Professional Documents
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Quantifying The Annual Cycle of Road Accudents
Quantifying The Annual Cycle of Road Accudents
Quantifying The Annual Cycle of Road Accudents
2023
ii
A Thesis Presented to
the Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
ARASOF-Nasugbu
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY
2023
iii
Copyright © 2023
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TABLE OF CONTENTS
iv
……………………………………………….
LIST OF TABLES
v
……………………………………………………...
CHAPTER
Introduction …………………………………………………. 1
Synthesis ……………………………………………………. 37
BIBLIOGRAPHY ……………………………………………………… 57
vi
LIST OF TABLES
……………………. 53
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
…….. 45
CHAPTER I
Introduction
fatalities and injuries each year. On the roads, thousands of people are
killed and injured every day. Road accidents may destroy the lives of men,
spend long weeks in hospitals after severe crashes, and many lose the
ability to live, work, or play normally as they used to. Incalculable suffering
results from injuries caused by automobile accidents for victims and their
approximately 1.35 million people lose their lives to road traffic accidents
These accidents are not only a leading cause of death but also a
their families.
2
all use the roads. Motorized transportation makes it possible to travel and
leading cause of death globally for all age groups and the leading cause of
death for children and young people (Centers for Disease Control and
Road accident deaths and injuries are a major concern for South and
Southeast Asian nations. The main cited causes of road accident deaths
accidents cause more than 20 million injuries and about 1.2 million
motor vehicles and the growth of cities and towns, road incidents are on
The Philippines has one of the highest rates of road traffic fatalities
One of the main causes of death and injuries is road accidents. The road
crashes are a result of the rising number of motor vehicles and the
are varied and include factors such as driver error, speeding, drunk driving,
wear a helmet and reckless driving are the main causes (nakedexpat
Website, 2023).
(MMDA), there had been a total of 7,319 road accidents on EDSA, 6,067
property damage per day is 137, whereas the average number of road
4
animals, and stationary obstructions. The top five reasons for road
incidents per day. The MMDA initiated various programs to make roads
blamed defective design and obsolete policies for road accidents, resulting
as using mobile phones while driving, increases the risk of crashing. This
changes, and respond in time. Texting while driving is also dangerous due
positions. Weather changes, such as rain, extreme heat, and fog, can
affect roads and highways, leading to slippery roads, traffic accidents, and
car accidents continue to occur, causing wage loss, pain, suffering, and
lasting impairments.
Road accidents are common but often caused by human error, such
rain, and less snow, can increase road safety difficulties. In the Philippines,
and wind speed, can also cause accidents. Poorly maintained roads
increase the likelihood of a popped tire and impair a driver's ability to brake
strategies.
promote road safety and reduce accidents and fatalities. The summit
awareness of road safety issues. The summit is part of the UN's efforts to
connect with stakeholders worldwide and support the Global Plan for the
road deaths and injuries by half by 2030. The Global Plan advocates for a
new vision for mobility that prioritizes safety, takes a holistic and systems-
dangerous streets intended and built for automobiles to safe, green, and
vibrant areas created and built for people. The summit also emphasizes
the need to reduce air pollution, tackle climate change, reduce poverty,
signals based on the use of shapes, colors, and graphic symbols. This
convention also sets out the requirements for road markings and defines
the different types of markings and their colors (CLEPA Website, 2018).
The 1968 Convention on Road Signs and Signals provides over 250
specifications for the norms of traffic lights. It also classifies road signs into
three classes, which are danger warning, regulatory, and informative and it
Bill No. 3149 or the ‘Reckless Driving Prevention Act’ seeks to make
a few more penalties to the ones already indicated in Article 365 of the
Penal Code (Tipan, 2016). The Penal Code, Article 365, on imprudence
incidents, judges all over the country have voiced the need to increase the
present penalties for those acts that are outright malicious, intentional,
and physical stress symptoms are the most common psychological effects
webinars, and a therapist finder, are available from the Anxiety and
in processing the accident, reducing anxiety and tension, and getting back
again and face reality with the aid of friends, family, a mental health
significantly from this study, as it can provide them with a sense of security
and well-being on their local roads. With the knowledge gained from this
research, local authorities can develop targeted and effective road safety
visitors.
framework, two specific targets directly address road safety. Target 3.6,
focusing on good health and well-being, aims to halve the global deaths
and injuries from road traffic crashes. Simultaneously, Target 11.2 under
events in society. The causes of road deaths are varied and include factors
Aside from that, generating the annual cycle of road accidents in the said
of the municipality.
3. How do the following factors affect the annual cycle of road accidents in
3.2. holidays;
Hypothesis
(H1) between the factors and road accidents. The factors are weather
and Policies. The result of this study may be beneficial to the following:
offering its professional expertise to help in transform lives and build the
nation.
The College of Arts and Sciences. This study may support the
citizens. This could also help in achieving the college’s objective to hone
disseminating meaningful research findings that are useful and are not
Criminology. This study may help the faculty members of the Bachelor of
Batangas.
This study may benefit the students by providing a basis for conducting
their empirical research relevant to road accidents. This may also enable
road safety measures and policies. The findings of this study have the
interventions and policies. The findings of this study will help the
reference for future researchers who intend to explore along the same line
research since numerous data points would be learned from the study's
finding.
in the last five years and on the insights of the law enforcers into the
variables on the annual cycle of road accidents, which can also help
policies.
Purposive sampling is used in this study, with criteria for the respondents
16
National Police Duty Traffic Investigators, and those PNP Road Safety
end view of identifying the constructs of the study. Likewise, it contains the
Conceptual Literature
vehicle collides with another vehicle. The occurrence of these events can
utility poles. The common types of road accidents are vehicle rear-end
province of Quezon had the most fatalities with 30, followed by Batangas
with 14, Cavit and Rizal with 5, and Laguna with 2. Additionally, 357
closely, technical problems, and losing control of the vehicle are the top
from the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), the number of fatalities due
to road traffic accidents increased by 39% from 2011 to 2021. The leading
cause of death among Filipinos is road traffic accidents, which also pose a
serious threat to young people. The COVID-19 pandemic likely caused the
population's decreased mobility during that year, which is why the death
accidents in the National Capital Region (NCR) last year, according to data
18
from the 2021 Metro Manila Accident Reporting and Analysis System
causation, although there's little value in delving into it. According to police
crashes for the entire year. The analysis of the recent MMDA report
indicates that, during the first seven months of the year, Metro Manila
experienced nearly 211 daily road accidents. Out of the reported incidents,
fatal, with a regrettable number of fatal road crashes. In 2023, the MMDA
Quezon City.
19
defective design and obsolete policies were to blame for road accidents
that resulted in at least 4,000 motorbike wrecks in the first four months of
2022. A transport advocate and planner are concerned that the roads are
unsafe for drivers. The number of crashes did not include the number of
the most terrible parts of drunk driving accidents is that it is frequently the
occupants of the other vehicle who are critically injured or killed, rather
than the intoxicated driver. A proper accident scene evaluation is critical for
families dealing with the loss of a loved one or a victim suffering from
2017).
fatalities in 2021 attributed to speeding. This reduces the time a driver has
decreased with driver age, with young male drivers in the 15-20 and 21–24
year age groups being more likely to be speeding at the time of fatal
crashes. Speeding-related deaths increased 7.9% from 2020 and were the
speeding is above the historic low set in 2019, and it becomes increasingly
over. One of the most common causes is the use of mobile phones while
are driving puts extra demands on the driver, which may reduce his or her
driving capabilities. For example, it may cause the driver to become less
safely. This lower standard of driving means that a driver is more likely to
fail to anticipate hazards, which means accidents can occur due to the
distraction. The result is that drivers using a phone to talk, text, or browse
the internet are less able to stay in the appropriate lane, detect any
changes around them, and respond in time. Drivers talking on the phone
are also more likely to exceed the speed limit and not maintain a
consistent speed. When texting, people often drive at lower speeds, but
positions and assess traffic conditions still make texting while driving
including daily commutes and work. In the Philippines, weather events can
affect roads and highways, leading to slippery roads, traffic accidents, and
pavement to weaken and develop more cracks. Extreme heat can cause
22
asphalt to soften, causing rutting and buckling. Fog can also affect
visibility, making it difficult for drivers to see other vehicles and road
fog lights when driving through foggy areas. Floods, often caused by heavy
rain, can deteriorate road layers and cause cracks over time. If flooded
may be unnoticed flaws that pose hazards on the road. Every year, many
accident with serious injuries. In this instance, you may be able to seek
product in a vehicle is one that was designed for a specific purpose but
2023).
person's life and require medical attention. It can cause wage loss, pain
and suffering, and lasting impairments. There are two types of traffic
accident reasons. The first category is human error, and the second is
everything else. Rather than a lack of driving skills, decisions made while
driving are what cause most traffic accidents. In truth, human error is the
root cause of all traffic accidents. Several drivers will find themselves guilty
Raising awareness for these issues, on the other hand, can help educate
2023).
accident is the worst thing that can happen to a road user, but it happens
all the time. The worst part is that we don't learn from our mistakes on the
road. Most road users are aware of the general regulations and safety
24
accidents and wrecks. Human error is the leading cause of accidents and
light jumping, ignoring safety equipment such as seat belts and helmets,
Every year, almost 1.24 million people die in traffic accidents around
warmer temperatures, more rain, and less snow, may increase road safety
limit vision and make braking more difficult, and temperatures may
influence the mode, frequency, and sorts of travel that people take. To help
better assess the costs of climate change and facilitate the development of
and adherence to the African Road Safety Charter and the United Nations
also one of the leading causes of road-related deaths and injuries in the
apprehend speeders, but also because some drivers are unaware of the
usual speed limit law in the Philippines. Because of traffic congestion in the
result of severe traffic and lengthy hours on the road, and when they have
(Kim, 2019).
Car accidents that are not the result of human error frequently result
from weather conditions, which affect tire traction and cause vehicles to
slide off the road or collide with other objects or vehicles. Fog, water levels,
Poorly maintained roads increase the likelihood of a popped tire and impair
that work together to keep them running safely and smoothly. However,
with so many moving parts, it's not uncommon for them to go berserk and
bicycle and motorcycle facilities, and traffic signs and line marking. Some
safer routes for vulnerable road users can lessen their vulnerability.
each with its own set of tactics for making roads safer. The first pillar, road
focus on meeting the safety and mobility needs of vulnerable road users.
harmonized vehicle norms and regulations. The fourth pillar, safer road
reduce road accidents and fatalities. To ensure safer roads for all, the
recognized, and the PNP was actively engaging the public to promote
support the UN's Global Plan for the Decade of Action for Road Safety
The Global Plan for the United Nations Decade of Action for Road
national and local road safety policies. It advocates for a new vision for
dangerous streets intended and built for automobiles to safe, green, and
vibrant areas created and built for people. Many other facets of public
health and development rely on mobility. We can cut air pollution and
tackle climate change by making walking and cycling safer. We can reduce
Research Literature
Rodriguez et al. (2023) assess the factors that affect road traffic
factors and accidents. The methodology used was the qualitative method.
accident to know how data is being collected during road traffic accidents
relationship between the road character and the vehicle's type. The driver's
gender has a significant relationship with the type of vehicle. Therefore, the
hypothesis testing for the relationship between the vehicle factor and user
to have a clear influential factor in road traffic accidents. The factors found
to be significant are the driver's age, gender, vehicle age, road character,
and time of accidents. These are the main factors that influence road traffic
accidents.
31
The major contributing factors for road accidents in the study are
pedestrians, drivers not respecting the right hand rule, pedestrians not
respecting traffic rules, drivers not respecting other road users, inadequate
of speed limit, and due to vehicle condition. The study also identified the
motorcycles. The problems behind not reporting the traffic accident were
the interference of government politics into the reporting bodies, the poor
32
recording method of traffic accidents, the lack of good relations with those
who do on the field and prepare reports in the office, and the lack of
educational program “I still drive, but I cannot walk”. The questionnaire was
factors. The sampling strategy was intended to gather data from two
the road safety educational program and young drivers who did not attend
the two groups of drivers who participated in the program and those who
did not, indicating that the drivers who participated in the program may
cause fewer violations resulting in accidents. Results also indicate that the
From all the above, it may be concluded that the program had a
meaning that they may ultimately be more responsible drivers and thus
33
cause fewer accidents. These results show that more personal contact
2018. However, several entries were incomplete, and only 5384 completed
This study investigated relevant factors that affect the criticality level of
road traffic accidents. Significant factors that affect the criticality of road
traffic accidents were identified to be driver age, driving time, driving day,
between male and female drivers in the criticality of the accident. This
study breaks the current stigma that female drivers are more likely to have
a critical accident than male drivers. However, the driver’s age proved to
analysis verified that the criticality of the road traffic accident increased as
affected road traffic accidents on this highway. The study utilized a mixed-
which the target location under study was the MacArthur Highway, also
known as the Manila North Road. The paper concluded that driver
common factor why many people have been in a road traffic accident. With
imposed and practiced, mostly with male drivers ages 29–54. To prevent
behavior based on the time of day could also be effective. Overall, the
Highway.
study was conducted between January and March 2022, utilizing a mixed
traffic accident within the previous two years. Key informant interviews
road signs and traffic lights, unsafe driving behaviors, failure to wear seat
water trucks, buses, Vitz, and cargo vehicles, were found to be more
km/h, driving at night and during the day, using a cell phone while driving,
all risk factors for road traffic accidents among commercial motorcycle
training should be given, and the licenses of the drivers should be checked
for their originality. Controlling the speed limit, the number of passengers
served at once, mobile phone use while driving, and enforcing all traffic
happening.
study shows that sex and riding history were significantly associated with
Thai student riding a motorcycle are risk factors for crashes. Nevertheless,
37
Synthesis
with some constructs that helped build up the conceptual framework of the
study. These constructs were drawn from the theories, concepts, and
Website, Pino, Junio, Laurel, Rosales, and Cariaso provide the necessary
content on the Annual Cycle of Road Accidents, which is all about the
38
while facing this road accident. The insights and discussion on the
Philippine Statistics Authority were the structural bases for the first
construct.
the study. The selected websites afforded the researchers necessary data
to show the factors that can affect the increase of road accidents. The
providing the necessary content on the Factors Affecting the Annual Cycle
of Road Accidents. The significant discussion is about the factors that can
Finally, about the fourth and final construct, the Global Road Safety
Facility Website, Worley, Junio, Caliwan, and Taylor put ideas on the
quicker, safer routes for vulnerable road users can lessen their
vulnerability.
Rodriguez et al. (2021) study concords with the present study on the
account that both dealt with road accidents in the Philippines. The
they differ in the sense that the previous study underscored the factors that
between causal factors and accidents, while the present study highlighted
the factors affecting the annual cycle of road accidents. Kelacha (2021)
accord with the present study on the account that both dealt with road
users’ awareness in a town. However, they differ in the sense that the
the awareness of road users, while the present study focused on the
because both dealt with the different factors or variables that may affect
the annual cycle of road accidents. However, they differ in the sense that
Velasco et al. (2021) study runs parallel to the present study owing
to the fact that both dealt with significant factors that affect the criticality of
road traffic accidents and may affect the annual cycle of road accidents.
However, they differ because the previous study emphasized driver age,
driving time, driving day, and province, while the present study
the sense that both dealt with the correlation of factors that affected road
traffic accidents. However, they differ in the sense that the previous study
imposed and practiced, mostly with male drivers ages 29–54, while the
41
(2023) study is in harmony with the present study on the account that both
because both dealt with road safety interventions and policies that
However, they differ in the sense that the previous study highlighted risk
study due to the fact that both dealt with motorcycle-related behavior,
differ because the previous study emphasized that the study addresses
different populations and contexts, which may result in varying risk factors
The research reviewed tends to point out that all of them are related
that this study does not in any way duplicate earlier research.
Theoretical Framework
2008).
makes them extremely relevant in the context of accidents. There are two
and probabilistic theories. These theories suggest that accidents are not
many sectors can be attributed to human factors. There exist two distinct
based on the idea that careful examination of individual accidents and the
Conceptual Framework
the study. This used the system approach which incorporated by Input,
Figure One shows the input of the study. This frame includes the
fluctuations in accident frequency, and the factors that affect the annual
Frame Two is the thru-put of the study, which includes the gathering
Definition of Terms
2023). As used within the context of this study, the term means to an
the term refers to driving while doing another activity that takes the driver’s
motor vehicle (Juergens, 2023). In the study, the term was used to mean
Group. The term pertains to the special unit of the Philippine National
Police responsible for ensuring road safety and security, reducing crime
the study, the term is used to mean that it is a unit responsible for ensuring
safety in the country (De Leon, 2023). As used in the context of this study,
the term suggests a comprehensive and strategic plan that aims to reduce
road traffic accidents and improve road safety throughout the Philippines.
place on the road between two or more objects, one of which must be any
kind of moving vehicle (Hamisi & Juma, 2019). As used in the context of
this study, the term suggests any incident that involves a vehicle or
to the physical state of a road, including its surface, structure, and other
overall quality and condition of the roads that motorists and travelers
encounter.
49
Road Safety. The term refers to the methods used to prevent road
and other vehicle passengers and drivers from being injured or killed on
Speeding. The term denotes the act of driving a vehicle faster than
its legally allowed speed limit (Winingham, 2023). As used within the
context of this study, the term means driving beyond the posted speed limit
snow, or ice, fog, water levels, and wind speed may contribute to weather-
they can affect visibility, road surface conditions, and driving behavior.
50
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
of data.
Research Design
to measure the factors that affects the annual cycle of road accidents in
the most appropriate way to determine the inputs needed to develop road
Police Duty Traffic Investigators, and those PNP Road Safety Officers who
accidents.
for the study. The data gathering instrument includes the use of survey
questionnaires.
Questionnaire.
(3) parts. Part I aimed to get the profile of Lian with regards to the temporal
other hand, aimed to determine the factors that affect the annual cycle of
road accidents.
procedure.
Police under the Lian Municipal Police Station was sought, and the
elements, which were considered. This includes the place of the survey,
the sample targeted, and the authority from whom permissions need to be
sought. Discussing the entire process of data gathering and ensuring strict
anticipated time required for the survey and directions to be followed, the
face any difficulty in understanding items, noting on the back of the sheets
any questions the respondents had about the items or any comments or
on the given mean and standard deviation, whereas the higher the
score, the greater the factors that affect the annual cycle of road
accidents.
that affect the annual cycle of road accidents, the scores were
categorized into two (2) levels: high and low. In scoring the overall
factors that affect the annual cycle of road accidents, scores ranged
from 3.50 to 5.00 as a high level and 1.00 to 2.49 as a low level.
Weighted Mean. This was applied in identifying the factors that affect the
Data Analysis
convert their verbal data into numerical data. No matter the response
is the data entry phase. Since data entry mistakes can compromise
study results, the researchers took care to ensure that all their data was
extreme scores that would skew the mean higher than the true center
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