Cell Division:

Meiosis
Prepared By:
Rielle Jay S.
Tanaman
BSE – S IV
 MITOSIS
01 A form of eukaryotic cell division that
produces two daughter cells with the same
genetic component as the parent cell.
02 Results
in diploid daughter cells (chromosome num
ber remains the same as parent cell)
03
Involves only one cell division.

The major purpose is for growth and

04
to replace worn out cells.
- Somatic cells: 46 Chromosomes.
- Sex cells: 23 Chromosomes
- Internal Organs
- Sperm Cells (Male)
- Skin
- Egg Cells (Female)
- Bones
- Blood
MEIOSIS
MEIOSIS
• is the type of cell division that creates egg and sperm
cells.
• Ensures that humans have the same number of
chromosomes in each generation.
• It is a two-step process (Meiosis I and Meiosis II) that
reduces the chromosome number by half—from 46 to
23—to form sperm and egg cells.
• When the sperm and egg cells unite at conception,
each contributes 23 chromosomes so the resulting
embryo will have the usual 46.
• Meiosis also allows genetic variation through a process of gene
shuffling while the cells are dividing.
 MEIOSIS I
• Meiosis I separates the pairs of homologous chromosomes.
 2 Significant Events
Occur:
- Synapsis
- Crossing over
Synapsis
➢ Also known as the pairing of homologous
chromosomes.
➢ Homologous chromosomes
- Two chromosomes similar to each other in
terms of size, shape, and they carry the
same type of genes. Prophase I
Crossing Over
➢ Homologous chromosomes exchange genetic
materials from one another.
 (Exchange of genetic material between
maternal and paternal chromosome.)

Paternal Maternal
Chromoso Chromoso Tetrad
me me (Four sister chromatids in a
set)
• The chromosome pairs line up next to
each other along the centre (equator) of
the cell.
• The centrioles are now at opposites
poles of the cell with the meiotic
spindles extending from them.
• The meiotic spindle fibres attach to one
chromosome of each pair.
Metaphase I
• The pair of chromosomes are then
pulled apart by the meiotic spindle,
which pulls one chromosome to one
pole of the cell and the other
chromosome to the opposite pole.

• In meiosis I the sister chromatids stay

together. This is different to what
happens in mitosis and meiosis II. Anaphase I
• The chromosomes complete their move
to the opposite poles of the cell.
• At each pole of the cell a full set of
chromosomes gather together.
• A membrane forms around each set of
chromosomes to create two new nuclei.
• The single cell then pinches in the
middle to form two separate daughter
cells each containing a full set of Telophase I
chromosomes within a nucleus. This
process is known as cytokinesis. And
Cytokinesis
MEIOSIS II
• Meiosis II separates each chromosome into two
chromatids.
• A phase similar to Mitosis
What happens in Prophase
II?
• Now there are two daughter cells, each with 23
chromosomes (23 pairs of chromatids).
• In each of the two daughter cells the chromosomes
condense again into visible X-shaped structures that
can be easily seen under a microscope.
• The membrane around the nucleus in each daughter
cell dissolves away releasing the chromosomes.
• The centrioles duplicate.
• The meiotic spindle forms again.
Metaphase II
• In each of the two daughter cells the chromosomes
(pair of sister chromatids) line up end-to-end along
the equator of the cell.
• The centrioles are now at opposites poles in each of
the daughter cells.
• Meiotic spindle fibres at each pole of the cell attach
to each of the sister chromatids.
Anaphase II

• The sister chromatids are then pulled to

opposite poles due to the action of the
meiotic spindle.
• The separated chromatids are now
individual chromosomes.
Telophase II and Cytokinesis
• The chromosomes complete their move to the
opposite poles of the cell.
• At each pole of the cell a full set of chromosomes
gather together.
• A membrane forms around each set of chromosomes
to create two new cell nuclei.
• Each daughter cell separates into two forming four
daughter cells.
 Meiosis II
Results in the formation of four
daughter cells with half the
number (haploid) of
chromosomes from the original
parent cell.
 SIGNIFICANCE OF
MEIOSIS

Meiosis ensures that the correct number of

chromosomes will be passed from parents to offspring.
It ensures that your egg cell or sperm cell only has 23
chromosomes so that when the zygote is formed, it will
have just the right number which is 46 chromosomes.
 RECAP:
✓ MEIOSIS
✓ MEIOSIS I
✓ Prophase I
✓ Metaphase I
✓ Anaphase I
✓ Telophase I
✓ MEIOSIS II
✓ Prophase II
✓ Metaphase II
✓ Anaphase II
✓ Telophase II
✓ OOGENESIS
✓ SPERMATOGENESIS
✓ SIGNIFICANCE OF MEIOSIS
 Resources:
• yourgenome, (2017). What is Meiosis? yourgenome.org. Retrieved February 7, 2022 from
https://www.yourgenome.org/facts/what-is-meiosis

• University of Leicester (2021). The cell cycle, mitosis and meiosis. Creative Commons Licence
UK. Retrieved February 7, 2022 from
https://www2.le.ac.uk/projects/oer/oers/genetics/oers/The%20cell%20cycle/The%20cell%20
cycle-TRF.pdf

• MedlinePlus (2021). How do cells divide? National Library of Medicine US. Retrieved February
7, 2022 from
https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/howgeneswork/cellsdivide/#:~:text=Most%
20of%20the%20time%20when,creates%20egg%20and%20sperm%20cells.&text=During%20mit
osis%2C%20a%20cell%20duplicates,form%20two%20identical%20daughter%20cells.

• yourgenome, (2017). What is Mitosis? yourgenome.org. Retrieved February 7, 2022 from

https://www.yourgenome.org/facts/what-is-
mitosis#:~:text=Mitosis%20is%20a%20process%20where,to%20replace%20worn%20out%20cells
.

• Teachtalk, (2021). Meiosis | Biology. Youtube.com. Retrieved February 7, 2022 from

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_-jyj8_FxqQ
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