Praised be Jesus and Mary.

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 What do you call to the process that
results in changes in the genetic content
of a population over time?
Mechanisms of
Evolution
 Objectives

At the end of this period, the students are expected to:

1. Describe the basic mechanisms of evolution: artificial selection,

natural selection, mutation, genetic drift, and recombination.

2. Explain how the basic mechanisms of evolution influence the

diversity of organisms.

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 1

Introduction
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Hardy-Weinberg law, an algebraic equation
that describes the genetic equilibrium within a
population. It was discovered independently in
1908 by Wilhelm Weinberg, a German
physician, and Godfrey Harold Hardy, a British
mathematician.

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 Learning Activities

I. Read and analyze each mechanism of evolution then answer the

given questions.

A. Natural Selection
Natural selection is the process through which populations of living organisms
adapt and change. Individuals in a population are naturally variable, meaning
that they are all different in some ways. This variation means that some
individuals have traits better suited to the environment than others.

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 Questions

1. Why are tan mice eaten by predatory birds at a higher frequency than
black mice? What will happen to black mice?

2. What color of mice will be dominant in the next generation? What is the
main cause of color dominance?

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 B. Artificial selection

Artificial selection or selective breeding describes the human

selection of breeding pairs to produce favorable offspring. Selective
breeding is the process by which humans control the breeding of
organisms in order to exhibit or eliminate a particular characteristic.
Selective breeding uses artificial selection to direct the genetic
transfer of desirable traits. As opposed to natural selection, selective
breeding focuses on traits which will benefit humans.

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FIGURE 1 15
FIGURE 2

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 Questions

1. What is the common ancestor of modern dogs in Figure 1?

2. What is the common ancestor of crop plants in Figure 1?

3. What is the main purpose of artificial selection of chickens in Figure 2?

4. Why do humans selectively breed plants and animals?

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 C. Genetic Drift

Genetic drift is the change in the frequency of an existing gene

variant in a population due to random sampling of organisms. The
alleles in the offspring are a sample of those in the parents, and
chance has a role in determining whether a given individual survives
and reproduces.

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 Questions

1. What are the two types of genetic drift?

2. What is the difference between bottleneck effect and
founder effect?
3. What is the result of genetic drift?
4. How does genetic drift cause change in a population?

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 D. Mutation

Mutation, a driving force of evolution, is a random change in an

organism's genetic makeup, which influences the population's gene
pool. It is a change in the nature of the DNA in one or more
chromosomes. Mutations give rise to new alleles; therefore, they are
a source of genetic variation in a population.

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 Questions

1. What will happen to organisms if mutation occurs in a population?

2. Biologically, where does mutation generally occur. Explain your answer.
3. Does mutation create genetic variation? Explain your answer.

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 E. Recombination

Recombination is an event, occurring by the crossing-over of

chromosomes during meiosis, in which DNA is exchanged between a
pair of chromosomes. Thus two genes that were previously unlinked,
being on separate chromosomes, can become linked because of
recombination; and vice versa: linked genes may become unlinked.

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Crossing-over

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 Crossing-over

The consequence of this recombination is the production of sperm

and ova that can potentially add even greater diversity to a
population's gene pool. However, it does not result in new alleles.
Subsequently, recombination by itself does not cause evolution to
occur. Rather, it is a contributing mechanism that works with
natural selection by creating combinations of genes that nature
selects for or against.

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 Questions

1. Does recombination create genetic variation? Explain your

answer.
2. Does recombination increase diversity? Explain your answer.
3. Are new combinations of genes that eventually result in evolution
possible in recombination?
4. What is the main event in recombination?

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