advantages, and digitize SMEs' business operations remain untapped. The absence and

non-adoption of digital technologies in EMDEs explain why business activities in most

EMDEs remain shut during the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 and the community lockdown

to contain the COVID-19 pandemic. The strategies to survive the 'new normal' imposed

by COVID-19 and fierce global competition includes a successful adoption of advanced

technologies.

How quickly will American businesses reopen after COVID-19 lockdowns end?

We use a nationwide survey of small businesses to measure firms’ expectations about

their re-opening and future demand. A plurality of firms in our sample expect to reopen

within days of the end of legal restrictions, but a sizable minority expect to delay their

reopening. While health-related variables, such as COVID-19 case rates and physical

proximity of workers, do explain the prevalence and expected duration of regulated

lockdown, these variables have little or no correlation with post-lockdown reopening

intentions. Instead, almost one half of closed or partially open businesses said that their

reopening would depend on the reopening of related businesses, including customers and

suppliers. Owners expect demand to be one-third lower than before the crisis through

autumn. Firms with more pessimistic expectations about demand predict a later

reopening. Using an instrumental variables strategy, we estimate the relationship between

demand expectations and reopening. These estimates suggest that post-lockdown delays

in reopening can be explained by low levels of expected demand. (Balla-Elliot D. et al,

2020)
 23

COVID-19 has disrupted the economy of the world. The effect of the Pandemic

has been devastating on the world's economy. This study examines the impact and

survival strategies for Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Nigeria during the

ongoing COVID-19 crises. The study adopted a quantitative research technique.

Questionnaires were distributed to 360 SME owners in Lagos (60 each) in six

commercial areas, namely Aspanda/Alaba, Surulere, Lagos Island, Ikeja, Ikoyi/Victoria

Island and Yaba. 342 of the 360 questionnaires were viable. The respondents observed

that the COVID-19 Pandemic's impact includes a reduction in revenue, reduced staff

salaries, and government not doing enough to curtail the spread of the Pandemic.

Significant problems faced by SMEs are the inability to repay loans, rent, and salaries.

The respondents suggested that the government should lower interest rates, relax loan,

and tax repayments. (Dr. Aladejebi O., 2020)

Social distancing restrictions and health- and economic-driven demand shifts

from COVID-19 are expected to shutter many small businesses and entrepreneurial

ventures, but there is very little early evidence on impacts. This paper provides the first

analysis of impacts of the pandemic on the number of active small businesses in the

United States using nationally representative data from the April 2020 CPS – the first

month fully capturing early effects. The number of active business owners in the United

States plummeted by 3.3 million or 22 percent over the crucial two-month window from

February to April 2020. The drop in active business owners was the largest on record,

and losses to business activity were felt across nearly all industries. African-American

businesses were hit especially hard experiencing a 41 percent drop in business activity.

Latinx business owner activity fell by 32 percent, and Asian business owner activity
 24

dropped by 26 percent. Simulations indicate that industry compositions partly placed

these groups at a higher risk of business activity losses. Immigrant business owners

experienced substantial losses in business activity of 36 percent. Female business owners

were also disproportionately affected (25 percent drop in business activity). Continuing

the analysis in May and June, the number of active business owners remained low –

down by 15 percent and 8 percent, respectively. The continued losses in May and June,

and partial rebounds from April were felt across all demographic groups and most

industries. These findings of early-stage losses to small business activity have important

implications for policy, income losses, and future economic inequality. (Fiarlie R. 2020)

According to Hadi et al. (2020), Special Region of Yogyakarta is from the fusion

of the Sultanate of Yogyakarta Paku Alaman Duchy. The economy in this region includes

some investment sectors: Industry, Trade, Cooperative and SMEs; Agriculture; Food

security; Forestry and Plantation; Maritime Affairs and Fisheries; Energy and Mineral

Resources; and Tourism (id.wikipedia.org, 2020). Yogyakarta is ranked 9th highest

during Covid-19 Pandemic (Covid19.go.id, 2020).The data show that on April 22 2020,

the total data of Covid-19 patients in Yogyakarta including under supervision (PDP) was

688 people, monitoring (ODP) was 3.733 people, positive was 72 people (35 patients

were still being treated, 30 patients were cured, and 7 patients died), and those under

checking process were 216 people (14 of them died) and the numbers are still counting

(corona.jogjaprov.go.id, 2020). Today we are faced with emergency preparedness and the

active response of individuals, governments as well as businesses at all levels to act

quickly in anticipating the impact of Covid-19 pandemic on the economy as a whole. It

starts with the earliest affected tourism sector where many tourists cancel the trips
 25

because some destinations had been closed by the local government.Then it was certainty

followed by the transportation sector including land, sea, and air transportation which

experienced a significant reduction in passengers, especially with the implementation of

Work from Home (WFH) for employees in several private and government companies.

SMEs will also be the most affected since they rely on supply chains that are now almost

stopped, increases in raw materials and readiness to face changes in the way they do

transaction (Amalia, 2020). The Yogyakarta government's policy strategy is very

responsive in handling Covid-19 pandemic. The policy starts with Governor Instruction

No. 2/INSTR/2020 concerning increasing awareness of the risk of transmission,

No.64/KEP/2020 concerning the formation of a task force, Decree of the Governor No.

65/KEP/2020 concerning stipulation of emergency response status, Circular Letter

No.421/02280 concerning distance learning for school children, Governor Regulation

No.26/2020 concerning the abolition of administrative sanctions on motor vehicle tax and

fees on transfer of motor vehicle ownership in 2020, and Circular Letter number

SE/6/2020 concerning guidelines for the worship of Ramadan and Eid Al-Fitr 1 Shawwal

1441 H. Related agencies, including SMEs, Cooperatives, and industrial agencies are

eager to collect the data and operational impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic by

collaborating with stakeholders to strengthen the sustainability of SMEs, and to revitalize

SMEs economic sector after Covid-19, as a foundation for equitable behavior that can

create commitment and trust in the organization. (Hadi, Tjahjono, El Qadri, et al., 2020).

However, other sectors that also have the potential to benefit from the Covid-19

pandemic, including the agriculture sector, personal healthcare and medical services, and

e-commerce. The agriculture sector will survive because the community still needs to be
 26

supplied with food, while personal healthcare and medical services are needed to

maintain individual and community health as well as playing important role in the

process of healing Covid-19 patients. Besides, the e-commerce sector will survive with

this condition since it allows customers to get the goods/services they need, as long as it

has not been implemented a large scale lockdown. The following Figure 1 presents the

business sectors affected by Covid-19, both positive and negative impacts. (Consulting,

2020). It is expected for this situation to continue throughout 2020, starting from supply

shortages, risks of unemployment, inflation and declining in almost all sectors. However,

this is also a good time for self-reflection related to our moral code of ethics, as well as

improving relations with our social environment and our beloved ones.It is a must to have

practical steps to reduce negative impacts on the most affected sectors including

corrective policies in the economic and business fields as well as a fast and appropriate

innovation to create new behaviors to survive after Covid-19 (Septina, 2020). The

innovation and skills must be considered as quickly as possible to produce the maximum

benefits from the economic paralysis in front of us (Antares, 2020; Sulaiman, 2020). The

frightening complexity caused by the Covid-19 pandemic and the threat of an economic

crisis that might be greater than the 2008-2009 financial crisis then raises the question,

“Can SMEs as the frontline of the economy return to normal after Covid-19?”. To gain

this requires cooperation from SMEs to have innovation as a travel center for creative

industries in Yogyakarta with the use of Business Model Canvas (BMC) approach. Teece

(2010) states that a business model articulates the logic and provides data and other

evidence that demonstrates how the business creates and delivers value to the customers.

Local governments should be able to provide guarantees and priority support to create
 27

positive behaviors for SMEs in Yogyakarta using regulations that are fair and just (Hadi,

Tjahjono, & Palupi, 2020; Hamid & Susilo, 2015).

The general concern about the impact of covid-19 which was declared a pandemic

by World Health Organization on businesses, livelihoods and economies is what

triggered this research. The objective was to find out the impact of covid-19 on the

statuses small and medium enterprises in Ghana using SME’s in the Kumasi Metropolis

as the focus of study. The study adopted parameters such as revenue reduction,

downsizing, reduction in demand, organizational restructuring, and fear of exiting

business to assess the state of the various SME’s. Using a purposive sampling approach

120 online questionnaires were sent managers, supervisors, and business owners out of

which 106 which were fully filled used for the study. The data obtained was coded and

run using SPSS 26 and results used for discussions and analysis. The outcome of the

study shows that the SME’s are battling to survive in the era of this pandemic as revenue

reduction, downsizing, reduction in demand, organizational restructuring, and fear of

exiting correlated positively to indicate the of the state of SME’s in the metropolis during

this pandemic. This means covid-19 have really affected the operations of small and

medium enterprises. SME’s must therefore initiate measures that would make them

survive in the period of this pandemic and post covid-19. (Korankye B., n.d.)

The negative effect of the invisible enemy is ravaging the entire world populace,

leading to global economic crisis. Businesses across the globe are feeling the negative

impact of the coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic threatening their going concern status.

SMEs in Nigeria are not left out in the share of this negative effect of the invisible

enemy, as their survival is being threatened and the government is not helping. We
 28

reviewed literature on the impact of COVID-19 on SMEs and subsequently proposed a

model to help them win the fight alongside with the federal government in flattening the

curve. We concluded that SMEs can triumph in this turbulent time following the laid

down health advice, and we pray the world heals of this pandemic in no distant time.

(Musa S. & Aifuwa H.O., 2020)

The research explores key factors impacting enterprise operational sustainability

and the ability to transcend adversity during different stages of a crisis, such as the

COVID-19 pandemic. The current study draws from the Theory of Crisis Management

Teams, the Stakeholder Theory, and the Distributed Cognition Theory to build an

“Enterprise Effectiveness and Sustainability Model during Pandemic.” Existing

theoretical background joint with contemporary success case studies helped to identify

the essential aspects and strategies enterprises should employ to survive and thrive during

crisis and post-crisis. We have conceptualized an innovative approach to COVID-19 from

the perspective of organizational characteristics, operations, digital transformation, and

financial planning. The findings suggest that enterprises having distributed leadership,

workforce and adaptive culture sustain business operations during a pandemic.

Furthermore, resilient enterprises allow for more informed and decentralized decision-

making. Prosperous organizations leverage Internet and Communication Technology

(ICT) and integrate Intranet, social media, and online communication platforms into their

daily business routines, as this helps to establish trust and build bonds with employees,

stakeholders, and customers during and post-crisis. Finally, balancing between the

stockpiling of resources and resiliency is crucial in anticipation of a crisis. Therefore, we

 29

conclude that enterprises with financial contingency plans sustain their business

operations during a pandemic. (Obrenovic B. et al, 2020)

In the wake of the global COVID-19 pandemic and the subsequent

movement control order (MCO) in Malaysia, an on-line survey was undertaken involving

748 small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the furniture industry. The main objective

was to examine the impact of the pandemic and the subsequent MCO on the various

business aspects of the SMEs as well as to make recommendations to the government on

supportive measures for the SMEs. The survey found that although all aspects of the

business were impacted, the two major concerns of the SMEs during this crisis were the

financial management and the supply chain disruptions. Inevitably, it was found that most

of the SMEs were operating well below capacity, which was a huge financial strain on

their business viability. It was recommended that the government provide measures to

help the SMEs manage their cash-flow and ease the restrictions to facilitate supply-chain

commencement that is crucial to their business. The survey also revealed that most SMEs

acknowledged the importance of automation and the adoption of technologies.

Respondents regarded the shift towards Industry 4.0 was inevitable as a means increase

their resilience when facing future uncertainties. (Ratnasingam J. et al, 2020)

The outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has severely affected the global

and Pakistani economy. Major victims of the COVID-19 outbreak are micro, small, and

medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs). This article aims to assess the impact of COVID-19

outbreak on these businesses and provide policy recommendations to help MSMEs in

reducing business losses and survive through the crisis. We adopted an exploratory

methodology with comprehensively reviewing the available literature, including policy

 30

documents, research papers, and reports in the relevant field. Further, to add empirical

evidence, we collected data from 184 Pakistani MSMEs by administering an online

questionnaire. The data were analyzed through descriptive statistics. The results indicate

that most of the participating enterprises have been severely affected and they are facing

several issues such as financial, supply chain disruption, decrease in demand, reduction in

sales and profit, among others. Besides, over 83% of enterprises were neither prepared

nor have any plan to handle such a situation. Further, more than two-thirds of

participating enterprises reported that they could not survive if the lockdown lasts more

than two months. The findings of our study are consistent with previous studies. Based on

the results of the research, different policy recommendations were proposed to ease the

adverse effects of the outbreak on MSMEs. Although our suggested policy

recommendations may not be sufficient to help MSMEs go through the ongoing crisis,

these measures will help them weather the storm. (Shafi M. et al, 2020)

Using the financial data of listed Chinese companies, we study the impact of

COVID-19 on corporate performance. We show that COVID-19 has a negative impact on

firm performance. The negative impact of COVID-19 on firm performance is more

pronounced when a firm’s investment scale or sales revenue is smaller. We show, in an

additional analysis, that the negative impact of COVID-19 on firm performance is more

pronounced in serious-impact areas and industries. These findings are among the first

empirical evidence of the association between pandemic and firm performance. (Shen H.

et al, 2020)

The covid-19 pandemic felt its impact on small businesses in Bantul, Yogyakarta.

Internal strengths and external challenges participate in determining firm survival. This
 31

research aimed to examine and analyze the effect of Muslim religiosity and innovation

capability on firm survival. Also, this research investigated the moderation role of

environmental uncertainty on the effect of Muslim religiosity and innovation capability

on firm survival. The study was conducted during the covid-19 pandemic. The analysis

unit of this research was the owners of processed food small enterprises fostered by the

regional government of Bantul Regency, Yogyakarta. The number of respondents

involved in this research was 120 Muslim entrepreneurs. Data were collected using

closed questionnaires distributed online, than processed using SEM-WarpPLS. The

results showed that the Muslim religiosity and innovation capability significantly affected

firm survival. Environmental uncertainty significantly weakened the effect of innovation

capability on firm survival. However, environmental uncertainty insignificantly

weakened the effect of Muslim religiosity on firm survival. These research results

indicate the importance of religious formation for small entrepreneurs in this crisis time.

Innovation is also important in increasing the firm survival of small companies during the

covid-19 pandemic. The government must provide religious assistance to small

entrepreneurs, both in normal conditions and in conditions of crisis to increase business

enthusiasm. The government should facilitate access to information for small

entrepreneurs so that they can carry out marketing innovations in order to access a wider

market. (Utomo H., 2020)

According to Verma and Gustafsson (2020), The COVID-19 pandemic has been labeled

as a black swan event that caused a ripple effect on every aspect of human life. Despite

the short time span of the pandemic—only four and half months so far—a rather large

volume of research pertaining to COVID-19 has been published (107 articles indexed in
 32

Scopus and the Web of Science). This article presents the findings of a bibliometric study

of COVID-19 literature in the business and management domain to identify current areas

of research and propose a way forward. The analysis of the published literature identified

four main research themes and 18 sub-themes. The findings and propositions of this study

suggest that COVID-19 will be the catalyst of several long- and short-term policy

changes and requires the theoretical and empirical attention of researchers. The offered

propositions will act as a roadmap to potential research opportunities.

We estimate the macroeconomic impacts of mandatory business closures in the

U.S. and many other countries in order to control the spread of the COVID-19. The

analysis is based on the application of a modified version of the GTAP model. We

simulate mandatory closures in all countries or parts of countries that had imposed them

as of 7 April for three-month and six-month cases. For the three-month scenario, we

estimate a 20.3% decline of U.S. GDP on an annual basis, or $4.3 trillion. The

employment decline of 22.4% in the U.S. for the three-month closure represents 35.2

million workers for that period. If the mandatory closures are extended to six months

because of a second wave, these negative impacts would slightly more than double. The

employment impacts are slightly greater in percentage terms than the GDP impacts

because most service sectors, which are generally more labour-intensive, are more

negatively impacted by the closures than are ‘essential’ sectors. Our results should be

considered upper-bound estimates given such assumptions as businesses laying off

workers no longer paying them wages or salaries. Note also that the article examines the

mandatory closures alone and does not factor in any countervailing fiscal or monetary

policies. (Walmsley T. et al., 2020)

 33

Williams (2020), The coronavirus pandemic has led to revenue loss for tourism

enterprises and workers due to restrictions on movement. In response, governments have

made available temporary financial support, but not to those tourist enterprises and

workers in the undeclared economy. Reporting a 2019 Eurobarometer survey, this paper

reveals that one in 165 European citizens engage in undeclared work in tourism and the

groups involved. To bring these enterprises and workers onto the radar of the state, a

voluntary disclosure initiative is advocated offering access to the temporary financial

support for undeclared enterprises and workers disclosing their previous undeclared

work.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
 34

Letters
Questionnaires
Inp Respondents
ut

Gathering of data
Pr Analyzation of data (Thematic
analysis)
oc
ess
THE STATUS OF BUSINESS
Ou ENTERPRISES IN CAMILING
DURING THE PANDEMIC
tpu
t

METHODS AND PROCEDURES

 35

This chapter presents the research design, respondents of the study, locale of the

study, data analysis, and data gathering procedure that will be used in the study.

Research Design

This study will be using qualitative type of research method. This study will

determine the status of business entrepreneurs during the emerging pandemic.

Locale of the Study

This study will be conducted at some areas of Camiling, Tarlac depending on the

site of the enterprises involved.

Respondents of the Study

The respondents of this study are the 10 selected business entrepreneurs. The

entrepreneurs of the business enterprises that will be involved in this study are the

following; JKKL Enterprises, 1st Mega Saver, Andrew B. Net Enterprise, JRS Express,

CMB Delos Reyes Enterprises, LBC Express – Camiling Branch, and Prado Builders

Center, Inc.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researcher will seek permission from the administration by giving permission

letter upon the validation of the survey. Interviews with five (5) questions will be asked

to the entrepreneurs of the business enterprises involved to document the data that will be

gathered.
 36

Data Gathering Instrument

This study will be using interviews and surveys. In interview, we will be having

ten (10) questions to answer to determine the status of the business entrepreneurs during

pandemic. Additionally, surveys are intended to have ten (10) open-ended questions.

Data Analysis

The data gathered will be recorded, analyzed, and systemized. Interviews will be

used to determine the strategies used by the entrepreneurs to make their business remain

during the pandemic.

 37

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

In this chapter, the information that the researchers have gathered for this study

has been assembled and elaborated clearly.

 38

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

In this chapter, the researchers have summarized their study. They also gave their

conclusions and recommendations about their study during the accomplishment and

making of this research.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
 39

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 40

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 41

Balla-Elliot D. et al. (2020). Business Reopening Decisions and Demand Forecasts

During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Nber.org. Retrieved January 29, 2021, from
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Dr. Aladejebi O. (2020). Managing Small Businesses in Nigeria during Covid-19 Crisis:
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 43

APPENDICES
 44

APPENDIX A

BESTCAP CAREER COLLEGE INC.

Malacampa, Camiling, Tarlac
Telefax: (045) 934-3293
bestcap98@yahoo.com.ph

To whom it may concern:

We would like to ask your permission to allow us to conduct our survey

among our respondents in our thesis entitled “THE STATUS OF BUSINESS

ENTERPRISES IN CAMILING DURING THE PANDEMIC.” We will assure it will

only last for a few minutes and will not consume a lot of time that will exceed in an hour.

If you agree, kindly sign below acknowledging your permission to conduct my

survey. Your approval to conduct this particular study will be greatly appreciated. Thank

you in advance. God Bless you always and more power!

Sincerely yours,

Jamilla Bianca E. Papa

Researcher
Joschia Mhae G. Leones
Researcher
Benjamin P. Manawag
Researcher

Noted by: Approved by:

Terrence John M. Morido Darwin D. Esteban
Thesis Adviser School Principal

APPENDIX B
 45

BESTCAP CAREER COLLEGE INC.

Malacampa, Camiling, Tarlac
Telefax: (045) 934-3293
bestcap98@yahoo.com.ph

Dear Respondents,
We are Jamilla Bianca E. Papa, Joshcia Mhae G. Leones, and Benjamin P.

Manawag, students from the grade 11-Benevolence class at BESTCAP Career College,

Inc. and now in the process of writing our thesis entitled “THE STATUS OF

BUSINESS ENTERPRISES IN CAMILING DURING THE PANDEMIC.” We need

your help to realize our objectives, as a requirement in our Research Subject.

In this connection, we would like to ask for your participation by

answering our questionnaire to provide the necessary data for our study. We will

appreciate your assistance and support in this particular research endeavor. Thank you

very much for your cooperation. God Bless and more power!

Sincerely yours,

Jamilla Bianca E. Papa

Researcher
Joschia Mhae G. Leones
Researcher
Benjamin P. Manawag
Researcher

Approved by:
Terrence John M. Morido
Research Teacher

APPENDIX C
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THE STATUS OF BUSINESS ENTERPRISES IN CAMILING DURING THE

PANDEMIC
Survey Questions:

1. How did you manage your business during this pandemic?

2. What strategies did you do to save your business during this pandemic?

3. When the pandemic begun, how did you manage your staffs or employees?

4. Did you have to lay off some of your employees? Why?

5. How do you describe your profit this pandemic?

6. What differences have happened to your business’ profit when the pandemic has

started?

7. When was your worst profit ever since the pandemic has begun?

8. What difference have happened to your business’ customer service when the pandemic

has started?

9. What challenges do you anticipate during this economic crisis?

10. What is your priority in the business right now?