Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Bacterial Genetics
Bacterial Genetics
Genetics is the science of heredity information that encodes for a specific product (e.g.
i. Chromosome
1. Transcriptional
2. Expression of Genetic information
▪ Also referred as Genetic Level Control
Repressed
Induced
▪Repress biosynthesis.
ii. Translation
Gene Exchange and Genetic Diversity
▪conversion of mRNA sequence into amino acids
1. Mutation
1.) Initiation
▪ Change in the original nucleotide sequence of a gene or
▪ Begins with the association of ribosomal subunits, genes.
mRNA, formylmethionine tRNA (f-met)
▪ Change in genotype or phenotype
▪ Assembly occurs at the ribosomal binding site (RBS)
▪Base substitution (point mutation) - Change in one base
▪ P (peptide)
3. Gene Exchange
c. Conjugation: Transposon Transfer
a. Transformation
▪ Could be incorporated into chromosome of plasmids.
▪ Recipient cell uptake of free DNA releases in the
“Jumping genes”
environment when another donor cell die.
▪ Transposition
b. Transduction
CRITICAL THINKING
▪Tend to be independent and self- confident, even when The nursing process is client-centered.
under pressure.
The nursing process is an adaptation of problem solving
▪Demonstrate individuality. and systems theory.
▪ The nurse does not discard the other solutions but holds
them in reserve in the event that the first solution is not PHASE 1 – ASSESSMENT
effective.
ASSESSING is collecting, organizing, validating and
▪ The nurse may also encounter a similar problem in a recording data about a client’s health status.
different client situation where an alternative solution is
It is the systematic and continuous collection,
determined to be the most effective.
organization, validation and documentation of data.
▪ Therefore, problem solving for one situation contributes
Nursing assessments focus on a client’s responses to a
to the nurse’s body of knowledge for problem solving in
health problem.
similar situations.
A nursing assessment should include the client’s
perceived needs, health problems, related experience,
health practices, values and lifestyles.
The assessment process involves four closely related ASSESSING
activities: collecting data, organizing data, validating data
Identify assessment priorities determined by the
and documenting data.
purpose of the assessment and the client’s condition.
Nursing Diagnosis
Types of Data
A clinical judgment about individual, family, community
SUBJECTIVE DATA– also referred to as symptoms responses to actual or potential health problems/life
or covert data. These are apparent only to the person processes.
affected and can be described only by that person. This provides basis for the selection of nursing
interventions to achieve outcomes for which the nurse is
1. OBSERVING – gather data using the five senses. 4. A nursing diagnosis is a judgment made only after
thorough, systematic data collection.
2. INTERVIEWING – planned communication or a
conversation with a purpose.
a. DIRECTIVE INTERVIEW – highly structured and Health Problem – because diagnosing involves problem
identification, it is important to understand what a
elicits specific information
problem is as differentiated from signs, symptoms or
b. NON-DIRECTIVE INTERVIEW – or rapport building treatments;
interview where the nurse allows the client to control the
a health problem has the following characteristics:
purpose, subject matter and pacing of the conversation.
It is a human response to a life process, event or
3. EXAMINING – or physical examination that uses
stressor.
observational skills to detect health problems.
It is a health related condition that both the client and
the nurse wish to change.
It requires intervention in order to prevent or resolve TYPES OF NURSING DIAGNOSIS
illness or to facilitate coping.
1. ACTUAL DIAGNOSIS – judgment about a client’s
It involves or results in ineffective coping/adaptation or response to a health problem at the time of assessment
daily living that is not satisfying to the client. and signified by the presence of associated signs and
symptoms.
It is an undesirable client state.
FORMAT: 2 part (problem related to etiology) or
- Ex: Impaired swallowing; ineffective thermoregulation Ex. Possible social isolation R/T unknown etiology
2. ETIOLOGY (RELATED FACTORS & RISK FACTORS) 4. WELLNESS DIAGNOSIS – is a clinical judgment about an
individual, family or community in transition from a
- identifies one or more probable causes of the health
specific level of wellness to a higher level of wellness
problem, gives direction to the required nursing
intervention and enables the nurse to individualize the Format: NANDA has specified that wellness diagnosis
client’s care; includes client behaviors, environmental should be developed as a one-part statement with:
factors or the interaction of the two
Potential + desired higher level of wellness Readiness for
Ex. Ineffective breastfeeding related to breast + desired higher level of wellness
engorgement; Impaired physical mobility: inability to walk
Ex. Potential for enhanced parenting
related to knee joint stiffness and pain.
BASIC: 2 part statement – PE format Certain physiologic complications that nurses primarily
monitor detect onset or changes in status
OTHERS: 3 part statement – PES format
Nurses manage collaborative problems using physician
: 1 part statement – wellness and syndrome nursing prescribed and nursing prescribed interventions to
diagnosis minimize the complications of the event
ex: Rape Trauma Syndrome, Effective breastfeeding
ALFARO’S RULE FOR A COLLABORATIVE PROBLEM – To
write a diagnostic statement for a collaborative problem,
focus on POTENTIAL COMPLICATIONS of the problem.
Client preference
PHASE 3 – PLANNING
Planning
Types of Planning
To set the prioritize for the client’s health care during the
shift.
activities:
Establishing priorities
GOAL versus OBJECTIVE versus EXPECTED OUTCOME Criteria for choosing Nursing Interventions
GOALS are broad statements about the effects of nursing 1. Safe and appropriate for the individual’s age, health,
intervention etc.
OBJECTIVES are more specific statements about the 2. Achievable with the resources available
effects of the nursing intervention
3. Congruent with the client’s values and beliefs
EXPECTED OUTCOMES are the more specific,
4. Congruent with other therapies
measurable criteria used to evaluate whether the goal has
been met. 5. Based on nursing knowledge and experience
Guidelines for Writing Nursing Care Plans (NCP) 1. The client’s progress toward goal achievement
1. Date and sign the plan 2. The effectiveness of the care plan.
8. Include collaborative and coordination activities in the TERMINAL EVALUATION – indicates client condition at
plan the time of discharge; includes status of goal achievement
and evaluation of the client’s self-care abilities with regard
9. Include plans for the client’s discharge and home care
to follow-up care.
needs.