ASSIGNMENT PROJECT CGE 650

DYNAMIC MODEL

PREPARED FOR:

DR. ABD AL-SALAM ABDUH SAEED ALI AL-MASGARI

GROUP MEMBERS:

NO NAME MATRIC NUMBER

1 AIMAN FAHMI BIN MOHD ZUL 2020853416

2 RONALDO BASIK ANAK IGNATIUS STOPER 2020608796

3 HASIF AIMAN BIN TUAH 2021117541

4 IQBAL BIN HISSAMUDDIN 2020878286

5 JAY JACKRESON BIN JOSRIN 2020828692

6 NUR HANISAH BINTI MOHAMAD NIZAM 2020828822

FEBRUARY 2024

PEER EVALUATION RESULT LINK: Peer Evaluation.xlsx

 TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 1

SIMULATION MODEL PROCESS ..................................................................................... 2

FLUID MODEL ................................................................................................................ 2

ROCK PHYSICS FUNCTIONS........................................................................................ 6

UPSCALING MODEL ..................................................................................................... 9

FUTURE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY .......................................................................... 10

REFERENCES ................................................................................................................... 16

APPENDIX ........................................................................................................................ 17
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Initial Condition of Burzurgan field ......................................................................... 2
Table 2 Permeability and Saturation Lab Data ...................................................................... 6
Table 3 Capillary Pressure Data Calculated .......................................................................... 7
Table 4 Units, Barriers, and Sublayers for The Mishrif Reservoir ....................................... 18
Table 5 Porosity Values ..................................................................................................... 19
Table 6 Water Saturation Value .......................................................................................... 20
Table 7 N/G Values ............................................................................................................ 20
Table 8 Average OWC Value ............................................................................................. 20
Table 9 Capillary Pressure values before and after Adjustment .......................................... 21
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Dynamic Reservoir Modelling Workflow [3].......................................................... 1
Figure 2 Fluid Model Tab..................................................................................................... 3
Figure 3 Fluid Model Created............................................................................................... 4
Figure 4 Oil Properties ......................................................................................................... 4
Figure 5 Gas-Oil Ratio (GOR) Plot ...................................................................................... 5
Figure 6 Oil-Water Relative Permeability Plot...................................................................... 6
Figure 7 Water-Oil Capillary Pressure .................................................................................. 8
Figure 8 3D Grid System of Mishrif Geological Model ........................................................ 9
Figure 9 Expected Model ................................................................................................... 10
Figure 10 Oil and Water Production, and Water Injection Rates ......................................... 11
Figure 11 Cumulative of Oil and Water Production, and Cumulative of Water Injection..... 11
Figure 12 Structural contour map of Mishrif Reservoir ....................................................... 12
Figure 13 History Matching of Oil Production .................................................................... 12
Figure 14 History Matching of Cumulative Oil Production ................................................. 13
Figure 15 History Matching of Water Production ............................................................... 13
Figure 16 History Matching of Water Injection .................................................................. 13
Figure 17 History Matching of Cumulative Water Injection ............................................... 14
Figure 18 Location Map of The Buzurgan Oilfiled (Al-Husseini and Hamd-Allah, 2022) ... 17
Figure 19 2D Boundary Generation of Mishrif Reservoir, Buzurgan Oilfiled...................... 17
Figure 20 Subdivided Layers of Mishrif Formation, Buzurgan Oilfield ............................. 18
Figure 21 Histogram of Porosity of Mishrif Reservoir ........................................................ 19
Figure 22 3D Water Saturation Model ................................................................................ 19
Figure 23 N/G Model ......................................................................................................... 20
Figure 24 Oil-Water Contact (OWC) .................................................................................. 21
INTRODUCTION

In the oil and gas industry, reservoir models typically fall into two categories which is
static models and dynamic models. While static models provide a snapshot of the reservoir's
characteristics at a particular point in time, dynamic models focus on simulating fluid flow and
pressure changes in the reservoir over time [1]. These models are built upon static models but
also incorporate data from production history, well tests, formation tests, and fluid samples. By
integrating dynamic data with static data, the quality of reservoir models is improved, providing
engineers with a more reliable basis for reservoir simulation and management. Dynamic
models play a crucial role in representing the expected production curve of a reservoir given a
specific well pattern, and they are used to forecast reservoir performance and recovery under
various development and management strategies, such as well placement, completion,
injection, and artificial lift [2]. As a result, dynamic models enable more realistic economic
evaluations. Consequently, this project will focus on constructing the dynamic model by
following some of the workflow as shown Figure 1 below.

Figure 1 Dynamic Reservoir Modelling Workflow [3]

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 According to the Figure 1 the workflow commences with data collection, which in this
project involves obtaining information from Mustafa Ahmed, a Petroleum Engineer from Iran,
Bagdad. Specifically, the data pertains to the Burzurgan oil field in Iraq. It is important to note
that this field exclusively produces oil, as the reservoir operates above the bubble point
pressure. This project using petrel 2019 to create the dynamic model.

SIMULATION MODEL PROCESS

FLUID MODEL

The dynamic model starting by creating the fluid model. Thus, in petrel 2019 version, follow
these steps.

1. Click on "Fluid Model" in the Reservoir Engineering section.

2. A window will pop up where you can select the type of model you want to create.
3. Choose the appropriate model based on your reservoir properties. Options include dry
gas, dead oil, heavy oil and gas, or light oil and gas.
4. Select the model as "Black Oil" and specify the type as "Light Oil and Gas" for our
example.

Table 1 Initial Condition of Burzurgan field

Pressure (kg/cm2) 440

Maximum pressure (kg/cm2) 441
Minimum pressure (kg/cm2) 80
Pressure reference (kg/cm2) 440
GOC and datum (m) -3000
WOC (m) -3875
C 1/bar 0.00000697
Temperature (⁰C) 112
Gas API gravity 0.75
Oil API gravity 21.6
Bubble point pressure (kg/cm2) 138.5

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 Figure 2 Fluid Model Tab
Figure 2 depicted the fluid model tab. In this tab, the data is inserted accordingly where
in this model, the filed is oil and water phases. Since field is producing above the bubble point
pressure, the gas phase is not selected. In the “Make Fluid Model” tab, for the reservoir
condition, such as maximum pressure and minimum pressure, the data applied according to
Table 1. For “Create tables from correlations”, it is assumed to implement Standing (1947)
correlation, thus the Petrel will calculate the parameter such as solution gas/oil ration,
formation volume factor, density, and stock tank viscosity according to the correlation selected.
After inserting all the parameter, at the input tab, the fluid model appearance as shown in
Figure 3.

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 Figure 3 Fluid Model Created

Figure 4 Oil Properties

Based on Figure 4, it illustrates the oil properties in “Function window”. The properties
include oil formation volume factor, oil viscosity, and solution gas-oil ratio (GOR) versus
pressure. According to [4], oil formation volume factor, often denoted as Bo, represents the
change in volume of oil when it is brought from reservoir conditions to surface conditions. It
is defined as the ratio of the volume of oil at reservoir conditions (typically in the reservoir) to
the volume of oil at surface conditions (typically at atmospheric pressure and temperature).
The FVF is affected by factors such as oil composition, temperature, and pressure. As reservoir
pressure decreases, the FVF generally increases due to the expansion of the oil. In other hand,
oil viscosity defined as how easily oil flows. When pressure drops underground, oil becomes

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less thick and flows more easily. Meanwhile, GOR is a measure how much gas is mixed with
oil in the reservoir. As pressure drops, more gas comes out of the oil and separates, thus the
GOR increase until the bubble point pressure as depicted in Figure 5 below.

Figure 5 Gas-Oil Ratio (GOR) Plot

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ROCK PHYSICS FUNCTIONS

Rock Physic function includes saturation, compaction, adoption, and J-function

parameters. The Burzurgan oil field have the formation type of shaly sand, thus in rock physic
function tab at “use preset” insert the formation accordingly.

Table 2 Permeability and Saturation Lab Data

Sw krw kro
0.25 0.00054 1
0.3 0.00163 1
0.35 0.00413 0.97
0.4 0.00925 0.8
0.45 0.01883 0.63
0.5 0.03556 0.48
0.55 0.06319 0.36
0.6 0.10681 0.25
0.65 0.17312 0.16
0.7 0.27081 0.1
0.75 0.41046 0.05
0.8 0.60586 0.02

Figure 6 Oil-Water Relative Permeability Plot

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 Figure 6 illustrates the oil-water relative permeability plot, where it is crucial data in
constructing dynamic simulation models as it shows how easily oil and water can flow through
the reservoir rock at different saturations. Thus, the distribution of oil and water saturations
within the reservoir over time can be simulated.

Table 3 Capillary Pressure Data Calculated

Sw Capillary Pressure, Pc
0.2 8.04588
0.25 4.93145
0.3 3.3044
0.35 2.35547
0.4 1.75682
0.45 1.35643
0.5 1.07625
0.55 0.87001
0.6 0.72116
0.65 0.60491
0.7 0.51406
0.75 0.44179
0.8 0.38341
0.85 0.33562
0.9 0.29603

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Figure 7 Water-Oil Capillary Pressure

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UPSCALING MODEL

The geological model in this project is represented by a simple grid system, comprising
thousands of grid cells [5]. Specifically, it consists of 212 grid cells along the x-axis, 138 grid
cells along the y-axis, and 29 sublayers along the z-axis. This results in a total of 848,424 grid
cells. However, due to the excessively high number of cells, many reservoir fluid flow
simulators may not function accurately or efficiently. Therefore, upscaling operations and
dynamic simulation modelling were initiated promptly. The grid size increment is set at 250
meters for both the x and y axes, allowing for quick simulations, typically completing within
an hour as illustrated in Figure 8 below.

Figure 8 3D Grid System of Mishrif Geological Model

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FUTURE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY

Figure 9 Expected Model

In formulating a foundational plan for the future development strategy of an oil field, it
is essential to consider several pivotal factors. According to Ahmed K. Alhusseini and Sameera
Hamd-Allah study (2022) [5], a thorough interpretation of the reservoir's geometry,
encompassing its size, shape, and boundaries, is imperative for effective development planning.
Additionally, the evaluation of formation temperature and pressure is crucial, given their
influence on reservoir fluid dynamics and extraction methods. Survey of lithology, including
the physical attributes of the reservoir rock such as composition and grain size, aids in gauging
potential productivity. Petrophysical criteria, such as porosity, hydrocarbon saturation,
thickness, area, and permeability, play a crucial role in assessing the reservoir's viability. Well
logs provide invaluable data for evaluating parameters like porosity, water saturation, and fluid
content. Dynamic methods like Material Balance and Decline Curve Analysis, utilizing
production and pressure data, are indispensable for estimating initial oil in place and planning
future production. Volumetric rock data, considering factors like area, thickness, and pore
volume, is crucial for estimating hydrocarbon quantities in situ. Predicting the recovery factor
is vital for gauging the realistic extractable portion of the oil. Furthermore, staying abreast of
the latest drilled well data and technological advancements is imperative for an informed future
development strategy.

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 For the Mishrif Reservoir in the Buzurgan oilfield, Iraq, the performance assessment of
the field is based on a comprehensive analysis of key parameters from the field performance
data. The oil and water production, and the water injection rates for the Mishrif Reservoir is
shown in the graph below.

Figure 10 Oil and Water Production, and Water Injection Rates

The cumulative production of oil and water, and cumulative of water injected for this
reservoir is shown in Figure 10 below.

Figure 11 Cumulative of Oil and Water Production, and Cumulative of Water Injection

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 For the wells location, the structural contour map of the Mishrif Reservoir was created
and the wells location were shown in the contour map.

Figure 12 Structural contour map of Mishrif Reservoir

The history matching process, encompassing over 40 wells, focuses on critical aspects
such as oil production rates, providing insights into the overall production performance and
aiding in the calibration of reservoir simulation models. The oil production and cumulative oil
production of this field were compared with other field using the history matching process.

Figure 13 History Matching of Oil Production

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Figure 14 History Matching of Cumulative Oil Production

Figure 15 History Matching of Water Production

Figure 16 History Matching of Water Injection

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 Figure 17 History Matching of Cumulative Water Injection

The proposed foundational plan for the future development strategy of the Buzurgan
Oil Field involves a holistic approach to address key aspects for optimal performance. Initially,
it is recommended to increase the number of production wells strategically placed based on
reservoir characteristics and historical data, aiming to improve oil recovery. Detailed reservoir
characterization studies should guide the positioning of wells in areas with high oil saturation
and permeability. The development strategy advocates a gradual increase in production rates,
with continuous monitoring of reservoir pressure and exploration of Enhanced Oil Recovery
(EOR) techniques like water flooding or gas injection. A comprehensive reservoir management
plan, including regular monitoring and the integration of production facilities, is proposed to
optimize field performance and drainage. Emphasis is placed on environmental considerations,
regulatory compliance, and sustainable practices to ensure responsible field development. The
integration of an advanced monitoring and control system into the production infrastructure is
suggested to enhance efficiency and reduce operational costs, collectively forming a strategy
geared for long-term success in the Buzurgan Oil Field [5].

According to [6], they stated that the proposed base case for the future development
strategy of the Buzurgan oilfield, Iraq, is informed by a detailed analysis of the Mishrif
Reservoir's history matching. The strategy involves maintaining the current well count while
strategically considering additional wells in areas with high production potential or historical
underperformance. Geological and geophysical data will be utilized to pinpoint optimal well
locations, emphasizing high permeability and favourable reservoir characteristics. Production
rates will be optimized through adjustments in completion parameters and the implementation

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of well modelling techniques, with a focus on monitoring water cut for optimal oil production
rates and reservoir pressure. Aquifer management, employing the Fetkovich model, will be
integral to sustaining reservoir performance. The strategy also advocates field-wide
performance matching to validate interpretations and guide future development, emphasizing
a holistic approach to enhance oil recovery, maximize production efficiency, and ensure
sustainable reservoir management practices in the Buzurgan oilfield.

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REFERENCES

[1] Cunha, L. B. (2004, March 1). Integrating static and dynamic data for oil and Gas
Reservoir modelling. OnePetro. https://doi.org/10.2118/04-03-TN

[2] Mohamed, O., Shamsa, A., Singh, V. K., Merlin Lukose, P. Eng., Walser, D.,
Kovács, S. I. L., & Ali, S. (2024, January 26). What is the difference between
static and Dynamic Reservoir Models. Static vs Dynamic Reservoir Models: A Guide.
https://www.linkedin.com/advice/1/what-difference-between-static-dynamic-reservoir-
models-
elk0e#:~:text=Dynamic%20reservoir%20models%20are%20mathematical,formation%
20tests%2C%20and%20fluid%20samples.

[3] Habib, M., Guangqing, Y., Xie, C., Charles, S. P., Jakada, H., Danlami, M. S., Ahmed,
H. A., & Omeiza, I. A. (2016, May 10). Optimizing oil and gas field management
through a Fractal Reservoir Study Model - Journal of Petroleum Exploration and
Production Technology. SpringerLink.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13202-016-0252-
8?error=cookies_not_supported&code=843b1180-4508-4a29-bdfd-2d1e7625a38f

[4] Ahmed, T. (2001). Reservoir Engineering Handbook 2nd Edition- Chapter 2 Fluid
Properties.
https://edisciplinas.usp.br/mod/resource/view.php?id=1019707&forceview=1

[5] A. K. Al-Husseini and S. Hamd-Allah, "History Matching of Reservoir Simulation

Model: A Case Study from the," Iraqi Geological Journal, vol. 56, no. 1C, pp. 215-
234, 2023.

[6] A. K. Alhusseini and S. Hamd-Allah, "Estimation of Initial Oil in Place for Buzurgan
Oil Field by Using Volumetric Method and Reservoir Simulation Method," Iraqi
Geological Journal, vol. 55 , no. 2C, pp. 106-120, 2022.

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APPENDIX

Figure 18 Location Map of The Buzurgan Oilfiled (Al-Husseini and Hamd-Allah, 2022)

Figure 19 2D Boundary Generation of Mishrif Reservoir, Buzurgan Oilfiled

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 Table 4 Units, Barriers, and Sublayers for The Mishrif Reservoir

Figure 20 Subdivided Layers of Mishrif Formation, Buzurgan Oilfield

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Figure 21 Histogram of Porosity of Mishrif Reservoir

Table 5 Porosity Values

Figure 22 3D Water Saturation Model

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Table 6 Water Saturation Value

Figure 23 N/G Model

Table 7 N/G Values

Table 8 Average OWC Value

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 Figure 24 Oil-Water Contact (OWC)

Table 9 Capillary Pressure values before and after Adjustment

21