3 STATISTICAL POWER, P VALUES, DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS, AND EFFECT SIZES ‘A “BACK-TO-BASICS” APPROACH TO ADVANCING QUANTITATIVE METHODS IN L2 RESEARCH Luke Plonsky Introduction “Metso peaking. eat el of uate L2 ech has been mi [PiedAltoo on we re Een king he meng gut i out Com thle inform teary sd pace ad at wor won on lading Ts ‘Supe secs wo eon the Sid wma rt spp nso gcsions tod eae aprschs. More special rare spt the ved ead otepeton of wai sigiicence nd ten, Gor of ose through consideration of dcp iia tcaing ec is sl cote ence intr (C)-The appa aoc in hs per ot oly more scsi) specing and mor compotstinly signe burro “sheen mor infra std more cea when ope tte mos ‘mental nd commonly ed ele och ts, ANOVAs ed onto, hepa he dap wits nd! dees quate C2 ech ‘ey paced pong ot rit nou spans nevi jor tek ses of hing on ae spine (pase, parc nthe ae te onaring meas t,ANOVA ad concn fll tis seo ih ‘et iodeeton the noon of kl pow lowed by ger cing nd wing ef se and ee derive si nig Cl conte wh ‘med /rpored model of wt untae L? rah milan hee wee ‘emcee Po me ough he acumen ste wis x = ey 6 both of which ebined ssl gia, Second re fom th previous econ tap wer aca Ne cee ot deste [a hs pails, atough th eet ses A-E and FG te ery sa she pale inthe later group ae sail sgn dco hee ey Jnge Ni Thi ke es AE, H and ylded pac ge hn -05 1 the NHST appoih the rake wold teeters be equate with ne ier, ence beewen gros Howeer, ot oly dc the fc ae shows nos ference between group thee cee and ta of Aun inthe oppose econ to what me migh expec owing a wana alana fr te omparson groups otom line No only at p aswell these falto poi formation stout he ue oeimporanc ofthe eesonhip and NAST te Arbitrary Suds in insodsctrymecrch methods cous fen ik what is pa about the US lero sata scans The swe of couse atagns ‘eotment Resnom and Reset (196 hain ind when hy gurls God ove he 06 nea uch the 05" (p.1277) Newer co he fet es ore pbb cern an ny sanded fr iperence Te sommaie the djeusion tur fr, qantas L2 wee cer ey song on an aly sprich Gat ania and abiery ved [NHST-be nding were able and pence el bd on th proach ‘ould sil lt prvi ny indo ofthe lands of inereaion we ae ‘timer in dat can gid L2 hear nd patio Conus tnles ‘eae content atemp race our eld in shone, tse ov ae ty unable e/eo-nly re) wet chang or apes ee No Armco tase Apne) 30 Statistica Power A doe teed noon, sic omer the probly of bering sais Say igi ership gien Sat the aul pec ifs ea» 140. The more power the muy the le Eelood of fie sees A standing of pow cana bee tn noes the ey pce ne eae tio f°How ary paras do [need dota gon (Toni aneming we wel ered in aia esas) The conenional eid eel of atl powein the eal ences 8) ws when achined, vides the eter wih an 88 chance ef deceng 4 ailment (Cae, 1992) (Nat tt te 0 comention fr wong fie neg mach mone ber tan te pal ger ing fe poste of 08 fm th fre py scp an ee aod 20% the ater he scepter eel ly 36) Ba ow can ‘ve deermine if. 80 pone poate? A wth si anion poner ne 2 fincon ofthe tet sie ump ie sacha pense snc fee, d= 1} asmaler sample wl beso Jett mate claeop 0% ofthe time (N35). Lite wen sama ees (egs d= 2) empce uel oo esortcal pedicions and/or prow een « lager mole (0) seein roa WON chase of ning the ee el” ‘Ate eee and cosderion might bet esma the al power ‘nevus 12 revech, mach of wich el ecm on sal engl os, ‘hy sed Gi (011) exmined hi by neat ae power aj oe 174 sii the mentions tadton of 2 tach The ls show et iors on aera ja 56% chance af sunng aly iia rs. Llewse lonkng 60 pear us sem may Se tulsonais of La seach, Pomy (2013) ond serge pos oe power a fat 57 These rei an be inert athe elu of cero ‘pecans ion rege compan to ong cin mabopng es viene of what fra he “powe problem” (Ploy 2013, 678) 2iach doesnt top thre Ado ifcatons nade extly ne ae of owe tales inode f info sping decom) seneay l ‘ope / high sping coe (Beary ance on NHST CD pecs enon, ‘etal ittbusons an sak of hes frst amps sel ifequene we of lari vai tt en proce pears pow (Pay 2013, One sp oad ring shi problem to determine sl sie id om + vos poner als athe than spy bel on commence come ‘ing essa such as G¥Power Eel Lang Bache 7) or sey suber of fey eae oie estos dg fr tt prs, you ‘sete the sip se nde ors gen lw ail poe ih20 le ronty £0.The ny noon you neo rng oe eution isthe ace ‘tec sss Oe ue forcing the ae woul bet etc tp ele hat tea ence cen rae ‘esesjonctn gan open cbc fomenra oe snot clo ced pi ‘et it oad opie dt in some ince sot oil oe esta ample lngeeoigh haa sed ott eae pore Forenmple ree tay sn fa omen nso ty dco hae pls Say cing ay ob ae {Stopes miny eins need een pone The poms fer compo whofe aciped l sa ha ecetnings er sensu | neon eng oe er nto eng cm oan Fen yon at yn ‘eu pow yo ld ol he we eee ing Fc the sete ling er a sod Ch fe don lS ‘on ing ot fate ccs orp sa ald ‘boars teme ents betas rng eta er cle ou cy tape bese mea frp ce ta ope a py tamtom,die then in mT oa fe cnn et es be cmp wo ne nd othe ton uc dy Th ou cau bneop teas os ee td on eit o ‘Son ee anon Hal ago 3,0 Ponay inp aPlaree Gc 4 cane owe ene wee SE guy aes he ited owe tin seach wsdl npg eed eon oe SEalsipiance More pcos poe cdc deo ea orca hp he dose at pe ey of NEST, The ote eens howe ein. Coser Cung 013 coments cone Ym ambien hou ete power. On the one andi eke wing [NAST power ca vil pr of sree ping» On the ote ha ower defined in ters of NHS, sf we dn we NEST ne en "snore power and insted we recon fre long. Honee "eth ecesary tendered power pry ondend NST dis weakness -ahough hope te acne nthe ae, ome wi ee oly smal tonal ern, omy “Tobe dea am oe sageting ta ap ie dot nt mates: Lage n= le wl ile sampling ema and gents pein in ou es The inthe: gh et he notion of eel pet tes ay ‘The difrnce bowen mei he nanere)i ided by te poled sane ue devion or hat of conta e tule grou dpending whet oe up ve equ varnc je Comming, 2013) Ths cation ta be doo oy Te bu ha ao mera olin asa Mics xe maces eloped fr is purpose (Unfrnly nd ictal, SPS dow ot co ‘ly provde Coe di the ouput Gon es opr mes oes) ea tse he leo dpe by Da B Win that cn be donee acy er hp//maso gn evn /dovnloni BS Castrs Fgue 9 stom how weedy macros ch x hi pete The we py ees he (peep meas stud devon adele ae The ees ers d= 35 ‘ich i bed on the sample dia Led east sow he ucla of ol. A sree fey ae ough te Cane fr Eaton od Moning ko ae hr p//cem n/ee-cleay22 bean elitr asthe added antag of pov Cl aod he ve We cn ‘evn Figae 33, empl it te sandra en dieen which we ‘tered 5 sey Between ap 1.27 nthe ppston, aly Het. {rain of Cole dake expres san diferencia eae ' cometon fr biel ets do to sal pes which ae fe foun! n 2 rch ony 2013), ‘Though ot fe viewed hit way. cresions such Peano ae sother [eof et se Tide which anges mI 4, ly ery ie SS ee come Sateot of eB esr Coen === SS eee te mo 12 reaches Tae se Web-baed appli cing eo once, bt mos L2 recreate SPSS To rn sconce ca realy dibs daa, the equines Analye > Correlate > Bisa, Yeu then move your so of mete (cota eure male es Vis bor and sls: OK For exams ing the pce das et Ie made snl wih hi caper, ce criti betvec the eng word of ance ad thei ove ings isr= 36. (The da or ay wk Jes Fhe sn | examined te rasohip beers gui ed yeas ek ture of eonfrnce arcs ad the tet gin chem by ey gh & Pons io pe) Mon sae reading thar proba ey Eni with nd edo el caning conrcion coutisen Fe homer ely seta how toe ‘ute Ch sound dis sate Agu we ante cordaton deed ge eviut pagar, we can ett SPSS dics at produce tire ‘toma bt ican be done by fling shor quence of ape “The Got ep io eat new arabs aed om tard os of the te ails of ierese Analy > Deerptive States» Deseipse, Frm wii the Depts dalogur Boxman "Wonk" ahd Rok ne ‘rie bn: Bere cekng OK check he box or Sema st ee The ne pittance corona However bene “ow tht SPS dows nox poder ls sing the Coveelate > Biveat ps edu, we ive nth cretion ingle regeion, Ye may al tt curling a ope of epenion model in wich the snl ‘omioots peor varuble) The repeion menu ca be accede ‘Anulyee= Regression > Linear Atst:ssoe orton blow ool om ou aewy cated andaraed refer abeec scone (aca Ra nto th Dependene boron te ihe Length eur pens sal wel aoe he anda vale for ng (Zac: Wott the ndoendent) Sox The inl comsnd we nee a gv SPSS within he Se Se iy ick om Suits inthe tap sigh cone ofthe Liner Regen Segoe xan check the bot fe Cyn nats Then eck Cota oo ae Stns dalgue bo and OK torn the mein The en tapes Noe Stal ook ke thre in gre 5 ad 3.3 The ahr et stings ae fecourpurpo ‘Tae ouput om his proceso ook he Figure 3.46. an ein te Sandan Coeftciens column tn he rpeon modal hs ode sane tale (rte trton (38) da we ound ctor wing the Cones 2 Bimsistefncton Tis lesbo provider fe 99M Ct fr at cosets 272-488 which ell ute range of aes tha ch re popuon cones ‘ley fl within. (There a ao eames eine elt be ued 0 caute the Cl for corason coins, sch th oar ped by Ghuis Eras onthe PSYCTC webu, rae hp /mwogeorg! a/R sole)pee = S| ee] giz = ged |anddt anes, ie =| eae es] oe | ane 2 suse] soe | + | oy | btm | ts seme a Femme fomean] os cx} va) —a] a ie ee ime | so oss] stl] sa] ala 2m —_ Ls | Sermon | @) I Qn 6 Cup rawr ith Crna Regression Coefficients) Model ft GF esimates CR squared change | Donnidence intenals | C descripives Leveloo: [as O part and para cortations Ciccovariance matrix | © collinearity diagnostics esis Cdurbin-Watson CO ccasewise diagnostics | © outliers utside: |] standard deviations ® (En) Cena RUNES Seis pe be wii ar regen (Gove teed o nba coneepely and soil thi stor" yet ns tide de ete fhe vance ene eo the smount (0) ef trnce in on cae cn be ceo roy eho, ‘Ths aly ince ers wch we ca et yay spre # colton eosficent You wal om the previous example ta he con ‘aon we ered essen asic ng nd eng of wot war 8 ce We alte ds aloe we an ger (38 38 oder he seo ‘hued asians brat he wer Jn the cones of lige apesion sae Ge Jeon, Cape 7 i ht olune!sthe eet ine index exec he to or combed veri the ‘tron (Seeder) ware tne » scouted fr byte pedir vr ‘This ic si podacd stomatal in the SPSS cup or mule epee sin Rerenng ou bac sc Egher a al wend lil epenion ‘estes to explain alton arc in sac mags Ove mel gd ‘came au of SLT ren inde tthe of ete ode (ep, word length incon of ea) war eto oun or ot + thd ote rare in abt age The cond cc sinh ali ce-sqund You may ognize the Sect sea appeing long with ANOVA tens and/or in SES oper ‘Aloogh we dont ofa tha of ANOVA stipe ef emion the oceurs ae actly quite snl and. conteueniy equa, ike ‘ores th percent of rnc inthe depen re thease soe Sey gop meme inthe independent vara). Gricon GLO er czampl, compared aptade tt sar for mae spetien ty U2 lense soda 12 lean The ols of a5 ANOVA seed an eagle a appr 8 ln other wont, Bo the ane in ie sete cod ‘scouted fo by soup member (ete, ety a), Like rad gure be called wing SPSS whe nog ANOVA, bt sor i soaking td . Farhemoe ou hae to treat tf es un you ae wed to. Rate han raning ANOVA though the Comparing ‘Mew eo, oe ap ANOVA ad ts onetponding eure nog36 Users you need wo un the ANOVA the the Geel Linet Made dop-down nen: Analyee > General Linear Mode! > Univariate Tiss pode i ‘rodue t= ANOVA To request an equated ae pt the up ck the Opin: bao and check the box for Eeinat of tse Ain staged "ae wl then be pried in he cols bed sch Noe sd ‘efor the ore (Creed mode” wil fe dent othe Rae rove a2 foro underneath ute eather remnt het hat [ANOVA sacral aye of grein ling wer the ager Ely of genera Sneed se Cohen, 968, “Therat sever aon ype fesse indices fr din ype of ta nd analy For eepve orequeny dia, rots mayen hi and inner Anotber epson fr etegral sasngle peninge Tow ot aiicnay euded ane sae presage ely compy ih oat ‘ii defntion mow iporan eae yey bth oust inept fn elect ee cron ae wth cori daa the i ‘This which expe he robs of pose at) oseame pes atu conto, pray ef in oauncson wih log ers, Why Use elect Sizes? ‘The main reno fr ing eect es largely compo 1 and aes the five ofNHST desc enter Rec tht jr Saws hat NHS isla in ht any aie men erence o corona ae sigieznce gen lgeenough sample Ee ses by consumo cad by sample Te second mora wt that NHS cule ae wine ‘ve nd tha ities comtasou da into» chrome Gigcant/n ‘nian rea Furthermore p vals lle nothing abot Se exe the ‘lao in qos eg, Cohen, 1994). EBet oy howe one one tte of he atl ven fhe elton oro the mp othe ee ‘gueton Although 1 reaches hae bee tine py cepa setup ude that et hehotomoar pone theory and pace can ty !nrmed ony though the more mand and pec finn proved int ‘ue The thd and penap mos obviow a of NST i the say tee he. ent Unie pas fete ae contin, sine i, ‘hn cor), and see Testes of fect eco rocthen re cosy cmparsons and to combine faves) the vi aaa ‘Bod the stoogconeepal spd tie enon, can ld oe wry ‘oxpeing paca maton fr conserng lt ns Many major outa ow et athors to epocthem Following the cee ety on er a Lenape Zerg (Els, 200, plated in concer tk Now nd Ores (2h) en etre inthe same ie sever area pes 12 ‘ear now eu aor torpor et is aon wo Lone La nth ona ne Fog nue Aas Lange Leming cl Atco Ap 37 gg Tsing, Mode Loge Jae, Sie Seon Lange Action and TESOL Query. ional many oerE2 oars whoo och ls Polis abere fo APA spe which abo eis poring of foes, ‘varenle ofboth the ene derbi an the lanl cet eens ours in hs ae, che rnc fect ans niece sora ip sweat yea lm and Gas GO) evew of mithodsopel paca ie he inectionie eon fund fr ample, hat where none ofthe 19 stad it hey examin inthe 1980 o 1980 rpoted ee aes 27% ath ey ihe in he 2005 i 0. ewe, Ply (240) fou he pees ot sis poring ef ss vo ine exon fom 3h in he be 2 be 0m, Imerprting Elec Sizes Hes cla thatthe fe incr in ct since. Howe primary reach cient do Ue inthe way of wing ster ser wo eabince ook ‘eso: ore inpoaniy our enderandng of tesa ripe wesc The ae cou! be sl for desaipee ric mon eer) Tae mot aor curate fc ana hop ofp cgh tor ‘eck fur of of manu rbeongidlons Whats wed oo 6 spovie more meaning ierresson oth fl ange of deepest ‘he dan indigo coun thei es aes, ‘Unie alas which seal dered ina very sigan sully ninorma) manner (ic, npieat/ woman, eer ace "site more minced inerpeion Taking avntge of th norman ‘prided by efit sae foees ur ads queson ach at "Wt dow = re of 65 mean (foe theory and pace" “What conus lor lege eee in hs arte ders” td“How dow» corrlation oy sompire withthe predcson of theory fe the iatonpberuee a velar” ‘Ther ate a numberof diet ppoiche fr desing the uedons ‘Sua Caring res) One ery common apron ns bet caer sleeved ee tobenchma deen fir ths prpne Bue on i sass i 346 perry dean 91 capes (N> 64,00), Ply 28d Onl (2014) proposed generale inerpeng dade ‘eh (ible 35). lbs each pe of ec sae bled oughly sal ‘cium, and Inge correspond sppansty tthe 25h 50 ae 73 Fer eos of bred fs ind pe. Such bench cen be afd 4 oan oe the ef paracrine ote ger The auto ho eation homer th doing so sed oly ecosre sft ep ‘ne intepmeion of sis In ote worth, we tnar aoune tat he oct ange fit in oe te of 2 rah reste sme ot what one woud expect wo bes ge eft inal theres38 seo ie oa a le ea ito conto 03s oso oa Indeed sea umber of tional cto th mest cosicaton when nerpeing eft es Moers archers at provide explain wh th pur mame ec they bare meat he come ei “domnin.Others ton daca length Ploy ad Onl 044 sale (@ es found in previous lis in the tame win: (mao ‘ing ec see Pony &¢ Onl, 214, yp. 83-0) (0 here ‘land methodlogil muy th dani gion: euch ng (grim dasoem) (pra sigaicnc(f)pberion Sen poros, eer prchometc propery sd afc a (oer metdsogel ‘te Descriptive Statistics: Means, Stondard Devitins, and Cis In non to elevating and iterpeing ct ae itis boll xi ‘a tha eseiches become very lat with ter deep ater ‘ele this wil sound obvious co many of ou, at schol a orld fie ‘ae ou wate ess without ever nt conductng» thowugh examine on of thei designe satis) In ee eof reich ean meas ieenes, tose means ae probably» good lice att they se a ‘byes arin pone. Mevn soe ie an inl nest the diene) bere evo o more group The ay nothing homeve aout he rend ot score ean them. Fr this cruel infrmacon, we wl losk x Saad "have to pin ou er he the importance of underandig the real of score can hat be ont This concealed ine devpy ened | ely sl leche poy in L? reach nd ae te cad Scene Gee GLM in lon, Chap, 5): or exam hough we a {© think ofANOVA ans of vn compson of ero ‘much fot more concerned ih with snd beeen oop serene Rel ‘Som the penous ction tata sanded deo forms he denominttn e ‘xm fr Cohen & Dest th enzo ht sta ade cong spss ery ely do L2 marche gine ay exc comideion fan. dd deaon in writen repre I sq oon fr hem ob ie onto pled 12 renarch (eg Ploy, 213). ner fect ting and cmpasions manson chee Jeter ane andar deviation) go cre ares yo orp. Consegoey heres of tar ANOVA ar lew Hy to be ey site and ther coesponding Jat wil be smaler Moe conepiy ‘peng 2 co ook at beta Svat cin lp you decide how ace ‘th puin yourmean wih rape shy fo epee yor mg Se Descriptive Statsties > Explore. (See sep fren Ch for coe: oar Bove) From there we snp move he-R_ al ware int the Depo et ie The Cu ae seo 98H by deta bt you Bd eee fe the ‘ee icy or more lesen ou oul 4 1 wing te Sits Glog ower ccking OX the msg ourpat shown in ist 37 would pore 2 ils of dserptve maine Scadng te Cle (Tis on eon cls eer cali decrpstes wing SPSS wing toe Analy ® Deseipie Saints > Deteriptiver menus aot seta nora be Explore fection) ‘Caeling Cs and ober decries ing Exe aloo single: 1. Cale the meanscoe by ping the llowing in the empy cla the bot ofthe aa of a oust neti: AVERAGE, ‘whee KandY ret he tp aad btn sel of at ne to eae ay header). 2 Inthe cel mesey blow the mean crcl the sandal vse on fr the of ors STDEVOCY) wee X anf ae th ne fr Beep 9. Inthe el immedi low he sandr devo, cat he ine that wil be ned nd sabeseed fom the sen cre to contact he ‘Ck Descriptive Sta nies > Explore Ths ine, howeve we wil time te “Ero wie ta the "Fitor Ee box.Aswe cn ee a Fie 3. the mean ewe ft he no so ou (68) doe no al within the I fate “rw poe us ($25,361 oe me th ntsting dat he ence etme the ere ‘em sally diene We ean a cele theese i, ‘2c etwen tee gps ang on ofthe oo deserted ear d=, ‘Thovgh ts nx wily ney Could cnfnn ths ry ing indepen pec et which would pods vse of242 ino sociated p rave of. 008A svanage to floming op ou as bel on Ch with tet sat the SPSS ouput wa pis CI std he no ‘eens whch can help eter vderand how nates Its pre th ean erence benen the wo Bu rand te CT ante pecan thar lea eee = ‘can be faitly confident that our point estimate of 3.64 is very close to the true _— nee _|stnw a pee ca] a Teena moa arte han teense mm owl se eaty ue oan ae Soe oak ee Sactmenrecmnneraanee onan csi Si one sou ill within or ouside he Clr tects poops mean We cy = sr Stig craeenane onan i : Bs eet rep enpelarstyteletarenrcy =o s — — i ae 29 | mar so a Zz a = se = = "REURES Oupu fr epee pred hough aloe ia SPS EWE 38 Dectpve mii nd Ch forse wi wu eee2 erin with ht dence (07, 46). Yet another conan of esti fence Berne the mens crs her heft int he Cl tnd he mea sence does not cos Wha pera mare ineresing isto ote the ‘ssomewtat mao nding Bt ou in xmas a he ec (2) ‘athe and eal fhe Cl aden mac age eth Gv ple ‘als [20,39 we would hn les ceringy—tat mr conetee ie oo here me difrnce Fora mer of weed examples nd aceite, tng Choe Comming 2012 and in th conten ofS reer, Lo al 24 Ploky 2015 p13, Foals oc len singly eeu an examine fl tof deep ‘esc when malig gute dia Sch aul sh ate tobe mde sae in poled eco enorappece to jy nerretons sno ‘one conn of EZ euch to enw tek own conluioes = wel. Moe empleteeporing of a ao ws in metas a othe ube rs thee tons and in ine wi te APA 010, amet eae hold ‘be pore minum, wit oct and eon Cl snd elect essa anon Hal Ploy 213), Looking Forward ‘The impes belind eh chaper—the ene volume ellis to tov and sce 2 reach pacts Toward at en eo pope me ode f12 rae (Figue 39) buh wap con te descrip model to Fgue 3.1 and a sggeon ft how onda nd cole tomes firs cag to proceed (eo. treetcs Ren) m™ + + _ecomason sea aera) + ¥ Nea nan Ree aa CANE39 A red mode of gunn 12 och ‘As withthe mods caren in ples, he proce Begins when eachr ‘onda cy Unlike the eurent de howe saing te dy wel inet inporaneof te ad ngs and wknd of greg po, like dos ge on the awed ato fsa sire Rae Go sata an pect ipieance reconsidered ud erp td the oe fhe my and oe inthe dota a bought ger va ch pes sd meray By ening a ybet men ea bth he pomcy ‘odseonday ve domain queion ie ware a svow otto emis o foc in gueion tats more ley wang L2 theory tnd pic tobe mor secuntaly fom by ctl ee Tools and Resources “he ftowing tins provide sce over ern pograns rcondsing muy ofthe aes decid in is cute The fis he lenge doe oye by Asi Mimo an Re and c-tued pp ep Taney) he second. ESCI (hp: aa y/eoecoguene sohe evsprentt-pycholgyes ast of ely downonae Beal maces Scie by Geaiey Coing to hl tech come nd report ey ‘widan copa on csc nl len Further Reading oe (8) Sei poy fe ni! ie a). Ha Semi. 20:2 Under se ss te fe non "ear Newt Rew, in CPD on sft Sif ee od ‘4 Watton DC Amin Pyiga aun, aL. A pu dg ed go ng SPSS ‘Cape Newt Rel ileus Cons ad oman, Anne Pps eGo Discussion Questions 4 Sammars in your ow worth the main aguncot ain the ae of vale abd comes in for of “etme tanking” sed ef ack in yo think any eounteepument or tation ia wich the NAS sppreich might be pcb ese joc? 2% Considering the caeot ple of NHST ane sis in guacnive L2 ahha changes weal you mig othe el? 5. The bie fica (A aces spach wo avaciggean- iver L2 ese) ples ha pone ed otal ‘ipirance ve been wound ors whe ft bh exe yo we ‘bi een dow o embrace ht oto in hee etch forse1 bern 44nd gunaive dy im your ae of nes To what extent dow i adie to NHST and acini ray eg and inept? Hove could the sy be revised 0 prove ore norma i pee Notes 2 Hower ol tr ie fey ie References Caen 949 ile son re an py ly {ben 99. pes rine: yy ea 12 185-158 {Soe 0580 Tecan p= 5) An Pp $7, 97-100 [Coming G12. Unie te mar sett oot nd twiemaie Newt Rede om fa ei of ida tim nd gg ben Ton GS anlage MUNG Gt eo snene Lage Eri. 50, ah Fel GOO Aes ed (nen 01) nil nc gen ling hy a cd [Sg scion ny hdc nd alone Lage Lan 0s ane RB 013, Dod ine ety Sa rf eh! ed ‘Sh Watingon DC Amen Hrsg oon ‘eH Jga Hemme BO, ingeving dui cond Impge ‘ecu by elang modes Geordie, dpe ne {aon Hl & Hey GDS). Reonig an ining uae reach “nin: Wat mor nd eins Ed ny owen tee By Spin LA. ap M, Scie, Seg Sa ‘Stacy moog pi nga so sodas aan ese TESOL Quem 480-8, Mace Sa G01) Oder nin SLA eA et ok wong "nc sd L2 rep Lnge Lg 6300 owing in cae ingage ec ae Pen sd mages gus Loy Soe Nota, & One 0) Blechener ef. on Sachs od "tne cs Langue Ea. tO} ori] M8 Ong. L209 The a ni pce of euch guage aig nl ching IM No &L. 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