"1-1. SURVEYING FIELD NOTES. Surveying field notes constitute the only reliable and permanent fecord of actual work done in the field. If the notes are incorrect or ine | campletely done, or are obliterated, much or alll of the time, money, and I be the |B etfort in the gathering of wurvey date are wasted. Furthermore, no matter how carefully the field measurements are made, the survey as a whole odman. |B rm be useless if some of the measurements are not recorded oF if the a |B meaning of any recorded data is mi tinterpreted or misunderstood, There is ] 00 phase in a surveyor's work which is of greater importance, or which apeman, | requires more careful attention, than the keeping of field notes. From the | beginning of his studies, the student of surveying should realize that. the __ Muality of his field work is reflected directly in the manner he keeps hie field record. Before any survey is made, the necessary data to be collected should be considered carefully and in the field all euch required date should he ghisined. The field notes become the official record of the survey. It ie | ieraine: feasen that notes must be complete, lecible, concise and compres hensive, and logically arranged according to recognized practice, Field notes are usually worked over in the office into some more ton'aec, {2M OF presentation, such os a map, a report, or @ compute, He any notes are then always kept for future ‘reference,’ Fleld notes may fe used by another surveyor some years later. It is not positie’ ty predict to what extent the informati ion ‘gathered on most surveys may become of | value in the future. A need P Tecorded. 13 just do : In many engineering applied surveys the field notes are used or re- ir ferred to by office personnel who have nit seen by off the field site or who are Toon aeruiat with conditions on the project site. They rely entirel upon what has been recorded. It is forth made completely, clearly, and systematically. eee ccamplete, ‘the notes should show all. data, | fulficient interpretation to answer all questions thee may ys only, Feason that notes should be. together with a be -Fespect to any given survey. The only the immedia The notes should be re t and not according of notes usually depends upe _ ferences. There are differe8 without yey elligible to other ttl] single of double sheets, In ° aeatt in essential that notes. bo ee roid! be eu\tee sulci pect 0 ules ar anteater person ("the feld. The notekeeper should alway Put | field notes. The use of bor imagine what fas een’ done. in the fields The it the si t in the field at the time the oumge the Eats rrecred I xen, f rarnor] psi wil alow only, the ese in| 1-3. TYPES OF NoTES, Pa date recorded In ouch tanner the s fartatlon of gateret cat is to hove on exiotly dec atta The following are the five Pee rere ieeah ca ets mi remit cao ag is Stet! Egy er oe Io Inerove. cacy ets ote Oe the pre.| sion. Sketches are rarely ma pe Srey eue, Hat tie Itai encartanitets develop note} made Spproximately to scale, feel technics sce hh edie ont it 9-69 SaaMMlaMny fomtanen toy 2 aka other tracery tl ea seeding laboratory, exSeeinammall SymBols they be adapted for ard tests 98 well as in drafting and in the preperation ot memoranda seq fhould nate that a sketch en, in executive or professional duties, ing. nthe tpesratio sould be recorded directly in the field nee 2. Tabulations. A ser Fe ‘best shown ins tobisct PoIVEYs the required informat forms should be teadily available than field n Original notes are. her sets are copies Suspicion that finished. Instega, 8d, mistake that they can sti FA D the tet, © Sill be read the and 88 close as possit ie to that 4 Butations, Catcu, Be Of surveying, )single of double sheets. In some technical schools students are asked to use bond paper instead of field notebooks when preparing and submitting their field notes. The use of bond paper has been popular because it is more readily available than field notebooks aside from its being cheaper. 1-3. TYPES OF NOTES. The following are the five common types of notes kept in practice. 1. Sketches. A good sketch will sion. Sketches are rarely made to exact "made approximately to scale. Many features may be symbols may be adapted should note that a sketc! ing. help to convey a correct impres- scale, but in most cases they are They are drawn freehand and of liberal size. readily shown by conventional symbols. Special for the particular organization or job. The student ‘h crowded with unnecessary data is aften confus- 2. Tabulations. A series of numerical values observed in the field are best shown in a tabulated format. Tabulated form of note keeping Gonveys the required information in a simple and definite manner. Tabular forms should be used wherever possible. This format prevents mistakes, allows easy checking, saves time, make the calculations leaible to others, and simplify the work of the person checking the field notes. However, in other types of surveys, the data may be of such varying character that they ‘cannot be advantageously tabulated, but must be shown on a sketch or sketches, 3. Explanatory Notes. Explanstory notes provide a written deserip- Hion of what has been done in the field. These are employed to make - Gicer what the numerical data and sketches fail to do. Usually they are placed on the right-hand page of the field notebook in the same line _with the numerical data that they explain. If sketches are used, the ex. Planatory notes are placed where they will not interfere with other data ‘and as close as possible to that which they, explain, A Computations. “Calculations of one kind or another form a large part of the work of surveying. Most surveying-type computations are mace algebraically by the use of si ithmetical. steps. an rometri | functions. In some: instances, drawings are used. Electroni will easily be understood | ‘computations. 5. Combination Of surveys is a combination of be able to determine for logical to use in portraying __In a simple survey, Points, a sketch showing combination of tabulated n there may be any doubt the numerical values. In ward, a tabulation proper ™ost leveling operationsew a 4 : vy — anne pk ee ithout a sketch, but oft, identify withou! other refer.” & 1 nny be ficult (0 m Borch mat Sa distances a vers a ealonation 2 Oe more many angles nd values watt of explanetion ee ing all observe es oi id from the s2me Pe this reat 1. Follow neared from the, 54 eae be hopes comeia ony surveying operation are gragy | should be used, ir Taeva para ote foven become perfectly apparent. tq oe ering style a) field work unde aiolied and te, ok work unde ene knowledge of surveying BOOKS. fu INFORMATION FOUND IN FIELD NOTEI ci sine tht the fllaing base information be include in maton as 0 requirement for_ documentation, Tt should be py roverey Out ay tier important or informative. data. relevant, ( Beate aivesin oat ‘may also be included. 1 of the project or title of the fie location of the survey and preferat stated, ing of field no ee Use a st become obliterated kept in ink, but tt unless there is no f 3. Make it ; following a measur copying later. Copi chances for making per. Bee Oo seta correctly, a line is correct value is wri deleted, diagonal i lettered prominently, + Avoid crov ing of survey data recorded and spread crowded towards the 6 Always brit factor for: laying . eis seq 2, T°. avoid. th is stead of the fs Id work should always be identified, bly its nature or punpose should also be These entries are necessary to ¢ Names By, instrumeny tabulations. 73 and iia aig © | tathe vet be identifi, it! ‘and ot Designations, Se * than exactly. ¢ scale used should ‘be when they are Pertiner : 8. Indicate Nort alll sketches shown in Dire’ 2. Tebulsted ¢ fhe decimal point an4-5. RECORDING OBSERVED DATA. To eliminate some of the common mistakes in notekeeping, the following guide points are given, 1. Follow a consistent simple style of lettering. Clear, plain figures should be used, and the notes should be lettered rather than written. The engineering style (Reinhardt System) of lettering is best suited for the keeping of field notes. e 2. Use a sharp pencil. Ink is not used because it smears and may become obliterated from dampness. In some surveying agencies notes are “kept in ink, but this is not advisable unless a waterproof ink is used or tunless there is no possible chance of the notes becoming wet. fi . Make it a habit to record directly in the field book immediately following @ measurement, rather than on a sheet of scratch paper for copying later. Copied notes are not origindl notes, and there are many chances for making mistakes in copying or of losing some of the scratch er. BR 5. (Do rot’ arde| rectey data. If a number has been recorded, in- Correctly, a line is tun through it without destroying its legibility and the correct value is written above the mistake. Where an entire pace is to be geleted, diagonal lines are drawn from opposite comers and "VOID" is lettered prominently. Care should be taken not to obliterate. voided. notes, 2. Avoid crowding observed data in the field notebook. The record. ing of survey data only require a few lines, and these data should be Tecorded and spread liberally over a large portion of the page rather than crowded towards the top or bottom. 6. Always bring along a straightedge for ruling lines, and-a small protractor for laying off angles in the field notebook. 7. 19 avoid.the possible misinterpretation of data, use sketches in. stead of tabulations. Sketches should be drawn to general proportions, father than exactly to scale. If, however, a sketch is drawn te scale, the GiNe Used should be indicated. Also use explanatory notes with sketches When they ere pertinent. cropaimicate north at the top of the page of the field notebook for all sketches shown in plan and draw a meridian arrow, 3. Tabulated values should be kept inside th the decimal point and aligned vertically. Ghavld be recorded. Always record a zero to the left of the eee imal point Tien the value is less than one. There should be na doubt ce ty the loca- tlon of the decimal point. Record angles usi i Part of the angle. Notes should not be ma r less precise than they really 10. Computations made in e column rulings, with All’ significant figures ks on computations, cl } 2nd recorded before leaving Getermine if there is a need _ surement. ne 11. Number every page | doubt with regard to the cor; pee TY, field survey’ 1, THE FELD SURVEY i pare ES a ra ce owing is 0 Hist of Persone We appa I a rears 20 OY Eigned for TOG seal falta eau comesatin OTe iveye covering SY < sess whieh is expected tor sophisticated surveying aco Such k Se ther conventional nd’ positioning. systems. ie, enertialy me those for aurveys sing elec ora field survey party, the prin. in coming up with an orgeni foi ney Oe ae lity must be edapted. The dut cei arty. should not always be fixed but should be mvied sae to aut 9 work requirements and conditions, prob. ified so a9 to. suit prevailin (ene in ried operations and the availability and usage of surveying equip. ment. Hence, for smaller scale surveys and where conventional surveyi es are Saieealte given aay should be reduced to what jg deemed preferable or suitable. The composition, duties and responsibilities aiven in this list should serve as a reference for one who intends to orga. ize a field survey party. Airection, Het of Patty = the person who is responsible for the overall Ie eet tftrvsion, and operational control. of the survey” party. Ao resgonsbie fori osha Tems of a field curv Ane Project, he con Y Guting the and inye e al I F to the wastes sites of ¢ survey party an party where dis 5. Compt tions of survey quired in a fiel electronic : calcu ation of com Ba eye Recon sketches, drawin field work opera and the employn cal tasks related graphic jobs. 7. Head - speed of all line marking of statio the clearing out compares tapes fi and is responsible in taping. 8. Rear T tapeman during ta 9. Flagmar range pole at sele the tepeman inn branches an electronic distance setting up reflecto: 10. Rodman oF leveling rod whe mentslit, Pacer ents made by th, Mistakes and blun eliminated. In additsurvey party and the home office and, between members of the survey porty where distant stations or long survey lines are involved. Id survey 5. Computer - the person whose duty is to perform all computa- espectivg ff tions of sutvey data and works out necessary computational checks re- 92 scale ff quired in a field work operation. He is responsible for the utilization of days og ff electronic calculators, pocket or microcomputers, and assists in the nts such [| operation of computerized surveying systems or equipment. systema, 6. Recorder - the person whose duty is to keep a record of all the pring | sketches, drawings, measurements and observations taken or needed for a lities gp [field work operation. He keeps table of schedules of all phases of work pould bq [| snd the employment of the members of the survey party. He does cleri- Probe ff cal tasks related to surveying in the office and undertakes limited corto- 4 hie jobs. Baie 75, ood Toporante'f ie potneriaresporialen ior atte ee reeled speed of all linear measurements with tape. He determines and directs the marking of stations to be occupied by the surveying instrument. and directs the clearing out of obstructions along the line of sight. He inspects and compares tapes for standard length prior to their use in taping operation, ‘and is responsible for eliminating or reducing possible errors and mistakes in taping. 8. Rear Tepeman - the person whose duty is to essist the head tapeman during taping operation and in other related work. ; ounce 9. Flagman - the person whose duty is to hold the flagpole or st to be [| range pole at selected points as directed by the instrumentman. He helps the tepeman in making measurements and assists the axeman in cutting down branches and in clearing other obstructions to line of sight. Where electronic distance measuring instruments are used, he is responsible for © survey fj setting up reflectors-or targets. sibilities. to orga Out’ on! 10. Rodman - the person whose primary duty is to hold the stadia uveying ff 9 leveling rod when sights are to be taken con it. 11. Pacer - the person whose duty is to check all linear measure- ssist the [J ments made by the tapemen. He assists the tapemen in seeing to it. thet mistakes and blunders in linear measurements are either reduced or eliminated. In addition, the pacer may also perform the job of a rodman, 12. Axeman/tineman - the person whose duty is to cleor the line of tes of © J] sight of trees, brush, and other obstructions in wooded country. He is also ee: Y Tesponsible for the security and safety of the members of the survey party 7 COUR; |] st the survey site. The axeman is usually provided not only with an. ax zy but a rifle or a sidearm 2s well. If this member is to carry | e pee it should be seen to it that ‘al, tances it would be advi te, Sex- ents to 1 proper tes, accidents, and o! being. In addition, he ma 14, Utilitymen - the Of assistance needed by Party. Where a survey _ Stiver. If the survey part} eration. men are responsible for roperlys | ties. They prepare and ible for [} camp site. They are like een the ff122 3975 ‘oN a19 (euiesioreigess 20027 HY 2) 8 2-1. EXAMPLE NOTEFORMS (PACING). ep a sar va av va ay SNIT bujujuyseieg243 75. EXAMPLE NOTEFORMS 122 39/Z-0N a9 2 0N es/o10x3 qo7. 410d opjouinoy. 2417 Wd b-1 oO 4be19 pur, pio S861'c) isnony | i i levies oO [ne 70 (SIZ) _ fesesy | on ™ 7 $68 2/| 996": Fe ore | zoe7 osdo/e | eee" fer ere] soz] Sar esq ole | cos 96 /ie] soe7| —#az seq 018 | 8990/0711] 6o0] Sua osd'e0s | £501 Jensove] esos] — sar aaq008 | Zee") jeeseoe] coe~1| Sz 224808 | $88 [soe ois] sett} Azz ef Tg sile lie Fis] $390. ia __a74'zie | 228"1 fereeie] S655} Ee sere | zee lesesre] ooo] ae 96877 lozreis] eeeT HL 00% [esoeia] exe of — Taz [2zere| 9527] — Te SZ [| se} ae | sty rene po ora rma INITZAZ? WILn3é Me«the length of a single steP- 1. PACE PACING - con mmber of steps in consists of counting the mu 2 2 required distance. 3, ‘STRIDE - two paces or a double “step. ir dividing the mea- ACE FACTOR - a value determined by q med te a veal of a line by the mean number of paces taken sured or known to walk or traverse the line. 5. PACED DISTANCE - the length of a course as determined by pacing. 6. TAPING - the process of measuring the length of a line or course with a tape. 7. DISCREPANCY - in any measurement is the difference between any two measurements involving the same li ine Or course. = 8 procedure which f i distances usu involves ally along, une LA INSTRUMENTS (hubs, paint, ct PROCEDURE : 4. Determinin a) Select markers at lee and B. b) Walk ¢ either heel or reach point B. c) For su trials are com, d) Refer of observed fielpi. LAB EXERCISE No, 1 —M tA ee ER eile 2 Our yp BSTRUMENTS & ACCESSORIES , (hubs, Paint, chalky or crayorg), p. PROCEDURE : 1. Determining Pace Factor. LINE Range Poles, Steel Tape, Markers mea. taken nined either heel or reach point B. © or c) For succeedi ing trials, walk from B to A, trials are completed, then A to B, until 5 » and the number of paces rx recorded accordingly. TAPED ze | MEAN NUMBER PACE FACTOR TRIAL | LINE | DIST NO.OF |) tim). | OF PAGES | NO.OF (m7 pace) I AB - BA AB ») For the first t atural pace and record MES AN DILLA©) Repeat the above procedure until all five trial leted. 4) Attor the field data is recorded, make an actual taping 5, the course CD to determine the taped distance. ©) Refer to the accompanying sample format for the ot observed field data, Foor Gg 5 The length i from heel to tee double step lis caters | Fie 1 Lamas otal NO.OF PACED | TAPED | RELATIVI MEAN eS PACES DIsT | bIST PRECISION TRIAL | LINE Computir 1 oe ting Pace Factor (PF), Tate (2Pa & Paci. distance on puted relative Pp one part in twonts should be made for any line and length, @ single step j I It may be measured from heel ita: heel ioe fromprsde ta 2 double step is called a stride, ‘? e+ ee rN seed Fig. 4-1. Length of w pece, 1 striae (2 Paces or a Double Stepy (2 Paces oF « Double Step) sists of counting the numb Gstence and is best done by walking with natural stene 1. Pacing is used only when approximate re a for estimating distances used f surveys. Pacing is also used as a sured by more accurate methods. er of steps in a required sults are satisfactory such for sketching and in reconnaissance ‘means of checking distances mea. 8 To.keep one on the line while pacing, one's eyes on a dik the pace farther end of-the it it is @ good practice to fix fant object on the range behind the pole at. the ine being paced. - § % A partial pace at the end of the line nearest one-fourth pace. we 10. The accepted precisi varies from 1/200 to 1/50 11, Reject measurem three percent. 4 NS AN DIL A should be figured out to the 1 If the computed rel Seater than one part i peated,2, LAB EXERCISE No, 2 PROBLEM = TAPING OVER F OBECTIVE t To determine t! EXERCISE “A. INSTRUMENTS & Ay ing Pins, Range Poles, Spring Scale. B, PROCEDURE ; 1 Us 19 hubs, mark both ends of the line (150 to 300 m long) to be measured, Place a tary d © 0 pole Behind each point and also. establish trethe ate pelnta slong: the lina to ones, unobstructed. sight lines. If the point to be marked is ons Pavement, use chalk or marking crayons. Designate these end points es A ara? OUTLINE IES = 30-m or 100-ft Steel Tape, Chain Pegs or Hubs, Chalk or Marking Crayons, and 3. When the head tapeman has gone nearly a full tape length, the Tear tapeman calls "tape" to stop the head tapeman, The rear tape- 4. With the 30-m mark at the stan aligned, the rear tapeman calls “all pulls the tape taut and sticks a chaining pin in the ground to mark the O-m end of the tape. If the measurement is done on Pavernent, a chalk or marking crayon is used to mark the end of the tape. ting point, and the head tapeman nt". “The head tapeman’ then 5. The rear tape : Pulls the tape fory tape length. 6. When the length has bee: sured. The rear foot) mark at taut and takes end. t J 4 3 i < t 2red pull witho 9. The accey attained the n accordingly» Refer to thy | valvtion of data b ed ed and compu mie earecrnt fr te kabul ‘accompanying RELATIVE PRECISION. TRIAL LINE | LENGTH piFERENCE | MEAN t 2 AB BA Le C. COMPUTATIONS = i 1, The mean length of the measured line is determined by adding the two measurements and dividing the sum by two. " 2. The slscrepaney for the measurement is the difference between the first measurement and the second measurement. 4 3. The relative precision of the measurement is determined by dividing the discrepancy by the mean length, where the numerator is, Teduced to unity or 1. Relative precision is expressed in fractio form and the denominator is rounded to the nearest hundredtt D. REMARKS, HINTS & PRECAUTIONS : 1. The hub is set at each end of the desi Pol St aout 3 meter beyond the Tar hob ae an en ‘ing taping. A 2% 2" for this purpose and During measurement the ti tntite length and 2 required pull ends of the tape to avred pull without causing injury or discomfort to the ta peman. j 9, The acceptable precisi > pined, the: measurerent ioe eu ee peer (Fie res yy. Refer to the _ a TIVE PRECISION mined by adding ifference between is determined by , the numerator is: essed in fractional jearest_ hundredth. | line, and a range serve as guide dur- the middle is used und. q calibrated. ‘ Iso be measured bY orted throughout to 7 kg ) applied WAS AN UILEA "an is in a kneel ‘tape length is mee is always one pin Tear tapeman at } measured from d of the tape if around the handy the eye at the end © portion of the @ to sustain the