Qart, Real XIX

SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis
instituti
qarTuli realizmis
saTaveebTan
Tbilisi
2015
1
UDC(uak) 821.353.1.02
q-279
SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis

institutis sagamomcemlo programa
`qarTuli mwerloba
periodebi da mimarTulebani~
programis xelmZRvaneli
irma ratiani
redaqtorebi
irma ratiani
Tamr SarabiZe
operator-damkabadonebeli
TinaTin duglaZe
Yydis dizaineri
nodar sumbaZe
© ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universiteti
SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti
daibeWda Tsu gamomcemlobis stambaSi

0128 Tbilisi, ilia WavWavaZis gamziri 1
1 Ilia Tchavtchavadze Avenue, Tbilisi 0128
www,press.tsu.edu.ge
ISBN 978-9941-13-471-5
2
Sinaarsi
Tamaz vasaZe
qarTuli realizmis warmoSoba..............................................5
Tamar SarabiZe
literaturuli portretebi
giorgi erisTavis `ciskris~ furclebze.........................10
inga milorava
giorgi erisTavi.........................................................................50
Tamar ciciSvili
zurab antonovi..........................................................................76
qeTevan niniZe
lavrenti ardaziani...............................................................107
amiran arabuli
rafiel erisTavi......................................................................129
Tamar ciciSvili
barbare jorjaZe.....................................................................162
3
qrestomaTiidan
vaxtang kotetiSvili
daniel WonqaZe.........................................................................194
pirTa saZiebeli..............................................................................207
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Tamaz vasaZe
qarTuli realizmis warmoSoba
XIX saukunis 40-50-iani wlebis qarTul literaturaSi

arsebuli viTarebis gagebisTvis, upirveles yovlisa, unda
gaviazroT 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis damarcxebis Sedegad
momxdari gardatexa qarTul sazogadoebriv cnobiereba-
Si, am istoriuli movlenis zegavlena Semdgomdroindel
qarTul cxovrebaze.
cnobilia, rom 1832 wlis SeTqmulebam, misma marcxma
didi roli Seasrula qarTuli romantizmis formirebaSi.
qarTul poeziaSi gamovlenili romantikuli SeuTavseb-
loba realobasTan, pesimizmi da „msoflio sevda“, TavSesa-
fris Zieba garemomcveli mkacri empiriul-konkretuli
sinamdvilis miRma bevrad gansazRvra SeTqmulebis mar-
cxis mtkivneulma aRqmam qarTuli cnobierebis mier.
magram Tu am faqtis uSualo zemoqmedebam qarTuli
romantizmis Camoyalibebas misca Zlieri biZgi, misma dro-
Si ganfenilma, gaxangrZlivebulma, Sorsmwvdomma zemoq-
medebam, Cveni azriT, qarTuli realizmis aRmocenebas
Seuwyo xeli.
SeTqmulebis marcxi TandaTanobiT iqca qarTuli cno-
bierebis gamomafxizleblad, istoriuli realobis dak-
virvebuli aRqmis da SeswavlisTvis mis ganmawyoblad.
amgvari mZime gansacdelis gamomvleli cnobiereba ufro
TviTkritikuli xdeba, cdilobs ufro safuZvlianad ga-
erkves nacionaluri sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis raobaSi
da es gamoxatulebas povebs literaturaSi, romelSic
warmoiSoba da Semdeg Zlierdeba realizmi.
zogadad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom realisturi litera-
turis „mTavari personaJi“ sazogadoebaa, masSi arsebuli
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mravalgvari urTierTobebi da am urTierTobaTa arsia.
realizmi mizanmimarTulad avlens da kritikulad war-
moaCens konkretuli sazogadoebis – konkretul isto-
riul periodSi da konkretul nacionalur garemoSi
Camoyalibebulis – bunebas da kanonzomierebebs. es, ra-
sakvirvelia, met-naklebad axladwarmoSobil qarTul re-
alizmsac exeba.
1832 wlis SeTqmulebis marcxi imdroindeli qarTuli
sazogadoebis elitis – Tavadaznaurobis kraxi iyo da
aman, sxva faqtorebTan erTad, aucilebeli gaxada mis mi-
marT kritikuli damokidebulebis Camoyalibeba da gamo-
mJRavneba. es aucilebloba swored realistur litera-
turaSi ganxorcielda. amis gansakuTrebulad mkveTri
mowmobaa batonymobis Zaladobrivi bunebis gamoxatva
daniel WonqaZis „suramis cixeSi“.
xolo giorgi erisTavis komediebSi kritikuli xedvis
da Sefasebis sagani xdeba Tavadaznaurobis mentaluri
gaxevebuloba da CamorCeniloba, misi uunaroba, ganax-
ldes da ipovos Secvlil realobasTan adaptirebis gzebi;
aSkaravdeba, rom Tavadaznauroba veRar axerxebs raime
pozitiuri socialuri funqciis Sesrulebas, moklebulia
sasicocxlo-SemoqmedebiT energias, produqtiulobas;
mis wiaRSi gaCenili ltolvac progresisken uniaToa da
arapraqtikul romantikul meocnebeobad gvevlineba – re-
alizmi Tavis winamorbeds, romantizms, TvaldaTval aviw-
roebs, damcinavi gamosaxvis obieqtad aqcevs.
mainc giorgi erisTavis kriticizmi Tavadaznaurobis
mimarT principuli xasiaTis da simwvavis mqone ar aris,
misi komizmic rbili da msubuqia. mis komediebSi uwyinari
da xalisiani mxiarulebis, Tavis Seqcevis vodeviluri at-
mosferoa Seqmnili; SesamCnevia analitikur-mamxilebeli
sawyisis gamoukveTeloba – es xarvezi 40-50- iani wlebis
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qarTuli realizmis memkvidrem, ilia WavWavaZem Seavso
Tavadaznaurobis cxovrebis da mentalobis satiruli da
analitikuri suraTebiT.
40-50- iani wlebis qarTul literaturaSi Cndeba vaWris
figura, romelsac sxvadasxva mwerlebi sxvadasxvagvari
mxatvrul-stiluri tonebiT, magram erTnairi – antipaTi-
uri ganwyobiT warmosaxaven. giorgi erisTavi am antipaTi-
as karikaturuli formiT gamoxatavs, lavrenti ardaziani
da daniel WonqaZe – ufro muqi saRebavebis gamoyenebiT,
magram vaWarTa maT mier Seqmnili saxeebi yvela SemTxvevaSi
stereotipulia. es saxeebi ar scdeba vaWrebis da vaWrobis
Sesaxeb qarTul feodalur kulturaSi da sazogadoebriv
cnobierebaSi mkvidrad fesvgadgmuli warmodgenebis Car-
Cos da, Tavis mxriv, kidev ufro amyarebs am stereotipul
warmodgenebs.
es literaturuli tendencia da misi zegavlena sa-
zogadoebaze mogvianebiT mwvaved Seafasa vaJa fSave-
lam: „Cvenma inteligenciam ra gzaze daayena eri?.. me-40
wlebidan xeli Seuwyves, rom Cveni megobar-mezoblebi ga-
Zlierebuliyvnen qonebiT, xolo Cven davkninebuliyaviT
da ai, rogor: yvela Cvens komedianCiks, antonovidan da-
wyebuls, poets Tu publicists, zned sWirda daesuraTe-
bina... vaWroba – sazizRrobad. vaWroba nacvlad imisa,
rom SeeyvarebinaT xalxisaTvis, SeazizRes; amisTvis arc
bevri tyviawamali iyo saWiro, radgan rainduli xasiaTis
qarTvels bunebrivad ar aqvs midrekileba vaWrobisaken...
miTumetes, rom am vaWrobis sinonimad gaxades mxdaloba...
vicinodiT, vxiTxiTebdiT da dRes ki vstiriT. yvelaze
popularuli piesa im dros iyo „Zunwi.“ am piesebs eswre-
boda Cveni soflis beladi Tavadaznauroba, romlis be-
dovlaTobas, dardimandobas amgvarma literaturam xeli
Seuwyo“ („gikvirT?“).
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vaJas mxedvelobaSi dramaturgia aqvs, magram imdro-
indel prozaSi gamokveTili vaWarTa saxeebic, rogorc
wesi, „sazizRrobad“ warmogvidgens vaWrebs da vaWrobas,
rac savsebiT Seesabameboda qarTveli mkiTxvelis moTxov-
nilebebs da molodins, akmayofilebda mis gemovnebas.
saerTod, 40-50- iani wlebis literaturas TvalSisa-
cemad emCneva, rom igi masobrivi mkiTxvelis gemovnebis
dakmayofilebazea orientirebuli, am mkiTxvelis mizid-
vas cdilobs.
esec unda iwvevdes imas, rom maSindeli, adreulrea-
listuri prozis mxatvrul raobas da dones mniSvnelo-
vanwilad – Tu mTlianad ara – gansazRvravs melodra-
matizmi rogorc literaturul saxeobrivi azrovnebis
garkveuli tipi.
qarTuli realisturi prozis Camoyalibebis sawyis
etapze melodramuli poetikis Warbi wili iseve bunebri-
via, rogorc literaturis ganviTarebis momdevno eta-
pebze am martivi poetikis primatis daZleva gamoxatvis
ufro rTuli formebis meSveobiT.
daniel WonqaZis „suramis cixeSi“ da lavrenti arda-
zianis „solomon isakiC mejRanuaSvilSi“ TvalsaCinoa
melodramisTvis damaxasiaTebeli emociaTa ukiduresi
gamZafreba, afeqtacia, brma vnebebis, kerZod, simdidris
moxveWis da SurisZiebis vnebebis mZlavroba; aseve Tval-
saCinoa sikeTis da borotebis reliefuri melodramatu-
li gamijvna da, Sesabamisad, boroti da keTili personaJe-
bis, monstrTa da maT msxverplTa TvalSisacemad mkveTri
Sepirispireba-kontrasti, romelsac SeiZleba Tansdev-
des am figurebs Soris rolebis moulodneli gacvla, ma-
Ti bunebis ucabedi metamorfozebi.
melodramulia agreTve adreulrealisturi moTxro-
bebis iseTi niSan-Tvisebebi, rogoricaa SemTxveviTo-
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bis gadamwyveti roli personaJebis cxovrebaSi, siuJe-
turi svlebis da fsiqologiuri moZraobebis motivirebis
sisuste, moralisturi mizandasaxulobis sworxazovne-
ba... Tumca unda SevniSnoT, rom „solomon isakiC mejRa-
nuaSvilSi“ melodramatizmi ramdenadme ganelebulia
komizmis elementebiT, mTavari personaJis sporaduli
TviTironiiT.
Cveulebrivi cxovrebis farglebs gamcdar ukidure-
sobebze orientaciiT, sinamdvilis hipertrofirebuli
aRqmiT melodramatizmi romantizms enaTesaveba da wina
literaturuli epoqis mier realizmisTvis datovebuli
memkvidreobis is nawilia, romelsac igi simwifisas unda
gamoeTxovos.
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Tamar SarabiZe
literaturuli portretebi g. erisTavis `ciskris~

furclebze
me-19 saukunis 50-ian wlebSi saqarTvelos literatu-

rul-sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi ori mniSvnelovani mov-
lena moxda, daarsda ori erovnuli organizacia – qarTu-
li Teatri da Jurnali `ciskari~, orive faqti kavkasiis
mefisnacvlis Tanamdebobaze graf voroncovis moRvawe-
obis periods daukavSirda da orive uwyebas saTaveSi
giorgi erisTavi Caudga...
Jurnal `ciskars~ imTaviTve ergo sazogadoebrivi da
kulturul-literaturuli lideris roli qarTul in-
teleqtualur sivrceSi. mis furclebze araerTi mniS-
vnelovani sakiTxi Suqdeboda, araerTi sayuradRebo da
qveynis istoriisTvis arsebiTi problema iRebda saTa-
ves, didad SesamCnevi iyo literaturuli moRvaweobis
gamococxleba. `ciskarTan~ aqtiurad TanamSromlobd-
nen: Tavad giorgi erisTavi – Jurnalis redaqtori, luka
isarliSvili – erT-erTi yvelaze xSirad warmodgenili
avtori, nikoloz bestuJev-marlinski, romliTac ZiriTa-
dad Semoifargleboda Jurnalis Targmnili literatura
da sxvani. xSirad Cndeboda Jurnalis damaarseblis, graf
voroncovis saxelic.
Jurnalis gamocemis istoria. sagulisxmoa, qarTul

sazogadoebaSi Jurnalis gamocemis idea TandaTan mom-
wifebula da, ramdenadac maSindel mowinave sazogadoebas
salonuri cxovreba aerTianebda, es ideac, gadmocemiT,
erT-erT salonSi gaJRerebula, kerZod, manana orbelia-
nis salonSi, romlis xSiri stumaric yofila mefisnacva-
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li voroncovi. Tumca, idea gacilebiT adreulicaa: mas
Semdeg, rac daixura qarTul enaze gamocemuli pirveli
Jurnali `saliteraturoni nawilni tfilisis uwyebaTa-
ni~, maleve gaCnda moTxovnileba axali Jurnalis daarse-
bisa: es sasicocxlo moTxovnileba iyo qarTuli sazoga-
doebriv-kulturuli cxovrebis ganviTarebisaTvis da
mis aucileblobas ukve grZnobda rusul-evropuli cxov-
rebis wesze gadasuli sazogadoebis warCinebuli (naci-
onalur-qarTuli ideologiis mqone) nawili*.
qarTuli Jurnalis xelaxal gamocemaze fiqrs, gar-
kveulwilad, xeli Seuwyo nikoloz I-is `mowyalebiTma
politikam~ qarTveli aristokratiisadmi da gansakuT-
rebiT ki kavkasiis axali mmarTvelis, mefisnacval mixail
voroncovis diplomatiur-reformistulma saqmianobam.
gavixsenoT, rom misi iniciativiT am droisaTvis ukve da-
arsebulia rusuli Teatri (1845), sajaro biblioTeka
(1846), `ruseTis saimperatoro geografiuli sazogado-
ebis kavkasiis ganyofileba~ (1850), qarTuli Teatri (1850),
italiuri opera (1851), `kavkasiis muzeumi~, wignebis maRa-
ziebi, sxvadasxva mimarTulebis saswavleblebi, maT Soris
ori qalTa saswavlebeli, dawyebulia istoriuli Zegle-
bis Seswavla da aRdgena, xdeba ruseTSi ganaTlebis mi-
saRebad axalgazrdebisaTvis stipendiis daniSvna xazinis
xarjze da a.S.
dokumenturi masala Jurnal `ciskris~ Camoyalibebis
ideisa gadmocemulia luka isarliSvilis (cnobili cen-
zoris) mogonebebSi: `...manana orbelianis salonSi iyo,
rac ciskris gamocemas da Teatrs mieca dasawyisi. aq ik-
ribebodnen da kiTxulobdnen leqsebs: tato (nikoloz
baraTaSvils ase eZaxdnen), giorgi erisTavi, birTveliCi,
* iyo kidevac mcdelobebi qarTuli presis axali gamocemebisa (ix. Tamaz

jologua, `qarTuli Jurnalistikis istoria, XIX saukune, nakveTi I, Tavi –
`qarTuli presis gamocemis cdebi 1831-1855 wlebSi~, 2011: 83-104).
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maRalaSvili, xandaxan yifiani da sxva. erT saRamos sTqves
– modi erTi Jurnali gamovceTo da is iyo... varoncovi
mananasTan xSirad dadioda. aq Seityo am ganzraxvis Sesa-
xeb da giorgi erisTavzec. moiwona, Semweoba misca Jur-
nalis gamocemisa da TeatrisaTvis~ (`literaturis ma-
tiane~ 1940: 387). am informaciaze saintereso komentars
akeTebs mkvlevari Tamaz jologua: ùnda iTqvas, rom
`ciskris~ gamocemasTan dakavSirebuli movlenebi luka
isarliSvilis mogonebaSi erTob gaiolebuladaa warmod-
genili (èrT saRamos Tqves ...). sxva mxriv, Cven safuZveli
ara gvaqvs eWvi SevitanoT memuaristis monaTxrobSi da,
isedac, sxva dokumenturi masala sakiTxis garSemo arc
mogvepoveba~ (jologua 2011: 111); arsebobs sxva wyaro-
ebic, romelTa Tanaxmadac, Jurnalis gamocemas voron-
covma da dimitri yifianma Seuwyves xeli. magaliTad,
akaki wereTeli wers: `[voroncovma da dimitri yifianma]
daibares g. erisTavi. mTavarmarTebelma gasca brZaneba...
unda gamoices Jurnali da Sen ikisro misi redaqtoro-
bao~ (wereTeli 1961: 458). nikoloz yifianis mogonebebSic
igive dasturdeba: `redaqtoroba `ciskrisa~ voroncovma
dimitri yifianis rCeviT miando giorgi erisTavs (glu-
xariCs)~ (yifiani 1894: 10). ver uarvyofT, rom ideaca da
mcdelobac uSedegod dasruldeboda, rom ar yofiliyo
mefisnacvlis survili qarTulenovani Jurnalis Seqmni-
sa, misi ara mxolod mxardaWera da xelSewyoba, aramed saq-
mis bolomde miyvanis survili. qarTul literaturaT-
mcodneobaSi ar iviwyeben voroncovis am Rvawls, TumcaRa,
qarTveli mecnierebi imasac aRniSnaven, rom mefisnac-
vlis daxmareba misi rusifikatoruli politikis miznebSi
Sedioda: aleqsandre orbelianis, voroncovis `mTavari
mowinaaRmdegis~, TqmiT, Samilis gaZlierebis fonze qar-
TvelTa yuradReba unda modunebuliyo sxvadasxva `Tav-
Sesaqcevi ambiT~; es iyo voroncovis misia: `maSin iseTi
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dro iyo saqarTveloSi, rom Tu voroncovi ar mosuliyo
da ise mdablad ar moqceuliyo, yvelasTan eseebi ar eqna,
saqarTvelos dahkargavda ruseTi, ise ganZlierda mTebSi
Samili~ (orbeliani 1999: 56).*
ase iyo Tu ise, saqmiswarmoeba Jurnal `ciskris~ gamo-
cemasTan dakavSirebiT 1851 wlis TebervalSi daiwyo
giorgi erisTavma. man oficialurad, werilobiT sTxova
mefisnacvals Jurnal `ciskris~ gamocemaze nebarTva, vo-
roncovma ki maSinve mimarTa ruseTis samxedro ministrs,
CerniSovs, romelic `kavkasiis komitets~ Tavmjdomare-
obda. mimarTvaSi aRiniSna: Jurnali unda yofiliyo qar-
Tulenovani, ZiriTadad literaturuli mimarTulebisa;
masSi unda dabeWdiliyo qarTuli, rusuli da ucxouri
literaturis nimuSebi; misi redaqtor-gamomcemloba
unda ekisra giorgi erisTavs, niWier dramaturgs, rome-
lic ukve xelmZRvanelobda qarTul Teatralur dass; Jur-
nalis saxelwodeba unda yofiliyo `ciskari~ da igi unda
daarsebuliyo wm. ninos qalTa saswavleblis sasargeblod.
bunebrivad Cndeba kiTxva, ratom mainca da mainc gior-
gi erisTavi SeirCa Jurnalis redaqtorad? marTalia, is
niWieri mwerali da dramaturgi iyo, magram ukve xelm-
ZRvanelobda iseT did da mniSvnelovan saqmes, rogoric
iyo qarTuli Teatri, rac sakmaod did drosa da energias
moiTxovda misgan. savaraudoa, rom arCevani ganapiroba
aramarto im faqtma, rom giorgi erisTavi iyo niWieri ada-
miani, aramed imanac, rom is iyo sando moxele, romelsac
ukve mTeli SegnebiT hqonda monaniebuli 1832 wlis ajanye-
baSi monawileoba, moxdili hqonda sasjeli da darwmu-
nebuli iyo mefis ruseTTan brZolis amaoebaSi; is Tavisi
qveynis ganviTarebis gzas imperiis farglebSi qarTuli
sazogadoebis ganaTlebaSi xedavda. amasTan, giorgi eris-
Tavi ukve gamoicada, rogorc Teatris xelmZRvaneli da
* dawvrilebiT am problemis Sesaxeb ix. Jurn. `kavkazi~, 1852, № 10-11.
13
arsebobda rwmena, rom is arc Jurnalis xelmZRvanelobi-
sas gadauxvevda gaTavisebul pozicias, anu Jurnali ar
iqneboda erovnuli ideebis mqadagebeli, xels Seuwyobda
sazogadoebis ganaTlebas zogadad da mis gaevropeize-
bas, rac ZiriTadad rusuli kulturis damkvidrebasa da
erovnulTan mis SerwymaSi mdgomareobda.
1851 wlis 1 marts voroncovma miiRo CerniSovisagan
dadebiTi pasuxi. erTi mxriv, es qarTvelTa Txovnis dak-
mayofilebas ki ara, ruseTis gegmis nawilis ganxorci-
elebas ufro hgavda; TumcaRa, meore mxriv, davZenT, rom
qarTuli sazogadoebis samoqalaqo cxovrebaze gadayva-
nis gegma qveynis kulturuli donis amaRlebasac emsa-
xureboda, romlis wiaRSic SeuZlebelia ar gaCeniliyo
erovnuli interesebic...
CerniSovis oficialuri SetyobinebiT, imperatori
nebas rTavda giorgi erisTavs, gamoeca qarTulenovani
literaturuli Jurnali erTi pirobiT: masSi araviTar
SemTxvevaSi ar unda dabeWdiliyo politikuri xasiaTis
statiebi da cnobebi. nebarTvis miRebisTanave g. eris-
Tavma `kavkazsa~ da `zakavkazski vestnikSic~ rusul da
qarTul enebze gamoaqveyna gancxadeba da gaavrcela igi
werilobiTi saxiTac. gancxadebis mizani iyo rogorc
Jurnalis xelismomwerTa (misi fasi weliwadSi 5 maneTi
iqneboda, xolo gagzavniT – 6 maneTi), aseve statiis dabeW-
dvis msurvelTa Semokreba.
am gancxadebas qarTul sazogadoebaSi didi enTu-
ziazmi ar mohyolia, radgan qarTulenovani Jurnalis
moTxovnilebis arsebobis miuxedavad, mis aucileblobas
progresuli sazogadoebis (romelTa ricxvi isedac didi
ar unda yofiliyo) mxolod mcire nawili xedavda. amas
mowmobs Jurnalis xelismomwerTa raodenobac. Tamaz
jologuas cnobiT: `ciskris~ xelismomwerTa ricxvi,
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sxvadasxva monacemis mixedviT, meryeobda 150-dan 300-
mde~ (jologua 2011: 117). es maSin, rodesac Jurnali ukve
realurad gamodioda; gamosvlamde ki xelismomwerTa
ricxvi bevrad ufro naklebi iqneboda. swored amitomac
1851 wels `ciskris~ gamocema ver moxerxda: g. erisTavma
Tavi ver mouyara gamosacem Tanxas, verc stambas miakv-
lia, romelic uzrunvelyofda mis periodulobas da verc
xarisxiani masala Seagrova. swored am viTarebaSi Jurnal-
ma kidev erTxel miiRo voroncovisgan daxmareba, ramac
gadamwyveti mniSvneloba iqonia misi gamocemis istoria-
Si: mefisnacvalma giorgi erisTavs gadasca kancelariis
Zveli stamba, xolo Jurnalis 100 nomeri Tavad gamoiwera
wm. ninos saswavleblis sasargeblod; amiT man redaqtor-
gamomcemels realurad SeaZlebina saqmis dawyeba (jo-
logua 2011: 117). marTalia, Jurnalis nomrebze miTiTebu-
li ar iyo voroncovis saxeli, magram kavkasiis mmarTveli,
mefisnacvali mixeil voroncovi faqtiurad iyo `ciskris~
gamomcemeli. amas mowmobs is garemoebac, rom voronco-
vis saqarTvelodan wasvlis Semdeg, 1954 wels, qarTuli
Jurnalica da Teatric – orive daixura.
vin iyo mixail voroncovi, qarTvelebze marTlac Sey-
varebuli mmarTveli Tu mefis ruseTis politikis aRm-
srulebeli? keTilSobili pirovneba Tu TvalTmaqci? ada-
miani saqmiT fasdeba, yoveli saqmis wamowyebas ki Tavisi
perspeqtiva aqvs. warmovadgenT Aam mizniT Cvens narkvevSi
pirvels swored mixeil voroncovis literaturul
portrets.
mixail voroncovi. rogorc cnobilia, me-19 sau-

kunis 30-ian wlebSi, kavkasiaSi mimdinare Seuwyveteli
ajanyebebisa da winaaRmdegobebis gamo, mefis ruseTis
mTavroba iZulebuli gaxda, adgilzeve gamoegzavna spe-
cialuri komisiebi, romelTac evalebodaT mdgomareo-
15
bis Seswavla da RonisZiebaTa dasaxva. erT-erTi komisia
1837 wels gamoigzavna senator ganis meTaurobiT. ganma
SeimuSava kavkasiis administraciuli mmarTvelobis re-
formis gegma, romlis mizani iyo saqarTvelos ufro
swrafi da gabeduli rusifikacia. ganis proeqtis safuZ-
velze kavkasiis mTavarmarTebeli Tavisi uflebebiT ga-
uTanabrda ruseTis guberniebis general-gubernatorebs
da mTavarmarTebloba Seicvala mefisnacvlis Tanamdebo-
biT. mefisnacvali uSualod imperators emorCileboda. am
Tanamdebobaze 1844 wels dainiSna imperatoris erTguli
moxele – mixail voroncovi, saxelganTqmuli generali,
novorosiiskis general-gubernatori, besarabiis srul-
uflebovani namestniki, ruseTis saxelmwifo sabWos wev-
ri, peterburgis mecnierebaTa akademiis sapatio wevri, da,
rac mTavaria, britaneTSi ganaTlebamiRebuli da brita-
nul diplomatiaze aRzrdili, uaRresad niWieri diplo-
mati (is iyo inglisSi ruseTis elCis – semion voroncovis
vaJi). misi daniSvniT kavkasiaSi faqtobrivad damTavrda
samxedro reJimi da TandaTanobiT damkvidrda samoqalaqo
mmarTveloba.
àxali qarTuli literaturis istoriis~ (t. I) Sesa-
valSi (werili ekuTvnis profesor daviT gamezardaSvils)
vkiTxulobT: `voroncovma, romelsac kargad esmoda ca-
rizmis interesebi kavkasiaSi, xeli mohkida moqnili da
ufro mSvidobiani RonisZiebebis gatarebas. imperato-
risadmi gagzavnil moxsenebebSi igi araerTxel aRniS-
navda, rom mxolod da mxolod iaraRis gamoyenebas da
mTavarmarTebelTa gadaWarbebul aCqarebas bevri cudi
Sedegi mohyva. voroncovma alRo auRo adgilobriv maRal
wodebas da gadawyvita mTavari dasayrdeni masSi epova. man
maRal wodebas mTeli rigi uflebrivi upiratesobani mi-
aniWa, riTac moaxerxa misi didi nawilis gadabireba mefis
ruseTis mxareze. iaraRis nacvlad voroncovi adgilob-
16
riv mcxovrebTa dasamorCileblad da Semosarigeblad
sxva saSualebebTan erTad iyenebda pirad urTierTobas,
skolas, Teatrs, eklesias, vaWrobas da sxv. igi gzas uxs-
nida adgilobriv elementebs, Tuki maTSi xedavda erTgul
moxeleebs. aseTi politikis meoxebiT qarTveli Tavadaz-
nauroba farTod Caeba samoqalaqo da samxedro samsaxurSi
da misi mniSvnelovani nawili didi mondomebiTac iRvwoda
Cin-medlebisaTvis~ (gamezardaSviliD1972: 14).
saxelmZRvanelo literaturaSi voroncovis Rvawlis
amgvari Sefasebis Semdeg (miuxedavad imisa, rom is sab-
WoTa epoqaSia gamocemuli), movlenebSi Cauxedavi mki-
TxvelisaTvis mainc moulodnelia akaki wereTlis gul-
wrfeli sityvebi, romelTa Tanaxmad, is peterburgSi
zRviT mxolod imitom gaistumres misma mSoblebma, rom
odesaSi voroncovis qvrivi enaxa: ìm dros sazogadod
qarTvelebs iseTi siyvaruli da xsovna hqondaT varan-
covis, rom, Tu ruseTSi myofi, an mimavali qarTveli
varancovis qvrivs ar gauvlida da ar naxavda, verc ki
warmoidgendnen. Cemma mSoblebmac mitom damavales, rom
uTuod mivsuliyav kneinasTan da maT magier mokiTxva
gadameca; ZRvnad – misarTmevadac erTi didi giSris jva-
ri, zed jvarcmagamosaxuli gamatanes... varancovis knei-
nam SviliviT mimiRo da dedaSvilurad momeqca. gamomki-
Txa yvelas ambavi da bolos, giSris jvari rom gadaveci,
didi siamovneba daimCnia. `vaxsovarT qarTvelebs da sCans,
rom Cem qmars male ar daiviwyebeno!~ `sanam saqarTvelos
saxsenebeli ar moispoba, varancovis saxelic ar daaviwy-
deba-meTqi~, wamoviknave me es ufrosebisgan CvenSi bev-
rjer naTqvami da Cemgan gagonili da gulSi CarCenili
sityvebi~, – wers akaki `Cem TavgadasavalSi~ (wereTeli 1989:
74). aq interesmoklebuli ar unda iyos voroncovis me-
uRlis mogoneba: `gansvenebul Tavads aRtacebiT uyvarda
17
qarTvelebi, did pativsa scemda maT warsuls da momaval-
ze imedobda. sul imas ambobda: es patara saqarTvelo did
ruseTis qargaSi umSvenieresi feradi da umtkicesi oq-
ro-qsovili iqnebao! mxolod Cven ki unda mivuSvaT neba-
ze, vuwinamZRvroT da garedan xeli SevuwyoTo~ (wereTeli
1989: 75). arCil jorjaZis SefasebiT, TqmiT, `voroncovis
politika iyo swored is politika, romelsac saukuneebis
ganmavlobaSi amaod eZebda ruseTis mmarTvelobis wreSi
qarTvelTa politikuri azrovneba. erTguleba da mWid-
ro kavSiri ruseTTan, xo-lo nacvlad amisa, qarTvelebis
erovnul-kulturuli aRorZinebis uzrunvelyofa ru-
seTis mfarvelobis qveS...~ (jorjaZe 1989: 104-105). akaki
baqraZe ki dimitri yifianis memuarebisadmi wamZRvare-
bul Sesaval werilSi `raindi miamiti da Tavdadebuli~
wers: `dimitri yifians, misi usazRvro gulwrfelobisa
da simarTlismoyvareobis gamo, uWirda mimxvdariyo, rom
voroncovsa da katkov-ianovskebs erTi saerTo mizani
hqondaT. oRond iyo seriozuli gansxvavebac. voroncovi
inglisurad aRzrdili, Wkviani da gaqnili politikosi
gaxldaT. igi, bagirze moaruliviT, ostaturad gadioda
politikis bewvis xidze. operacias skalpeliT akeTebda
faqizad, rom sneuls tkivili nakleb egrZno. katkov-
ianovskebi ki gonebaClungi, tvin-dabneuli, unamuso mo-
xeleebi iyvnen. isini najaxiT Cexdnen, kbilebiT kvnet-
dnen da miznisaken oRroCoRro, ekal-bardiani SariT
mibobRavdnen~ (baqraZe 1990: 9). `qarTuli literaturis
istoriaSi~ vaxtang kotetiSvili sainteresod ganixi-
lavs sazogadoebis ori nawilis damokidebulebas vo-
roncovis `reJimisadmi~, TumcaRa, arc Tavisi, calsaxad
uaryofiTi, poziciis dafiqsirebas erideba. mas mohyavs
mwerali qalis, melania badriZis, aRfrTovanebuli sity-
vebi saqarTvelos dedaqalaqis naxvisas. qalbatons ar
sjera, rom mis samSobloSi ganaTlebam ase moikida fexi
18
da voroncovis mmarTvelobis periods `saqarTvelos
ganaTlebis saukunes uwodebs~; avtoris komentari am
`bunebiT Wkviani qalis~ sityvebze Semdegnairia: àq aris
dabali safexuri, nivTieri qveyana, xelSesaxebi samyaro,
romlis gadaRma veRarasa hxedavdnen `bednierebis~ saku-
Tari TvaliT xilvis maZiebelni~ (kotetiSvili 1959: 167).
vaxtang kotetiSvils paralelurad mohyavs sityvebi me-
ore, kritikulad ganwyobili mwerlis, al. orbelianisa,
romelic, kotetiSvilis azriT, `Rrma analizis mweralia
da movlenis ZirSi ixedeba~ (kotetiSvili 1959: 167). al. or-
beliani ki ai ras ambobs: voroncovis nebismieri wamowyeba
qarTvelebis mosatyueblad mogonili cbierebaa, raTa
`mTavrobazed cudi fiqri aRaravis hqondes~, sabolood
ki mefisnacvlis mizani qarTvelebis monobaSi datovebaa.
vaxtang kotetiSvilis azriT, `voroncovis xana~ unda Ca-
iTvalos im sistematuri reaqciis epizodad, romelsac
mefis ruseTi awarmoebda saqarTvelos mimarT. voroncovs
mxolod is `damsaxureba~ miuZRvis, rom man gamoiCina dip-
lomatiuri unari da moqniloba, ris saSualebiTac Tavisi
politikis badeSi moaqcia qarTveli aristokratiis didi
nawili~ (kotetiSvili 1959: 169).
Cveni mokrZalbuli azriT, voroncovs kargad esmoda
qarTuli Teatrisa da sityvierebis aRorZinebis mniS-
vneloba rogorc ruseTisaTvis, ise saqarTvelosTvis; Aar
vfiqrobT, rom erovnuli organizaciebis daarsebiT is
mxolod qarTveli aristokratiis gadmobirebasa da mis
rusul yaidaze gadayvanas cdilobda, Tumca, amas namd-
vilad ar gamoricxavda, rac Zalian kargad Cans imperato-
risadmi miweril àqtebSi~, romlebSic erTi mcire mon-
akveTi Tbilisis Teatrs eZRvneba. Maq interesmoklebuli
ar unda iyos vorocovis erTi àqti~, sadac is aRniSnavda,
rom qarTuli warmodgenebi xels uwyobda Tbilisis Te-
atris Senaxvas. savaraudod, mSobliur enaze dadgmuli
19
speqtakli ufro met mayurebels miizidavda, vidre rusu-
li warmodgena. voroncovi werda:
`Независимо от Русских драматических представлений, в начале
1850 года сделан был первый опыт представления на Грузинском
языке лицами лучшаго Тифлисскаго обшества. Опыт этот имел
полный успех и показал возможность установить постоянный Гру-
зинский спектакль: явились артисты, составилась труппа, исторгнуты
из забытия многия ценныя произведения туземной словестности,
переделанныя для сцены, применяемы были к ним очурки нравов
настоящяго поколения, литература Грузинская оживилась, книгопе-
чатание стало передавать оную народной известности, и я смею
думать, что В.И.В. благоволите признать, что такой резултат может
иметь самое благотворное влияния на развитие науки и вкуса, на
изощрение нравов и на слияние туземцев с Русскими. Нельзя не
помянуть и то, что доходы, собираемые от Грузинских спектаклей,
служат усшлением средств к содержанию театра~ (aqtebi 1885: 881).
Znelia davijeroT voroncovis èkonomikuri pira-
midis~. miT ufro, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom `qarTuli
trupis~ daTxovna ramdenjerme ganizraxa Teatris di-
reqciam imis gamo, rom Semosavali ar hqonda (meunargia
1954: 263). saubroben, rom italiur da rusul warmodge-
naTa msaxiobebi gacilebiT gamocdilebi iyvnen da qarT-
vel msaxiobebze ukeTesad TamaSoben scenaze; qarTuli
piesebi dauxvewavi iyo rusulTan SedarebiT, xolo re-
pertuari – mwiri; rusuli warmodgenis Semdeg daRlil
mayurebels Sin mieCqareboda, aRar rCeboda qarTul war-
modgenaze; yovelive amis gamo qarTuli dasis Senaxva
Teatris administracias zaralad miaCnda. es iyo erT-er-
Ti mTavari mizezic Teatris daxurvisa (feraZe 1919: 21-
22). ris miRwevas cdilobda voroncovi Tavisi èkonomi-
kuri iluziiT~? mTavarmarTeblis aseTi didi mondomeba
qarTuli TeatrisTvis ori mizeziT SeiZleba aixsnas: an
piradi simpaTiiTa da siyvaruliT qarTvelebisadmi, maTi
20
realuri daxmarebis surviliT, anac – sakuTari Secdomis
(rac ara mxolod Teatris saqmes Seexeba, aramed voronco-
vis mTel reformistul politikas) dafarvis mcdelobiT.
Cven realurad pirveli mizezi migvaCnia. Cveni Sefasebis
safuZvlianobaze migviTiTebs Semdegi faqtic – qarTul
Teatrs voroncovis saqarTveloSi yofnis periodSi, gar-
da gamoyofili yovelwliuri 400 Tumnisa, eZleoda daxma-
rebac. amasTanave, msaxiobebi àvad rom ar gamxdariyvnen
da speqtakli ar CaSliliyo~, voroncovs kidev asi Tumani
daumatebia mxolod qarTuli dasis msaxiobebisaTvis gzis
fulad, rom repeticiebze etliT evloT (feraZe 1919: 20).
voroncovs sxva SemTxvevebSic daucvia qarTvelTa in-
teresebi, rodesac saqme maT kulturasa da zne-Cveule-
bebs exeboda. cnobilia, rom TbilisSi im dros didad iyo
gavrcelebuli krivi da doRi. krivSi erT-erTi Sejibre-
bis dros, 1851 wels, dazaralebula konbergis afTiaqi.
voroncovs sayveduri gamoucxades imis gamo, rom darTo
neba krivis qalaqSi Catarebisa. mas dausves SekiTxva, mar-
Talia Tu ara, rom am dros 5 kaci mokvda da 300 daiWrao.
mefisnacvals upasuxia, es simarTles ar Seesabameba, erTi
kaci mokvda imis gamo, rom SeeSinda, daeca da qvas daartya
Tavi, daWriT ki aravin daWrilao (feraZe 1919: 24). misi az-
riT, ruseTis mTavrobas ar unda daeSala qarTvelebis-
Tvis Zveli savaJkaco Cveulebebi, romelTa meoxeobiTac
isini mzad iyvnen gamosuliyvnen rusTa mowodebaze da
maT jarTan erTad daecvaT qveynis sazRvrebi mtrisagan...
voroncovis diplomatiuri pasuxi aSkarad qarTvelebis
dacvasac isaxavs miznad; masSi ar Canda mefisnacvlis mo-
nuri qveSevrdomoba umaRlesi xelisuflebisadmi.
voroncovis politikis Semfaseblebi ZiriTadad or
jgufad iyofian: erTni uaRresad dadebiTad afaseben
saqarTveloSi mis kulturul moRvaweobas (eseni arian:
gr. orbeliani, d. yifiani, p. ioseliani, a.wereTeli, i. me-
21
unargia, a. jorjaZe, mix. TamaraSvili, k. mesxi, S. amire-
jibi, s. yubaneiSvili, T. jologua da sxv.), meoreni ki –
uaryofiTad (a. orbeliani, n. nikolaZe, v. kotetiSvili,
l. asaTiani, a. baqraZe, s. gersamia, g. TavziSvili, al. ka-
landaZe, r. CxeiZe, n. vaxania, n. kupreiSvili da sxv.).
voroncovisadmi mkvlevarTa uaryofiTi damokidebu-
lebis mniSvnelovani wyaroa àqtebi~ – mefisnacvlis mier
nikoloz pirvelisaTvis wardgenili angariSi (1849-1851
ww.), romelSiac, magaliTad, is afasebs rusul Teatrs ara
rogorc mxolod gasarTob organizacias, aramed rogorc
dawesebulebas, `имеющее важную цель: знакомство туземцев
с русским языком, русскими нравами и постепенное слияние их с
Россией~ (aqtebi 1885: 881-882). amave àqtebSi~ voroncovi
vrclad msjelobs qarTvelTa niWierebisa da maTi kul-
turuli warsulis Sesaxeb. rTulia vifiqroT, rom sity-
vas – `туземец~ – is barbarosis mniSvnelobiT xmarobs.
mkvlevari Tamaz jologua voroncovisadmi miZRvnil sta-
tiaSi exeba am sakiTxs da sqolioSi miuTiTebs, rom am sity-
vam `qarTvelebisaTvis garkveul konteqstSi Seuracxmyo-
feli (damamcirebeli) mniSvneloba mogvianebiT SeiZina,
Tumca TavisTavad es sityva sxvas arafers niSnavs, Tu ara
adgilobriv mkvidrs, aborigens, avtoqTons~ (jologua
2011: 137).
Tavad Tamaz jologuas detaluri analizis Sedegad
gamoaqvs Semdegi daskvna: `voroncovis `kavkasiuri poli-
tikis~ mizandasaxuloba... es iyo – ruseTis saxelmwifo-
ebriv-politikur da ekonomikur sivrceSi saqarTvelos
integracia, oRond aucileblad qarTvelTa enobrivi da
kulturuli TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebiTa da aRor-
ZinebiT. xazgasmiT unda iTqvas, rom qarTveli moRvaweebi-
saTvis, – droisa da viTarebis specifikidan gamomdinare,
– savsebiT misaRebi aRmoCnda aseTi perspeqtiva, miT ume-
tes, es yvelaferi xdeboda Cveni sazogadoebrivi cxov-
22
rebisa da erovnuli kulturis evropeizaciis gziT~
(jologua 2011: 137).
rogorc Cans, qarTvel mamuliSvilTa da voroncovis
mizani nawilobriv mainc emTxveoda erTmaneTs. voron-
covis mmarTvelobam, Tundac Cvens kulturaze `moCven-
ebiTma~ zrunvam da qarTveli Tavad-aznaurobisaTvis sa-
xelmwifo samsaxurSi karis gaxsnam, gamoacocxla qveynis
kulturuli cxovreba. Aarc is unda dagvaviwydes, rom
voroncovs gverdSi edgnen qveynis nacionalur-kultu-
ruli aRorZinebisaTvis mebrZoli adamianebi – dimitri
yifiani, platon ioseliani, giorgi erisTavi da sxvebi,
romelTa saxelebi CvenTvis dResac Zvirfasia.
giorgi erisTavi. giorgi erisTavi is moRvawea, `visac

Cven unda vumadlodeT qarTuli Teatris arsebobas da
romlis komediebmac samarTlianad moupova mas qarTvel-
Ta molieris saxeli~, – wers mixail voroncovi impera-
torisadmi miweril aqtebSi, rodesac msjelobs qarTuli
tipografiisa da qarTuli wignis beWdvis ganviTarebis
saqmeze; aqve aRniSnavs Jurnal `ciskris~ damsaxurebasac,
kerZod imas, rom mis furclebze dabeWdili `nawyvetebi,
sxvadasxva pirovnebebis dawerili, romlebic, rom ara
`ciskari~, ganwiruli iqneboda daviwyebisaTvis~ (àqtebi~
1885: 882).
am Sefasebamde gacilebiT adre ki giorgi erisTavi
`gluxariCia~, erT-erTi wevri nikoloz baraTaSvilis
garSemo Semokrebili literaturuli wrisa, romelSiac
`qarTuli mwerlobis siyvaruli didi iyo...~ da romelSiac
momzadda niadagi mudmivi qarTuli Teatrisa da Jurnalis
dasaarseblad (meunargia 1954: 214). sofel xidisTavSi gan-
martoebuls, siyvaruliT moikiTxavs mas baraTaSvili
maiko orbelianisadmi miweril werilSi da naRvlobs Mme-
gob-ris Camocilebas literaturuli garemodan: `Sen gaz-
23
rdas, maiko, Tu gluxariCi naxo, Cem magier moikiTxe da
uTxar, ra RmerTi gagiwyra, rom agre fexi aikveTe qalaqi-
sakena Tqo. rogor aRara agondeba ra sasiamovno Sens po-
eturs sulsa Tqo~ (baraTaSvili 1968: 180).
TanamedroveTa mogonebebis Tanaxmad, giorgi erisTa-
vi erTob principuli adamiani yofila. `1828 wels, rode-
sac ruseTis gamoCenilma mweralma griboedovma jvari
dai-wera qalaqSi, maSindelma mTavarmarTebelma paskev-
iCma, romelic griboedovis naTesavi iyo, qorwili Tavis
sasaxleSi gadaixada da am qorwilze miiwvia saqarTvelos
bevri Tavad-aznauri da sxvaTa Soris axalgazrda giorgic.
daniSnul droze giorgi qarTuli tanisamosiT morTuli
mivida sasaxleSi da Seudga kibes, magram warmoidgineT
misi gakvirveba... kibeze asvlis dros kalTaSi swvda mas
policiis erTi moxele da darbazSi Sesvlis neba ar mis-
ca qarTuli tanisamosiT. giorgim iTakila amgvari Seu-
racxyofa da Sin dabrunda. Tavmoyvareobam neba ar misca
mas sxva tanisamosi Caecva da ise daswreboda qorwils~, –
wers iona meunargia (meunargia 1954: 245).
swored erovnuli Rirsebis abuCad agdebis gamo, rac
xSiri SemTxveva iyo me-19 saukunis pirvel naxevarSi da
Semdgomac, Caeba giorgi erisTavi 1832 wlis SeTqmulebaSi
da sakmaod gabeduladac. kaxeTSi naTesavis gardacvale-
baze Casuli, is SemTxveviT Sexvda ber filadelfos kik-
naZes. batoniSvil oqropiris Zvelma Segirdma advilad
amoicno axalgazrda SeTqmuli. isini erTmaneTs gamouty-
dnen kidevac da daumegobrdnen. filadelfosma swored
maSin dawera SeTqmulTa wesdeba, faruli megobrobis
fici, da giorgi erisTavs qalaqSi gamoatana. giorgi eris-
Tavis filadelfos kiknaZisadmi miwerili werilebidan
Cans, rom axalgazrda mwerali aRfrTovanebulia beris
pirovnebiT da aRarc ki icis, rogor gamoxatos Tavisi
damokidebuleba misadmi. moviyvanT nawyvets werilidan,
24
romelic garkveul STabeWdilebas Segviqmnis giorgi
erisTavis enis stilzec: `mamao filadelfos! ganmSor-
diT, amaono da qenjvnano gulisano, damiteveT mciredsa
drosa, mnebs werai ustarisa! garna visTan msurs me igi?
nu ukve msubuq ganmsjelobao gonebisa Cemisao, ZalgiZsT
sustisa kalmiTa gamoxato azri gulisa Cemisa? raoden
bednier xarT, triqonno Cemisa werilisano. uwyiTa, vin
wargikiTxavs Tqven? ax, ukeTu ZalgedvaT moTxovnai mis-
gan pasuxisa! garna ara, Tqven ara Rirs xarT pasuxsa, rasa
vityvi me! rasa zedan viWvnelob. aha, ese arsa werili
misi? namdvil misi ars!~ (erisTavi 1966: 407). filadelfos
kiknaZisadmi miweril sxva werilebSi kidev ufro kargad
Cans, rom axalgazrda poeti mTeli SegnebiT TanaugrZnobs
SeTqmulebas da mis organizebaSi bers gansakuTrebul
rols aniWebs. Tumca, giorgi erisTavi SeTqmulebis gace-
mamde mixvda, rom amgvari brZola winaswar iyo ganwiruli,
saqarTvelos gadarCenis sxva gza unda moeZebna. dakavebi-
sas man yvelaferi aRiara...
nacnob-megobrebis mogonebebis Tanaxmad, giorgi eris-
Tavs kvimati ena hqonia, ise rom, Tavis Tavzec ki yveboda
gasarTob ambebs. luka isarliSvili, mwerlis megobari,
ixsenebs gluxariCis monaTxrobs, Tu rogor moamwyvdia
voroncovma waloSi: `nasadilevi viyavi, gafaraRaTebu-
li, – mogviyva erTxel, – is varancovi fexiT mimoivlida
qalaqs. davinaxe rom amodioda, viskupe waloSi. karebi
erTis yofiT movikete. biWs vuTxari: Sin ar aris-Tqo, is
Semovida, gaiar-gamoiara. gadaurCi gansacdels~. `saRamos
он обехал всех и расказал~, – dasZens luka isarlovi (lit-
eraturis matiane 1940: 387). ivane kereseliZe, romelic
voroncovis stumrobisas erisTavis binaSi imyofeboda,
ase aRwers am kuriozs: àqtiorebi da aqtrisebi poetis
saxlSi viyaviT Seyrilni erTs Semodgomis nasadilevze da
`Zunwsa~ vswavlobdiT, romelic is-is iyo daewera avtors.
25
cota cxeli dRe iyo da giorgi Sinaurulad iyo morTu-
li, axaluxiT da CustebiT. uceb fexis xma Semogvesma kibi-
dan, gavixedeT fanjaraSi da ra vnaxeT? Cerqezul nabadSi
gaxveuli, grZelis joxiT, amodioda balkonze voronco-
vi. `namestniki modis, kniazo, namestniki~, – wasCurCules
giorgis aqtiorebma. oTaxis kari Sors iyo, rom iqiT gaq-
ceuliyo maspinZeli Tavisi kabiTa da CustebiT da meti
ro ara gaewyoboda ra, erTis Tvalis daxamxamebaSi poeti
waloSi gadaxta da karebi miixura. erTi ki wagviCurCula,
uTxariT Sin ar ariso. amis Tqma iyo da voroncovis zala-
Si Semosvla. iman yvelas CamogvarTva xeli da gamogvela-
paraka, roca erisTavi ikiTxa, me movaxsene misi ar yofna~
(meunargia 1954: 260).
giorgi erisTavi Zalze Tavdadebuli aRmoCnda sazoga-
do saqmisTvis. voroncovma mas Caabara qarTuli Teatris
xelmZRvaneloba da isic Zal-Rones ar iSurebda, rom Se-
eqmna qarTuli dasi. sofel-sofel dadioda da msaxiobebs
agrovebdda. msaxioboba yvelas ar SeeZlo, Tanac me-19 sa-
ukuneSi es xeloba miuRebeli iyo, gansakuTrebiT qale-
bisaTvis. giorgi erisTavs uxdeboda ojaxebis darwmuneba,
rom maTi Svilebi saTakilo saqmes ki ar hkidebdnen xels,
aramed – patriotuls, qveynis ganviTarebisaTvis esoden
aucilebels. giorgi erisTavi maT karg xelfass sTavazob-
da, romelzedac verc ki iocnebebda dabali socialuri
fenis warmomadgeneli. iv. kereseliZis cnobiT, `zogierTi
aqtiorebi da aqtrisebi giorgi erisTavma Tavis saxlSi
daayena; eSinoda guli aravis Seecvala da Teatridan xeli
ar aeRebinebina~ (meunargia 1954: 256).
Teatris xelmZRvaneli zrunavda msaxiobTa moralur
saxezec. magaliTad, rodesac gaigo, rom dvanaZe, msaxiobi
da SemdgomSi dramaturgi, erT-erT msaxiob qals sasiy-
varulo werilebs werda, manam ar moisvena, sanam es qali
colad ar SearTvevina.
26
Teatris dasisa da `ciskris~ xelmZRvaneli moiTxovda
aramarto simkacres, aramed erTgulebas im adamianTa mi-
marT, romlebmac mas ndoba gamoucxades: SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom mis mier daarsebuli Teatris repertuarsa Tu Jur-
nalis Tematikas cenzori aRarc ki sWirdeboda, imdenad
iTavisebda dasis xelmZRvaneli Tu redaqtori mTavrobi-
sagan misadmi wayenebul moTxovnebs.
giorgi erisTavi Zalzed energiuli adamiani iyo. xum-
roba ar gaxldaT qarTuli kulturuli cxovrebis ori
umTavresi birTvis – Teatrisa da Jurnalis – erTdrouli
xelmZRvaneloba. Tanac “ciskris” nomrebs Tu gadavxe-
davT, namdvilad dagvrCeba STabeWdileba, rom redaqto-
ri marto muSaobs: Tavad wers, Tavad Targmnis da Tavad
eZebs sxvadasxva ambavs Jurnalis sainformacio masalebis
mosamzadeblad. marTlac, `ciskris~ TiTqmis yvela no-
merSi ibeWdeba giorgi erisTavis mxatvruli Semoqmedeba,
Targmanebi, rogorc prozauli, aseve lirikuli, xolo
Jurnalis ganyofileba `sxua da sxua anbavi~ (voroncovis
saqmianoba iqneba is, Rvinis evropuli dayeneba Tu mura-
bisa da batis momzadeba) TiTqmis mTlianad mis mier aris
warmodgenili.
am periodSi giorgi erisTavis leqsebidan `ciskarSi~
ibeWdeba: `mogoneba~, `mtkurisadmi~, `guls~, `Touli~,
`kneina sofio erisTavisadmi~, `miTxar, turfav...~, `gaqsu-
ebuli~, è. w.~, `Tav. sv. maCabels (`gaxsovs, ros, Zmao~)~, `sati-
ra: deda da qali~, `T. s. maCabels (`bedman me kualad...~)~,
`kniaJna daria begTabegovisas lekuris TamaSobaSi~,
`T. nikoloz melitonis Zis baraTovis gardacvalebazed~,
poema `zare da yanimaT~, gadmokeTebuli tragedia `yvar-
yvare aTabagi~; lirikuli Targmanebi – franCesko petrar-
kas `kurTxeva~, viqtor hiugos èrTi minutis siWabuke~
da `gazafxuli~, adam mickeviCis `baRCi saraia~, `patov-
kas saflavi~, `garemisa saflavni~, `piligrimi”, `simRera
27
mazurkis xmaze~, fridrix Sileris `ganyofa soflisa~;
prozauli Targmanebi – aleqsandre bestuJev-marlinskis
`mola nur~, àmalaT-beg~, rafael zotovis `kaliostro
RercoR riSeliosTan~. es didZali masalaa Jurnalis 24
nomrisaTvis, romelTa gamocemac redaqtorma moaxerxa.
samwuxarod, giorgi erisTavis poeturi Semoqmedeba
maincdamainc maRali xarisxiT ar gamoirCeva, magram aris
gamonaklisebic. erisTaviseuli `ciskris~ furclebze
redaqtoris avtorobiT dabeWdil teqstTagan erT-erT
yvelaze mniSvnelovan originalur mxatvrul teqstad
migvaCnia misi yrmobisdroindeli poema `zare da yanimaT~
(òsuri moTxroba~), romelic SeTqmulTa miswrafebebs
gamoxatavda da romlis erTi nawili 1832 wels s. dodaS-
vilma Tavis `saliteraturo nawilnSi~ gamoaqveyna. miuxe-
davad imisa, rom zogierT fragmentSi sentimentaluri
tendenciebi SeimCneva (zares mizanmimarTuli Sexvedri-
sas yanimaTTan, yanimaTis mier zaresadmi siyvarulis ax-
snisas), poema romantikuli xasiaTisaa da masSi aRZruli
patriotuli grZnoba Zaldautaneblad aRwevs gulamde,
aRafrTovanebs dRevandel mkiTxvelsac ki, Tumca, cxadia,
enobrivad SesaZlebeli iyo poemis kidev ufro daxvewa da
srulqmna.
giorgi erisTavis kargi gemovneba mosCans mis mier sa-
Targmnad SerCeul leqsebSi. marTalia, Tavad Targmanis
xarisxi ar aris STambeWdavi, magram Sileris leqsi `ganyo-
fa soflisa~ da mickeviCis `simRera mazurkis xmaze~ Tavisi
droisaTvis erT-erT saukeTeso Targmanebs warmoadgens.
ar SeiZleba calke ar gamovyoT 1953 wlis `ciskris~
meore nomerSi daibeWdili, giorgi erisTavis mier Sekre-
bili `sxvadasxva andazani xmarebulni xalxTagan~. es aris
asormocdaaTamde andaza, SerCeuli didi gemovnebiT da
mravalmxriv amsaxveli xalxis yofa-cxovrebisa. andazebis
specifikidan gamomdinare, warmodgenili masalis ena mar-
28
tivi da gasagebia; amitomac mTel JurnalSi, mZime stiliT
dawerili nawarmoebebis fonze, andazebis nawili yvelaze
sasiamovno sakiTxavia. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom es aris xal-
xuri andazebis masobrivad gamoqveynebis pirveli SemTx-
veva qarTul presaSi.
Tavis udides mniSvnelobasTan erTad, ra nakli hqon-
da `ciskars~? pirvel yovlisa, es iyo erTiani enobrivi
da literaturul-msoflmxedvelobrivi poziciis uqon-
loba; garda amisa, qarTvel klasikosTa WeSmaritad Rire-
buli nawarmoebebi Zalian mcire raodenobiT iyo Jur-
nalSi warmodgenili, samagierod, uxvad ibeWdeboda mdare
xarisxis Semoqmedeba; uprincipod iyo SerCeuli Tar-
gmanebic, rac ganapirobebda Jurnalis ekleqtikur xa-
siaTs; darRveuli iyo `ciskris~ oTx ganyofilebaSi masa-
laTa gadanawilebis principi: Jurnalis zogierT nomerSi
mxolod poezia iyo warmodgenili (1953 wlis № 1), zogSi
ki mxolod proza (1953 wlis № 5, № 6). amasTan, Jurnals
ar hqonda Sesaferisi gaformeba, uxvad iyo koreqturuli
Secdomebi, arc teqstidan da arc sarCevidan ar Canda, vis
ekuTvnoda zogierTi nawarmoebi; xSirad ar iyo dasaxele-
buli Targmnili Txzulebis avtori; JurnalSi ar gvxvdeba
arc erTi kritikuli statia... magram, nu dagvaviwydeba,
rom `ciskari~ pirveli qarTuli Jurnali iyo da, aqedan
gamomdinare, naklic bevri eqneboda. samagierod, man sa-
fuZveli Cauyara qarTul publicistikas; masSi pirvelad
gamoqveynda Teimuraz I-is, Teimuraz II-is, vaxtang VI-is,
sulxan-saba orbelianis, daviT guramiSvilis, aleqsandre
WavWavaZis, grigol orbelianisa da nikoloz baraTaSvilis
Txzulebani, romlebic SesaZloa dakarguliyo kidec da
qarTvel mkiTxvels aRarasodes enaxa; `ciskarma~ gaacno
qarTul sazogadoebas evropuli literaturis calkeu-
li nimuSebi da garkveuli warmodgena Seuqnma msoflio
literaturul procesebze, gaufarTova Tvalsawieri.
29
amitomacaa, rom literaturis kritikosebi, romlebic
pirdapir weren `ciskris~ naklovanebebze, an mxolod Jur-
nalis dadebiT mxaresa da funqcias warmoaCenen, erTxmad
aRiareben giorgi erisTavis udides damsaxurebas qarTu-
li literaturisa Tu zogadad qarTuli kulturis ganvi-
Tarebis saqmeSi.
vin iyvnen erisTaviseuli `ciskris~ mTavari avtorebi?
aleqsandre bestuJev-marlinski. Jurnal `ciskars~ oTxi

ganyofileba hqonda: 1. mxatvruli literatura 2. mec-
niereba da xelovneba 3. saojaxo meurneoba da 4. narevi.
mxatvruli literatura gayofili iyo `leqs-Txzulebad~
da `prozad~. ibeWdeboda rogorc qarTuli teqstebi
(ZiriTadad, leqsebi), ise rusuli da ucxouri litera-
turis Targmanebi.
g. erisTavis `ciskris~ mTavari prozaikosi aleqsandre
bestuJev-marlinski iyo. giorgi erisTavma dabeWda misi
romanebi – `molanur~ da àmalaTbegi~, moTxrobebi – `Rame
xomaldSi~ da `mRvime sasaflaos iqiT~. aqedan `molanur~
giorgi erisTavis Targmania, àmalaTbegi~ giorgi eris-
Tavisa da misi Zmis – ivane erisTavis, `Rame xomaldSi~ –
luka isarlovis, xolo `mRvime sasaflaos iqiT~ – giorgi
baraTovisa. bestuJev-marlinski dabeWdili iyo 1852-1853
wlebSi gamosuli `ciskris~ 24 nomridan 10 nomerSi.
ram ganapiroba 20-30-iani wlebis rusi prozaikosisadmi
(da ara marto prozaikosisadmi, man literaturis yvela
dargSi scada Tavisi kalami) aseTi didi interesi qarTu-
li sazogadoebrivi azrisa, romlis gamomxatveli 50-ian
wlebSi Jurnali `ciskaria~. vin iyo aleqsandre bestuJev-
marlinski?
aleqsandre bestuJev-marlinski daibada 1797 wels pe-
terburgSi, oficris, amave dros mwerlis, ojaxSi. 1822
wels, roca general betankuris adiutantad msaxurob-
30
da, is gaecno rileevs da male Sevida kidec dekabristTa
CrdiloeTis saidumlo organizaciaSi Tavis ZmebTan –
nikolozTan, mixeilTan da petresTan – erTad. igi am or-
ganizaciis erT-erTi xelmZRvanelic gaxda, ris gamoc
samudamo katorRa miusajes da cimbirSi, iakuteTSi, gag-
zavnes. 1829 wels daakmayofiles misi Txovna da kavkasiaSi
erT-erT moqmed polkSi gadmoiyvanes rigiT jariskacad.
mTavarsardal graf paskeviCs mefisgan mouvida brZaneba,
rom marlinski wina xazze gaegzavnaT da gmirobis gamo-
Cenis SemTxvevaSic ar daewinaurebinaT, Tanac saidumlo
meTvalyureobis qveS hyolodaT. marlinski monawileob-
da CrdiloeT kavkasiis dasamorCileblad gaCaRebul
sisxlismRvrel brZolebSi; daiRupa 1837 wlis 7 ivniss
adleris koncxis aRebisas. masze TbilisSi legendac ki
dadioda, rom TiTqos mwerali guliT Seiyvares mSvido-
bianma Cerqezebma, gaapares mTebiT da, ra bedi ewia mas, ukve
aRaravin icoda.
marlinskis adreuli Semoqmedeba revoluciur saqmi-
anobasTanaa dakavSirebuli. 1823-1825 wlebSi is rileevTan
erTad gamoscemda almanax `poliarnaia zvezdas~, romel-
Tanac TanamSromlobdnen puSkini, krilovi, Jukovski, ba-
riatinski, iazikovi. aqve aqveynebda bestuJev-marlinski
Tavis leqsebs, beletristul narkvevebs, recenziebs. mis
adreul lirikaSi Sezavebulia epikuri da samoqalaqo mo-
tivebi, aris elegiuri da intimuri gancdebic. im dros man
gansakuTrebiT moixveWa saxeli, rogorc kritikosma. be-
linskis sityvebiT, `marlinskis polemikuri statiebi did
rols asrulebda daxavsebul literatorebTan brZola-
Si~ (belinski 1948: 785). yuradReba miipyro misma polemi-
kam kateninTan – is karamzinis `msubuq~ stils eqomagebo-
da lomonosovis `maRali~, `mZime~ stilis sapirispirod.
am werilebSi marlinski erTmaneTs upirispirebda ro-
mantizmsa da klasicizms. romantizmis mTavar principad
31
Tvlida fsiqologiuri xasiaTis Cvenebas, klasicizmisa
ki – abstraqtuli ideebisa – `saxelmwifos~, `naciis~, `sa-
marTlis~, `moqalaqis~, rac, misi azriT, iwvevda pirovne-
bis saxis gaqrobas, akargvinebda mas individualizms. mar-
linskis Sexedulebebi 20-ian wlebSi uTuod progresuli
iyo, Tumca Semdgom periodSi man mxari veRar auba lite-
raturis ganviTarebas, da rusuli realisturi mwerlobis
fonze, misi nawarmoebebi moZvelebulad warmoCnda.
bestuJev-marlinskize, rogorc mweralze, araerTi
gamokvlevaa dawerili. am gamokvlevebidan gamovyofdiT
Sem-deg daskvnebs: 1. misi nawarmoebebi tragikuli da me-
lodramatulia;@ 2. gamoarCevs zeaweuli toni, grZnobebi-
sa da vnebebis xelovnuri gamZafreba, metaforebisa da Se-
darebebis siuxve, `poeturi prozisTvis~ damaxasiaTebeli
frazeologia, maRalfardovneba; 3. mis SemoqmedebaSi di-
di adgili ukavia fantastikas; 4. siuJetebi gamoirCeva
daZabulobiTa da moulodnelobebiT, magram amave dros
gulwrfeli da mxurvale grZnobebiT. es yovelive maRal
interess iwvevda misi Semoqmedebisadmi. i. s. turgenevis
sityviT, `puSkini jer kidev cocxali iyo, roca simarTle
rom iTqvas, maSindeli sazogadoebis yuradReba mipyrobi-
li iyo ara misken, aramed marlinskisken~ (turgenevi 1934:
391). roca JurnalebSi misi moTxrobebi ibeWdeboda, xe-
lismomwerTa ricxvi sagrZnoblad izrdeboda.
miuxedavad didi popularobisa – 1820-1830-ian wlebSi
bestuJev-marlinskis gatacebiT kiTxulobda mTeli ruse-
Ti – mwerlis dideba maleve Caqra, rasac xeli Seuwyo, erTi
mxriv, samwerlobo asparezze gogolisa da lermontovis
gamoCenam, xolo, meore mxriv, belinskis mwvave kritikul-
ma statiam bestuJev-marlinskis Semoqmedebaze, romelmac
igi mkveTrad gamijna progresul realist SemoqmedTagan.
amis Semdeg Jurnal-gazeTebSi gamoCnda misi niWis uarmyo-
feli sxva recenziebic. magram es gadametebuli qebac da
32
Zagebac uTuod mowmobs, rom marlinski angariSgasawevi
movlena iyo rusul literaturul sivrceSi.
erisTaviseuli daintereseba marlinskis SemoqmedebiT
SesaZloa aixsnas Semdegi faqtorebiT: jer kidev 50-ian
wlebSi Jurnal `ciskris~ Tanamedrove avtorebi upirate-
sad romantikosebi arian; JurnalSi sWarbobs leqsebi,
radgan qarTuli romantikuli mxatvruli proza jerov-
nad ar aris ganviTarebuli; JurnalSi ar Cans erTiani li-
teraturul msoflmxedvelobrivi da enobrivi pozicia,
rac iwvevs Sinaarsobriv ekleqtizms; ar ibeWdeba kriti-
kuli xasiaTis werilebi, romlebic mimarTulebas mis-
cemda Jurnals da gemovnebas dauxvewda mweralsa Tu
mkiTxvels; rac Seexeba Targmanebs, aris mcdeloba yove-
live axlisa da ucnobis gadmoRebis, ganurCevlad mwer-
lis literaturuli orientaciisa; yuradReba eqceva si-
uJets, romelic zemoqmedebs mkiTxvelze melodramatuli
mgrZnobelobiT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTuli literaturuli moda
fexdafex misdevs rusuls, is mainc CamorCeba mas. is,
rac ruseTisaTvis istoriis kuTvnilebaa, saqarTveloSi
TiTqmis axali xilia, yovel SemTxvevaSi, mouleveli mainc.
swored amaze swuxs ilia WavWavaZe Tavis pirvel kriti-
kul statiaSi `ramodenime sityva Tavad revaz Salvas Ze
erisTavis mier kozlovis `SeSlilis~ Targmanzeda~ da
cdilobs Caayenos qarTuli literaturuli cxovreba mim-
dinare da ara ukve daZleuli literaturuli procesebis
wiaRSi. es principebi, samwuxarod, ar gaaCnia giorgi eri-
sTavis (da Semdgom ukve arc ivane kereseliZis) `ciskars~.
mas marlinski urCevnia gogolsac da lermontovsac. gama-
rTleba isaa, rom `ciskari~ pirvelia, is arsebobs da, Tu
dascalda, ganviTardeba. bestuJev-marlinski ki nacnobi
piria qarTuli sazogadoebisTvis, is xangamoSvebiT
cxovrobda TbilisSi, agreTve, axalcixesa da quTaisSi
33
ganlagebul batalionebSi; mas kargad icnobda qarTuli
sazogadoeba; saidumloebiT iyo moculi misi sikvdilic
da, rac mTavaria, qarTvelebs moswondaT da aintereseb-
daT kavkasiuri Tematika, TavisuflebisTvis mebrZoli
gmirebi, mwerlis simpaTia kavkasiis xalxTa erovnuli
brZolisadmi ruseTis TviTmpyrobeluri Sovinisturi
politikis winaaRmdeg; Tanac, adgilis koloritisa da eT-
nografiuli wes-Cveulebebis aRweraSi mwerlis `realis-
tur miswrafebebsac~ xedavdnen (cnobilia, rom marlin-
ski gulmodgined swavlobda mTielTa yofas, folklors
da istorias)... magram erTi sakiTxia, ratom iyo SerCe-
uli marlinski, xolo meore – rogori iyo misi teqstebis
qarTuli Targmanebi.
unda aRiniSnos, rom giorgi erisTavis, aseve misi Zmis
– ivane erisTavis Targmanebi arqauli, mZime eniTaa Ses-
rulebuli ise, rom xSirad azris gamotanac ki Wirs. igive
SegviZlia vTqvaT giorgi baraTaSvilisa da luka isar-
liSviliseul Targmanebzec, rac imaze migvaniSnebs, rom
Jurnalis enaa zogadad arqauli – mcire gamonaklisebis
garda. ise rom, g. erisTavis `ciskarSi~ axali qarTuli
saliteraturo enis araviTari prioriteti ar igrZnoba
da arc marlinskis nawarmoebebi dabeWdila `realisturi
miswrafebebis~ gamo.
Cndeba kiTxva: ra gansazRvravda Jurnal `ciskarSi~
saTargmni masalis SerCevas: èvropeizmisaken~ swrafvis
surviliT alalbedze Targmnidnen yvelafers, razec ki
xeli da niWi miuwvdebodaT Tu iTvaliswinebdnen mkiTx-
vel sazogadoebasa da mis interesebs? Cveni azriT, verc
erTs am TvalsazrisTagan ver gamovricxavT. swrafva ev-
ropuli da rusuli literaturis Targmnisaken uTuod
SeimCneva, Targmanis SerCevis SemTxveviTobaze ki migvi-
TiTebs is faqti, rom arc erT mTargmnels (Jurnals rom
Tavi davaneboT, romlis furclebze asparezi hpova senti-
34
mentalizmma, romantizmma, realizmma da TviT klasicizm-
mac ki), ara aqvs erTiani literaturul-msoflmxedvelo-
brivi pozicia.
rac Seexeba Jurnalis mkiTxvelebs, rogorc ukve aR-
vniSneT, `ciskris~ xelis momwerTa raodenoba, sxvadasxva
monacemis mixedviT, meryeobda 150-dan 300-mde~ (jologua
2011: 117). aqedan 100 nomeri Tavad mTavarmarTebelma
voroncovma gamoiwera wm. ninos saswavleblis sasarge-
blod (jologua 2011: 117). safiqrebelia, rom es nomrebi
voroncovis mier ganawildeboda rogorc saxelmwifo mo-
xeleebze, aseve wm. ninos saswavleblis aRsazrdelebze.
ras warmoadgenda es saswavlebeli? igi 1846 wels daafuZ-
na `wm. ninos saxelobis qalTa saqvelmoqmedo sazoga-
doebam~ da mas uSualod xelmZRvanelobda mefisnacvlis
meuRle elisabed branickaia-voroncova. sazogadoebis
mizani iyo saqarTveloSi qalTa ganaTlebisaTvis xelis
Sewyoba da qalTa saswavleblis daarseba `keTili coleb-
isa da ojaxis kargi dedebis mosamzadeblad~. sazogadoe-
bis wevrebi iyvnen imdroindeli qarTuli aristokratiis
gamoCenili warmomadgenlebi: nino WavWavaZe-griboedova,
manana orbeliani, elene erisTavi, nino WilaSvili-yifi-
ani da sxv. Jurnal `ciskris~ mkiTxvelTa umravlesobad
swored `tfilisis~ maRali aristokratiuli wris qal-
batonebi unda miviCnioT. Agarda amisa, Tamaz jologua
aRniSnavs, `ciskari~ gamowerili hqondaT quTaisSi, Te-
lavSi, gorSi, zugdidSi da ruseTis qalaqebSi – moskovsa
da peterburgSi. cxadia, rom moskovsa da peterburgSi
Jurnals gamoiwerda qarTveli mkiTxveli, romlis didi
nawili iqneboda ruseTSi gadasaxlebul mravalricxovan
batoniSvilTa wridan (am wres ki ukve nagemi hqonda 1832
wlis SeTqmulebis marcxi da, rusul sazogadoebriv
cxovrebaSi CarTuli, cdilobda masTan integrirebas).
rac Seexeba danarCen xelismomwerebs, eseni iyvnen ruse-
35
Tis samsaxurSi mdgari Cinovnikebi an sxva mxriv gavleni-
ani pirebi, romlebic redaqcias amgvar werilebsac ki ug-
zavnidnen. mogvyavs daviT dadianis werili zugdididan
platon ioselianisadmi: `...amasTanave gigzavniT erTisa
vinmes mier warmodgenilsa leqsSairebsa, gTxovT misceT
myisue miRebisTanave redaqciasa Sina `ciskrisa~ aRsabeW-
duelad, usaTuod~ (kalandaZe 1986: 295).
rogorc vxedavT, `ciskris~ mkiTxveli qarTuli sa-
zogadoebis zedafenis nawilia, zogadad qarTuli sazoga-
doeba ki mzad ar aris Jurnalis SesaZenad arc materi-
alurad da arc tradiciebidan gamomdinare. is SeCveulia
xelnaweris kiTxvas. samwuxarod, `ciskris~ mkiTxvelze,
anu elitarul aristokratiasa da Cinovnikobaze, veranair
gavlenas ver moaxdenda Tanamedrove qarTvel klasikos-
Ta nawarmoebebi, romlebic martivad ar ibeWdeba JurnalSi.
Tamaz jologua aRniSnavs, rom giorgi erisTavma ver SeZ-
lo am SemoqmedTa CarTva Jurnalis saqmianobaSi (jologua
2011: 138). ver SeZlo Tu ar moindoma? ra Tqma unda, Cven
eWvi ar gvepareba giorgi erisTavis literaturul ge-
movnebaSi, magram naTlad Cans tendencia: is iTvaliswinebs
`Tavisi~ mkiTxvelis gemovnebasa da interesebs. TumcaRa,
`mis~ mkiTxvelTa Soris xSirad aris azrTa sxvadasxvaobac:
Jurnalis didi Tayvanismcemeli grigol dadiani (kol-
xideli), romelic Tavadac aqveynebs leqsebs `ciskarSi~,
guliswyromas ver malavs JurnalSi bestuJev-marlinskis
Semoqmedebis aseTi masStabiT warmodgenis gamo: `cis-
karSi~ raRaebsac gaugebels amalaT begsa beWduen. ratom
afuWeben qaRalds da dros karguen. gana Zueli leqsebi
da ucxo-ucxo moTxroba ar iSoveba saqarTveloSi?~ (jo-
logua 2011: 139). Aase Tu ise, erisTaviseuli `ciskari~
morgebuli iyo Cinovnikobasa da gavlenian qarTvelebze,
romelTac ar esaWiroebodaT `zedmetad~ patriotuli,
mwvave socialuri Sinaarsis da Rrmad filosofiur-mxat-
36
vruli tipis nawarmoebebi – sentimentalur-romantikul-
klasicisturi ekleqtikiT Sezavebuli melodrama da
cnobili gvariSvilis SeTxzuli `saSinao~ lirika maTTvis
ufro misaRebi iyo. am mxriv `ciskris~ redaqcia sruli an-
tipodia ilia WavWavaZis ìveriis~ redaqciisa. mogvyavs
nawyveti iakob mansvetaSvili mogonebidan ìveriis~ redaq-
ciaSi gamarTuli saubrebis Sesaxeb: `bevrjer mTeli saRa-
moebi gagvitarebia da sja-baasi gvqonia imis Sesaxeb, Tu
vin aris dRes Cveni mkiTxveli. ilia ityoda xolme:
Cveni didkacoba, Cveni warCinebuli moxeleni gadag-
varebis gzaze arian damdgarni, imaT qarTulic da qar-
Tvelobac – orive fexebze hkidiaT. amaTTvis wera tyui-
li Sroma, wylis nayva iqnebodao.
Cven rusul institutebSi gamozrdil, Tu sxva amgvar
naswavl qalebisTvis? esenic sul mTlad dakargulebi
arian CvenTviso. da samwuxaro ufro is aris, rom eseni
TavianT Svilebsac gadagvarebis gzaze daayeneben. amaT-
Tvis vsweroT? es xom enis uazro brgveva iqneboda...
iqneb, Cveni inteligenciisaTvis unda vweroT? magram
amaTac rusuli gazeTebis kiTxva ufro exerxebaT, vidre
qarTulisa. amaTTvisac wera yruTaTvis zaris rekvas
miemsgavseboda.
maS, vinRa dagvrCa? is, vinc saqarTvelos pirveli qva-
kuTxedi iyo, vinc istoriul qartexils, wva-dagvas gauZ-
lo da qveyana gaaSena...~ (mansvetaSvili 1985: 77).
ìveria~ xalxze iyo orientirebuli, `ciskari~ ki imaT-
ze, visTvisac wera ilias `wylis nayvad~ miaCnda. ìveria~
ilias dafuZnebuli iyo, samocianelisa, sul sxva azrov-
nebis mqone da erovnul Rirebulebebze orientirebuli
patrioti mwerlisa; `ciskari~ ki voroncovis, mefisnac-
vlis mecadineobis produqti iyo, kacisa, romelic qvey-
nis rusifikacias isaxavda miznad, Tundac qarTvelTa
enobrivi da kulturuli TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebis
37
pirobiT. ìverias~ cenzura ebrZoda, ZiriTadad – luka
isarliSvili, romelic giorgi erisTavis `ciskris~ erT-
erT sakvanZo figuras warmoadgenda, `ciskars~ ki cenzo-
rebi ar erCodnen, radgan redaqtori Tavad iyo fxizlad,
rom maRali sazogadoebisTvis ùamebeli~ araferi gapar-
uliyo. TumcaRa am yovelives gamarTleba namdvilad Se-
iZleba: Tuki giorgi erisTavi sxvagvarad moiqceoda, dai-
xureboda es erTaderTi Jurnalic iseve, rogorc daixura
`saliteraturo nawilni~ da qarTuli Jurnalistikis da-
sawyisi kidev ufro Sors gadaiwevda. `ciskarma~ daiwyo
nabeWdi literaturis kiTxvis tradicia, rac TavisTavad
misi udidesi damsaxurebaa; amitomac utyuarad gveCve-
neba Jurnalis Sefaseba mravalis mier, rom `ciskris~ dam-
saxureba qarTuli sityvierebisa da sazogadoebis winaSe
TavisTavad misi arseboba iyo.
luka isarliSvili – Jurnal `ciskris~ saxe. erisTavis

Jurnal `ciskarSi~ warmatebiT ibeWdeboda luka isarliS-
vilis nawarmoebebi – leqsebi da Targmanebi. is sakmaod
privilegirebuli avtori iyo. arada, Tanamedrove mkiTx-
velebma, Tu gnebavT, qarTuli literaturis mkvlevareb-
mac, misi erTi nawarmoebic ki ar ician! maszea naTqvami,
`droni mefoben da ara mefenio~. gasakviria, rom JurnalSi
grigol orbelianisa da nikoloz baraTaSvilis – giorgi
erisTavis axlo megobrebis – sul oTx-oTxi leqsia dabeW-
dili, xolo saeWvo Rirebulebis avtori (luka isarliS-
vili) farTo speqtriTaa warmodgenili. isarliSvilis,
rogorc mwerlis, Sesafaseblad iona meunargias mier Ca-
werili akakis xumroba gvaxsendeba:
ìsarlovi: (gajavrebiT) biWo, rusebi rom ar giyvars,
maTi viris nalebi (manaTianebi) xom giyvars?
akaki: viris nalebiT SensaviT virebsa sWedaven da be-
daurebs ki daRaveno~ (`literaturis matiane~ 1942: 186).
38
luka isarliSvilze marTlac ar iTqmis bedauroba,
magram qarTuli literaturis istoriaSi misi saxeli ma-
inc cnobilia da ZiriTadad ori kuTxiT: rogorc nikoloz
baraTaSvilis gimnaziis amxanagis da rogorc Seubrale-
beli cenzoris. misi biografia ar Seqmnila, magram me-19
saukunis sazogado moRvaweTa mogonebebidan, aseve misive
mogonebebidan sazogado moRvaweebze, ZiriTadad – ba-
raTaSvilze, garkveulad warmoCndeba portreti kaci-
sa, romelic qarTul aristokratiul wreSi trialebda,
swavlobda, eswrafvoda ganaTlebas. axalgazrdobaSi
romantikuli bunebis yofila, werda leqsebs, poetebis
Sekrebebze dadioda, Semdeg ki, nacnob-megobrebis wyalo-
biT, cenzoris adgili moipova da, rogorc patara kacebs
sCveviaT, `piruTvnelad~ asrulebda Tavis movaleobas:
(rogorc amboben) ivane maCabels `droeba~ dauxura, ilias
da akakis ki `sisxli gauSro~ Tavisi `jalaTobiT~.
daviwyoT luka isarliSvilisa da nikoloz baraTaSvi-
lis ambiT (iona meunargias es Canaweri, romelic mas ba-
raTaSvilis biografiisTvis masalebis Sekrebis mizniT
gaukeTebia, luka isarliSvilis pirovnebasac warmoaCens):
`niko baraTovi da me erTad vswavlobdiT. gimnazia erTad
gavaTaveT 1834 wels. Cveni qarTulis ostatebi iyvnen so-
lomon dodaevi da efrem aleqseev-mesxievi. yvela leqss
me mikiTxavda. xniT me ufrosi viyavi. vkiTxulobdiT `ve-
fxistyaosans~ da mTeli adgilebi zepirad vicodiT. vki-
TxulobdiT agreTve `visramians~, CaxruxaZes, al. WavWa-
vaZes. idga dimitri orbelianis colis saxlSi, на площ.
Экзарха, большой дом... idga dedmamasTan, mama Tarjimani
iyo; uyvarda francuzis, baSmaCkinis qali delfini, Zalian
uyvarda is qali. erTxel gaebuta da maSin daswera: `rad
mrisxaneb...~ Tu amgvari leqsi~ (`literaturis matiane~
1840: 387).
am Canaweridan Cans, rom isarliSvils marTlac megob-
roba akavSirebda baraTaSvilTan; eamayeboda es urTier-
39
Toba, radganac aRniSnavs, `yvela leqss me mikiTxavdao~;
kargad grZnobda Tavis patara talants poeziaSi, amitomac
dasZens – `xniT me ufrosi viyavio~, vinZlo amiT gaamar-
Tlos Tavisi avtoriteti baraTaSvilis TvalSi. SeiZleba
es naZaladevi mcdeloba iyos luka isarliSvilis dasaxa-
siaTeblad, magram nawyvetSi utyuarad Cans misi siyvaru-
li da aRtaceba Zveli qarTuli literaturiT. baraTaSvi-
lis siyvarulis istorias luka isarliSvili sakmaod
mSralad aRwers, TumcaRa misi fraza – `rad mrisxaneb...~
Tu àmgvari leqsi~ – metyvelebs, rom is mTlad jerovnad
mainc ver afasebda baraTaSvils, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi
ar ityoda – `Tu amgvari...~ (baraTaSvils Sesabamisad ver
afasebs verc misi axlo megobarTa wre).
gimnaziis dasrulebis Semdeg luka isarliSvili mu-
Saobda sxvadasxva administraciul samsaxurSi Tbilissa
da quTaisSi; `ciskris~ garda, adgilobriv rusul pre-
saSi dabeWdili aqvs werilebi istoriul movlenebsa da
faqtebze, TurqeTis qarTvelebze, batonymobaze da sxva.
1882 wlidan 1889 wlamde is iyo kavkasiis sacenzuro ko-
mitetis qarTuli enis cenzori. mudam aristokratTa
wreSi trialebda da winac miiwevda Cinovnikur karieraSi.
amaze metyvelebs dagerotipiis pirveli nimuSi TbilisSi,
romelzedac luka isarliSvilia gamosaxuli samxedro
formaSi ojaxTan da megobrebTan erTad. fotosuraTi in-
axeba ioseb griSaSvilis saxlmuzeumSi, ukana mxareze gri-
SaSvils miuweria: `moxuci kaci, qlesa, SesaZloa, l. isar-
lovi iyos~. fotoze gamosaxuli kaci arc ise moxucia da
Znelia gaarCio, ramdenad qlesaa, magram, rogorc Cans,
isarlovis zogadi Sefaseba misi garegnobis obieqtur aR-
qmazec axdenda gavlenas.
axla ukve SeuZlebelia imis Tqma, ramdenad moswonda
isarliSvilis Semoqmedeba giorgi erisTavs, rom ase far-
To gza dauTmo Jurnal `ciskarSi~, saerTod moswonda,
40
Tu ubralod akmayofilebda Jurnalis gamomcemlebisa
da misi savaraudo mkiTxvelis interesebs?! an iqneb Zveli
nacnob-megobroba iyo amis mizezi?! isini xom baraTaSvi-
lis garSemo Semokrebili wris aqtiuri wevrebi iyvnen. arc
es aris gamoricxuli.
luka isarliSvilis cenzorad daniSvnas ase aRwers no-
dar grigalaSvili werilSi `Tanamdevi suli~: `levan meli-
qiSvilma, romelic im dros kavkasiis mefisnacvlis moad-
gile iyo, saidanRac moaTria da cenzorad daagdo misive
Tanaklaseli – luka isarliSvili~ (`24 saaTi~ 2010: 24 mar-
ti). amas maleve mohyva `droebis~ daxurva: `droeba~ yovel-
dRiuri gazeTi iyo da aqedan gamomdinare misi redaqtori
ivane maCabeli yoveldRiurad nervebs awyvetda luka
stefaniCsa da mTel sacenzuro komitets. gamosavali mo-
Zebnes, adgnen da es erTaderTi yoveldRiuri qarTuli
gazeTi samudamod daxures. maCabeli am dros kaxeTSi iyo
wasuli. rom gaagebines rac xdeboda, gacecxlebuli Ca-
moiWra. mainc Tavisi gaitana mag nagavmao, yviroda redaq-
ciaSi luka stefaniCis misamarTiT. yvirili saqmes ver uS-
velida. amitom qarTveliSvili – `droebis~ gamomcemeli,
maCabelsac moelaparaka da iliasac, CaTrevas Cayola vam-
jobinoT, iqneb gazeTi daxurvas gadavarCinoTo da sacen-
zuro komitets miswera – neba mogveciT maCablis nacvlad
`droebis~ redaqtoroba ilia WavWavaZes mivandoTo. aba,
stefaniCi ra kaci iqneboda, egre iolad rom gacucurake-
buliyo. WavWavaZe maCabelze uaresiao, – daaskvnes iq da
`droeba~ samudamod akrZales~ (`24 saaTi~ 2010: 30 marti).
luka isarliSvilisTvis imiT gadauxdiaT samagiero, rom
akakis akrZaluli leqsisTvis – `xanjals~ – luka isarl-
iSvilis saxeli miuweriaT da ise gauvrcelebiaT, magram,
Turme, es garemoeba lukas didad ar adardebda: aravin
daijerebda, rom es misi dawerili SeiZleboda yofiliyo.
41
yvelaze naTlad luka isarliSvilis pirovneba iakob
mansvetaSvilis mogonebebSi warmoCndeba. aq aRwerilia,
rogor SiSis zarsa scemda cenzori ìveriis~ redaqcias,
rogor uswordeba TanamSromelTa mTeli kviris Sromas,
rogor Cexavs da afuWebs gazeTs, rogor ar moqmedebda
masze arc WeSmaritad mxatvruli sityva da arc azriT
gamarTuli statia, masTan brZolis da uazro kamaTis Tavi
rogor aRar hqonda ìveriis~ arc erT TanamSromels, maT
Soris giga yifSiZesac, romelic iZulebulia piradad eax-
los cenzors da mciredi mainc daaTmobinos. sacenzuro
komitetis saqmianobisa da misadmi ìveriis~ redaqciis
damokidebulebis saCveneblad mogvyavs iakob mansvetaSvi-
lis mogonebebidan vrceli amonaweri, romelic uaRresad
STambeWdavia:
`qarTuli gazeTis gamocema im xanebSi advili saqme ar
iyo. gza, romelic maSin qarTul mwerlobas unda gaevlo,
ar iyo vardiTa da iiT mofenili. es iyo gza golgoTisa,
gza ekliani gvirgvinisa, gza oxvrisa da godebisa, gza sim-
Silisa da mwyurvalobisa. amas daumateT qarTveli sazo-
gadoebis gulgriloba, kilva da RreWa. monarqist-ruse-
bis sisini `qarTvel patriotebis~ mimarT da daucxromeli
mtroba mefis mTavrobisa. es ara kmara; gazeTs win edva
kidev erTi gansacdeli, erTi saxifaTo alagi, sadac bewvis
xidi iyo gadebuli. Sesdgebodi am xidze da SiSi agitan-
da: ai, es es aris Cawydeba bewvi da xidTan erTad Senc Tan
Cagitans ufskrulSi. modi da iqidam amosavali gza eZebe.
es saxifaTo xidi iyo maSindeli cenzura, romelic yovel-
dRe majlajunasaviT gulze gvawva da suls gvixuTavda.
es iyo Cveni sulTamxuTavi, Cveni `suli boroti~.
gazeTs masalas davumzadebdiT redaqciaSi. stambaSi
aawyobdnen am masalas da koxta patarZaliviT morTavd-
nen, magram ver davbeWdavdiT da mkiTxvels ase mokazmul-
morTuls ver mivuZRvnidiT. jer gazeTs unda gamoevlo
42
kidev erTi galipuli, saSiSi gza. es gza migviyvanda xolme
im alagas, romelsac saxelad erqva cenzura. visxediT da
velodiT gulis caxcaxiT, ra saxiT dagvibrundeboda Sin
es wviTa da dagviT Semzadebuli gazeTi~ (mansvetaSvili
1985: 83).
cenzorisagan gazeTi wiTeli melniT `SeTuTxnuli da
jvaredinad gadaxazul-gadmoxazuli~ brundeboda. es
imas niSnavda, rom gadaxazuli adgilebi amosaRebi iyo da
sxva raimeTi Sesavsebi. carieli adgilebis datoveba da mi-
TiTeba, rom `sacenzuro pirobaTa~ gamo gazeTi am saxiT
gamodis, kanoniT akrZaluli iyo. rCeboda mesame gza: cen-
zorTan xvewna-mudariT vinmes migzavna da misi darwmune-
ba, rom waSlil adgilebSi saSiSi da vinmes sawinaaRmdego
araferi iyo. aseT despanad ZiriTadad giga yifSiZe moiaz-
reboda, romelic zvarakad unda Sewiruliyo `sakurTxe-
velsa zeda ìveriisasa~, radgan luka isarliSvils unda
xleboda da nomeri gadaerCina. iakob mansvetaSvili ase
axasiaTebs am saSiS Tanamdebobaze myof kacs:
`cenzorad, anu ukeT rom vTqvaT, qarTuli mwerlobis
jalaTad daniSnuli iyo maSin luka stepaniC isarlovi. es
kaci iyo qondris tanisa, bajajRana, maxinji suliTac da
xorciTac, wver-ulvaS moparsuli, flidi enis patroni.
raRac ucnauri sicili icoda, romelic gogolis `popriS-
Cinis~ xasiaTs mogagonebdaT. romel arxivSi gamonaxes da
gamoamzeves es ara kaci, ar vici. is yvelam vicodiT, rom
es wyaloba moiRo da amiT qarTuli mwerloba gaabedniera
levan meliqiSvilma, im dros mTavarmarTeblis TanaSemwem
da winad daRestnis baton-patronma, e.i. general-guber-
natorma: ambobdnen, viTom luka isarlovic iq, daRestan-
Si, policiis raRac dabal moxeled yofiliyos, da ai,
Cvenma warCinebulma Tavadma, Reneralma l. meliqovma
amaze ukeTesi ara gamoimeta ra qarTvelebisaTvis. magram
an ki ra moeTxoveba gadagvarebul did moxeles: kargi ram
43
gWirdes, gikvirdes, avi ra sakvirvelia~ (mansvetaSvili
1985: 85).
swored es kaci gvevlineba giorgi erisTavis `ciskris~
mTavar poetad. is gardamavali xanis, rbilad rom vTqvaT,
tipiuri ekleqtikosia, xolo mkacrad – plagiatori. uime-
dobiT da urwmunobiT Sepyrobili, devnis borot suls da
sulis simSvides daeZebs:
`sulo macduro, raT momevline?

da gansacdelad warmomedgine?
rad amirie me gansveneba!
da ganmiSfoTe myudro goneba?
an radRa migzneb guls dawynarebuls,
da raT miRelveb fiqrs damSvidebuls?
... uimedobas da urwmunebas,
sulo boroto, raT miqadageb?
... warved, nu manTob grZnobas daRaluls,
da nu miRviZeb dros daviwyebuls!~
(`gansacdeli~)
es leqsi nikoloz baraTaSvilis `sulo borotos~

uniWo mibaZvaa. klasicizmis, sentimentalizmisa da ro-
mantizmis motivebi da Temebi luka isarliSvilis Semoq-
medebaSi enacvleba aRmosavlur tendenciebsa da formebs.
RvTaebrivi siyvaruli, velad gaWris motivi da xorcieli
vnebaTaRelva erT qargaSia moqceuli:
`ros movigoneb Sensa saxelsa,

myis guli miwyebs SeRonebasa,
myisve damiwyebs cremli siwvimes
da oxvra miwyvets mdumarebasa~.
(èlegia~)
aseTi amaRlebuli grZnobis fonze moulodnelia vne-

badaumorCilebeli gancdis Semkoba:
44
`momeca myis sicocxle me axali,
ros ganvscade sakoneblad mis xali.
bageTagan vsmidi netarebasa,
ros vegone SmagaT me sayuarelsa~.
(`sizmari~)
saerTodac Znelia isaubro luka isarliSvilis poeziis

stilze, radgan, ZiriTadad, mibaZvebTan gvaqvs saqme da av-
toric ama Tu im mwerlis poziciidan amodis; mis leqsebSi,
aleqsandre kalandaZis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, ùsusuri
striqonebis gverdiT uxerxulad grZnoben Tavs mitace-
buli margalitebi~ (kalandaZe 1986: 288). magaliTad moviy-
vanT luka isarliSvilis leqss – ‘òcnebas~:
èha, Cemo ocnebav, kvlav rad warmomedgine

da dari mcnobT Cvenebas ubralod rad mamfineT?
rad miCveneb saxeTa warsulTa maT nugeSTa,
erTxel Cemis sicocxlis nazad damatkbobelTa!.
....................................................................
nu miteveb, ocnebav, momec Zvelni oxvrani,
momec me Zvelni cremlni da Zvelnica xilvani!
warsulisa sicocxlis niavi kvlav damqrole,
da maSvrals sulsa Cemsa sitkbo miT ganuaxle!~
(òcnebas~)
es leqsi warmoadgens al. WavWavaZis nawarmoebis – èha,

Cemo ocnebav~ – sityvasityviT gadmoRebas.
mkvlevarebs ukvirT, rogor moxvda luka isarliSvi-
lis Semoqmedeba `ciskris~ furclebze, magram Tu gaviTva-
liswinebT Jurnalis politikas, misi arsebobis SesaZleb-
lobebs, mis mkiTxvels, amgvari leqsebis beWdva gasakviri
araa – garkveul dromde. nu dagvaviwydeba, rom giorgi
erisTavis `ciskarma~ mxolod ori weli iarseba da gamo-
cemis Sewyvetis erT-erTi mizezi swored uavtoroba iyo.
45
giorgi erisTavi, im droisaTvis SesaniSnavi komediebis av-
tori da epoqis problematikis amsaxveli avtori, yvelaze
uwin mixvdeboda Jurnalis am nakls.
samarTlianoba moiTxovs aRvniSnoT, rom garda leqse-
bisa, luka isarliSvils ekuTvnis g. erisTavis `ciskarSi~
dabeWdili krilovis sami igav-arakis – `yorani da melia~,
`mgeli da batkani~, `maTxovari da ZaRli~ – Targmanebic,
romlebic gamoirCeva sada, ubralo, xalxuri eniT; Ziri-
Tadad mihyveba dedans da iSviaTad Sordeba mas; im SemTx-
vevaSi, rodesac mTargmnels qarTuli realiis SetaniT
teqstis qarTul sinamdvilesTan daaxloeba surs, iyenebs
qarTul toponimikasac. mag., igavSi `mgeli da batkani~ bat-
kani ambobs, rom is TuSeTidan Camoiyvanes, xolo dedamisi
arasodes yofila am mxares. isarliSvilis Targmanebi di-
dad gansxvavdeba misive arqauli eniT naweri leqsebisa-
gan. es igav-arakebi rogorc enis sisadaviT, ise mxatvru-
lobiTac gamoirCeva `ciskarSi~ gamoqveynebuli masalebis
fonze da SeiZleba iTqvas, erT-erTi yvelaze sasiamovno wa-
sakiTxi masalaa mTel JurnalSi. magram igives ver vityviT
aleqsandre bestuJev-marlinskis leqsis `Rame xomaldSi~
isarliSviliseul Targmanze, romelSic mTargmnels
kvlav ukiduresobamde auyvania nawarmoebis arqauli ena.
Cans, luka isarliSvili iziarebda sami stilis Teorias,
romlis Tanaxmadac igav-arakebs `dabali stili~ Seesabam-
eboda, filosofiur lirikas ki – `maRali stili~.
asea Tu ise, luka isarliSvili me-19 saukunis qarTuli
literaturis istoriaSi garkveuli figuraa (ZiriTadad,
uaryofiTi konteqstiT): uniWo poeti, arauSavs mTarg-
mneli da memuaristi, barTaSvilis gimnaziisdroindeli
amxanagi, romelmac poetze datova saintereso mogoneba;
dabolos, 1881-1889 wlebSi `kavkasiis sacenzuro komite-
tis~ cenzori, romelic gamoirCeoda gansakuTrebuli sim-
kacriTa da sisastikiT.
46
damowmebani:
aqtebi 1885: Акты. собранные Кавказской археографической комиссиею,

Отчетъ княза М.С. Воронцова за 1849-1851 годы (ст.111), т. Х. Тифлис: 1885.
baqraZe 1990: baqraZe a. Sesavali werili `raindi miamiti da Tavdade-
buli~. wignidan: yifiani d. memuarebi. Tbilisi: saqarTvelo~, 1990.
baraTaSvili 1968: baraTaSvili n. Txzulebani 150. Tbilisi: `sab-
WoTa saqarTvelo~, 1968.
belinski 1948: Белинский Б. т. I. Москва: Государственное издательство
художественной литературы, 1948.
gazeTi `dueli~ 2004: Газета «Дуэль», № 05 (354), 3 февраля, 2004 г./http:
www. duel.ru/ 200405
gamezardaSvili 1972: gamezardaSvili d. Sesavali werili wignisa
axali qarTuli literaturis istoria. Tbilisi: Tsu, 1972.
evgeniZe ... 2013: evgeniZe i., minaSvili l. qarTuli literatura (XIX
saukune). t. II. Tbilisi: `saqarTvelos macne~, 2013.
erisTavi 1966: erisTavi g. Txzulebani. Tbilisi: `literatura da
xelovneba~, 1966.
`kavkazi~ 1952: `kavkazi~, № 10, 11. 1952.
kalandaZe 1977: kalandaZe a. qarTuli Jurnalistikis istoria
(1819-1853). I. Tbilisi: `ganaTleba~, 1977.
kalandaZe 1986: kalandaZe a. `gvaqvs saganZuri~... (XIX saukunis
qarTuli literatura). Tbilisi: 1986.
kotetiSvili 1959: kotetiSvili v. qarTuli literaturis istoria. d.
gamezardaSvilis redaqciiT. Tbilisi: `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1959.
`literaturis matiane~ 1940: `literaturis matiane~. wigni 1-2. saq.
ssr saxelmwifo literaturuli muzeumi. Tbilisi: 1940.
`literaturis matiane~ 1942: `literaturis matiane~. wigni 3-5. saq.
ssr saxelmwifo literaturuli muzeumi. Tbilisi: 1942;
mansvetaSvili 1985: mansvetaSvili i. qarTuli memuaruli litera-
tura, mogonebebi. Tbilisi: `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1985.
meunargia 1954: meunargia i. qarTveli mwerlebi. solomon caiSvi-
lis redaqciiT. Tbilisi: `samecniero-meToduri kabinetis gamom-
cemloba~, 1954.
47
orbeliani 1999: orbeliani a. sityva mamulis trapeszed. seriidan:
`rCeulTa biblioTeka~, № 32. Semdgeneli n. vaxania. Tbilisi: `lo-
misi~, 1999.
orjonikiZe 1992: orjonikiZe e. rusuli mmarTvelobis damyareba
saqarTveloSi. Tbilisi: 1992.
turgenevi 1934: Тургенев И.С. Собр. соч. т. XI, М.-Л.: изд. ГИХЛ, 1934.
feraZe 1919: feraZe i. giorgi erisTavi da qarTuli Teatri. is-
toriul-literaturuli monografia. quTaisi: `n. feraZisa da amx.
stamba~, 1919.
yifiani 1990: yifiani d. qarTuli memuaruli literatura, memuare-
bi. Tbilisi: `saqarTvelo~, 1990.
yifiani 1894: yifiani n. dimitri yifianis cxovreba. Tbilisi:
`qarTuli amxanagoba~, 1894
wereTeli 1961: wereTeli a. sruli akad. gamocema TxuTmet tomad.
t. 14. Tbilisi: 1961.
wereTeli 1989: wereTeli a. rCeuli nawarmoebebi xuT tomad. mxat-
vruli proza. t. 3. Tbilisi: `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1989.
jologua 2011: jologua T. qarTuli Jurnalistikis istoria, XIX
saukune. I. Tbilisi: `nekeri~, 2011.
jologua 2011: jologua T. mixeil voroncovis `kavkasiuri poli-
tikis~ Sesaxeb. akaki wereTeli 170. saiubileo krebuli. Tbilisi:
literaturis institutis gamomcemloba, 2011.
jorjaZe 1989: jorjaZe a. werilebi. Semdgeneli a. baqraZe. Tbilisi:
1989.
`24 saaTi~ 2010: 24 saati.ge/index.php/ category/culture, 30 marti, 2010.
48
komentarebi:
birTveliCi – mixeil TumaniSvili, mwerali da publicisti;

ermolovi aleqsi (1777-1861) – rusi samxedro da saxelmwifo moR-
vawe, infanteriisa da artileriis generali, mTavarsardali saqarT-
veloSi da amave dros sagangebo da sruluflebiani elCi iranSi.
rogorc samxedro da samoqalaqo xelisufali kavkasiaSi atarebda
mkacr koloniur politikas. xelmZRvanelobda CrdiloeT kavkasiis
dapyrobas (1816-1827).
ianovski – arqiepiskoposi, saqarTvelos egzarqosi, kavkasiis
ganaTlebis mzrunveli, Sovinistur-separatistuli azrovnebis,
romelmac qarTuli ena qarTuli skolebidan gandevna.
katkovi mixeil – rusuli didmpyrobelur-Sovinisturi ideologi-
is meTauri 1860-1880 wlebSi; ruseTis politikur wreebSi gavleniani
figura; voroncovis politikis mowinaaRmdege; “moskovskie vedo-
mostis” korespondenti da redaqtori. 1965 wels SemoRebuli didi
gadasaxadebis gamo Tbiliseli muSebi erevnis moedanze gamovidnen,
gamosvla areulobaSi gadaizarda, rasac Sedegad mohyva aRelvebu-
li brbos mier gadasaxadebis amkref baJbeuq-meliqovze Tavdasxma,
misi binis darbeva, xolo Tavad meliqovis fanjridan gadmogdeba
da daRupva. am faqtiT isargebla katkovma, qarTvelebs separatizmi
da nacionalizmi daabrala da wminda socialuri saxis areuloba,
polonelebis msgavsad, damoukideblobisaTvis brZolad monaTla.
katkovis ciliswamebas amave gazeTSi d. yifianma gasca pasuxi.
muraviovi nikoloz (1794-1866) – kavkasiis mefisnacvali da calke
korpusis mTavarsardali 1854-1856 wlebSi, general-adiutanti da
infanteriis generali.
49
inga milorava
giorgi erisTavis Teatri
cxovreba Teatria – am frazis WeSmaritebaSi saukune-

ebis manZilze araerTxel darwmunebula adamiani. Teatri,
namdvili, sisxlsavse, Sinagani mRelvarebiT, saTqmelis da
gancdis srulad gamomxatveli Teatri ki ganviTrebis da
esTetikuri srulyofis garveuli safexuridan realur
cxovrebad iqceva. sarkiseburi asaxvis principiT cxovre-
ba – Teatri Tavis TavSi iTavsebs Teatr-cxovrebasac da am
wrebrunvaSi, romelic xSirad cikluri da spiralisebu-
ricaa, radgan ganviTrebis kvaldakval Tematika da esTe-
tika ukve parabolur xasiaTs iZens, Cabmulia adaminebis
mTeli Taobebi. isini imeoreben da amave dros axleburad
gamoxataven gancdilsa da gansjils mayureblisa da
msmenelis winaSe sxvadasxva civilizaciis warmoqmnis, ay-
vavebis Tu dacemis Tvisobrivad gansxvavebul etapze.
Tanamedrove Teatris Camoyalibebamde saxiobam mravali
safexuri ganvlo. SesaZloa, axla ukve ukiduresad Zneli-
caa aRvadginoT Tetris is pirvelxatebi, rolebic jer
kidev preistoriul an SedarebiT mogviano xanaSi war-
moiqmna, damkvidrda, Semdeg ki CvenTvis nacnob forme-
bad transformirda, magram pirvandeli xatis nivTieri
kvali ar dautovebia xiluli artefaqtebis saxiT. Tumca
mravali qveynis kulturuli sivrce Seicavs uZvelesi Te-
traluri tradiciis arsebobis niSnebs. es tradicia vlin-
deba folklorul teqstebSi, istoriuli wyaroebSi, ama
Tu im kulturaSi dResdReobiT arsebuli absoluturad
TviTmyofadi, gansakuTrebuli Teatraluri formebis ar-
sebobaSi (mag. iaponuri kabukis Teatri an italiuri `kome-
dia del arte~). qarTuli Teatris istoriasac, romelic,
arsebiTad, 1850 wlis 2 (14) ianvridan, profesiuli Tetris
50
ganaxlebiT iwyeba, sinamdvileSi bevrad ufro Rrma fes-
vebi aqvs da drois siRrmeSi Rrmad Camaluli socialur-
esTetikuri winapirobebis, istoriul movlenaTa da cvli-
lebaTa rTuli da urTierTganmapirobebeli jaWvis drosa
da sivrceSi uwyvetad arsebobis Sedegia.
Tanamedrove qarTuli Teatri, romelic Tavis Rir-
seul adgils ikavebs msoflio Teatralur xelovnebaSi,
imave xazs agrZelebs da imave esTetikur nakadSia moq-
ceuli, romelSic evropuli Teatraluri kultura. evro-
puli Teatri ki bunebrivi memkvidrea antikuri berZnuli
Teatris tradiciebisa. TariRi – 1850 wlis 2 (14) ianvari da
saxeli – giorgi erisTavi – upirveles yovlisa im Tval-
sazrisiTaa mniSvnelovani, rom swored am aTvlis wertils
da am Semoqmedsa da moRvawes ukavSirdeba namdvili, pro-
fesiuli, garkveuli matianisa da repertuaris mqone, rac
mTavaira, evropuli yaidis Teatris Seqmna da ganviTareba
saqarTveloSi. Tumca manamde qarTulma Teatralurma az-
rovnebamac gaiara is etapebi, romlebic zogadad mTel-
ma qarTulma mxatvrulma Semoqmedebam. maszec moaxdina
gavlena qveynis politikurma, socialurma, ekonomikurma
mdgomareobam, sxvadasxva dros gansxvavebulma geopoli-
tikurma orientaciam (miuxedavad imisa, rom xSirad es
orientacia ZaladobiT iyo Tavsmoxveuli da ara nebayof-
lobiTi). im dRes, roca qarTulma Teatrma Tavisi mayu-
reblis winaSe warmoadgina giorgi erisTavis `gayra~da
daiwyo sruliad axali gza, mravali dramatuli movlena,
qarTvel mozrovneTa da patriotTa fiqri, zrunva da Tav-
dadebuli moqmedeba uZRoda win.
saTaveebi. Teatralur-sanaxaobrivi kultura uZve-

lesi droidan ganviTarda saqarTveloSi: sxvadasxva
ritualuri qmedeba, kultmsaxureba, saxalxo TamaSo-
bani Seicavda Teatralur elementebs. folkloruli
51
da eTnografiuli masalac mowmobs, rom Teatralize-
buli sanaxaobebi garkveul specialurad maTTvis Seqm-
nil teqstobriv masalas eyrdnoboda da dekoraciisa da
kostiumirebuli moqmedebis kvalic aSkarad ikiTxeba.
yuradsaRebia, rom am uZveles Teatralur aqtivobas re-
ligiurTan erTad sakmaod realisturi xasiaTic aqvs
da gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa misi kritikuli buneba,
romelic sakmaod xSirad satirulobaSi gamoixateba.
mogvianebiT, rogorc Cans, isev da isev xalxuri tra-
diciebisa da garkveulwilad antikuri Teatris prin-
cipebis gaTvaliswinebiT Seqmnila sasaxlis karis e.w.
`saxioba~ sityvis, musikis da qoreografiis Taviseburi
erToblioba, romlis repertuarze amJamad TiTqmis araf-
ris Tqma ar SegviZlia, ar mogvepoveba bevri cnoba, mag-
ram rac SemorCa, iqidanac Cans, rom mas ar hqonda mxolod
gasarTobi funqcia, aramed didaqtikur miznebsac isa-
xavda da, savaraudod, Seabamisi iqneboda dramaturgiuli
masalac – `sawurTnel da sargebel“ (SalutaSvili 1980:
6). XVIIIsaukunis damlevs, roca sakmaod mZime da arcTu
xanmokle regresis periodis Semdeg isev SedarebiT gafar-
Tovda Tvalsawieri, ukve gamoCndnen qarTuli Teatris
iseTi TvalsaCino moRvaweebi, rogorebic arian maCabeli,
giorgi avaliSvili, gabriel maiori, oTar noroeli, benia
da sxv. es erTgvari gardamavali etapi iyo, rodesac qar-
Tuli kultura jer kidev mZafrad ganicdida aRmosavlu-
ri esTetikis gavlenas, Tumca ukve SesaZlebeli iyo, Tun-
dac ruseTis gziT, evropul saazrovno tendenciebTan
ziareba da es aisaxa kidec Tetraluri sivrcis funqciis
gaaqtivebasa da gamokveTaSi. Tumca qveynis mdgomareoba,
rTuli viTareba Tetrsac asvamda Tavis mZime daRs. cno-
bilia, rom maCablis Teatraluri dasi da Tavad misi xe-
lmZRvanelic daiRupnen sparselebTan brZolaSi. aseT
pirobebSi jer kidev gaurkveveli, dauRvinebeli evro-
52
puli orientaciisa da mudmivi brZolis, ngrevisa da fer-
flidan aRdgomis mtkivneul epoqaSi, roca stabiluroba,
Tundac iseTi mZime da erovnuli sxeulisaTvis didwi-
lad mavnebeli, romelic moitana ruseTTan Zaladobrivma
SeerTebam, saqarTvelos jer kidev ar hqonda, zedmetia
profsiul Teatrze saubari, magram faqtia, rom swored
aqedan iRebs saTaves XIX saukunis moRvaweTa miswrafeba
da giorgi erisTavis mier warmatebiT dagvirgvinebuli
profesiuli qarTuli Teatris Camoyalibebis idea. am
ideam da misma gansxeulebulma saxem – qarTulma Teatrma
– udidesi roli Seasrules erovnuli cnobierebis aRor-
Zinebasa da ganmtkicebaSi, didwilad moamzades safuZveli
60-ianelTa erovnul-ganmanTavisuflebeli ideebisaTvis,
udidesi roli Seasrules qarTuli enis dacvis saqmeSi
da, zogadad, qarTuli kulturis erT-erT uZlieres xi-
minjad mogvevlinen. Teatrma Tavis TavSi SeiTavsa epo-
qis yvela umniSvnelovanesi tendencia, problema, dasaxa
mimarTulebebi, romlebic unda ganeviTarebina qarTul
sazogadoebas, Tu surda Tavisi TviTmyofadobis gadarCe-
na, SenarCuneba da momavlis sasikeTo perspeqtivis dasax-
va. marTlac, XIX saukunis qarTuli sinamdvile Camohgavda
Teatrs, tragikuli, komikuri da dramatuli gverdigverd
Tanaarsebobdnen am urTulesi movlenebis asparezad qce-
ul sivrceSi da Teatric, rogorc cxovreba, aireklavda
da, metic, kristalizebulad gamoxatavda am cxovreba-
Teatris yvela safiqralsa da satkivars.
XIX saukune: dasawyisi. XIX saukunes saqarTvelo sruli-

ad gansakuTrebul, dramatul da garkveulwilad damab-
nevel viTarebaSi Sexvda. mravali saukunis Tavdadebuli
brZolis Semdeg pirvelad sabolood dasamarda saxel-
mwifoebrioba, romelic aqamde mainc ase Tu ise SenarCune-
buli iyo, Tundac im arasruli saxiT, romliTac igi bolo
53
xans samefoebad da samTavroebad danawevrebul qveyanaSi
arsebobda. ruseTTan dadebulma georgievskis traqtatma
(1783 w.) XIX saukuneSi Tavisi Sxamiani nayofi moisxa, qveya-
nas saxelmwifoebrioba, suvereniteti daakargvina da, faq-
tobrivad, gadagvarebis safrTxis winaSec daayena. magram,
miuxedavad ruseTis didmpyrobeluri da Sovinisturi
politikisa, qarTulma kulturam am sulieri da fizi-
kuri eqspansiis dasawyisidanve SeZlo im viTrebisaTvis
Sesabamisad maqsimalurad moekrifa Zalebi da SewinaaR-
mdegeboda damRupvel talRas. XIX saukunis mTel panora-
mas Tu gadavxedavT, SeiZleba mogveCvenos, rom dasawyisSi
TiTqos dasamarcxeblad ganwiruli, magram Seupovari
da keTilSobiluri ramdenime gabrZolebis Semdeg (mTi-
uleTis ajanyeba, 1832 wlis SeTqmuleba) TiTqos Stilma
daisadgura da mxolod TergdaleulTa epoqam SeZra eri
suliTa da xorciT da moZraobisken ubiZga. ra Tqma unda,
es mxolod zedapiruli STabeWdilebaa. Tavad XIX saukunea
iseTi mravlismomcveli da drois dakumSul monakveTebSi
movlenaTa da cvlilebaTa iseTi raodenobis Semcveli,
rom erTianobaSi, monoliTad gaazrebac rTuldeba da
erTi saukunis farglebsa da Sinagan energias aSkarad aRe-
mateba; magram es mainc erTi saukunea, mravalferovani,
tragikuli, faruli drtvinviTa da umZafresi tkivilebiT
savse da, rac mTavaria, yoveli movlena, romelic am 100
weliwadSi dakumSul, magram percefciis TvalsazrisiT
bevrad ufro vrcel droSi xdeba, mizezSedegobrivi kav-
SiriTaa gapirobebuli da mtkiced SeerTebuli erTmaneT-
Tan, safexurebrivadac warmosdeba da Tvisobrivad evo-
luciuricaa. am evoluciis mizani ki Seryeuli erovnuli
gancdisa da TviTmyofadobis rwmenis dabruneba-ganmt-
kicebaa. am TvalsazrisiT mTavari roli da lideris fun-
qcia mdidari tradiciebis mqone qarTulma mwerlobam
itvirTa.
54
XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi mwerlobam xelovnebis
sxva dargebTan SedarebiT aSkarad gadainacvla wina plan-
ze, radgan mas unda Seekra da gaemxnevebina eri, moqnilad,
zustad da aSkarad gamoxatuli ideebiTa da debulebe-
biT. amasTan saRad moazrovne qarTuli sazogadoebis wi-
naSe idga umwvavesi problema da, Sesabamisad, urTulesi
amocana: gare aSkarad mtruli Zalis mizanmimarTuli mo-
qmedebisa da Sida daqsasulobis, dabneulobisa da kon-
formizmis, garveulwilad, erovnuli nihilizmis mom-
Zlavrebis pirobebSi gadaerCina qarTuli ena. am amocanis
Sesrulebas ki yvelaze ukeT swored qarTuli mwerloba
SeZlebda, romelsac mxarSi unda amosdgomoda qarTuli
Teatri – scenaze amayad da Zlierad gaJRerebuli qarTu-
li sityviTa da daufaravad gadmocemuli qveynis yvela
satkivariT.
XIX saukunis pirvelive aTwleulebSi iwyeba kultu-
rul-saganmanaTleblo cxovrebis TandaTanobiT aRmasv-
la da, gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa, misi erovnulTan
erTad, evropul yaidaze warmarTvis mcdeloba, romelic
garusebis politikis erTgvar damatebiT sapirwonedac
SeiZleba gaviazroT. daiwyo gazeTebis gamocema, marTa-
lia, yvela maTgani erTnairad maRali xarisxisa ar iyo da
verc iqneboda, magram maTi mniSvneloba da roli Zalian
didi iyo sazogadoebis gamofxizlebisa da gaaqtiurebis
TvalsazrisiT. Seiqmna literaturuli salonebi, sadac
ikribeboda sazogadoebis yvelaze mowinave, Semoqmede-
biTi da, am SemTxvevaSic Zalian mniSvnelovani da xazga-
sasmelia, erovnuli ideebis erTguli nawili. qarTuli
periodikis, ruseTidan da ucxoeTidan Camotanili, ori-
ginalSi wakiTxuli Tu Targmnili literaturis meSveobiT
sazogadoeba eziara misi Tanadrouli msoflios politi-
kuri da kulturuli cxovrebis mniSvnelovan movlenebs,
saazrovno tendenciebs, esTetikur idealebs. axali ide-
55
ebi aRelvebda samSobloze fiqriT Sepyrobil adamianebs
da maTgan aSkarad ufro mniSvnelovan nabijebs, Tamam
qmedebebs moiTxovda. am epoqis umniSvnelovanesi mov-
lena iyo qarTul literaturaSi romantizmis esTetikis
Semosvla, ganviTareba da damkvidreba. qarTveli roman-
tikosi poetebi: aleqsandre WavWavaZe, grigol orbeli-
ani, nikoloz baraTaSvili did rols asruelbdnen am peri-
odis kulturul cxovrebaSic. saqarTvelos qalaqebi da,
gansakuTrebiT, Tbilisi, sakmaod saintereso da mraval-
ferovani kulturuli cxovrebis kerebad iqcnen. TavadTa
da moxeleTa ojaxebSi xSirad imarTeboda scenismoyva-
reTa warmodgenebi, mejlisebi, koncertebi da Tumca mo-
xeleTa ojaxebi xSirad rusuli iyo da arc warmodgenebis
ena ar yofila yovelTvis qarTuli, TavisTavad ukve dra-
maturgiasTan garkveuli mimarTebisa da damokidebule-
bis kulturis ganviTareba progresuli movlena aRmoCnda.
sagulisxmoa, rom Tbilisis keTilSobilTa saswavlebelSi
sistematurad ewyoboda àqtebi~ – sajaro speqtaklebi.
marTalia, 1932 wlis SeTqmulebis damarcxebam gar-
kveeuli xniT Seaferxa es procesi, magram Semdeg kvlav
ganaxlda literaturuli salonebis moqmedeba, romleb-
Sic Tavs iyridnen da erTmaneTs xvdebodnen poetebi
da mwerlebi, iTargmna ucxoel avtorTa piesebi, daiwera
qarTuli dramebic. am dros ukve iqmneba realisturi ko-
mediebi da romantikuli dramebi. isini xasiaTiT, mxat-
vruli doniTa da mizandasaxulobiT gansxvavdebodnen
erTmaneTisgan, zogi maTgani scenaze dasadgmelad arc iyo
gaTvaliswinebuli da mxolod `sakiTxav dramebad~rCebo-
da, magram amgvarad erovnuli Teatris Sesaqmnelad mainc
gadaidga mniSvnelovani nabijebi, Semzadda erTgvari ni-
adagi repartuaris Camoyalibebisa da profesiuli Te-
atris SeqmnisaTvis. Teatris Seqmnasa da repertuarzec
seriozulad fiqrobdnen, rasac mowmobs luka isarliS-
56
vilisa da konstantine mamacaSvilis mogonebebic da
nikoloz baraTaSvilis werilic grigol orbelianisadmi:
`Cvenma literaturam ori kargi Targmani iSovna: yifianma
gadmoTargmna `romeo da julieta~ Seqspiris traRedia da
me vTargmne ìuli taranteli~ traRedia leizevicisa, me
Zalian momewona da Cvenma ganaTlebulma qalebma, ase gan-
saje, itires~ (`literaturis matiane~ 1940: 413).
voroncovi: moqnili politika. miznebi da Sedegebi.

luka isarlovi masalebSi nikoloz baraTaSvilis biog-
rafiis garSemo igonebs: `manana orbelianis saloni iyo,
saca `ciskris~gamocemasa da qarTul Teatrs mieca dasa-
wyisi. aq ikribebodnen da kiTxulobdnen leqsebs: tato
(niko baraTaSvils ase eZaxdnen), giorgi erisTavi, bir-
TveliCi, maRalaSvili, xandaxan yifiani da sxva.
erT saRamos sTqves: modi erTi Jurnali gamovceTo da
is iyo.... varancovi mananasTan xSirad dadioda da iq Se-
ityo am ganzraxvis Sesaxeb da giorgi erisTavzec. moiwona
da Semweoba misca Jurnalis gamocemisa da TeatrisTvis~
(`literaturis matiane~ 1940: 387). erTi SexedviT, TiTqos
ra iolad mogvarebula yvelaferi – mTavarmmarTebelma
erTob moiwona qarTuli Jurnalis da Teatris daarseba
da Semweobac aRmouCina. magram aba raSi unda sdomeboda
imperiuli ruseTis moxeles, mTavarmarTebels, dapyro-
bil, damorCilebul qveyanaSi koloniuri politikis sim-
bolos imTaviTve asimilaciisaTvis ganwiruli erisTvis
an Jurnalis, an Tetris daarsebaSi daxmareba? magram ar
unda daviviwyoT, vin aris voroncovi, rogori azrovnebis
diapozonis, Sinagani kulturis, SorsmWvretelobisa da
moqnili, diplomatiuri oinebis moRvawe, politikosi iyo
es adamiani, romelsac bedma arguna erT-erTi gadamwyve-
ti roli eTamaSa saqarTvelos istoriaSi. mainc ra mizani
SeiZleboda hqonoda mas da ra Sedegi gamoiRo am savarau-
57
do miznebiT gapirobebulma misma qmedebebma? upirveles
yovlisa, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom voroncovi ar iyo
tradiciuli rusuli moxelis tipi, uxeSi, sworxazovani,
imperiis Zalmosilebis mwvervalidan qedmaRlurad rom
dascqeris `tuzemcebs~. ra Tqma unda, is rusi moxele iyo
TxemiT terfamde da mis amocanasac am `tuzemcebis~ rusu-
li kulturis okeaneSi swrafi asimiliacia Tu ara, Segue-
ba da TandaTanobiT Serwyma mainc warmoadgenda, magram
voroncovi inglisur yaidaze aRizarda da, rogorc Cans,
didwilad gaiTavisa is sakmaod racionaluri da arsiT ki
mzakvruli xerxebi, romelTac dasavleTis diplomatia
da imperializmi, unda aRiniSnos, rom aranakleb daun-
dobeli da sastiki, vidre ruseTi, magram sxvagvarad mo-
qmedi, iyenebda koloniebis adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan
urTierTobaSi. voroncovma, Cans, dainaxa da gaiTval-
iswina qarTvelebis sulieri mdgomareoba, maTi Sinagani
gautexeloba, swrafva mowinave da Rirebuli kulturuli
miRwevebis SeTvisebisa da Semotanisaken sakuTar sivrceSi,
aseve aSkarad udidesi winaaRmdegoba, romelic erovnuli
faseulobebis xelaRebiT xelyofas mohyveboda. aseve,
rogorc Cans, voroncovi xedavda da sakmaod afasebda ki-
dec qarTveli xalxis, sazogadoebis Rirsebebs, mraval-
saukunovan kulturasa da axlis miRebisa da SeTvisebis
gansakuTrebul unars, rac Cans kidec mis angariSSi.
magram am, misgan egzom dafasebul Rirsebebsa da unarebs,
agreTve mravalsaukunovani tanjva-brZolisagan gawame-
buli eris survils mSvidobisa da stabilurobis pirobeb-
Si miexeda ganaTlebisa da kulturuli ganviTrebisaTvis,
man saTaviso Zafis piri mouZebna da ase Caifiqra, `sikeTiTa
da dafasebiT~ daerRvia erovnuli sxeuli. sabolood ase
gamovidoda: voroncovi sTavazobda da aZlevda qarTvel
xalxs imas, rasac igi amden xans amaod eloda ruseTisagan:
dafasebas, pativiscemas, ganviTarebas, mSvidobaSi saku-
58
Tar sulierebaze zrunvis pirobebs. aZlevda saSualebas
Cabmuliyo mSeneblobaSi, romelic TandaTan ruseTis
sxvadasxva xalxisTvis saerTo imperiis mSeneblobad gar-
daiqmneboda. pirvel etapze da, SesaZloa, amas voronco-
vic kargad acnobierebda, qarTveloba Tavis erovnuloba-
sa da saxes ar dakargavda, piriqiT, gaZlierdeboda kidec,
magram TandaTan, damSvidebuli da gayuCebuli, rbilad,
xaverdovnad gadaiqceoda saerTo imperiuli kulturis
da eTnosis Senakadad. magram amave dros, ar SeiZleba am
moRvawes davukaroT gulwrfeli aRfrTovaneba qarTu-
li kulturiT, arc is, rac misi xelSewyobiTa da Taosno-
biT gakeTda. ase rom, ase vTqvaT, `moqnili asimilacia~,
romelic pativiscemasa da ruseTis gvirgvinSi saqarT-
velos Zvirfas Tvlad abrWyvialebas isaxavda mizand, isev
saqarTvelosTvis sasikeTo SedegebiT dasrulda.
imJamindeli epoqis suliskveTebisa da voroncovisad-
mi qarTuli sazogadoebis damokidebulebis gasarkve-
vad da Sesafaseblad, saintereso iqneba ak. wereTlis po-
ema `voroncovis~ (1909-4910 ww) gaxseneba. poema dialogis
formiTaa dawerili da sami nawilisgan Sedgeba. poeti
masSi ganixilavs voroncovis drois ganwyobilebebsa da
istoriul Sefasebasac gvawvdis. es poema cenzuram akrZa-
la, miuxedavad imisa, rom masSi voroncovis moRvaweo-
ba uaRresad dadebiTadaa Sefasebuli. gana ratom unda
aekrZalaT poema, romelSic rusi moRvawis dadebiTi saxe
iqmneba? swored imitom, rom Tavisi Tanamedrove rusuli
kolonializmis ukiduresad uxeSi, Zaladobrivi forme-
biT SeZrwunebuli poeti Seecada magaliTad daesaxa is
epoqa da is moRvawe, romelic sul sxvanairad epyroboda
xalxs, romelic imperiis ganuyofel nawilad miaCnda.
voroncovis gaazrebuli, mSvidi, moqnili da mainc, albaT,
Cveni erisTvis saTaveSi, safuZvelSi, siRrmeSi didi safr-
Txis Semcveli politika sabolood sasargeblo, Zalianac
59
sasargeblo aRmoCnda qveynisTvis. Sedegad kulturuli
cxovreba am urTules politikur viTarebaSi aRmavlobis
gzas daadga da erT-erTi didi Sedegi iyo, rom qarTvel
xalxs, giorgi erisTavis TaosnobiT, SesaZlebloba mieca
aRedgina da, faqtobrivad, Tavidan Seeqmna Tavisi sa-
kuTari, profesiuli Teatri da ganeviTarebina qarTuli
dramaturgia da Teatraluri xelovneba, romelmac udide-
si roli iTamaSa Semdgomi periodis erovnuli moZraobis
ideologiis CamoyalibebaSi, enis dacvasa da sazogado-
ebrivi TviTSegrZnebis amaRlebaSi. aseve safuZveli Cau-
yara qarTuli Teatris droSi bevrad ufro Soreuli, ukve
Semdomi saukunis perspeqtivasa da warmatebas.
giorgi erisTavi: moRvawe, mwerali da `kaci Teatridan~.

voroncovis Sorsgamiznul politikas ra miznebic hqonda,
kargad Cans iqidanac, rom man Tavdapirvelad rusuli Te-
atri Seqmna TbilisSi 1845 wels, romelsac rusul-ukrai-
nuli dasi hyavda da misi amocana mefis ruseTis ideologi-
is propaganda iyo. savaraudod, imave miznis samsaxurSi
Camdgari, Tu maSinve ara, TandaTanobiT mainc, warmoedg-
ina mefisnacvals qarTuli Teatric, romlis gaxsnasac ase
iolad da siamovnebiTac ki Seuwyo xeli. aRsaniSnavia, rom
mogvianebiT swored qarTuli dasi inaxavda rusuls, radgan
mas mayurebeli mudmivad aklda. voroncovis kulturuli
politika SorsmWvreteluri iyo da man operis Teatris
gaxsnasac Seuwyo xeli (1851 wels), romelic italiuri
operis saxeliT iyo cnobili da popularobiTac sarge-
blobda. Tumca voroncovis gulwrfel damokidebule-
baze qarTvelebisadmi miuTiTebs misi angariSi, romelSic
is TiTqmis ar malavs `tuzemcebis~ Semdgom bedze Tavis
Sexedulebas, rom isini imperiis erTgul qveSemrdomebad
unda moeqcnen, magram, amave dros, aRfrTovanebulia maTi
gonebagaxsnilobiT, axali kulturuli faseulobebis ga-
60
Tavisebis gansakuTrebuli niWiT da TetrTan da operasTan
maT laR damokidebulebas usvams xazs. aseTi gaorebuli
ganwyoba erTgvarad dramatul WrilSic ki warmogvidgens
am pirovnebas da dagvafiqrebs, gulis siRrmeSi mainc ra
gancdiTa da grZnobiT daexmara igi giorgi erisTavs oc-
nebis ganxorcielebaSi. girgi erisTavs ki misi daxmareba
marTlac sWirdeboda am mamuliSviluri saqmis Tavis mob-
masa da warmatebiT ganxorcielebaSi.
giorgi erisTavma (1811- 1864) – sazogado moRvawem, dra-
maturgma, Teatris organizatorma, Jurnalistma udidesi
roli Seasrula qarTuli Teatris Camoyalibebis saqmeSi.
igi qarTuli realisturi sasceno xelovnebis fuZemdeb-
lad iTvleba (SalutaSvili 1980: 11). giorgi erisTavis
mouwia yofiliyo saxelmwifo moxelec, rusuli imperi-
uli manqanis nawilic da amave dros ezruna Tavisi eris
bedze, mis politikur da kulturul aRmavlobaze. 1827
wels man samsaxuri daiwyo sagangebo mindobilobaTa mo-
xelis Tanamdebobaze Tbilisis gubernatorTan. 1831 wels
mTavarmarTeblad baroni rozeni daniSnes da igi mis
amalaSi gadaiyvanes. am dros ki axalgazrda kaci, rome-
lic, erTi SexedviT, rusuli samoxelo kibis safexurebze
sul maRla-maRla svliT karieruli winsvlis gzaze Sem-
dgarsa da dainteresebuls Camohgavs, didi gatacebiTa
da interesiT monawileobda Tbilisis ganaTlebul oja-
xebSi gamarTul saubrebSi saqarTvelos Semdgom bedsa da
politikur momavalze. igi xdeba `faruli sazxogadoebis~
wevri; 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis damarcxebis Semdeg daapa-
timres da 13 Tve avlabris yazarmebSi gaatara, saidanac
1834 wels qalaq vilnoSi gadaasaxles (gozaliSvili 1935:
243). Tavisi gancdebi man megobris, svimon maCablisadmi
miZRvnil leqsSi gamoxata. aq igi qalaqis cixeSi, avlabris
yazarmebSi, patimrobis mZime wuTebsa da sulier gancdas
gamoxatavs. mwerlisa da sazogado moRvawis gza TiTqos
61
aCvenebs da ganmartavs, Tu ratom ar ewera ruseTis ara-
nairi tipis politikas, arc maTraxisas da arc Taflakve-
risas, saboloo warmateba saqarTveloSi. giorgi erisTavi
mudam TiTqos umaRlesi eSelonebis siaxloves trialeb-
da, magram Sinaganad mainc aSkarad inarCunebda garkveul
avtonomiurobasa da myar faseulobaTa sistemas, romleb-
sac ar Seelia arc erT cxovrebiseul viTarebasa da pozi-
ciaSi. misi cxovrebiseuli gza erTgvarad aireklavs mZime
da orWof mdgomareobaSi Cavardnili mTeli eris winaaR-
mdegobebiT savse, magram gadarCenisTvis aucilebel Sina-
gan ganwyobasa da moqmedebsac.
Teatrisadmi interesi mwerals bavSvobidanve hqon-
da, gadasdaxlebidan dabrunebis Semdeg ki ukve axalma
viTarebam saSualeba misca axleburad daewyo muSaoba,
rogorc dramaturgsa da Teatris organizators, gamom-
cemelsa da erovnul saqmeTa erT-erT sulisCamdgmels.
SesaZlebeli gaxda, rom voroncovis mier mowonebul Jur-
nal `ciskrisa’’ da Teatris daarsebis ideas xorci Ses-
xmoda, magram premieramde jer kidev didi dro rCeboda.
giorgi erisTavma icoda, rom aranair saqmes aCqarebiT
xeiri ar daeyreba da amitom saguldagulod emzadeboda.
sanam voroncovis yuramde mividoda da isic moqnilad
gamoiyenebda momwifebul viTarebas, giorgi erisTavma
Tavisive wreSi moiZia Tanamoazreebi, Teatris Tavgadak-
luli moyvarulebi da SemdgomSi moamageebi. eseni iyvnen:
g.orbeliani, e. orbeliani (gagarinisa), g. erisTavi, i. or-
beliani, r. erisTavi, d. yifiani, g. SiSniaSvili, e. eris-
Tavi, n. erisTavi, m. WilaSvili da sxvani. giorgi erisTavs
`qarTvel moliersac~ ki uwodebdnen. am wris Camoyalibe-
bamde igi megobrebs, salonebis stumrebs ukiTxavda Tavis
piesebs. voroncovisgan daxmarebis pirobis miRebis Sem-
deg ki daiwyo speqtalisaTvis mzadeba. advili warmosad-
genia, rogori gatacebiTa da aRfrTovanebiT emzade-
62
bodnen Tetris siyvaruliT savse axalbeda msaxiobebi da
Tavad dramaturgi pirveli warmodgenisaTvis. albaT TviT
iseT winaaRmdegobebs, iseT rTul garemosa da fsiqolo-
giur zewolasac ar SeuZlia CaaxSos SemoqmedebiTi sixa-
ruli, rogorTanac gamklaveba mouxda giorgi erisTavsa
da mis dass. gazeT `kavkazis werilebi da TanamedroveTa
mogonebani naTlad gviCvenebs, rogori daZabuli viTare-
ba Seiqmna am premieris win. speqtaklis samzadisis cocx-
lad warmosadgenad Zalian mniSvnelovan da faseul masa-
las Seicavs petre umikaSvilis piesa `samzadisi~ (`scenebi
qarTuli Teatris dafuZnebis droisa~).
ucnauria, magram Teatris Camoyalibebis idea, azri
da Sedegi bevrma ver gaigo, sworad ver Seafasa da Tavisi
uaryofiTi damokidebulebiT axali wamowyebis garSemo
erTgvari nervuli da daZabuli veli Seqmna. mariam ba-
toniSvilis ukmexad da sworxazovnad gamoxatuli azri,
rom egRa gvaklda, pampuloba SemoeRoTo, im droindeli
aristokratiis nawilis damokidebulebas airelavda da
aRaraa gasakviri, rom maTTvis jambazobad miCneul saqmes,
arc mxars uWerdnen da, metic, ewinaaRmdegebodnen kidec.
platon ioseliani ufro Sors wavida, g. erisTavs Riad
daupirispirda da Teatrs saerTodac `meZav-kuroebis as-
parezad~ moixseniebda (SalutaSvili 1980: 24). sagulis-
xmoa, rom dacinvam, muqaram, uaryofiTma sazogadoebriv-
ma azrma Teatris ideiT gatacebul axalbeda msaxiobebzec
imoqmeda, gansakuTrebiT, qalebze; magram am wamowyebas
saTaveSi edga giorgi erisTavi, Teatris ideiT mTeli ar-
sebiT gatacebuli adamiani, universaluri `kaci Teatri-
dan~, romelic ara marto organizatorisa da dramatur-
gis, aramed reJisoris, pedagogis, msaxiobis funqciebsac
didi xalisiTa da pasuxismgebvlobiT iTavsebda. igi re-
alisturi Tetris Camoyalibebis gzas daadga da amitom
speqtaklis monawileebs aswavlida, ise emoqmedaT, esaub-
63
raT, iseTi gamometyveleba, plastika hqonodaT, rogor-
ic maT gmirebs eqnebodaT cxovrebaSi. es ki arc ise ioli
aRmoCnda araprofesionalebisgan Semdgari dasisTvis.
repeticiebi misi Svilis saxlSi, kukiis xidTan, sastumro
`londonis~ pirdapir tardeboda. giorgi erisTavs, Cans,
uzarmazari sulieri Zalebisa da energiis mobilizeba
mouwia, radgan im ZalebiT, romelic mis xelT iyo, sam kvi-
raSi SeZlo warmodgenis momzadeba. igi Tavis msaxiobebTan
erTad xvewda yovel niuanss, cdilobda aexsna maTTvis,
rom sinamdvilis asaxvisaTvis aucilebeli iyo `somxur~,
qalaqur kiloze saubari, maT mier `,uxeSad~ monaTlu-
li sityvebis warmoTqma. gamoTqmas rac Seexeba, aqac wi-
naaRmdegoba daxvda `kacs Teatridan’~: rusulad saubars
miCveul mis Tavad-msaxiobebs uWirdaT qarTuli sityve-
bis saTanadod gamoTqma, an swrafad, gadabmulad lapara-
kobdnen, ise rom azris gamotana gaWirdeboda. ramxela
moTmineba, Sinagani taqti da, rac mTavaria, Canafiqris bo-
lomde miyvanis udidesi survili, wamowyebuli saqmis mZa-
fri siyvaruli unda hqonoda Teatris damaarsebels, rom
yvela es winaaRmdegoba, garegani Tu Sinagani, gadaelaxa,
ar moSvebuliyo, xeli ar Caeqnia da droulad moemzade-
bina speqtakli mayureblis samsjavroze gasatanad. da man
es SeZlo...
1850 wlis 2 (14) ianvars Tbilisis `gimnaziis zalaSi~
warmoadgines giorgi erisTavis komedia `gayra~. warmod-
genas xalxis didi mowoneba xvda wilad. rogorc `kavkaz-
ski vestniki~ werda, speqtaklma didi STabeWdileba moax-
dina da `gaakvirva yvela Tavisi ubraloebiT, Tavisi
originalobiT da Tavisi Rrma humoriT~ (`kavkazski vest-
niki~ 1850: 2). msaxiobebmac kargad gaarTves Tavi rolebs,
aSkarad Canda, rom maT SeZles gadaelaxaT yvela Sinagani
winaaRmdegoba da gahyolodnen giorgi erisTavis mier
dasaxul SemoqmedebiT gzas. Tumca aqac gamoCnda giorgi
64
erisTavis, rogorc reJisoris alRo da SorsmWvretelo-
ba. man rolebi ise gaanawila, rom gamoucdel msaxiobebs
iseTi tipaJebi ganesaxierebinaT, romlebic maTTan ufro
axlos iyo da didi gardasaxvis unars ar moiTxovda. Tavad
`kacma Teatridan~ mikirtum gaspariCis roli Seasrula.
rogorc Cans, mas samsaxiobo niWic gaaCnda da amasTan am
scenuri saxis gamoZerwvisas Tavisive realisturi princi-
piT ixelmZRvanela da Seqmna cocxali xasiaTi, kolori-
tuli tipaJi, dasamaxsovrebeli da mxatvrulad damaje-
rebeli gmiri. speqtaklma marTlac moxibla mayurebeli.
`gayris~ warmatebam frTebi Seasxa xelmZRvanelsac da
msaxiobebsac da maT axla giorgi erisTavis `davac~ war-
moadgines scenaze. am namuSevarsac warmateba xvda wilad.
naTeli iyo, rom giorgi erisTavi mowodebiT marTlac iyo
`kaci Tetridaan~, romelic ase sWirdeboda am axal wamo-
wyebas, qveyanas. mas Seswevda unari exelmZRvanela ara
mxolod enTuziastebisTvis, aramed ukve namdvili, pro-
fesiuli dasisTvisac. energia, ideebi, SemoqmedebiTi mux-
ti, survili, garkveuli gamocdileba – yvelaferi xels
uwyobda, rom saTaveSi sabolood Casdgomoda am axal saq-
mes. erovnuli profesiuli Teatris SeqmnisTvis viTareba
sabolood momwifda.
aristokrati msaxiobebi profesiuli, mudmivmoqmedi
TeatrisTvis ver gamodgebodnen da amitom Teatris xel-
mZRvanelma msaxiobebis moZieba xalxSi daiwyo. dass igi
gorSi amzadebda. aq faqtobrivad misi xelmZRvanelobiT
aRizardnen msaxiobebi: dvanaZe, elioziSvili, tatiSvili,
rCeuliSvili, kiknaZe, qalebidan – saakaZisa, tatiSvilisa,
antonovisa, ivaniZisa, jomarjiZisa, baferaSvilisa. or-
sam TveSi dasi ukve mzad iyo. 1855 wlamde dasi kidev gai-
zarda da mas Seematnen z. antonovi da i. kereseliZe, aseve
sxva msaxiobebic. am adamianebma Teatrisa, arsebiTad, arc
araferi icodnen, magram giorgi erisTavma SeZlo gamo-
65
erCia isini, daenaxa maTSi saTanado monacemebi da Semdeg
araadamianuri moTminebisa da Sromis xarjze aRezarda
namdvili artistebi, Semoqmedi adamianebi. Zalian mniS-
vnelovania, rom igi Teatris avtoritetsa da msaxiobebis
moralur siwmindezec zrunavda, rogorc mama. am mxriv
sainteresoa giorgi dvanaZis mogonebebi. igi poeturi ni-
WiTac gamoirCeoda da Tavisi mogonebebi gauleqsavs. da ai,
dvanaZe Tavis poetur mogonebebSi mogviTxrobs, rom mas,
momxiblav da Tavqarian axalgazrda kacs, erT-erTi dasis
wevri qalisadmi ukadrisi ganzraxva Caudia gulSi, rac
Seityo giorgi erisTavma, saSinlad ganrisxda da dasidan
daTxovniT daemuqra, radgan igi ar dauSvebda, aravis mis-
cemda nebas, Teatri garyvnilebis buded eqcia. dvanaZec
iZulebuli gamxdara da mis dasaSoSmineblad TvalSi
amoRebul qalze daqorwinebula (gersamia 1950: 47).
giorgi erisTavi Zalian zrunavda msaxiobebze. roca
goridan TbilisSi Cavida, bevri maTagani Tavis saxlSic ki
miiyvana sacxovreblad da yvelanairad cdilobda, imed-
gacrueba ar dauflebodaT da Teatrs ar gaqceodnen. is
marTlac mamasaviT zrunavda msaxiobebze, Teatris orga-
nizebas udidesi Zala da energia Sealia da swored aseTma
Tavgadadebulma brZolam da Sromam SeaZlebina namdvili,
profesiuli Teatris Seqmna. 1851 wlis 1 ianvars dasma war-
moadgina misi komedia `gayra~. daiwyo mudmivmoqmedi Te-
atris axali istoria.
Teatrs sakmaod mravalferovani da saintereso reper-
tuari hqonda. idgmeboda Tavad giorgi erisTavis piese-
bi: `dava~, `gayra~, `Zunwi~, `Tilismis xani~, ùCinmaCinis
qudi~, `komisari StatgareSe qalaqisa~, `karapeta qvevrSi~,
`bebias TuTiyuSi~; aseve zurab antonovis piesebi: `mzis
dabneleba saqarTveloSi~, `me minda kneina gavxde~, `qor-
wili xevsurisa~, `gana biZiam coli SeirTo?~, `qmari xuTi
colisa~, `qoroRli”, `tiviT mogzauroba~, òri mdgmuri~;
66
giorgi jafariZis: `maiko~, `babua da SviliSvili~, `yaCa-
Ri da TaTari~, ìWviani qmari~, giorgi dvanaZis: `saxli
kukiaze~ da sxv. aRsaniSnavia, rom Teatris repertuarSi
Sevida giorgi erisTavis mier gadmokeTebuli molieris
`Zalad eqimic~. Teatris mTavari Janri mainc komedia iyo.
komedia saSualebas aZlevda Teatrs fxizlad mdgariyo
eris sulieri ganviTarebis sadarajoze, emxilebina is
naklovanebebi, romlebic ukve fexmokidebulni iyvnen,
an TandaTan ikidebdnen qarTul sazogadoebaSi fexs da
aSkarad misi ganviTarebis Semaferxebel, arasaxarbielo
rols asrulebdnen. giorgi erisTavis relisturi Teat-
ris principi sinamdvilis zustad, Seulamazeblad asaxvas
iTvaliswinebda da isaxavda miznad. mas surda, rom mayu-
rebeli Teatridan ganwmendili, dafiqrebuli, axali gzis
Ziebis suliskveTebiT gamsWvaluli gamosuliyo, amitom
mis misazidad, dasaintereseblad, sakuTari Tavis iden-
tifikaciisaTvis dramaturgi da reJisori zogadsaka-
cobrio problemebs qarTul realobasTan ganzavebulad
warmoadgenda, asaxavda qarTul zne-Cveulebebs, urTier-
Tobis yvelasaTvis nacnob modelebsa da xasiaTebs. scena-
ze gaTamaSebuli movlenebi mayureblisTvis gasagebi da
axlobeli iyo da igi kritikasac sworad iRebda, lokaluri
droisa da sivrcis farglebsac iolad scdeboda da zoga-
dadamianur problemebs Sesabamisad aRiqvamda, Teatri-
dan gamosuls esTetikuri siamovnebis gancdasTan erTad
bevri safiqrali mohyveboda Tan. giorgi erisTavis Te-
atrma socialur problematikasac didi yuradReba dauT-
mo, rac qarTuli Teatris istoriaSi axali movlena iyo,
radgan manamde `saxiobis~ mxolod didaqtikuri tradicia
arsebobda. axalma qarTulma realisturma Teatrma Tavis
TavSi gaaerTiana fesvebidan SemorCenili sasceno qmede-
bis elementebi, mowinave evropuli da rusuli mxatvruli
azrovnebis, drmaturgiis tendenciebi, qarTuli sinamdvi-
67
lis TiTqmis yvela umwvavesi problema da realuri saxe-
ebi, Seqmna erovnuli Teatri, romelsac xalxuri fesvebi
da Tanadroulobis Sesaferisi myari varji hqonda. am Te-
atrs udidesi erovnuli funqcia daekisra.
Tavdapirvelad organizaciuli sakiTxebi TiTqos kar-
gad aewyo: 1850 wlis Semodgomaze Teatrs dauniSnes 4000
maneTi, Tumca rusuli Teatris direqcias dauqvemdeba-
res. samagierod, gaizarda misi popularoba inteleqtua-
lur wreebSi. qarTveli moRvaweebi nel-nela mixvdnen Te-
atris rolsa da mniSvnelobas im saerTo saqmeSi, romelic
yoveli maTganisTvis cxovrebis azri iyo. Teatrs dauax-
lovdnen m. TumaniSvili, i. kereseliZe, p. ioseliani da
sxv. i. kereseliZe reJisoris Tanamdebobaze muSaobda,
m. TumaniSvili – sufliorad. 1851-1852 wlis sezonma ukve
Teatris axal SenobaSi Caiara. Senoba erT-erT sauke-
Teso nagebobad iTvleboda ruseTis imperiaSi, mdebare-
obda erevnis, amJamindeli Tavisuflebis moedanze da 700
mayurebels itevda. Teatris kedlebi cnobilma mxatvarma
gr. gagarinma moxata. am Teatris scenaze rig-rigobiT
TamaSobdnen qarTuli da rusuli Teatris dasebi, agreTve
imarTeboda italiuri operisa da baletis warmodgenebi.
aseTi urTierToba qarTuli Teatris dasisTvis sasrgeb-
lo aRmoCnda, igi xvewda Tavis samsaxiobo ostatobas da
roca 1852 wlis dekembers ukve profesiulma dasma war-
moadgina `gayra~, aSkara gaxda, Tu ra SeZlo giorgi
erisTavma aseT mokle xanSi. man namdvili Teatri da dasi
Seqmna. mayurebeli aRfrTovanebuli iyo. didi warmateba
SesaniSnav recenziebSic aisaxa.
giorgi erisTavi racionalurad marTavda Teatrs.
msaxiobebi man ampluis mixedviT daanawila, rom maqsi-
maluri gamomsaxvelobiTi sizustisa da simarTlisaTvis
mieRwia. relisturobis principi dekoraciebsac emCne-
oda. repertuari ZiriTadad qarTuli iyo da, Sesabamisad,
68
moqmedebac ZiriTadad Tavadebis, vaWrebis saxlebis da
kancelariebis interierebSi mimdinareobda. yoveli sezo-
nis dasawyisSi mzaddeboda axali dekoraciebi. iyo e.w. uni-
versaluri fonic, magalitad, `tye~ an `mindori~, romleb-
sac sxvadasxva piesaSi iyenebdnen. yoveli speqtaklisaTvis
ikereboda kostiumebi – maTac etyobodaT realisturi
Teatris koncefcia da Sedegad scenaze gacocxlebuli
samyaro: moqmedi pirebi qceviT, CacmulobiT, metyvele-
biT da, upirveles yovlisa, qmedebiTa da problemebiT,
TiTqos piradapir aireklavdnen darbazis miRma ganfenil
sivrces.
erTi SexedviT TiTqos yvelaferi kargad aewyo: Teatrs
fuladi saxsari hqonda, msaxiobebi Tavs ar zogavdnen da
maTi profesiuli done sul ufro da ufro maRldeboda,
mayurebeli daixvewa, gaigo Teatris gemo da xibli, recen-
ziebSi mxolod dadebiTi Sefasebebi iwereboda, magram Te-
atris Tavze nel-nela Savi Rrublebi ikribeboda.
Teatri daundoblad amxelda rusi moxeleebis, qarTveli
Tavadebis, vaWrebis mankierebebs, amitom ukmayofilo
da ganawyenebulic bevri darCa. rac mTavaria, nacvlad
rusifikatoruli politikis gatarebisa, qarTulma Te-
atrma itvirTa erovnuli faseulobebis gadamrCenisa
da gamaZliereblis, erovnuli sxeulis misi damRupveli
naklovanebebisgan gawmendisa da gamaZliereblis funq-
cia. mTavrobamac ar daayovna, Teatrs jer dotacia Seuw-
yvites, Semdeg gaZnelda ukve SenobiT sargeblobac. 1854–
4855 wlis sezonze dadgmul speqtakls gazeTi `kavkazi~
daesxa Tavs da giorgi erisTavi iZulebuli gaxda Teatri
daetovebina. misi wasvlis Semdeg Teatrs saTaveSi zurab
antonovi Caudga, magram igi male tragikulad daiRupa da
marTvis sadaveebi ivane kereseliZes gadaeca. Tumca Te-
atris bedi ukve gadawyvetili iyo, saboloo laxvari mas
nikoloz I–is gardacvalebam Casca, glovis gamo saerTod
69
aikrZala speqtaklebis TamaSi, xolo 1856 wels mefisnac-
vlis brZanebiT qarTuli Teatri daixura. ar gaWra arc
sazogadoebis garkveuli nawilis Txovnam, arc maTma moq-
medebam Teatris gadasarCenad. giorgi erisTavis Teatrma
arseboba Sewyvita, Tumca is kvali, romelic man datova,
samudamod darCa. Teatrma SeZlo aRedgina qarTuli saxi-
obis miviwyebuli trdiciebi, daukavSira isini evropul
Teatrs da Seqmna Tanamedrove qarTuli profesiuli dasi.
Seiqmna realisturi dramaturgia, romelic erT-erTi ga-
damwyveti aRmoCnda realisturi mwerlobis, drmaturgi-
isa da sasceno xelovnebis Semdgomi ganviTrebisaTvis.
ilia WavWavaZem zustad da lakonurad Seafasa giorgi
erisTavisa da misi Teatris Rvawli: `Seqmna qarTuli Teat-
ri da saTeatro mwerlobis mamamTavrad mogvevlina. amiT
marto siyvarulisa da trfialebis morevSi moaruli
Cveni guli, Cveni goneba Cvens Sina cxovrebas daakvirva,
moaxeda. misi `gayra~ amis magaliTia~ (WavWavaZe 1941 : 89).
giorgi erisTavis dramaturgia. giorgi erisTavis dra-

maturgiisaTvis umTavresi imTaviTve komedia gaxda. manki-
erebaTa mxileba, romelsac dramaturgisaTvis umTavresi
mniSvneloba hqonda, komediis farglebSi ufro qmediTi
da STambeWdavi aRmoCnda. bunebrivia, rom satira – mZaf-
ri dacinva, romelic aradiferencirebulad gamosaxavs
gmirsa da garemos da miznad isaxavs mis mier gaqilike-
buli da mxilebuli pirovnuli, socialuri Tu erovnuli
ukuRmarTobebis mizeziT warmoqmnili sulieri simaxin-
jis mospobas, yvelaze ukeT miesadageboda dramaturgis
moRvaweobis epoqas, sinamdvilesa da mis mxatvrul mizan-
dasaxulobasac. giorgi erisTavis komediebi pirobiTad
SeiZleba sam jgufad davyoT: yofiTi (`dava~, `gayra~),
romlebSic garkveuli socialuri jgufebis qmedebis mo-
tivacia, forma da realuri safuZvlebic aisaxa; gamokve-
70
Tili socialuri jgufisTvis damaxasiaTebeli moqmedebis
(`Zunwi~) da intrigis (ùCinmaCinis qudi~, `warsuli droebi
suraTebi~). giorgi erisTavis dramatuli teqstis Rirse-
bad da nakladac erTdroulad SeiZleba CaiTvalos is, rom
igi ar qmnis zedmiwevniT konkretul xasiaTs, aramed gan-
zogadebul tips, rac realistisTvis bunebrivia, magram
es saxe TiTqmis yovelTvis garkveuli winaswar mofiqre-
buli sqemis safuZvelze konstruirebuli Cans, rac erT-
gvarad, ase vTqvaT, brtylad warmoaCens mas da ara yoveli
mxridan Seswavlilad, danaxulad da gaazrebulad. Tumca,
moqmedebis procesSi siuJetis dinamiurobisa da gmirTa
metyvelebis unikaluri sicocxlisunarianobis wyalo-
biT personaJebis scenaze gacocxleba did sirTules ukve
aRar warmoadgens da isini tipurebic arian da konkret-
ulnic, am SemTxvevaSi msaxiobis ostatobasac didi mniS-
vneloba eniWeba. dramaturgma bevri sxva piesac dawera Tu
gadmoaqarTula, magram piesebs – `gayra~, `dava~ da `Zunwi~
– gadamwyveti mnSvneloba aqvT misi mxatvruli samyaros
arsisa da mniSvnelobis sworad gaazrebaSi: `g. erisTavis
piesebi `gayra~, `dava~ da `Zunwi~, miuxedavad imisa, rom
xSirad mkvlevarebi maTi SinaarsiT axdenen klasifikaci-
as, es piesebi Tavisi stilistikiT da msoflmxedvelobiT
iazreba, rogorc erTgvarovani dramaturgiuli forma.
arsebiTad am piesebis done da xasiaTi gansazRvravs g. eri-
sTavis dramaturgias. g. erisTavis kalams ekuTvnis pie-
sebi `SeSlili~, `warsuli droebis suraTebi~, ùCinmaCinis
qudi~, `yvaryvare aTabagi~ da `Tilismis xani~ (gadmokeTe-
buli) da sxva. magram mTavari saTqmeli mainc aRniSnul sam
piesaSi iTqva~ (kiknaZe 1980: 151).
`gayrasa~ da `davaSi~ warmoCenilia problema, romelic
awuxebs gardamaval safexurze Semdgar yvela sazogado-
ebas da warmavali klasebis Tu nuvoriSebis Tema mraval-
gzis gamxdara sxvadasxva qveynis mwerlebis mxatvruli
71
qsovilis safuZveli. am SemTxvevaSi dramaturgi qmnis
warmavali klasis mebatoneebis STambeWdav saxeebs. ufro-
si Taobis Tavadebi: anduyafari, pavle (`gayra~), onofre,
amirindo (`dava~) ver misdeven fexdafex axali epoqis mo-
Txovnebs, maT siaxle aSinebT, konservatuli azrfovneba
saSualebas ar aZlevT daTmon Zveli cxovrebis wesi, rome-
lic ukve maT sawinaaRmdegod muSaobs da aCqarebs am kla-
sis degradacias. am adamianebisTvis wodebrivi ampartav-
neba, Sromisadmi qedmaRluri damokidebuleba, sakuTari
upiratesobis upirobo rwmena xasiaTis mTavari Tvisebebia
da maT metyvelebaSi giorgi erisTavma SeZlo gadmoeca es
farulad Tu aSkarad gaJRerebuli qedmaRluri, kudab-
zikuri notebi. kita abaSiZes miaCnda, rom giorgi erisTavi
aris realizmis mamamTavri saqarTveloSi da am azrs bevri
mkvlevari iTvaliswinebda da iTvaliswinebs, Tumca Tanda-
Tan gamoikveTa azri mis SemoqmedebaSi klasicisturi niS-
nebis arsebobis Sesaxeb. ra Tqma unda, sadavo araa giorgi
erisTavis dramaturgiis realisturi xasiaTi, magram ukve
aSkaraa, rom SesaZlebelia orgvari diferencia: nawilis-
Tvis piesebi sufTa kritikuli realizmis nimuSebia, xolo
nawilisTvis – klasicisturisa. aseTi ormagi damokide-
buleba sruliad bunebrivia, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, ro-
dis moRvaweobs da wers Tavis nawarmoebebs dramaturgi.
igi gardamaval etapze Semovida qarTul saliteraturo
sivrceSi, Semoitana axali tendenciebi, Tumca wina pe-
riodis garkveul gavlenasac srulad ver daaRwia Tavi.
mTavaria, rom dramaturgs SeumCneveli ar darCa sayov-
elTao seni – adamianebi ar indoben erTmaneTs, mzad arian
nebismieri wvrilmanisTvis samkvdro-sasicocxlo brZo-
la gaaCaRon, nacvlad imisa, rom Seecadon, rogorme Se-
umsubuqon erTmaneTs yofa. miT umetes, rom, marTalia,
isini ver grZnoben, magram yvelaferi, risTvisac aseTi
daundoblobiT erkinebian erTmaneTs da mTel garesam-
72
yaros, ukve aRaraa maTi, is istoriis qarma waiRo, rogorc
damWknari foTlebi. drosTan da mis `TanmomyolTan~ gva-
riSvilobis xmliTa da muzaradiT aRWurvil brZolas rom
azri ara aqvs, giorgi erisTavis piesebis sxva personaJebi,
axali Taobis aristokratebi, ukve naTlad grZnoben,
magram maT sxva sulieri salmobani SehyriaT – ususuroba,
ganaTlebis Rirseulad moxmarebis uunaroba, sulieri da
ara geografiuli provincializmi, mimbaZveloba, snobiz-
mi, uazro layboba, usaqmo sityva da fulis monoba. ivane
(`gayra~) yvela am Tvisebas srulad flobs da misi enac,
rogorc mTeli niSanTa sistema, romelSic Tavs iyris
samoqmedo adgilis, droisa da pirovnebis yvela maxasi-
aTebeli, zustad gamoxatavs am xasiaTis individualur
Tvisebebsac da misi klasis sulier Tu sazogadoebriv
mdgomareobasac.
giorgi erisTavis mxatvrul samyaroSi gansakuTrebu-
lia axali burJuaziis – vaWrebis – saxeTa umdidresi gal-
erea. mikirtum gaspariCi, karapet dabaRovi, martiruz
ribnikovi, ivane minasovi ar SeiZleba namdvil burJua-
ziad ganvixiloT, radgan isini mainc viwro gaqanebis wvr-
ili vaWrebi, mevaxSeebi arian da azradac ar mosdiT, rom
òdesme qururTa mqone~ winaprebis msgavsad, aramarto
simdidriTa da momxveWelobiT, aramed sandoobiT, patios-
nebiTac iyvnen ganTqmulni. magram maT iSoves didi fuli.
òqros qisa~ gaxda axali oqros xbo, axali kerpi, romel-
ic cdilobs Secvalos adamianebis sulebi, maTi cxovre-
bis filosofia, aqcios isini momxveWelobis usulgulo
meqanizmebad. mikirtum gaspariCis devizia: `kto na svete
Cestna budit, budit nasit xleba gudiT~ da es sityvebi
ukve movardnili axali mRvrie nakadis arsis gamomxatve-
lic xdeba. am sazogadoebaSi TiTqmis srulad gaufasure-
bulia wesiereba, Zmoba, movaleoba, sityvis kacoba, siyva-
ruli. qrTami, binZuri garigebebi, Ralati, daundobloba
73
moxeleebisTvis, vaWrebisTvis, TavadebisTvis erTnairad
misaRebi gamxdara da kidec ejibrebian TiTqos erTmaneTs,
vin vis gauswrebs avkacobaSi, vin vis ukeT moatyuebs da
dajabnis, rac mTavaria, vin mets moixveWs Tavis sanatrel
axal kerps – fuls.
giorgi erisTavi, faqtobrivad, tragikul movleneb-
ze wers, romlebic xrwnis eris zneobas, amsxvrevs mis xer-
xemals, amtvrevs kidurebs namdvil adamianebs da tovebs
maT nebismier fasad simdidris moxveWis seniT Sepyrobi-
li afTrebis amara, magram man Tavisi saTqmeli komediis
saxeobrivi sistemiTa da eniT gadmosca. komediis gmirebi
ufro axlos midiodnen mayurebelTan, maTi garegnoba,
moZraoba, orazrovani situaciebi, romlebSic isini xvde-
bodnen da sicils iwvevdnen, gasagebi da iolad aRsaqmeli
iyo mayureblebisTvis da amave dros mihqonda maT gu-
lamde Tavisi faruli saTqmeli, Tavisi tkivili, Tavisi
imedi momavalze, radgan yoveli saxe, romelsac qmnida
dramaturgi, ibadeboda im imediT, rom maTi mimsgavseba ar
moundeboda aravis, arc aseTi situaciebi da movlenebi
iarsebebda im sazogadoebaSi, romelic icinoda, icinoda
da dascinoda ubadruk cxovrebis wess, gaufasurebul
Rirsebas, safrTxis qveS dayenebul adamianurobasa da
erovnulobas.
giorgi erisTavis komediebis ena gansakuTrebu-
li mniSvnelobis mqonea. man Semoitana dramaturgiaSi
salaparako enidan sityvebi, frazebi, ar SeuSinda bar-
barizmebs. misi personaJebi alaparakdnen ise, rogorc
laparakobdnen adamianebi sasaxleebSi, savaWroebSi,
duqnebis daxlebTan, sasamarTloebSi, Cinovnikebis kabi-
netebSi, quCebSi, alaparakdnen ise, rogorc saubrobda is
xalxi, romelic sulganabuli ijda darbazSi da sakuTar
Tavsa da nacnobebs xedavda scenaze, wuxda da uxaroda,
74
eSinoda da Relavda, brazobda da borotdeboda... magram
es iyo sicocxle scenaze, romelmac Tavisi misia Sesaru-
la. giorgi erisTavma Seqmna profesiuli Teatri. Tavisi
niWis, mebrZoli da mtkice xasiaTis, Sinagani myari zne-
obrivi xerxemlis wyalobiT man gauZlo mraval winaaR-
mdegobas da safuZveli Cauyara qarTveli erisTvis umniS-
vnelovanes movlenas – Teatrs da scenis pirispir mdgari
adamianis kaTarziss.
damowmebani:
gersamia 1950: gersamia g. giorgi erisTavis Teatri. Tbilisi:

`saxelgami~, 1950.
gozaliSvili 1935: gozaliSvili g. 1832 wlis SeTqmuleba. Tbilisi:
1935.
`kavkazski vestniki~ 1850: `kavkazski vestnik~, № 1, 1850.
kiknaZe 1980: kiknaZe v. qarTuli Teatris istoria. t. I. Tbilisi:
1980.
`literaturis matiane~ 1940: `literaturis matiane~. wigni 1-2.
Tbilisi: `teqnika da Sromis~ stamba, 1940.
SalutaSvili 1980: SalutaSvili n. giorgi erisTavi da Teatri.
Tbilisi: 1980.
WavWavaZe 1941: WavWavaZe i. Txzulebani. t. II. Tbilisi: 1941.
75
Tamar ciciSvili
zurab antonovi
`kargi erovnuli piesa, kargad dadgmuli

da am eris kargi msaxiobebis mier gansaxiere-
buli, yvelaze ukeT xsnis am eris suls~.
(stanislavski).
Jurnali `ciskris~ damaarsebels, mweralsa da sazoga-

do moRvawes giorgi erisTavs wilad xvda qarTuli Te-
atrisa da originaluri qarTuli dramaturgiis Seqmna.
udavoa, rom me-19 saukunis mTel qarTul komediografias
erisTavis gavlena atyvia. marTalia, `Teatrs didi SesaZ-
leblobebi ar gaaCnda da dadgmuli piesebic mayureblisa
da drois Sesaferisi iwereboda~, magram Teatris popula-
robam yvela molodins gadaaWarba.
daviT miqelaZe (mevele) da me-19 saukunis sxva cnobili
qarTveli moRvaweebi amCnevdnen, rom Teatrma Seamcira
qalaqSi gabatonebuli usazRvro qeifebis, loTobisa da
qaRaldis TamaSis damRupveli seni, Tanac scenidan ismoda
ùzado qarTluli kilo~, ramac didi roli iTamaSa `gama-
rTuli qarTuli metyvelebis damkvidrebaSi~. `rodesac
ruseTidan idevneboda Cveni xatebi da mSobliur enaze
locva, – wers mixeil TumaniSvili, – qarTuli eklesiac ki
TeatrSi xedavda erovnuli sulis gamovlinebas, orives
erTi didi erovnuli satkivari hqondaT~ (TumaniSvili
1881: ). arCil jorjaZe darwmunebuli iyo, rom CamorCenil
da daqveiTebul qveyanaSi Teatrs ganmanaTlebluri misia
hqonda dakisrebuli. sandro axmeteli swored qarTul
Teatrs miiCnevda sulieri ganaxlebis mZlavri kerad
(axmeteli 1958).
76
TandaTan gaCnda dramaturgiuli kulturis Seqm-
nis moTxovnileba, kerZod, ara marto naTargni, aramed
– qarTul Tematikaze dawerili originaluri piesebis
saWiroeba.
***
giorgi erisTavma da misma mowafeebma qarTvel drama-
turgTa mTeli skola Seqmnes maT Soris, upirvel yovlisa,
gamovarCevdiT zurab antonovs, avtors dRemde popular-
uli komediisa `mzis dabneleba saqarTveloSi~, romelmac
Teatralur asparezze gamoCenisTanave mayurebelTa gan-
sakuTrebuli yuradReba miipyro.
giorgi erisTavis gverdiT Zalze Zneli iyo warmate-
bis mopoveba, SenarCuneba da, miT ufro, sakuTari adgilis
damkvidreba. miuxedavad imisa, rom erisTavis komediebma
didad ganapiroba antonovis Txzulebebis siuJeturi sqe-
ma da personaJTa `ZiriTadi mxatvruli marcvlebi~ (gavle-
nas xom nebismieri damwyebi mwerali ganicdis), axalbeda
avtorma SeZlo, rom yvela misi piesa axleburi mignebebisa
da arCevanis originalurobiT gamorCeuliyo. misi per-
sonaJebi TiTqosda qarTuli cxovrebis wiaRidan iyvnen
scenaze gadmoyvanilni.
vaxtang kotetiSvili darwmunebuli iyo, rom avtoris
pirad cxovrebasa da Semoqmedebas Soris Sinagani kavSiria
gabmuli, radgan biografia marto cxovrebis `qronikise-
buri aRwera rodia, aramed mwerlis Sinagani gagebacaa~
(kotetiSvili 1965: 584).P
zurab antonovi daibada 1820 wels qalaq gorSi, vaWar
nazar meCiTiSvilis (meCitiSvilis) MojaxSi. nazaris mama
mebaRe iyo da gorTan axlomdebare sof. xidisTavSi cxov-
robda. male nazar meCiTiSvils sofeli miutovebia da gor-
Si gadasula sacxovreblad. zurab antonovis ZmisSvilis,
giorgis, gadmocemiT, gorSi maT meCitaanTs eZaxdnen*.
* zurab antonovs (ori Zma - nikolozi, grigoli - da erTi da hyolia. zurabi
yvelaze ufrosi iyo da-ZmebSi). zurabsa da nikolozs memkvidre ar darCe-
77
zurab antonovma Turme pataraobidanve gamoavlina
gansakuTrebuli niWi da, eqvsi wlisa, mamam saswavleblad
somex mRvdels miabara. erT weliwadSi ise iswavla qarTu-
li da somxuri wera-kiTxva da ìseT gonierebas iCenda, rom
mRvdels zurabis mamisTvis uTqvams: amisTana gonebisa da
amisTana niWieri ymawvili jer Cems Tvals ar unaxavso da
is aucileblad sxva raRac unda gamovideso~ (antonovi
1876: 4). marTlac, erTi wlis Semdeg antonovma swavla go-
ris samazro saswavlebelSi ganagrZo, ise bejiTad meca-
dineobda, pirveli klasi eqvs TveSi daasrula da meore
klasSi gadaiyvanes, romelic eqvs TveSi daZlia. skolis
zedamxedveli sarajiSvili gancvifrebula zurabis niWiT
da mamamisisTvis urCevia: `Sens Svils aqvs kargi naTeli
goneba, nu dauxSob amisTana gonebas. gagzavne ymawvili
umaRles saswavlebelSi da es saCvenebeli ram kaci gamo-
vao~ (antonovi 1876: 4). magram, mamas sxva gegmebi hqonda,
misi survili yofila, Svili Tavisi xelobis gamgrZele-
blad aRezarda da biWic skolidan gamoiyvana.
ase dasrulda zurab antonovis swavla-ganaTleba,
Tumca mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi, rogorc ki dros
gamonaxavda, xarbad ìsrutavda codnas~, ìyo sul saxl-
Si wignebsa da weras TamaSobda, daswerda wignebs viTomc
sxvasa werda da imave wignebiT pasuxs TiTonve daswerda,
sxvis magivrad, TiTqos imisTvis miuweriaTo. sul amisTana
miwer-moweraSi iyo ase, vidre mwerlad gamwesdeboda~
(antonovi 1876: 5).
18 wlisa iyo zurab antonovi, rodesac goris samazro
sammarTvelos kancelariaSi mwerlad M(mdivnad) daiwyo
muSaoba: `goris meSCani antonovi zurabi nazaris Ze, 18
wlis, goris uezdis upravleniaSi gadamwerad, jamagiri
niaT, yvelaze umcrosi Zmis, grigolis, meuRle mariam stefanes asuli ami-
rova iyo (mas aranairi naTesauri kavSiri ar hqonda miron amirovTan). maT ori
Svili hyoliaT. zurabis dasac (is Tbilisel yanduralovze iyo gaTxovili)
Svilebi ar darCenia.
78
erTi Tumani, ori maneTi da 30 kapeiki vercxliT~ (saqar-
Tvelos Teatris, kinos, musikisa da qoreografiis saxel-
mwifo muzeumi.). oTxi weli imuSava, iqac didi mondomeba
da niWi gamoiCina. yvela sabuTi, romelTanac Sexeba hqonda,
zepirad axsovda. misi Zma, grigoli, ase ixsenebda im peri-
ods: ìm oTx weliwadSi kanonebi `mamao CvenosaviT gaizepi-
ra da yvela saqmesac iseT rigad Cawvda, rogoriTac aTi an
TxuTmeti wlis namsaxuri kaci~ (antonovi 1876: 4), magram
araviTari warCineba, àrc saCuqari~ zurabs ar miuRia. xe-
lis wamkravi, proteqtori ar hyavda, sxvebs awinaurebd-
nen, mas ki – ara. gulnatkenma samsaxuri miatova. zurab
antonovisaTvis cxovrebis am mZime periods emTxveva mamis
gardacvalebac. antonovebis erT dros welgamarTuli
ojaxi, TandaTan Ratakdeba. sevdiani, Cafiqrebuli, umuSe-
vari Svebas wignebSi povebda. grigoli ixsenebs, àmoiyara
javri wignebis~, mamis mier danatovari qonebiT biblioTe-
ka SeiZina da TviTganaTlebas miyo xeli. Tuki sadme wigns
naxavda, usaTuod unda waekiTxa, `winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi
avad xdeboda xolme~ (antonovi 1876: 4). antonovi xatavda
da leqsebsac werda, romlebsac Semdgom mis piesebSi vx-
vdebiT. raki damsaxurebuli warCineba ar aRirses. `mefis
taxtis~ samsaxurze xeli aiRo, àmis iqiT samarTlis uime-
do maZieblebs arzebs uwerda, Tu rusulad, Tu qarTulad,
Tu ufasod. Tumca dasasvenebeli (sasveni – T.c.) niSnebis
dausmeloba da gramatikuli Secdoma bevri ipoveboda,
imis daweril qaRaldSi, magram azri hqonda kargi~ (anton-
ovi 1876: 5).
gaWirvebam zurabi da misi Zma aiZula mamis xelobis-
Tvis moekidaT xeli. gumaniT grZnobda, rom es misi saqme
ar iyo, magram... antonovebis duqans aseTi abra ekra: `nisi-
ad aravis. samewvrilmano duqani zurab da grigol anto-
novebisa. naRdaT, iafad, modi naxe, ra mazalo rame aris~
(saqarTvelos Teatris, kinos, musikisa da qoreografiis
79
saxelmwifo muzeumi). Zmebi xidisTavis sagvareulo mam-
ulsac uvlidnen. samwuxarod, zurabs daxlidarobis niWi
ar aRmoaCnda! miuxedavad imisa, rom mas iSviaTad naxavdiT
`tyuilad myofs~, bunebiT cocxali sul mudam saqmeSi iyo,
male gakotrda kidec da miron amirovis ori aTasi maneTi
valad daedo. amirovis saxiT antonovebis ojaxs veragi da
daundobeli mteri gamouCnda.
miron amirovi gorSi ganTqmuli iyo, rogorc modave,
meqrTame, qvriv-oblebis mCagvreli, Sariani, mZlavri da
upatiosno qcevis memamule da mevaxSe. samazro sasamar-
Tlos prokurorad `namyofi~ amirovi cdilobda, rom
sxvadasxva xrikiT mTeli goris mamulebi xelSi Caegdo.
TanamedroveTa mogonebebis Tanaxmad, is garegnuli Sexe-
dulebiTac ucnauri sanaxavi iyo. wvrili da momcro ta-
nisa: èsaa plaSCi da didi kazirokiani furaSka. kanonieri
colSvili gorSi hyvanda, ukanono ki qalaqSi~ (antonovi
1876: 6). centralur arqivSi daculia sabuTi, romelSic un-
teroficris qvrivi olRa stepanova mimarTavs samoqalaqo
saqmeTa mmarTvels da uCivis goris mazris `koleJski ase-
sors~, memamule miron amirovs. is mmarTvels sTxovs,
aiZulon amirovi, raTa man dauyovnebliv gaaTavisuflos
stepanovasTvis warTmeuli arasrulwlovani qaliSvili
(romelic viTomc giraos saxiT, usamarTlod da ukanonod
hyavda damwyvdeuli). amirovi ara marto goris `dabal mo-
qalaqeebs aviwroebda, aramed is bobola gasafcqvnelad
qarTlis Tavadaznaurobasac uvardeboda~ (saqarTvelos
saxelmwifo centraluri arqivi). amirovi sasamarTloSi
ganuwyvetliv daiareboda. zurabsa da mis Zmasac Tbilisis
saolqo sasamarTloSi uwerda saCivrebs, raTa antonove-
bisaTis erTaderTi saarsebo wyaro, xidisTavSi gaSenebu-
li venaxi waerTmia. es procesi da dava wlebis ganmavloba-
Si gagrZelda. `zurab antonovi gabedviT uxdeboda radgan
cotaodeni rusuli icoda da es codna gorisave skola-
80
Si xanmokle swavlebisas mieRo~ (antonovi 1876: 5). erTx-
elac moTminebadakargulma zurabma `sakmaod karga scema
Tavisi kreditori~. rogorc dramaturgis Zma grigoli
igonebs, `zurabma amirovi, romelsac rva weliwadi venaxs
edaveboda xidisTavSi, kargad scema niCbis tariT~. anto-
novma ar apatitia avkacoba amirovs da aseTi ucnauri Su-
risZieba moifiqra. ai, ras ixsenebs amis Taobaze aRalo
TuTaevi*: ùmweo mdgomreobaSi Cavardnilma zurabma sxva
rom veraferi mouxerxa, Seyara motyuebuli da gaRatake-
buli gorelebi, darazma, TviTon win niCbiT gauZRva da
sadguridan dawyebuli, sanam karaleTis sazRvramde movi-
dodnen, damarxes amirovebi. gaTxares aTi saflavi da Ti-
Toeuls TavSi jvari dausves warweriT. pirveli saflavis
qvaze ewera: miron amirovi, meoreze misi colis saxeli da
gvari, mesameze Svilis da amrigad `damarxes~ amirovebi~
(`Teatri da cxovreba~ 1910: 12). ratom karaleTi? am SemTx-
vevis utyuarobis dasadastureblad daviT gamezardaS-
vils mohyavs epizodi sof. mgalobliSvilis mxatvruli
narkvevidan – òri Tve soflad~, romelSic mocemulia
dialogi avtorsa da mis gorel nacnobs Soris: àmboben,
rom gors mamulebi ara aqvso, rom aqauri naxiri gavides
saZovarze, me maxsovs, rom amas mSvenieri adgilebi hqonda.
hqonda, magram erTma kacma Caigdo xelSi. miron amirovi
mTel karaleTis Walas, exla ki mindors, sof. karaleTis
midgmamde, daepatrona, moiyvana miwis mzomavi da Tavis
saxelze Semoamijvrnina. gaigo xalxma, bolos aqeT eca,
iqiT eca, magram saqmes veRar uSvela-ra, erT dRes Seiyara
mTeli xalxi, gavida warTmeul alagze, mindorze da co-
cxal amirovs saqolavi auges~ (`droeba~ 1884: № 130).
* aRalo aTanases (avTandilis) Ze TuTaevi (TuTaSvili), ? – 1912 w. komer-

santi, mecenati, sazogado moRvawe, xSirad ibeWdeboda qarTul presaSi. niko
diasamiZesTan erTad materialur daxmarebas uwevda goris Teatris moyvar-
ulTa wres.
81
mevaxSesa da zurabs Soris samkvdro-sasicocxlo
mtroba Camovarda. antonovis mcdelobis miuxedavad, ami-
rovma mainc moaxerxa misi ojaxis kuTvnili qonebis misa-
kuTreba. `zurabs araviTari sakuTreba, garda kiserze
mibmuli Tavisa da tanze mibmuli xelebisa, ar SerCenia~ da
iZulebuli Seiqmna daxmareba da Semweoba axlo nacnobe-
bisaTvis eTxova. Tavis mxriv, àvkacma amirovma gulSi boR-
ma Caido da wlebis Semdeg mas (z. antonovs – T.c.) sastiki
samagiero gadauxada~ (`Teatri da cxovreba~ 1910: № 12).
amirovis garda, zurab antonovs kidev erTi mevale
hyavda. es iyo Tavadi ivane andronikaSvili. iakob balaxaS-
vili wers: `rogorc irkveva, 1847 wels antonovs goris me-
batone andronikaSvilisaTvis gamourTmevia veqseliT 400
maneTi~ (`literaturuli saqarTvelo~ 1939: № 24), magram
vali ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi veRar daubrunebia.
andronikaSvils vadagadasul veqselTaTvis msvlelo-
ba miucia. 1853 wels, roca antonovi ukve TbilisSia da
giorgi erisTavis TeatrSi muSaobs, Teatris direqciam
goris saqalaqo policiidan miiRo miweriloba, romliTac
atyobinebdnen, rom z. antonovs andronikaSvilis vali
marTebda da amasTan erTad, iTxovdnen, rom misi es vali
xelfasidan procentiTurT gamoeqviTaT. mowerilobis
Tanaxmad es fuli unda gadagzavniliyo goris policiaSi,
romelsac Tanxa kreditorisaTvis unda daebrunebina. am-
berki gaCeCilaZe varaudobs, rom TavadiSvilma andron-
ikaSvilma zurabs piesis dabeWvdaSi gaumarTa xeli da, am
mizniT, asesxa mas 100 maneTi. ivane kereseliZe ki miiCnevs,
rom andronikaSvilisgan fulis sesxeba zurabis sikvdilis
win momxdara. ai ras wers kereseliZe: ìm dros tbilisis
gubernatori iyo ivan malxaziC andronikovi, axalcixeSi
rom gaimarjva da osmalos jari gayara. erT dRes avida an-
tonovi ivan malxaziCTan da exvewa, erTi kamedia maqvs ax-
lad dawerili, saxsari ar maqvs davbeWdo da aTi TumaniT
82
xeli gamimarTeo. iman veqseli CamoarTva da fuli asesxa~
(`literaturuli saqarTvelo~ 1939: № 24).
imedgacruebulma da xelmocarulma zurabma Tbi-
liss miaSura, Tumca gaWirvebasa da xelmokleobas Tavi
man verc TbilisSi daaRwia da verc maSin, rodesac dra-
maturgis piesebi warmatebiT idgmeboda qarTul scenaze.
`mTawmindaze erT miyruebul quCaze patara oTaxi hqonia
daqiravebuli, sadac idga mxolod fexmotexili ficris
sawoli loginiT,QZveli magida, romelzec ewyo rveulebi,
qaRaldebi, sawer-kalmebi da qvis iatakze dawyobili mis-
save dabeWdili kamediebi. es iyo misi simdidre da avla-
dideba, fuli ki arasodes ar hqonia~ (antonovi 1876: 6).
zurab antonovs UmeuRle da Svilebi ar hyolia.
rodesac giorgi erisTavma `mdabioTagan~, kancelari-
is umcros moxeleTagan, pirveli qarTuli dasi Sekriba*,
rogorc maT uwodebdnen, `stolnaCalnikebis dasi~, is
Tavis mamulSi Caiyvana, momaval aqtiorebs sasceno xe-
lovneba iq Seaswavla** da gawvrTnili dasiT TbilisSi
gamocxadda. unda aRiniSnos, rom imdroindeli Teatris
dasi umetesad gorelebisgan Sedgeboda da maT 1851 wels
axalgazrda zurab antonovic Seemata. ivane kereseli-
Ze igonebda, rom goreli megobari msaxiobebis wyalo-
biT zurabi TeatrSi àqtiurad daiareboda da axlodan
ecnoboda Teatralur cxovrebas~ ise gaitaca am saqmem,
* rodesac giorgi erisTavma mudmivi dramatiuli dasis Sedgena moiwadina,

`xaxvis frantebma~ da `mindvris aristokratiam~ publikisaTvis scenaze
TamaSi da kamediantoba iTakiles, orjer Tu samjer TavSesaqcevad iTamaSes,
morCa da gaTavda, meti aRar ikadres~. imdroindeli sazogadoeba erisTavis
Teatrs `qalebis garyvnas, ojaxebis warwymedasa da TeatrSi urcxv proSti-
pruSts~ abralebda (masalebi inaxeba saqarTvelos saselwifo muzeumSi,
giorgi dvanaZis fondi). vax. kotetiSvili marTebulad SeniSnavda, rom im pe-
riodSi scenaze qalebis TamaSi gmirobad iTvleboda. xalxi ambobs, mamapap-
uri leCaqi qalebma aqtrisis wodebaze gacvaleso, – werda i. meunargia.
** èrisTavma aqtiorebi da aqtrisebi saxlSi dayena, sanam dafinansebas mi-
iRebdnen~. is yvelas exmareboda, vinc am saqmes xels mokidebda. – ixsenebda
mari brose (masalebi inaxeba saqarTvelos saselwifo muzeumSi, giorgi
dvanaZis fondi).
83
rom ganuwyvetliv warmodgenebze iwyo siaruli, `daSin-
aurebuli iyo trupasTan, aktior-aktrisebs edevneboda,
scenazed xan erTs Sehyveboda, xan meores. rom romels
oTaxSi qalebi irTveboden, im oTaxSi Tavisuflad Sedi-
oda da gamodioda, zogjer samsaxursac uwevda da Tu
visme ram daWirdeboda wavidoda da moutanda~ (ìveria~
1892: № 171). rogorc zurab antonovis Sesaxeb mogonebe-
bidan irkveva, is Teatris siyvaruliT aivso, kulisebs ise
SeeCvia, romQ giorgi erisTavs ganucxada, `Tu ginda momka-
li da Tu gind maTamaSeo~. erisTavs pirvelive Sexvedrisas
moewona ymawvili, Tavdapirvelad ubralo msaxuris saqme
miando, Semdeg ki mudmivi qarTuli dasis msaxiobad Ca-
ricxa da jamagiri 15 maneTi dauniSna. samwuxarod, zurab
antonovma msaxioburi niWi ver gamoavlina, samagierod
piesebis weras mihyo xeli.
zurab antonovis piesebi, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT,
erisTavis komediografiul skolas ganekuTvneba. maT So-
ris pirveli Seiqmna `me minda kneina gavxde~ (antonovi 1876:
1-60). am komdiiT daiwyo antonovis, rogorc dramaturgis
aRmasvla. `me minda kneina gavxde~ 1851 wels daiwera da im-
ave wels daidga scenaze. mTavar rols, minas Sayulovisas,
Tavad avtori asrulebda. speqtakli mayurebelma Tbilad
miiRo da mwerlisaTvis mxurvale taSi ar dauSurebia...
zogierTi mkvlevaris azriT, erisTavsa da antonovs So-
ris maleve moxda uTanxmoeba, ris Sedegadac erisTavma an-
tonovi Teatridan daiTxova. albaT, upriania, gavixsenoT
petre umikaSvilis sityvebi: àqtiorebs Soris yovelTvis
Camovardeba xolme SuRli da mtroba, iqneba es zogadi
Wiri yoveli trupisa da yovel saTeatro scenas Tan sdevs
aqtiorebis xasiaTis waxdena, Suri da mtroba~ (`kvali~
1899: № 4). magram erisTavi rom mkacri, usamarTlo da mo-
Surne xasiaTis kaci yofiliyo, ganagrZobs umikaSvili, an-
tonovs saerTod ar miiRebda TeatrSi da arc mis piesebs
84
dawerisTanave dadgamda scenaze. petre umikaSvili mo-
uwodebda yvelas, vinc sazogado moRvaweebis Rirsebasa da
naklovanebaze werda, gamoeCinaT keTilgoniereba: `Cven
gulficxobas sazRvari ar aqvs an camdis aviyvanT xolme,
Tu Rirseba aqvs da jojoxeTamde CavyvebiT Tu naklova-
nebas SevamCnevT~ (`kvali~ 1893: № 9). sagulisxmoa isic, rom
g. erisTavs z. antonovi yovelTvis Tavis maswavleblad
miiCnevda, pativs scemda da erisTavs `misTvis sayveduric
rom eTqva, antonovi, albaT, SeniSvnas gaiTvaliswinebda an
Teatridan samudamod wavidoda, rasac adgili ar hqonia~
(`kvali~ 1899: № 4). misi piesebi warmatebiT idgmeboda
g. erisTavis mier Seqmnil TeatrSi da mayurebelTa ova-
ciebs imsaxurebda.
samwuxaro gaxlavT is faqti, rom zurab antonovma,
am niWierma qarTvelma dramaturgma, mxolod 34 weli
icocxla da sul raRac ramdenime weli iRvawa qarTuli
scenisaTvis. zurab antonovi giorgi erisTavis ìZulebi-
Ti~ wasvlis Semdeg (rac, savaraudod, ara konfliqtiT,
aramed mZime materialuri mdgomareobiT iyo ganpirobe-
buli, erisTavi xidisTavSi gadasaxlda da Teatris xe-
lmZRvanelobas CamoSorda)*, gardacvalebamde cota xniT
adre, Teatris direqtorad daniSnes, àmayi kaci, romlis
* qarTuli Teatris daxurvis mizezebze wers n. avaliSvili: `voroncovis was-
vlis da erisTavis ganSorebiT Teatri da misi dasi upatronod darCa. raRa
Tqma undaT, msaxiobT didi gaWirveba daadgebodaT. aq maT b. iv. kereseliZe
mieSvela (antonovis gardacvalebis Semdeg iv. kereseliZe Caudga dass saT-
aveSi –T.c.0, Teatris gaZRola iman ikisra. magram ras gaawyobda es `patara
kaci~... `ciskars~ gasZRoloda Tavisi carieli jibiT Tu Teatrs. mainc iki-
sra usubsidiod... mxolod saqmis moyvareobiT... TviTonac uTqvams CemTvis,
rom erTbaSad gariyul mdgomareobaSi ver dastova msaxiobni. Seudga saqmes.
warmodgenebis dadgma daiwyo. gaWirvebiT iyo... vidre Teatris movaleebi
(valiT moawyo Teatri) Teatris mowyobilobasa da avejs sajarod gauyid-
nen. amiT ver gadarCa... rasakvirvelia, kereseliZe ver izamda voroncovobas,
magram es ki ueWvelia, g. erisTavsaviT gavlenianoba da did kacebSi pativi,
rom hqonoda, qarTuli Teatri Cvenamdenac moaRwevda. patara uCinari kaci
iyo. warCinebulTagan TanagrZnoba ara hqonda. Teatric mTlad moispo. iv.
kereseliZes bevrjer uCivlia: `ra ginda hqna! me rom Teatris avladidebas
miyiddnen, zedac aravin Semomxedao~ (`mnaTobi” 1869 seqtember-oqtomberi).
85
mxare mTel trupas eWira da pativs scemda~ (ìveria~ 1893:
№ 195). imdroindeli qarTuli presa iuwyeba, rom `names-
tnikis~ moadgile muxanaTurad moeqcva qarTul Teatrs.
dasis moTxovnisamebr, antonovi Teatris xelmZRvanelad
daniSna, magram yovelwliuri daxmareba (5 000 man.) ki
àRukveTa trupas~.
zurab antonovs pirvel xanebSi rusuli dramaturgiis
gamocdileba gamouyenebia, Tumca antonovis mier gadmo-
qarTulebul piesebSi dedansa da Targmans Soris mkveTri
gansxvavebaa: dramaturgi iyenebs ZiriTad siuJets, ma-
gram amatebs personaJebs da qarTul garemoSi àTavsebs~
maT. avtorma Tavad àRiara~, Torem veravin mixvdeboda,
rom komediebi naTargmnia da ara originaluri. sul mcire
droSi dramaturgma ramdenime piesa dawera, zogi gad-
moaqarTula, razedac yovelTvis miuTiTebda. Tavad rom
ar ezruna maT gamoqveynebaze, isini dRis sinaTles, albaT,
verasdros naxavdnen. 1876 wels gamoica misi Txzulebebis
krebuli, romelSic Sesulia Cvenamde moRweuli antono-
vis Svidi piesa – `me minda kneina gavxde~, `qmari xuTi coli-
sa~, `gana biZiam coli SeirTo~, `qorwili xevsurTa~, `mzis
dabneleba saqarTveloSi~, `qoroRli~ da `tiviT mogzau-
roba literatorTa~. samwuxarod, dramaturgis danarCe-
ni piesebi daikarga~.*
***
zurab antonovi Tavadve àxarisxebda~ Tavis piesebs:
`namdvil komediebs~ uwodebda `mzis dabnelebas saqarT-
veloSi~ da `tiviT mogzaurobas literatorTa~, xolo
* cnobilia, rom antonovis gardacvalebis Semdeg daikarga misi originaluri
da gadmokeTebuli piesebi – `kiziroki~, `TeTri daTvi faSisa~, òri mdgmuri
erT ezoSi~, `qmari colis mayari~, `kotri zarafi~, àx, marTalT gamkiTxavo,
Sen mipatrone~. nawili am piesebisa warmatebiT idgmeboda qarTul scenaze
(gaz. `droeba~ – 1875, №13), xolo rac Seexeba gaz. ìveriis~ (1891, №145)
cnobas, rom g. areSiZem aRmoaCina antonovis ucnobi piesebi, iTvleba, rom
gaugebrobas Seicavs, radgan iq dasaxelebuli piesebi antonovs ar ekuTvnis.
86
komediebs – `me minda kneina gavxde~, `qmari xuTi colisa~,
`gana biZiam coli SeirTo~. `qorwili xevsurTa~ da `qoroR-
li~ ki tragediebad miaCnda.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, komediiT `me minda kneina
gavxde~ iwyeba antonovis, rogorc dramaturgis, moRvawe-
oba. piesa rusulidan gadmokeTebulad iTvleboda, Tumca,
rogorc daviT gamezardaSvili miiCnevs, ùSualo wyaro
aravis dausaxelebia da arc antonovs daurTavs saamiso
SeniSvna~ (gamezardaSvili 1974: 369). piesis mTavari moq-
medi gmiri barbare TuluxCovi 75 wels mitanebuli orjer
ganaTxovari qvrivia. misi ocnebaa axalgazrda TavadiS-
vils gahyves colad da `kneina Seiqnas~. barbares ar akmay-
ofilebs Tavisi socialuri statusi da miznad dausaxavs
vaWari qmrebis danatovari fuliT maszed bevrad axal-
gazrda da lamazi qarTveli TavadiSvilisa da `misi wode-
bis yidva~. qali ar malavs Tavis survils da vaWar minas
SayulovTan saubarSi acxadebs: `dovlaTi bevri maqvs,
qmrebisa damrCa, amisTana dovlaTis patroni saxelovani
ar var, Cemi qmrebi ubralo kacis Svilebi iyvnen, erTi
myvanda dabaRovi, meore TuluxCovi, sadme rom mivdiodi,
ambobdnen, es TuluxCaanT rZaliao, axla minda erTi kargi
vinme SevirTo, rom mec xalxSi rame viyo, Cems dovlaTs sul
imas mivcem, oRond kneina gavxde~ (antonovi 1876: 1-60). im
droinel sazogadobaSi gazuluqebul vaWarTa fenis aseTi
survilebi, Cveulebrivi movlena iyo. isini yovelnairad
cdilobdnen aristokratTa wreSi moxvedrasa da `kneinad
gaxdomas~, xolo udardeli qarTveli Tavad-aznaurebi,
qeifsa da drostarebas rom gadaayoles mamapapiseuli
qoneba da Rirseba, iZulebulni Seiqmnen Seguebodnen aseT
damamcirebel viTarebas da vaWarTa dabali wris qalebi
kneinebad eqciaT. piesis saTauric xom amis dasturia? Ta-
vadi daviT seraSiZe sruliad akmayofilebs standarts.
is `tanad Zalian kargia, magram fulTan mwyralad aris~,
87
is `paxodSi wasvlaze~ ocnebobs, rom `pencia iSovos~ da
iZulebulia, rom SeZlebuli barbare, dabaRovisa da Tu-
luxCovis qvrivi, `qorwinebis asaks sakmaod gadacdenili
dedaberi~, colad moiyvanos. es azri mas minas Sayulo-
vma `daujina TavSi~, romelsac imedi aqvs, rom mxolod
am gziT SeZlebs Tavisi valis dabrunebas. minas Sayulovi
vaWarTa im wres ekuTvnis, visTvisac fulis garda sxva xati
ar arsebobs.
uTanasworo qorwinebis Temam Tavisi `monologebiTa
da dialogebiT~ gansakuTrebuli roli Seasrula im epo-
qis qarTul dramaturgiaSi. Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
verc erTi qarTveli dramaturgi ver ascda am saWir-
boroto Temas, radgan, raoden mtkivneulic ar unda iyos,
àngariSiani qorwili~ antonovisdroindel sazogadoe-
baSi friad miRebuli da gamarTlebuli movlena iyo –
qarTvelebisaTvis materialuri uzrunvelyofis, xolo
somxuri warmoSobis vaWrebisaTvis socialuri statu-
sis SeZenis erTaderTi saSualeba. piesaSi `me minda kneina
gavxde~ qorwineba, es zneobrivi aqti, vaWrobis sagnadaa
qceuli. Cven Tvalwin simdidris moyvaruli da maRmerTe-
beli sazogadoebis suraTi iSleba. sazogadoeba TiTqos
oradaa gayofili: erTi mxriv, zneobrivad da qonebrivad
gakotrebuli brwyinvale Tavadebi – daviT seraSiZe da
iliko gurgeniZe, romlebic epoletebis amaraRa arian dar-
Cenilni da, meore mxriv, TuluxCovebi, Sayulovebi, Tavi-
anTi matrimonialuri miswrafebebiTa da fulis kultiT,
romlis saSualebiT adamianebis `sulis yidvazec~ ki miuw-
vdebaT xeli. swored maTze werda arCil jorjaZe, rom
me-19 saukunis 30-iani wlebidan qarTul sazogadoebriv
sarbielze gamovida moqalaqe, meSCani, romelic litera-
turisa da xelovnebis sferoSic moxvda da es moqalaqe,
jorjaZis azriT, metwilad somxuri warmoSobisa iyo
(jorjaZe 1914: 49).
88
zneobisa da fulis Widilia antonovis Semdgomi piese-
bis `gana biZiam coli SeirTo~ da `qmari xuTi colisa~ Te-
mac. am komediebSic qorwineba komizmis Semcvel kolizias
warmoqmnis. komediaSi `gana biZiam coli SeirTo~ situa-
cia sapirispirod icvleba da maWanklis rolSi gaRatake-
buli qarTveli deda gamodis, romelic mdidar vaWrebTan
kardakar siaruls ar Takilobs da qaliSvilis `sarfian
gaTxovebas, gayidvas~ cdilobs.
antonovis komediebSi bevri saerTo damaxasiaTebeli
niSani gvxvdeba, rac vaWar personaJebs erTmaneTs ams-
gavsebs, xasiaTisa da saxis ganviTarebis sqemas iZleva, es
ki cxadia, niRbis Tvisebaa. dramaturgi àgviwers axal
fsiqikas~, romelic ùkuRmarTma xanam~ moitana da albaT,
personaJTa degradirebis mizezic im epoqaSi unda veZi-
oT, rodesac drom da realobam bevr maTgans miznis misaR-
wevad ukeTuri qcevisken ubiZga.
zurab antonovi did mniSvnelobas aniWebda dokumen-
turobas, `namdvilobas~. es avtoris yvela piesaSi ig-
rZnoba, gansakuTrebiT ki originalur komediaSi `mzis
dabneleba saqarTveloSi~. piesas namdvili ambavi daedo
safuZvlad. 1851 wels gazeTebi iuwyebodnen, rom Tbi-
lisSi mzis dabneleba iyo mosalodneli da amasTan dakav-
SirebiT, qalaqSi aTasi Wori gavrcelda. gaz. `Кавказ~,
1853 w. № 11 iuwyeboda: `qalaqSi iseTi areuloba iyo, rom
yvelani mkiTxavebTan da SemlocvelebTan darbodnen, es
ukanasknelni ki, im periodis sazogadoebaSi yvelaze meti
gavleniT sargeblobdnen da dauRalavad tartalebdnen”.
qalaqi àforiaqebuli atmosferoTi iyo gaJRenTili~.
mzis dabnelebasTan dakavSirebiT saqarTveloSi Seufe-
rebeli reaqciaa – gadaWarbebuli SiSi da umecreba su-
fevs. antonovis surda, sazogadoebisaTvis daenaxvebina,
Tu ra savalalo mdgomareobaSi SeeZlo Caegdo adamiani
crumorwmuneobasa da elementarul uswavlelobas. piesa
89
komikuri situaciiT iwyeba: `didi panikaa gamefebuli da
SiSisagan aqeT-iqiT exeTqebian” vaWar geurq karapetovis
ojaxSi, romelsac Tavadi indo SermanaZe, aznauri zaal
pintriSiZe da glexi berua lapinaSvili misdgomian kars
da vaWrisgan fulis sesxebas cdiloben. isini imedovneben,
rom am `Tanxis wyalobiT~ rogorme mzis dabnelebas gada-
urCebian. uvic da ubir xalxs Taviseburi warmodgenebi
aqvT mzis dabnelebaze. zogis azriT, am dros cidan gve-
leSapebi Camovlen da lamaz qalebsa da vaJebs Caylapaven,
xolo orsuli dedakacebi sul `tyup-tyupsa Soben, mere
simwriT dacofdebian da kacebs dasWamen~, zogis azriT, ki
Savi zRvac `frTonvas~ daiwyebs, gadmova da kaspiis zRvas
SeuerTdeba, ialbuzi da TrialeTi erTmaneTs daecemian
da swored am dros gamoCndeba antiqriste Tavis jariT,
romelic ebraelebis garda yvelas daxocavs. SeSinebuli
xalxi xsnas eZebs da gamosavali sardafebSi Caketva da
Rvinis sma hgoniaT.Uswored am fonze iSleba sazogadoe-
bis gadagvarebisa da znedacemulobis Tema da qveTemebi.
yvela mkvlevari erTxmad Tanxmdeba, rom antonovis piesa
50-iani wlebis Tbilisis yofis ukvdavi komediografiu-
li gansaxiereba iyo. antonovi bavSvobidan vaWarTa wreSi
trialebda da mwerlis gumaniT grZnobda, rom asparezze
axlad gamosuli es klasi wvrili movaWreebi, CarCebi, um-
etesad eTnikuri somxebi, Tavidan CrdilSi dgomas am-
jobinebdnen da akvirdebodnen viTarebas. maT jer kidev
ar gaaCndaT privilegiebi, magram aSkara iyo, rom isini Ta-
vianT mokrZalebul mdgomareobas ar Seeguebodnen. Car-
Cebi cdilobden dros ar CamorCenodnen, fuli daegrove-
binaT da vaWrobac farTod gaeSalaT; gavida xani da maTi
umravlesoba didvaWrad, sovdagrad iqca. Tuki Tavda-
pirvelad somxis sovdagrebi angariSs uwevdnen garemoe-
bas da cdilobdnen, rom qalebi qarTvelebisaTvis mieTx-
ovebinaT, mere da mere vaWrobis unaris, windaxedulobisa
90
da Tvalmaqcobis xarjze, ise gaZlierdnen, rom qarTveli
Tavadaznaurobisa da gaWirvebuli xalxis qonebac `qveS
moiyoles~. sasiZoebadac Tavis msgavs somex vaWrebs eZeb-
dnen, radgan darwmundnen, rom qarTveli Tavadebi `fuls
bzesaviT fantamen, Safanckis iTxoven da mere duelSi Spa-
gas Semokraven~. antonovis poiesaSi daxatul vaWrebs arc
codna, arc gemovneba da Rirseba gaaCniaT, magram, momWirne
da mizandasaxuli mSromelebi arian, ris xarjzec cxovre-
bis asparezze TandaTan wamyvan Zaladac iqcevian. kome-
diaSi aranakleb STambeWdavia qarTvelebis ieric. maTi
erTi nawili gonebrivadaa mCate, `zneobrivad tutuci~,
uqnara, mamapapeuli qonebis uazrod mflangveli, fulis
yvela saSualebiT Sovna da garToba ocnebad rom dausax-
avT. qarTvelobis meore nawils, àxal Taobas~, Rirseba da
ganaTleba gaaCia, magram sustia, modunebuli, ar ZaluZs,
rom rame Secvalos da cxovrebis sadaveebi xelSi aiRos.
samwuxarod, xSir SemTxvevaSi, maT simtkice da rwmena ak-
liaT, alRos ver uReben axal droebas. swored im drois
saqarTvelos ekonomiur cxovrebaSi momxdarma garda-
texaTa procesma, aTqmevina. vaxtang kotetiSvils: ìm pe-
riodSi iseT pirobebSi yovelTvis maxinji tipebi iqmnebian
da Cvenma sinamdvilemac uxvad gamofina monarCene xalxis
mravalricxovani koleqcia~ (kotetiSvili 1965: 193). niSan-
doblivia sergei mesxis gulistkiviliT aRsavse werilic:
`Cven blomad gvyavda muSakacebi, mSvenieri noyieri miwebi,
Cveni Tvaluwvdeneli mindvrebi, xeluxlebeli tyeebi da
mdidari mdinareebi. dagdebuli iyvnen sruliad uyurad-
Rebod, arc SeZleba da arc codna ar gvaZlevda RonisZi-
ebas, rom Cven sasargeblod mogvexmara da cxovrebaSi
gamogveyenebina es bunebisagan moniWebuli simdidreni. es
yvelaferi ki imave mdgomareobaSi gvayenebda, rogoric
`netarxsenebuli raindobis dros iyo~ (mesxi 1869: 21). amis
mizezs sergei mesxi Cven sizarmaceSi, umecrebasa da dau-
91
devrobaSi xedavs.… samwuxarod, es problema dResac imave
simwvaviT dgas saqarTvelos winaSe. antonovic `simarTles
RaRadebda~, rodesac SiSobda, rom Tu qrTveloba droze
gons ar moegeboda, Tavsac daiRupavda da qveyanasac ga-
daiyolebda. dramaturgis piesebSi Seulamazeblad mo-
Cans Zveli patriarqaluri yofis ganwiruloba da `mdabi-
oTagan axalwelwamowul~ vaWarTa fenis momxveWi buneba.
rogorc misi Tanamedroveni gadmogvcemen, raoden gasak-
viric ar unda iyos, vaWrebs mwerali uyvardaT, xSirad
iwvevdnen TavianT ojaxebSi da mejlisebs umarTavdnen:
àmasTanave eSinodaT da xSirad gaigonebdiT, daCumdiT
genacvaleT dagvwerso~ (saqarTvelos Teatris kinos,
musikisa da qoreogafiis saxelmwifo muzeumi)..
bunebrivia, rom komediis `mzis dabneleba saqarT-
veloSi~ dadgma araerTma didma qarTvelma moRvawem iTa-
va. piesa pirvelad akaki wereTelma dadga quTaisSi, xolo
TbilisSi 1865 wlis aprilSi dimitri yifianma warmoad-
gina. dimitri yifians Sinaganma alRom gaumarTla. man
im periodis mayureblis gemovneba da moTxovna zustad
gaiTvaliswina. `ciskris~ korespondenti werda, rom:
`scena ise Cinebulad iyo momzadebuli, msaxiobebi Cine-
bulad TamaSobdnen ... aq naxavdiT dawvrilebiT yovel-
gvar qarTul Cveulebs, an sazandrebs ra adgili uWiravT
saxalxo SemTxvevaSi, an mezurneebs, an Tbilisis Sarla-
tanebs, an mayurebel xalxs. qorwili qarTuli, Tu rogori
CveulebiT sxedan taxtze meqorwileebi, jixvebiT sma da
sxva~ (`ciskari~ 1865: № 4). àdgilobrivi zne-Cveulebebi-
sa da udavo TviTmyofadobis zusti asaxva~ (`kavkazi~ 1855:
№ 2). me-19 saukunis 80-ian wlebSi peterburgSi `mzis dab-
neleba~ qarTvel studentebs ganuxorcielebiaT, xolo
1923 wels ki piesas kote marjaniSvili kidebs xels. didma
reJisorma swored antonovis `mzis dabnelebiT~ daiwyo
qarTuli repertuaris scenaze `gansaxiereba~. imdroin-
92
deli presa wers, rom: `marjaniSvilma, rogorc mas Cvevia,
komedia sul gadaaxalisa da saamo sanaxavi gaxada, udidesi
yuradReba aqvs miqceuli dekoratiul mxares da masiur
scenebs, mSvenieri suraTebia Zveli Tbilisisa Tavisi Su-
SabandebiTa da samikitnoebiT, amdidrebs STabeWdilebas
cocxali monawileoba quCuri vaWrobisa da kintoebisa~*
(`tribuna~ 1923: № 40). marjaniSvilis dadgma yvelaze
ukeT gamoxatavda warsuli epoqis suls, detalurad asa-
xavda im drois cxovrebas, zne-Cveulebebsa da tradi-
ciebs. speqtaklSi qarTuli scenis korifeebi iRebdnen
monawileobas.
adamians xSirad TvaliT nanaxi ufro metad amaxsov-
rdeba, vidre aTasjer wakiTxuli. Teatris istoriam icis
mravali SemTxveva, rodesac scenaze dadgmul speqtakls
literaturul pirvelwyaroze gacilebiT ufro meti
STabeWdileba mouxdenia da mayureblis mquxare ovacia
daumsaxurebia. kote marjaniSvilis mier dadgmulma `mzis
dabnelebam saqarTveloSi~ antonovTan mimarTebaSi ana-
logiuri efeqti moaxdina, SeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas, rom
erTgvar CrdilSic ki moaqcia dramaturgi.
zurab antonovi udavod niWieri kaci iyo, grigol an-
tonovi ixsenebs, rom zurabi, romelic sazogadoebaSi
yvelgan kargad iyo miRebuli da yvelas uyvarda, `daiare-
boda imaTSi, ucqeroda maT Cveulebebs, imaTs moqmedebas,
imaTs laparaks da iqidan ueWvelad gaakeTebda rames da
daswerda. agreTve quCaSi rom mimavaliyo da enaxa sadme
erTad Sekrebili xalxi da nalaparakevi, im laparakidanac
ueWveli iyo Seadgenda rasmes da dawerda~ (antonovi 1876:
6). ivane kereseliZe igonebs: èrT dilas antonovi riyeze
Sexvedria mTidan Camosul xevsurebs, dainteresebula
maTi yofacxovrebiT, gamoukiTxavs yvelaferi, Cauweria
* eliso abramiSvils detalurad aqvs Seswavlili marjaniSviliseuli
dadgmis dedanTan msgavseba da gansxvaveba.
93
ramdenime maTi leqsi da imave Rames piesa dauweria. zemo-
xsenebulis dasturad SegviZlia miviCnioT zurab anto-
novis piesa `xevsurT qorwili”: `dramaturgma Taviseburi
samyaro gadaSala, Taviseburi Cvevebis gmirebi aametyve-
la, romelTa msgavss qarTuli dramaturgia manamde ar ic-
nobda. scenaze TeTrCoxiani da Ripebdasiebuli Tavadebi
da maTi gaqnili msaxurebi ki ar fusfuseben, aramed kom-
bliani mwyemsebi daaboteben~ (gamezardaSvili 1974: 400).
im periodis qarTuli Teatris mayurebeli `qalaqis xalxi
iyo”, romelic ìnteresiT ekideboda~ ara marto vaWarTa
wris cxovrebis amsaxvel scenebs, aramed maTvis soflis
cxovrebac mimzidveli da saintereso gaxldaT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom piesaSi `qorwili xevsurTa~ an-
tonovi cdilobs agviweros xevsuruli qorwilisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli tradicia da ritualebi, is arc mTaSi
SeWril vaWrebs iviwyebs. dramaturgma xevsureTSic aiy-
vana Tavisi komediebis ukve kargad nacnobi personaJi –
vaWris niRabi. gulubryvilo xevsurebs baridan amosuli
CarCi kakola finaCovi Zarcvavs da atyuebs. am piesamde
antonovis yvela personaJi qalaqeli iyo, dramaSi – `qor-
wili xevsurTa~ ki avtorma `xevsurTa qoxebisaken miaxeda
mayurebeli. mTa ametyvelda Tavisi av-kargiT, amitom iyo,
rom kritika mas imTavidve aRfrTovanebiT Sexvda~ (`droe-
ba~ 1876: № 33-34). samwuxarod isic unda aRiniSnos, rom
piesaSi garkveuli diletantizmi igrZnoba. mwerals Ses-
wavlili ar aqvs mTis xalxis adaT-wesebi, zne-Cveulebani
da dramas leqsikisa da siuJetis wyobis TvalsazrisiTac,
aSkarad etyoba, rom naucbadevad aris dawerili. riyeze
gagonili ambavi sakmarisi ar aRmoCnda, rom mwerals is
mxatvrul fantaziad gardaeqmna piesa sakmaod susti, sqe-
maturi da damajereblobas moklebulia. TumcaRa anton-
ovma, pirvelma qarTul dramaturgiaSi, `moqmedeba qalaqi-
dan Sors, provinciaSi, gadaitana~.
94
zurab antonovis tragedia `qoroRli~ avtoris manamde
Seqmnili yvela sxva piesisgan gansxvavdeba da gancalkave-
biT dgas. miuxedavad imisa, rom zurab antonovi kome-
diografi iyo, aRmoCnda, rom dramis dawerac aranakleb
xelewifeboda. piesas safuZvlad udevs evlaxovis moTx-
roba `Шамлиберская долина“, romelic emyareba Tqmulebas
qoroRlize. is TbilisSi 1849 wels rusul enaze daibeW-
da. im epoqisTvis piesa imdenad STambeWdavi Seiqmna, rom
Tavad avtori, evlaxovic ki didad afasebda antonovis
`qoroRlis~.
dramaSi moqmedeba arzrumis safaSoSi viTardeba. `qo-
roRliSi~ arzrumis faSis jafaris qaliSvil gulnaras,
romelsac Tavisi silamazis gamo àRmosavleTis varskv-
lavs~ uwodeben da cnobil gmir qoroRlis erTmaneTi uy-
varT da daqorwinebas apireben. aRmosavluri Tqmulebis
gmiri qoroRli uSiSrobiTa da samarTlianobiT gamoir-
Ceva. tragediaSi aRmosavluri anturaJi, xibli da surneli
igrZnoba. antonovma amjeradac pirveloba aravis dauTmo
da qarTul sazogadoebas aRmosavluri tradiciebisa da
arsenas msgavsi gmiris sinTezi SesTavaza. sagulisxmoa is
faqtic, rom dramaturgma piesaSi yuradReba socialur
sakiTxebzec gaamaxvila, riTac mayureblis didi simpa-
Tia daimsaxura. am faqtma ki `didad Caafiqra~ ruseTis
samefo taxtis erTguli moxeleebi, romlebic àdvilad
mixvdnen~, rom qoroRli~ qarTvel xalxSi aucileblad
janyis suliskveTebas. gaaRviZebda. grafma sologubmac
ar daayovna da mefisnacvalTan ùjaSuSa qarTul Teatrs~:
`qarTuli Teatri SeiZleba arsebobdes im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
mTavroba moisurvebs ubralo xalxze zemoqmedebis moxde-
nas nacinaluri trupis meSveobiT, maSin qarTuli Teatri
miiRebs maRal policiur daniSnulebas…...FfaSebisa da xane-
bis dacinva, rogori saxiTac ar unda iyos, mainc mTavrobis
dacinvaa da amitomac sastikad unda aikrZalos. qarTuli
95
Teatri unda moiSalos da mis nacvlad daarsdes qarTu-
li balagani, sadac mimasebi da jambazebi miiReben mTavar
monawileobas~ (Teatris, kinos, musikisa da qoreografiis
saxelmwifo muzeumi).
antonovis kidev erTi komediis `tiviT mogzauroba
literatorTa~ Seqmnas ukavSirdeba erTi cnobili is-
toria. sanam am Temas SevexebiT, mogvyavs antonovis ko-
mentari, romelic man Tavis piesas daurTo: `dafaseba am
piesis Rirsebisa SeuZliaT im pirTa, romelTa survilisaT-
visca aris dawerili da agreTve imiTaca, romelTac nam-
dvilad ician siuJeti am piesisa~ (antonovi 1876: 313).
ivane kereseliZis mogonebebis Tanaxmad, generali, numiz-
mati bartolovi (bartlomei), `statski sovetniki~ pla-
ton ioseliani, brwyinvale Tavadi giorgi muxranski da
ramdenime piri istoriuli Zeglebis dasaTvaliereblad
qarTlSi, kerZod, ufliscixeSi gamgzavrebulan. iqidan
es `naswavli xalxi~ TbilisSi tiviT dabrunebula. èsec
(antonovi – T.c.), rogorc amayi da metiCara – wers ker-
eseliZe – iq maT mogzaurobis dros daswrebia~ (ìveria~
1893: 17). ukan dabrunebul antonovs sam dReSi dauweria
es piesa da voroncovisaTvis miurTmevia. mTavarmarTeb-
els piesa moewona da mwerali oqros saaTiT daajildova.
kereseliZisave TqmiT, am faqts `gadaurevia~ erisTavi,
romelmac ioseliani, muxranski da sxvebi aiyola da mTa-
varmarTebelTan uCivles dramaturgs, ès viRac antonovi
aris, Cvenzed kamediebsa swerso da Tqven nacvlad dasjisa
saCuqrebs aZlevTo~. saCivari uSedegod darCenila. da-
viT gamezardaSvilis mosazrebis Tanaxmad, erisTavisad-
mi uaryofiTad ganwyobili kereseliZe mikerZoebulad
afasebs movlenebs. muxranski da bartolovi (bartlomei)
ki ar axldnen ioselians, aramed masTan erTad mogzaurob-
da mxatvari gagarini da Tanac erisTavi ukmayofilo ki ar
darCenila, aramed maSinve piesa TeatrSi daudgams. am am-
96
bavs ixsenebs platon ioselianic: `Cvensa mgzavrobam mis-
ca sagani kamediisa mweralsa antonovsa da daswera tiviT
siaruli~ (ioseliani 1936: 83). ìncidenti damTavrebula
vodevilistisa da ioselianis SerigebiT, radgan antonovs
TviT voroncovi gamoesarCla. antonovi im mweralTagani
iyo, romelic erisTavis magaliTs Seudga, rogorc vxe-
davT, ioselians Zvirad daujda `gayris~ literaturuli
rekomendacia~ (gawerelia 1962: 105). imdroindeli presa
exmaureba am mgzavrobas, rom siciliT SeiaraRebulma
dramaturgma, satirikosma sastikad gaamaTraxa Tavadazn-
auri literatorebi. memamuleTa uvicobasac swvda da ma-
Ti keTilSobili gogris `naSali saqveynod gadmosTvala~.
antonovTan martivi da Cveulebrivi movlenac ki
uCveulo saxes iRebs. piesa aRsavsea komikuri situacie-
biTa da groteskuli scenebiT. magaliTad, mogzaurebi
– `ganswavluli~ literatori, maRali Tanamdebobisa da
didi pretenziis mqone moxele, generali grigol Rre-
bakovi da polkovniki parmen iasamaniZe, `kulturuli da
keTilSobili~ saqmiT dakavebulan, qarTul siZveleTa
Seswavlis mizniT mogzauroben. sinamdvileSi ki `brwyin-
vale matrebezebs~ qvrivi kneinas suraTis daxatva ufro
moswonT, vidre siZveleTa Seswavla. literatorebi ma-
gidis nacvlad glexebs, `wakuzvasa da zurgis miSveras~
sTxoven, raTa zemodan qaRaldi gaSalon da siZveleebis
nacvlad mSvenieri kneinas portreti daxaton. dabeCave-
buli, ubiri glexebi panikas moucavT, radgan zurgis miS-
vera `rusuli rozgebiT galaxva~ hgoniaT. komediis mware,
erTi SexedviT, sasacilo, magram dramatuli epizodia
qvrivi qali TinaTinisa da mamasaxlisis Cxubi stumrebi-
saTvis misarTmevi qaTmis gamo, anda Tundac is epizodi,
rodesac `Zveli feodalur-patriarqaluri~ saqarTvelos
warmomadgeneli Tavadi gogia, naxevrad komikuri da na-
xevrad tragikuli personaJi, romelsac literatorebis
97
laparaki `SeSlilebis saubrisTvis~ miumsgavsebia, gamz-
rdels SesTxovs, rom uSvelos rame da `gamoulocos~ maT.
dramaturgi satiriT umaspinZldeba degradaciis gzaze
mdgom Tavadebs, romlebic bolomde Zveli batonymuri ur-
TierTobis motrfialed rCebian da arc ruseTis erTgul
qarTvel saxelmwifo aparatis biurokrat moxeleebs ivi-
wyebs.: `marTalia, tanisamoss axla sufTad icvamen, tyla-
pis tola TeTr faratins ifaraven, magram SigniT guli
Savad aqvT gamuruli~.
`tiviT mogzaurobis~ mkiTxveli advilad xvdeba, rom
mwerals realobis grZnoba ar Ralatobs, personaJTa
umoqmedo, `gapasiurebuli principebis~ Seurbileblad
gadmocemisas. `tiviT mogzaurobis~ dadgmam xma aamaR-
lebina brwyinvale wodebas, aristokratias, romelmac bo-
los da bolos iukadrisa da gaaprotesta guSindeli `dax-
lidari, stolnaCalniki~, vinc TandaTan xalxis sayvareli
mwerlis saxels ixveWda. maTi wris dramaturgebs kidev
hqondaT ufleba `Tavis gvartomis ZaliT, Tavadaznauro-
ba gaekilaT, magram daxlidars `brwyinvaleTa~ dacinvas
ver apatiebda~ (ìveria~ 1892: № 171). komediis finalSi
TavzexelaRebulma mweralma `xmas auwia, dramaturgiul-
ma pamfletma yumbarasaviT ifeTqa,~ – werda ìveria~
(ìveria~ 1892: № 171).
1854 wels quCaSi mimaval zurab antonovs ZaRli mie-
para da xelze ukbina. iv. kereseliZis mogonebis Tanaxmad:
`didma qofakma ZaRlma dahfliTa da daglija~ dramatur-
gi, `desetnikebma~ saxlSi cocxal-mkvdari miaTries da
marto datives. zurabis Zma gorSi mojamagired mdgara.
am ambis gagebisTanave is da dasis àqtiorebi~ – tatievi,
korZaia, eliozovi da natievi – antonovis mosanaxule-
blad wasulan. `mivuaxlovdiT Tu ara sadgoms, sazareli
xma Semogvesma, karebi gareTgan klitiT iyo daketili, ja-
SuSad policia daeyenebinaT, radgan ZaRli cofiani yofi-
98
la, antonovs cofi morevia,Ayviris, wivis, dorblebi mos-
dis piriTgan, wyals iTxovs, batono ivan ivaniC, batonebo,
Tofi mesroleTo. meore dRes rom mivakiTxeT, mkvdari
dagvixvda~* (ìveria~ 1893: № 171).
sul sxva versias gvTavazobs aRalo TuTaevi. misi
azriT, amirovma yvelaferi iRona antonovis fizikuri
ganadgurebisaTvis: àm veragma kacma SurisZieba gadawy-
vita, Tavisi boroti ganzraxva Seasrula, antonovi mok-
la ZaRlis nakbenma ki ara, zurabis dauZinebeli mtris,
miron amirovis cofma~ (`Teatri da cxovreba~ 1910: № 2).
ratomRac maincdamainc ar axmaurebdnen im faqtsac, rom
sikvdilmde ramdenime dRiT adre amirovma policias an-
tonovi daapatimrebina da xuTi dRe hyavdaT damwyvdeuli
mexuTe saboqaulo nawilis sardafSi. meore dRes ki mwera-
li gardaicvala. aRalo TuTaevi darwmunebuli iyo: àm-
boben, rom antonovi cofiT mokvdao, es xma amirovistebma
gaavrceles, amasve imeoreben Cveni gulubryvilo publi-
cistebi~ (igulisxmeba iv. kereseliZe – T. c.). aRalo Tu-
Taevs Rrmad swamda, rom amirovisagan mosyiduli poli-
cia sagangebod iyo dainteresebuli antonovis piesebis
mospobiT (gansakuTrebiT komediisa `kiziroki~, romel-
Sic mTavari personaJis prototipad miron amirovi iyo
gamoyvanili). zurab antonovis sikvdilis am versiis bevri
iziarebda. axloblebic darwmunebuli iyvnen, rom `savara-
udod, amirovis mier moqrTamulma policielebma anton-
ovs sawamlavi Seasves~. zurabis Zma grigoli, Tavis mogo-
nebaSi, wers, rom .Wriloba mesame dRes morCenia. zurabs,
yoveli SemTxvevisaTvis, cofis wamalic SeuZenia da misi
dalevac gadauwyvetia, magram rodesac ZaRlis patronma
daamSvida, Cems ZaRls cofis araferi etyobao, gadaifiqra
* i. kereseliZe yovelTvis didi gulistkiviliT ixsenebda zurab antonovs
da masze mogonebebis dawerasac apirebda. zaq. WiWinaZisaTvis miweril bar-
aTSi wuxda, rom `dro da Jams ar CaenTqo misi vinaoba da samwuxaro sevdebiT
savse cxovreba~.
99
da aRar dalia (antonovi 1876: 7). mwerlis gardacvaleba
am SemTxvevidan ramdenime xnis Semdeg moxda. moviSveliebT
zurabis Zmis, grigol antonovis mogonebas: èrT saRamos,
zurabi fexze ver damdgariyo, kravotze iwva, araqaTi ara
hqonda da yviroda `miSveleTo~ (antonovi 1976: 7). 17 wlis
grigolma dasaxmareblad iqve mcxovreb msaxiob tatievs
mimarTa, tatievma ki policias gamouZaxa. policiam karebi
da fanjrebi amoqola, zurabis xvewnis miuxedavad `miSve-
leT, rada mklavT, ras xedavT CemSio~, misTvis yuradReba
aravis miuqcevia, arc grigoli gaakares, piriqiT, `karge-
bic momcxes da gamomagdes~. es ambavi saswrafod Tbili-
sis gubernators, general reads, Seatyobines, romelmac
zurabi droSkiT `goSpitalSi~ gadaayvanina. grigol an-
tonovis monayolis Tanaxmad, dramaturgi: ìmave Rames
goSpitalSi saRamos eqvs saaTze gardaicvala~.
grigol antonovi darwmunebuli iyo, rom zurabs co-
fis aranairi niSnebi ar hqonda, kbenidan ormocdameoTxe
dRes gamxdara cudaT: ìsev im gonebiT iyo, isev im lapa-
rakiT, rogorc yofila winaT, vidre gardacvalebamdis,
iwva, araqaTi ar hqonda, aramc Tu evno visTvisme rame~ (an-
tonovi 1876: 7). policiam sul erTianad gaitana dramat-
urgis nivTebi, àkurka unda vuyoT maTo. im nivTebTan er-
Tad waiRes imisi biblioTeka da imasTan imisi xeliT naweri
piesebi, romlebic jer ar iyo dabeWdilebi da scenazec ki
ar iyo warmodgenili. agreTve, erTi axali piesa daswera
bolo JamSi, isev SavaT iyo, jer TeTradac ar iyo gadawe-
rili da Zlier kargi ram iyo. TiTon miTxra, rac piesebi
damiweria, amisTana piesa arc erTi ar ariso, yvela Cem da-
weril piesebs esa sjobniao (igulisxmeba piesa `kiziroki~
– T.c). nivTebi, wignebi, piesebi policiaSi erTianad dai-
karga ise gaitac-gamoitaces, rom erTi furcelic veRara
vipovneT ra~ (antonovi 1876: 7). zurab antonovi mudmivad
siRatakeSi cxovrobda da organizmi Zalzed daZabune-
100
buli hqonda. mxolod imas davZenT, rom TviTmxilvelTa
monayolze dayrdnobiTa da Tanamedrove medicinis Tval-
sazrisiT, zurab antonovis sikvdili cofiT ar unda yo-
filiyo gamowveuli.
`kuboT SeWedil, SeuRebav ficrebSi Caasvenes saqarT-
veloSi `mzis dabnelebis~ avtori. mxolod oTxma artist-
ma – tatiSvilma, korZaiam, ratiSvilma da eliozaSvilma
zida dramaturgis cxedari, veris sasaflaoze, xmalSiS-
vel policielebma xelweril qveS Caabares Savbneli miwis
saukuno sapyrobiles saxalxo dramaturgi~, – werda
ìveria~ (ìveria~ 1891: № 145). samwuxarod, zurab antono-
vis saflavi ukvalod daikarga*.
saocaria mwerlis fotos istoriac. Cven mivageniT sa-
gazeTo cnobas, rom garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi mwer-
lis foto dakargulad iTvleboda. es sakiTxi pirvelad
giorgi TumaniSvilma wamoWra. TumaniSvili Seudga an-
tonovis portretis Ziebas, gazeTebSi gancxadebac gamo-
aqveyna, magram uSedegod. karga xnis Semdeg TumaniSvils,
Jur. `Teatrisa da cxovrebis~ redaqtori, ioseb. imedaS-
vili gamoexmaura. imedaSvilma TumaniSvils acnoba, rom
mas redaqciaSi aRalo TuTaevi estumra da ucnobi mxat-
vris mier Sesrulebuli antonovis ferweruli portre-
ti moutana. imedaSvilma TuTaevs sTxova, rom naxati ga-
daeRo, radgan surda, rom is JurnalSi daebeWda. gavida
xani, imedaSvili daapatimres, TuTaevi gardaicvala da
portretic ukvalod daikarga. gamoxda xani. giorgi eris-
Tavis Teatris gamofenis mowyobasTan dakavSirebiT, mxat-
var zaziaSvils antonovis portretis daxatva miandves.
zaziaSvilma moZebna antonovis Zmiswuli, romelmac mas
ori foto gadasca – erTi mamamisis, meore ki – zurabisa,
romelic fotoze samoqalaqo samosSi iyo gamowyobili.
* zurab antonovis xanmokle, magram saocrad tragikul cxovrebas eZRvneba
rostom CxeiZis piesa `Cemi gza, Cemi akldama“.
101
suraTebi gadaeca `saTeatro muzeums~. foto amosacno-
bad imedaSvilsac miawodes. man daadastura msgavseba mis
mier adre nanax portretsa da fotos Soris. es swored is
fotoa, romliTac qarTuli sazogadoeba dRes zurab an-
tonovs icnobs. erT xans iTvleboda, rom zurab antonovis
yvela xelnaweric ganadgurebuli iyo, sanam balaxaSvilma
.saqarTvelos muzeumSi ar aRmoaCina dramaturgis xeliT
naweri baraTi. es iyo werili konstantine TarxniSvili-
sadmi, romelSic antonovi mas (kon. TarxniSvils – T. c.)
Zmis `vospitanikad~ (aRsazrdelad) miRebas sTxovs.
Cven viziarebT jaba ioselianis Sexedulebas, romlis
Tanaxmadac: `me-19 saukunis 50-iani wlebis qarTuli
cxovrebis Seusabamisobebis gamoxatva umTavresad kome-
diam itvirTa~ (ioseliani 1990: 40-60). im periodis qarTul
komediebSi avtorebis damokidebuleba cxovrebiseuli
koliziebisadmi, rac safuZvlad udevs maT piesebs, iumo-
ristulia. cxovrebiseul komizms da xelovnebisa Tu li-
teraturul komizms erTnairi Sinagani buneba aqvs. komiz-
mi zomierad Seicavs dacinvas, TanagrZnobasa da satirul
uaryofasac ki. da mainc, ratom airCia zurab antonovma
Tavisi Semoqmedebis mTavar RerZad komedia? drom gviCve-
na, rom antonovis literaturuli arCevani sworad iyo
gaTvlili radgan cxovrebiseul saWirboroto sakiTxebze
siciliT, msubuqi iumoriT da ironiiT metis Tqmaa SesaZ-
lebeli. sicili xom `sulieri Tavisuflebaa~, romelic
adamians mtkivneuli problemebis advilad mogvarebaSic
exmareba. antonovs Tavisuflad SeeZlo gaemeorebina gog-
olis sityvebi, rom Cemi komediebis mTavari gmiri siciliao.
zurab antonovma kargad Seicno komediis mxatvruli
samyaro. misi piesebi mravalferovani TematikiTa da vi-
zualiT gamoirCeva. man pirvelma qarTul literaturul
samyaroSi Semoitana masiuri scenebi, kintos, mesazandre-
Bmezurneebisa da qalaqis `Sarlatanebis~ niRbebi. garyv-
102
nileba da gaTaxsireba Raribisa Tu mdidrisa, vaWroba sin-
disiT, sxeuliT, adamianobiT – ai, ras mogviTxrobs zurab
antonovis sicili. dramaturgis TiToeul personaJs
mkafio individualoba gamoarCevs, Taviseburi anturaJiT
aris garemoculi da komediis organul saxed gvevlineba.
yvela maTgani siuJetis RerZs qmnis, konfliqtis ganvi-
Tarebis mTavar Zalas warmoadgens da `mocemul istoriul
periodSi Tavisi arsis cxovrebiseuli adeqvati aqvs~.
zurab antonovis komediebSi enas komikuri situaciebis
SeqmnaSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba. misi teqstebi
namdvilad `garkveuli etapia~ axali qarTuli salitera-
turo enis Camoyalibebis saqmeSi.
dRevandel mkiTxvels, romelic Tavisi gemovnebis
mixedviT irCevs literaturas zurab antonovis komediebi
SeiZleba dromoWmulad, naCqarevad dawerilad, anda su-
lac sqematurad moeCvenos, radgan arc erTi misi teqsti
unaklo ar aris. dramaturgiis istoriam icis araerTi
magaliTi, rodesac piesa gamoqveynebis umal mowonebiT
sargeblobs, mkiTxvels nawarmoebTan akavSirebs `kul-
turuli urTierToba~, saerTo Tvalsazrisi, nacnobi ga-
remo, saxeebi, ena. is TiTqos Tanamonawile xdeba scenaze
gacocxlebuli ambisa, magram gadis wlebi da daviwyebas
eZleva mwerlis saxeli. Semdgomi Taoba veRar aRiqvams
winare periodisaTvis komikurad, ostaturad daweril,
magram axla ukve primitiul ambavs, radgan piesa warsuli
epoqis auditoriis gemovnebisaTvis iyo Seqmnili da mis-
aRebi. Tanamedrove Taoba masSi mxolod istoriul mniS-
vnelobas xedavs. samwuxarod, zurab antonovis SemTx-
vevaSic ase moxda. amis Taobaze werda ioseb griSaSvili:
1872-78 wlebSi, mudmivi dasis daarsebamde kvlav SemTx-
veviT warmodgenebs darCaT burTi da moedani. xalxi da-
dioda TeatrSi da taSs ukravda mxolod imitom, rom
qarTuli warmodgena iyo, Torem repertuaris siRaribe,
103
aTasjer dadgmuli erisTav-antonovis piesebi gemovneba-
ganviTarebul mayurebels ukve veRar akmayofilebda. es
is dro iyo, roca italiuri opera da iabloCkinas rusuli
drama izidavda tfilisis mayurebels (ioseb griSaSvilis
biblioTeka-muzeumi).
sagulisxmoa, rom aleqsandre cagareli* da ilia Wav-
WavaZe erTnairad maRal Sefasebas aZlevdnen zurab anto-
novis rols qarTuli mwerlobis istoriaSi: `gadaavleT
Tvali antonovis komediebs da yvela qarTveli sarkesaviT
Sig dainaxams da icnobs Tavis Tavsa~, – werda cagareli
(`ciskari~ 1865: № 4).
`kurTxeul iyos imis marjvenac, `mzis dabneleba~, rom
dagviwera da mogvaCvena viTa sarkeSi Cveni codvani da
bediswera~ (WavWavaZe 1927: 245-246).
1865 wlis aprilis `ciskarSi~ daibeWda aleqsandre ca-
garelis gulistkiviliT aRsavse werili `qarTuli war-
modgena TbilisSi~: ìtalianuri operis motrfialeebs,
romelnic qarTul warmodgenebze siaruls ar kadru-
loben, davijero `sevilis dalaqi~ ufro Sesaqcevari da
gasamxiarulebeli ram aris, vidre `mzis dabneleba~? sak-
virveli ram aris zogierTi kaci, is ki unda gaigos, rac
ispaniaSi momxdara da rac cxvirwinm, samSoblo-mamulSi,
saqarTveloSi dResac xdeba, mis cxovrebasa da keTil-
dReobas Seexeba, is ki ar miaCnia Rirs sagnad yuradRebisa.
mamis suli gauSvia, maminacvlisas ficulobs. me sulac ar
maqvs azrad davafolo `sevilis dalaqis” Rirseba. sad bo-
marSe, sad Cveni zurab antonovi! magram vis ar moexseneba
qarTuli andaza: naTliav, sxvisas Seni mirCevnia, Sensas –
Cemio~ (`ciskari~ 1865: № 4).
ilia WavWavaZem araerTxel gamoxata Tavisi damokide-
buleba dramaturgisadmi: èrisTavis mier frTaasxmul-
* aleqsandre cagareli – istorikosi, filologi, qarTuli literaturis
mkvlevari, cnobili qarTveli dramaturgis avqsenti (asiko) cagarelis Zma.
104
ma antonovma, raki igrZno, rom me Cemi sakuTari frTebi
masxiao, Tavis ostats gaaswro, mis viwro moedans Robeebi
Sors gaudga, sarbieli gaudida da egreT wodebuli mda-
bio xalxis cxovreba, avkargianoba, mis zne-Cveuleba co-
tad Tu bevrad dagvanaxa~ (WavWavaZe 1927: 245-246).
mari brose aRufrTovanebia antonovis piesebs da
uTxovia rafiel erisTavisaTvis maTi gagzavna. anton fur-
celaZes ki ivane kereseliZisaTvis antonovze mogonebe-
bis dawerac ki SeuTavazebia...
uneburad gvaxsendeba Tbilisis motrfiale poetis,
ioseb griSaSvilis, gulistkivili, romelic man ukvdavi
`xanumas~ avtoris, avqsenti cagarelis gardacvalebas-
Tan dakavSirebiT gamoTqva: àse udrood, uazrod da upa-
tronod daiRupa asiko cagareli, im wlebSi, roca es wle-
bi niWis gafurCqvnisa da cxovrebis dakvirvebis wlebad
iTvleba~ (i. griSaSvilis biblioTeka-muzeumi). vfiqrobT,
rom es sityvebi srulad miesadageba zurab antinovs.
TiTqos maszea dawerili...F
damowmebani:
antonovi 1876: antonovi g. zurab antonovi da misi Txzulebani.

Tbilisi: 1876.
axmeteli 1958: axmeteli s. werilebi. Tbilisi: 1958.
gamezardaSvili 1974: gamezardaSvili d. qarTuli literaturisa
da kritikis istoriidan. t.1. Tbilisi: Tsu, 1974.
gawerelia 1962: gawerelia a. rCeuli nawerebi. t. I. Tbilisi: `sab-
WoTa mwerali”, 1962.
griSaSvili 1936: griSaSvili i. asiko cagareli. werili inaxeba
ioseb griSaSvilis biblioTeka-muzeumSi. Tbilisi: 1936.
`droeba~ 1876: gaz. `droeba~, № 33-34, 1876.
`Teatri da cxovreba~ 1910: J. `Teatri da cxovreba~, № 10. Tbilisi: 1910.
`Teatri da cxovreba~ 1910: J. `Teatri da cxovreba~, № 12. Tbilisi:
1910.
105
TuTaevi 1910: TuTaevi a. dramaturgi zurab nazaris Ze antonovi.
`Teatri da cxovreba~, № 12. Tbilisi: 1910.
TumaniSvili 1881: TumaniSvili m. rCeuli leqsebi da sxva Txzule-
bani. Tbilisi: 1881.
ìveria~ 1891: gaz. ìveria~, № 145. Tbilisi: 1891.
ìveria~ 1892: gaz. ìveria~, № 171. Tbilisi: 1892.
ioseliani 1936: ioseliani p. cxovreba giorgi mecametisa. Tbilisi:
1936.
ioseliani 1990: ioseliani j. narkvevebi, eseebi, recenziebi. Tbili-
si: `xelovneba~, 1990.
`kavkazi~ 1853: `Кавказ~, № 2. 1853.
kotetiSvili 1965: kotetiSvili v. rCeuli nawerebi. t. I. Tbilisi:
`sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1965.
kereseliZe 1893: kereseliZe i. Cveni dramaturgi zurab antonovi.
gaz. ìveria~, № 17, 1893.
`literaturuli saqarTvelo~ 1939: gaz. `literaturuli saqarT-
velo~, № 24, 1939.
mgalobliSvili 1884: mgalobliSvili s. ori Tve soflad. gaz.
`droeba~, № 130, 1884.
mesxi 1869: mesxi s. Txzulebani. t. I. Tbilisi: 1869.
mnaTobi 1869: J. `mnaTobi~, № 9/10. 1869.
fondi: zurab antonovis fondi. saqarTvelos Teatris, kinos,
musikisa da qoreografiis saxelmwifo muzeumi.
fondi № 126: g. dvanaZis memuarebi. № 126. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo
muzeumis xelnawerTa fondi.
fondi – 4: fondi – 4. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo centraluri arqivi.
tribuna 1923: gaz. `tribuna~, № 40, 1923.
umikaSvili 1893: umikaSvili p. antonovis da erisTavis urTierTo-
bis Sesaxeb. gaz. `kvali~, № 9, 1893.
cagareli 1865: cagareli a. wigni miwerili qarTul warmodgenaze.
ciskari, № 4. 1865.
`ciskari~ 1865: J. `ciskari~, № 4, 1865.
WavWavaZe 1927: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. t. IV.
Tbilisi: 1927.
jorjaZe 1914: jorjaZe a. Txzulebebi. t. V. Tbilisi: 1914.
106
qeTevan niniZe
lavrenti ardazianis cxovreba da Semoqmedeba
istoriuli foni da kulturuli konteqsti. lite-

raturis ganviTarebaSi erT-erTi yvelaze masStaburi
gardatexa gamoiwvia burJuaziuli klasis aRzevebam da
feodaluri mowyobis rRvevam. literatura, romelic
feodaluri sazogadoebis wiaRSi iqmneboda, Tvisebrivad
gansxvavdeba literaturisgan, romelic burJuaziuli sa-
zogadoebis ganviTarebis Semdeg yalibdeba. garda esTe-
tikuri da Janrobrivi xasiaTis cvlilebebisa, aRniSnulma
sociokulturulma procesebma axali gamowvevebis winaSe
daayena literaturuli praqtikebi – gaCnda literaturis
gavrcelebis axali SesaZleblobebi – periodika, saloni.
mwerlobis ganviTareba am praqtikebis funqcionirebis
eqstra-literaturul meqanizmebs daeqvemdebara.
literaturis qmnis, gavrcelebisa da kiTxvis praqtike-
bis demokratizacia niSnavda samwerlobo saqmianobebSi
mesame fenis, agreTve, qalebis, erovnuli umciresobe-
bis metad CarTvas, diskusiis sivrcisa da interaqciis
SesaZleblobebis gafarToebas sxvadasxva fenebs Soris.
qarTul literaturaSi es procesi me-19 saukunis Sua
wlebidan daiwyo, roca literaturul procesebSi adgils
imkvidrebdnen zurab antonovi – vaWarTa wridan, lavren-
ti ardaziani – sasulieroTa wridan. mravalferovani
gaxda literaturis momxmarebelTa socialuri speqtric;
adamianebisa, romlebic saqarTveloSi – literaturul
salonSi, Jurnal-gazeTebis redaqciebSi, evropaSi ki yavi-
sa da Cais saxlebSi, ganixilavdnen literaturul nawar-
moebs, ayalibebdnen sazogadoebriv gemovnebasa da lite-
raturul modas. mesame fenam TandaTan moipova rogorc
107
literaturis Semqmnelis, wamkiTxvelis, ise literatu-
ruli nawarmoebis gmirad reprezentaciis legitimuri
ufleba. literaturam ki `dakarga umankoeba~ im Tval-
sazrisiT, rom amieridan is sakuTar wiaRSi aramxolod
keTilSobil gmirebsa da maT ambebs Seiwynarebda. am pro-
cess uSualod ukavSirdeba saliteraturo enis refor-
ma, rac jer kidev giorgi erisTavis, daniel WonqaZisa da
lavrenti ardazianis SemoqmedebaSi ganxorcielda, Tumca
es movlena Teoriulad ilia WavWavaZis mier gaformda.
mxatvruli teqsti etapobrivad gaxda mkiTxvelTa sazoga-
doebis moTxovnebze orientirebuli, mkiTxvelTa dakveTa
ki evropaSic da saqarTveloSic, rogorc aRvniSneT, ar-
tikulirdeboda literaturasa da literaturul peri-
odikaze msjelobisas salonebSi, yavis saxlebsa da sxva
msgavs platformebSi.
aRniSnul sociokulturul procesebze didia ganma-
naTleblobis racionalizmis gavlena. diskusia, kamaTi,
msjeloba sazogadoebrivi azris formirebis erT-erTi
gavrcelebuli saSualebaa, amitom am istoriul periods
saubrebis xanasac uwodeben (Age of Conversation). yovelive
aRniSnuli xelsayrel niadags qmnis literaturaSi pro-
zauli Janrebis, gansakuTrebiT ki – realisturi prozis
ganviTarebisTvis. mwerlebi interesdebian saSualo fenis
gmirebis yoveldRiuri yofiT, rac xdeba santimentaluri
da adreuli realisturi romanis ganviTarebis winapiro-
ba. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa samuel
riCardsonis, oliver goldsmiTis, Jan Jak rusos popu-
laruli teqstebi. es nawarmoebebi, romlebic Tavisi dro-
is bestselerebad iqca, erT-erTi pirveli nimuSebia roma-
nebisa. isini warmoaCens saSualo klasis warmomadgenelTa
adamianur Rirsebebs da aristokratTa mankierebebs.
riCardsonis romanebi STambeWdavad moculobiTia.
isini literaturuli periodikis saSualebiT xdeboda
108
mkiTxvelTaTvis xelmisawvdomi xangrZlivi drois gan-
mavlobaSi. nawarmoebTan ùrTierTobis~ es forma acxo-
velebda mkiTxvelis interess, azartsa da, sabolood,
damokidebulebas romanSi aRwerili ambebisadmi. mkiTx-
vels izidavda SiSveli gancdebis gaaSkaraveba, gmiris Si-
nagani samyaros dafaruli mxareebis Secnoba da sasiyvar-
ulo istoriebisa da am istoriebis Tanamdevi adamianuri
sisusteebis ganqiqeba. aseve, mkiTxvels aRelvebda saku-
Tari Tavisa da Tavis TanamedroveTa ambebisa da xasiaTe-
bis amocnoba mxatvrul literaturaSi.
me-18 saukunis inglisur da frangul literaturaSi
Semcirda distancia teqstsa da mkiTxvels Soris, rasac
mwerlebi axerxebdnen pirvel pirSi Txrobis saSualebiT.
nawarmoebSi Tavad gmirebi mogviTxroben TavianT isto-
rias, siuJeti avtoris naraciiT ar aris gaSualebuli. am
SemoqmedebiT meTods mimarTavdnen jer kidev samuel ri-
Cardsoni, henri fildingi, lorens sterni, Jan Jak ruso da
am periodis sxva mwerlebi.
literaturuli praqtikebis liberalizacia saqarT-
veloSi istoriuli faqtorebidan gamomdinare mogvi-
anebiT, me-19 saukunis Sua wlebSi moxda. sakmaod mWidro
iyo aqac kavSiri sazogadoebriv cxovrebasa da mwerlobas
Soris da maRali iyo zegavlena literaturuli diskur-
sisa yofaze. mxatvruli teqsti, erTi mxriv, aireklavda
realobas da, amasTanave, wamyvani funqcia eniWeboda so-
cialuri garemos mis struqturul da Rirebulebriv
formirebaSi. amitom axlda ama Tu im nawarmoebis Seqmnasa
da periodikis furclebze mis gamoqveynebas sazogado-
ebriv cxovrebaSi didi vnebaTaRelva, gavixsenoT, maga-
liTad, `kacia-adamiani?!~, romelic ilia WavWavaZes lamis
sicocxlis fasad daujda.
me-19 saukunis Sua wlebis qarTuli literatura so-
cialuri sakiTxebisadmi (socialuri uTanasworoba, bur-
109
Juaziis momxveWeloba, batonebis Zaladoba ymebze, sasu-
liero pirebis arakeTilsindisiereba, gaRatakebuli da
uwignuri feodalebis uunaroba da sxv.) gansakuTrebiT
mgrZnobiarea. mwerlebi erTgvari sociologebi arian. maT
mier aRbeWdili tipuri gmirebi mTeli sisavsiT (qcevebi
da manerebi, metyvelebisa da Cacmulobis stili, rito-
rikebi da sivrceebi, sadac isini Cndebian) gzamkvlevia,
risi saSualebiTac SeiZleba imdroindeli socialuri
garemos rekonstruqcia. realisturi literaturis gmi-
rebi, umetes SemTxvevaSi, lingvokulturuli tipebi ari-
an, romelTa saxeli xdeba garkveuli ideis aRmniSvneli
simbolo. mag., tartiufi, arpagoni, CiCikovi, oblomovi,
mikirtuma, mejRanuaSvili, TaTqariZe da sxv. me-19 sauku-
neSi, kulturuli, socialuri da nacionaluri TviTiden-
tifikaciis procesSi literatura dominanti velia, ufro
zusti viqnebiT, Tu vityviT, rom literatura TviTiden-
tifikaciis resursia, iaraRia.
evropul literaturaSi burJuaziis saxe me-17 sauku-
nis santimentaluri literaturis dramatul nimuSebSi
Cndeba da meryeobs cremliani, didaqtikuri, paTetikuri
komediisa (riCard stili, detuSi, laSose) da burJuazi-
uli tragediis (JorJo lilo) sxvadasxva modalobebSi.
gardamtexi roli miuZRvis didros, romelmac axali dra-
matuli Janris – `burJuaziuli dramis~ Teoria Semoitana.
`burJuaziuli drama~ Sualedur adgils ikavebda amaRle-
bul tragediasa da mxiarul komedias Soris. es iyo maRa-
li da dabali, socialurad diferencirebuli Janrebis
morigebis warmatebuli mcdeloba.
TbilisSi operis Teatris daarsebis Semdeg didi popu-
laroba moipova bomarSes `figaros qorwinebam~, romelic,
rogorc cnobilia, didi warmatebiT sargeblobda ara
mxolod TavadaznaurTa wreSi, aramed saSualo fenaSic.
mixeil TumaniSvili `molaybes~ fsevdonimiT werda: `Semx-
110
vda erTi Cadriani ymawvili qali, romelic modioda da
iZaxoda: Tqveni bellinis mzes, Cadrze fexi ar damadgaTo;
axlos quCidan Camorboda erTi imereli muSa da dasZaxo-
da `figaro aqa, figaro iqa, figaro zeviT, figaro qveviT!~
(TumaniSvili 1857: 58). `figaros qorwineba~ bomarSes im
nawarmoebTa ricxvs miekuTvneba, sadac molieris stilia
ganviTarebuli.
molieri erT-erTi pirveli iyo evropul literatu-
rasa da TeatrSi, vinc sakuTar komediebSi, jer kidev
me-17 saukuneSi aRwera burJuaziis `gakeTilSobilebis~
saintereso procesi, mRelvarebiTa da dabrkolebebiT
aRsavse gza, Tu rogor cdilobda vaWarTa fena aris-
tokratiasTan integracias – metyvelebisa da manerebis,
Cacmulobisa da codnis, rogorc keTilSobilTa wris so-
cialuri niSnebis, aTvisebas, feodalebTan daaxloebasa
da danaTesaveba-damoyvrebas. gavixsenoT am vnebiT Sepy-
robili misi gmirebi – skapeni (`skapenis oinebi~), sbrigani
(komedia-baleti `batoni de pursoniaki~), JorJ dandeni
(komedia-baleti `JorJ dandeni~), Jurdeni (komedia-bale-
ti `gaaznaurebuli mdabio~) da sxv.
molieris Semoqmedebas bevri Tayvanismcemeli hyavda
saqarTveloSi. `skapenis oinebi~ (`skapenis cuRlutoba~)
qarTulad akaki wereTelma Targmna, xolo ùneblieT eq-
imi~ – ivane erisTavma, giorgi erisTavis Zmam. piesa jer
kidev 1852-1853 wlebSi idgmeboda giorgi erisTavis Te-
atrSi. giorgi erisTavis komediebis fabulebi da gmire-
bis xasiaTebi Zalian hgavda molierisas. amitom Searqva
mas mTavarmarTebelma voroncovma `qarTveli molieri~,
iseve, rogorc mirza faTali axundovs uwoda rusulma Te-
atralurma kritikam `TaTari molieri~. unda aRiniSnos,
rom ara mxolod erisTavze, romelic komediis JanrebSi
muSaobda, aramed maSindeli epikosi mwerlebis Semoqme-
debazec molieris socialurma satiram gardamtexi gav-
111
lena iqonia. 1878 wels quTaisSi molieris `JorJ dandeni~
daidga g. TumaniSvilis Targmanis mixedviT, xolo 1880
wels – misive `Zunwi~ (`kriJangi~) g. arvicaSvilis Targ-
manis mixedviT. meoce saukunis dasawyisSi iTargmna `tar-
tiufi~ da gamoica molieris Txzulebebis ori krebuli.
burJuaziuli dramis, santimentaluri da adreuli
realizmis romanis, molieri-bomarSes komediis tradi-
ciebma me-19 saukunis Sua wlebSi qarTuli komediisa da
romanis ganviTarebaze mniSvnelovani kvali datova. am
literaturuli velis avTentur konteqstSi moviazrebT
ara mxolod me-16-19 saukuneebis evropul da me-19 sau-
kunis rusul, aramed me-19 saukunis meore naxevris kavka-
siur literaturas, sadac, aseve, sainteresod aisaxeba
mzardi kapitalis mqone burJuaziis aRzevebis procesi.
gavixsenoT mirza faTali axundovis `Zunwis Tavgadasava-
li” (`haji yara~, 1852 w.), najaf-bek vezirovis `wvimidan
TavsxmaSi~ (1895 w.) da `dRevandelobis gmirebi~ (1898 w.),
jalil mamedyulizades `mkvdrebi~, gabriel sundukiancis
komediebi, aleqsandre Sirvanzades romani `qaosi~ da sxva
teqstebi, sadac mwerlebi socialuri satiris saSualebiT
dascinian, erTi mxriv, burJuaziis momxveWelobas, meore
mxriv ki – aristokratiis uunarobas.
qarTuli realisturi literatura me-19 saukuneSi
burJuaziisa da zogadad, mesame fenis sazogadoebriv
cxovrebaSi damkvidrebas did yuradRebas uTmobs. nawar-
moebis siuJeti qalaqSi viTardeba. gavixsenoT, rom `meS-
Cani~, rac am periodis rusul literaturaSi saSualo
fenis aRmniSvnel cnebad gamoiyeneba, leqsikur-semanti-
kurad qalaqels niSnavs (saerTo slavuri мѣсто: polonu-
ri – miasto, belorusiuli месца, ukrainuli місто – qalaqi).
qalaqeli vaWari pirvelad dramatul literaturaSi,
giorgi erisTavisa da zurab antonovis SemoqmedebaSi,
prozauli Janris nawarmoebebSi ki daniel WonqaZis `su-
112
ramis cixesa~ (1860 w.) da lavrenti ardazianis `solomon
isakiC mejRanuaSvilSi~ (1861 w.) Cndeba. amas mohyveba sxva
literaturuli nimuSebi, romlebSic aRwerilia burJua-
ziuli sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis pirveli etapi saqar-
TveloSi: anton furcelaZis àvazakni~, aleqsandre yaz-
begis `cicka~, avqsenti cagarelis `xanuma~, `cimbireli~,
giorgi wereTlis `gulqani~, `pirveli nabiji~ da sxv. bur-
Jua, rogorc sazogadoebis srulfasovani wevri, moZalade
da uwignuri batonis, msxverpli glexis, Tergdaleuli
studentis, mdabio maWanklis saxeebis gverdiT, cxadia,
airekleba realistur teqstSi, romelic reprezentaci-
ulad unda warmoaCendes sazogadoebis socialur struq-
turas. vaWari xan mTavari personaJis datvirTviT gvx-
vdeba nawarmoebSi, xan ki meorexarisxovani gmiris saxiT
gakrTeba siuJetis ZiriTadi xazis miRma, anturaJSi. vaWar
gmirTan dakavSirebulia sxvadasxva siuJeturi modeli,
magaliTad, jer kidev `suramis cixesa~ da `solomon isakiC
mejRanuaSvilSi~ Tavdapirvelad burJua Cagruli ymaa,
romelic ekonomikur Zalauflebas amoralur pirovne-
baze (Tavadi, vaWari) SurisZiebis mizniT moipovebs – es
modeli 70-90-ian wlebSi daweril araerT teqstSi meordeba.
qarTul literaturaSi gmiri burJuas socialuri ge-
netika xSirad bundovanebiTaa mosili – `suramis cixeSi~
durmiSxani batonis ukanono Svilia. gaurkvevelia `so-
lomon isakiC mejRanuaSvilis~ mTavari gmiris warmomav-
lobac. isini, TiTqos, arsaidan modian da arsaiT midian.
es gansakuTrebiT kargad warmoCindeba, Tuki durmiSxanis
magaliTiT vimsjelebT. misi vaJis, zurabis, cixis ked-
lebSi CakirviT avtorma, TiTqos, aCvena gaurkvevloba,
rac sufevda axali cxovrebis saTaveebTan me-19 saukunis
Sua wlebis saqarTveloSi. suramis cixis daniel WonqaZi-
seuli metafora mwerlis TanamedroveTa damokidebule-
bis reprezentaciaa – ara burJua, aramed raindoba; saxel-
113
mwifos momavali ara vaWrobis ganviTarebaSia, aramed Sua
saukuneebis rainduli (suramis cixe) Rirebulebebisa da
eTikis restavraciaSi.
vaWrebi kapitalis dagrovebis rTul da winaaRmde-
gobriv gzas gadian. maT moduneba ar axasiaTebT, isini
evropeli, protestanti vaWrisTvis Cveuli asketizmiT
iswrafvian miznisken. amasTanave, burJua, me-17-19 sau-
kuneebis evropul da qarTul literaturaSi, umetesad,
emijneba humanur Rirebulebebs. is aris mizanTropi, mom-
xveWeli, laqia, midrekili ekonomikuri da socialuri ka-
pitalis dasagroveblad. siyvaruli, sibraluli, sindisi,
Tundac, adamianuri vnebebi mis mizanmimarTulobasTan
adgils ver imkvidrebs. mogvianebiT rusma da qarTvelma
samocianelma moazrovneebma, romlebic ganmanaTleblo-
bis ideebis gavlenis qveS iyvnen, es stereotipi daSales,
mouwodes ra sazogadoebas ekonomikuri progresis mi-
saRwevad vaWrobis ganviTarebis aucileblobisken. ilia
WavWavaZisa da mis TanamoazreTa samoqalaqo eTika mo-
arigebs raindisa da burJuas kulturuli paradigmebis
tradiciulad SeuTavsebel diqotomias.
`Cven saSual-saukuneTa raindobis anderZebiT guls
vifxandiT, Tavs viwonebdiT: xmali, Tofi, cxeni, raxti,
lamazi qulaja da sxva amgvari Seadgenda sagans Cvenis
natvrisas da wyurvilisas; da roca Cven gatacebulebi
viyaviT am natvriTa da wyurviliT, CrCili Semogvepara,
Cvenis eris naSrom-naRvawi Cvengan dawunebul vaWrobiT
xelT igdo, am gziT saqmiT gagvibatonda, ymad dagviWira
da sityviT ki Tavs gviqonavda da gveZaxda, – baraqalao,
kacebic Tqvena xarT da qudic Tqvena gxuravTo. Cvenc es
baraqala davijereT, amiT movtyuvdiT... Cveni naSrom-
naRvawi kerZi cxovrebisa dRes imaT udgiaT, da Cven ki
Soridam vuyurebT da cariels TiTs vilokavT. roca Cven
visxediT da Sublzed qudSekecilebi da mxrebzed yurT-
114
majgadayrilebi `mravalJamiers~ viZaxdiT, isini Tavmoka-
tunebulni idgnen Cven winaSe da sicilad ara gvyofnidnen
da, vin icis iqneba gulSic ambobdnen: is icinis kargad, vinc
bolos gaicinebso. ai bolos sicilsac SeveswariT: burTi
da moedani ekonomiur cxovrebisa gamogvecala xelidam
da dainarCuna iman, vinc ufro male miuxvda droTa brun-
vas, droTa Wirborots...~ – werda ilia WavWavaZe 1895 wels
gamoqveynebul werilSi – <`kaxeTis soflis meurneTa kav-
Siri~> (WavWavaZe 2007: 106). gavixsenoT giorgi erisTavis
`Zunwis~ finaluri scenac, sadac karapeta arCilis mowi-
webas papiseuli xmlisadmi ase afasebs: `geubnebiT, rom
qarTvels fuli ar unda? xedavT, Jangians rkinaze rasa
bodams!~ (erisTavi 1852-1855: 163).
me-19 saukunis Sua wlebidan qarTul literaturaSi
mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoba burJuaziuli sazogadoe-
bis Camoyalibebis procesis refleqsias. qarTveli kome-
diografebi da prozaikosebi sazrdoobdnen evropuli
literaturis im Janrobrivi gamocdilebebiTa da gavleni-
ani evropeli avtorebis samwerlobo stiliT, romlebzec
maT xeli miuwvdebodaT, umetesad, rusuli Targmanebis
saSualebiT. es procesi sainteresoa ara mxolod imitom,
rom mwerlobis platformis gamoyenebiT xdeba mesame fe-
nis sazogadoebriv sferoSi legitimacia, aramed im Tval-
sazrisiTac, rom qarTuli mwerloba erTveba evropul
literaturul procesebSi, es aris dasavlur civiliza-
ciasTan, rogorc qarTuli kulturis mTavar konteqst-
Tan, mibrunebis udavod mniSvnelovani faqti.
lavrenti ardazianis cxovrebis gza. lavrenti arda-

ziani 1815 wels daibada TbilisSi, dekanoz petre arda-
zianis ojaxSi, romelic sasulieroTa klass warmoad-
genda. sinodis kantoris saarqivo masalebSi Semonaxulia
petre ardazianis Canawerebi, saidanac irkveva, rom mwer-
115
lis winaprebi baraTaSvilebis aznaurebi yofilan. arda-
zianiSvilebi mesxeTSi, sof. vanTaSi cxovrobdnen. petre
ardazianis papa Turqebs tyved Cavardnia da ucxoobaSi
gardacvlila, mama lekebTan brZolaSi daRupula. Tavad
petre ki, sparselebs gadarCenili, kavTisxevSi Seufarebia
mitropolit varlams, romelic niWieri axalgazrdebis
qomagobiT iyo cnobili. rogorc viciT, giorgi erisTa-
vi misi daxmarebiT wavida moskovSi ganaTlebis misaRe-
bad. saarqivo masalebis mixedviT ardazianebis statusis
sakiTxi TavadaznaurTa uflebebis ganmxilvel sabWos
Seuswavlia da glexebad ucnia isini, miuxedavad imisa, rom
1523 wlis baraTaSvilebis aqtSi isini aznaurSvilebad
moixseniebian.
lavrenti ardazianis mSoblebi did mniSvnelobas ani-
Webdnen ganaTlebas. ojaxis gavleniT lavrentis xuTi
Zmidan zogi maswavlebeli gaxda, zogi ki, mamis msgavsad,
sasuliero moRvaweobis gzas daadga. ojaxi anCisxatis
ubnis № 171-Si (amJamad, CaxruxaZis № 18), orsarTulian
saxlSi cxovrobda. simboluria, rom saxli, sadac `solo-
mon isakiC mejRanuaSvili~ daiwera, mogvianebiT mwerlis
Svilma, daviT ardazianma erT vaWars mihyida. lavrentisa
da nikoloz baraTaSvilis ojaxebi erT ubanSi cxovrobd-
nen da mwerlebic bavSvobidan megobrobdnen.
lavrenti ardaziani 1823 w. Tbilisis sasuliero
seminariis samrevlo skolaSi miiRes, sadac aRniSnul pe-
riodSi aswavlidnen solomon dodaSvili da platon iose-
liani. 1829-1831 wlebSi is Tbilisis samazro sasuliero
saswavlebelSi, xolo 1831-1837 wlebSi – Tbilisis sasuli-
ero seminariaSi swavlobda.
miuxedavad imisa, rom ardaziani seminariis erT-erTi
saukeTeso studenti iyo, gauTvaliswinebeli SemTxvevis
gamo is saswavleblis atestatis gareSe darCa. imis gamo,
rom lavrentis gamosaSveb gamocdaze gulyra daemarTa
116
da gamocda datova, sabolood ergo Cveulebrivi cnoba,
romelSic mxolod is iyo aRniSnuli, rom man moismina mi-
TiTebuli kursebi. am faqtiT gulgatexilma ardazianma
TviT egzarqoss mimarTa weriliT: `me amJamad mkvdari
var! uqmad Caiara mTeli wlebis ganmavlobaSi yvela Cemma
Sromam da mecadineobam. me uatestatod uTavo adamians
vgevar,~ – wers is. gulmxurvale werilma ar gaWra, rad-
gan, seminariis direqciis azriT, students saswavleblis
xelmZRvanelebi da maswavleblebi gamocdis datovebamde
unda gaefrTxilebina. uaris miRebis Semdeg lavrenti ar-
dazianma egzarqoss kvlav mimarTa weriliT da protestis
niSnad moiTxova ruseTSi qirurgiul akademiaSi swavlis
gagrZelebis ufleba mainc miecaT, ris pasuxadac is sa-
erTod amoricxes sasuliero uwyebidan. momxdaris gamo
gulacruebulma ardazianma Tavisi cxovreba sabolood
daukavSira im droisaTvis yvelaze praqtikul da Semosav-
lian administraciul saqmianobas.
1840-iani wlebidan lavrenti ardaziani aqtiurad Caer-
To saxelmwifo samsaxurSi da 50-ian wlebSi am mimarTu-
lebiT did warmatebasac miaRwia. saqarTvelo-imereTis
guberniis sammarTveloSi man moipova `koleJski regis-
tratoris~, `koleJski sekretaris~, magidis ufrosis, `ti-
tuliarni sovetnikis~ statusebi. 1860 wels amierkavka-
siis prikazSi gadaiyvanes magidis ufrosis Tanamdebobaze
da imave wels `koleJski asesoris~ CiniT daajildoes.
1865 wels lavrenti ardaziani Tbilisis general-guber-
natoris, grigol orbelianis, kancelariaSi gadaiyvanes
umcrosi saqmismwarmoeblis Tanamdebobaze. 1866 wels mas
`nadvorni sovetnikis~ Cini misces da stanislavis mesame
xarisxis ordeniT daajildoes. 1868 w. ardaziani dainiSna
Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTlos mdivnis Tanamdebobaze da
gardacvalebamde, 1870 wlamde, iq muSaobda.
misi karieruli winsvla da literaturuli moRvaweoba
Tanadroulad mimdinareobda. biurokratiulma samsaxur-
117
ma, SeiZleba iTqvas, mxolod produqtiulobis Tvalsaz-
risiT SeuSala xeli mis samwerlobo saqmianobas, Tumca
lavrenti ardazianis realisturi teqsti mxolod sazr-
doobda misi samsaxurebrivi realiebiT.
1858 wels mweralma daiwyo `ciskarTan~ TanamSromlo-
ba. igi Jurnalis gundis erT-erTi Tanamoazre gaxda, sa-
kuTar originalur da naTargmn literaturas am gamoce-
maSi aqveynebda da, amasTanave, aqtiurad Caeba mamaTa da
SvilTa brZolaSi. ardazianis mxatvruli da publicis-
turi teqstebi `biZia Tornikesa~ da àleqsi elbakiZis~
fsevdonimebiT ibeWdeboda. rogorc Cans, igi publicist
giorgi baraTaSvils JurnalSi gamosaqveyneblad Cabare-
bul werilebs usworebda xolme, rac gaxda imis safuZ-
veli, rom mwerlis fsevdonimad wlebis manZilze Sec-
domiT miiCneoda `g. baraTovi~. amis Sesaxeb marTebulad
miuTiTebda amb. gaCeCilaZe (gaCeCilaZe 1950: 179).
lavrenti ardazianis meuRle, ekaterine (keke) lo-
laZe, warmoSobiT mejvrisxevidan iyo. maT xuTi Svili
hyavdaT. rogorc cnobilia, mwerlis gardacvalebis Sem-
deg mis meuRles, romelic uZRveboda ojaxs, Zalian uWir-
da mcirewlovan SvilebTan erTad ukidures siRatakesTan
gamklaveba. lavrenti ardazianis fotosuraTi Cvenamde
moRweuli ar aris. viciT mxolod, rom mas Zalian hgavda
vaJiSvili – daviTi. g. TumaniSvili Tavis mogonebebSi ix-
senebs, rom `solomon isakiC mejRanuaSvilis~ avtors,
romelsac is xSirad xedavda quCaSi, kuSti, moRuSuli da
danaoWebuli saxe hqonda (gaCeCilaZe 1950: 162).
lavrenti ardaziani didi pativiscemiT sargeblobda
rogorc `mamaTa~, aseve `TergdaleulTa~ Soris. zaqaria
WiWinaZe mogonebebSi xazgasmiT miuTiTebs mwerlis kacT-
moyvare bunebasa da pirovnul Rirsebebze. akaki were-
Teli ki moTxrobaSi `Cemi Tavgadasavali~ moixseniebs
lavrenti ardazians `ciskris~ gundis erT-erT yvelaze
118
niWier warmomadgenlad, romelmac bolomde ver gamoav-
lina Tavisi SesaZleblobebi, radgan cxovrebis mniSvne-
lovani nawili biurokratiul saqmianobas Sealia. romanma
`solomon isakiC mejRanuaSvili~ mwerlis sicocxleSive
moipova didi aRiareba.
1870 wels, pirvel ianvars, axal wels, lavrenti arda-
ziani 52 wlis asakSi gardaicvala filtvebis anTebiT.
mwerali dakrZalulia veris sasaflaoze.
literaturuli saqmianoba. rodesac `ciskris~ redaq-

ciaSi literaturis moyvarulTa Soris Camovardeboda
xolme saubari qarTuli mwerlobis avkargianobis Sesaxeb,
lavrenti ardaziani mudam aRniSnavda – Cveni Taobis mwer-
lebma Zalisxmeva ar unda daviSuroT da SevewioT qarTul
literaturas. Tundac, mxolod imitom unda vweroT, rom
sxvebi Cvenma saqmianobam ar daakmayofilos da maT Cvenze
ukeT dawerono. marTlac `solomon isakiC mejRanuaSvi-
lis~ avtorma Tavisi literaturuli saqmianoba 1858 wels
daiwyo Seqspiris `hamletis~ prozauli TargmaniT. Targ-
mani, romelic Sesrulebuli iyo ara originalidan, aramed
polevois rusuli Targmanis mixedviT, Tavad ardaziansac
arcTu warmatebul mcdelobad miaCnda. Tumca, es iyo
`hamletis~ qarTul enaze Sesrulebuli pirveli beWduri
Targmani, romelmac, mwerlis azriT, niadagi moumzada
Seqspiris ufro maRali xarisxis Targmanebs. ardazianma,
aseve, Targmna polemaris nawarmoebi `yovelive moipoveba
SromiTa~, romlis mxolod nawili gamoqveynda `ciskarSi~;
abati giotes wigni, romelic mimarTuli iyo pozitivist
ernst renanis Txzulebis winaaRmdeg da aleqsandre diu-
mas `grafi monte-kristo~.
1859 wels gaz. `kavkazSi~ `hamletis~ lavrenti arda-
zianiseuli Targmanis ena n. berZeniSvilis sakmaod mwvave
kritikis sagani gaxda. lavrenti ardazianma Tavis or sapa-
119
suxo publicistur werilSi – `Белый обзор 12 книжек журнала
«Заря». С января по декабрь 1858 г n. berZenovisa~ da `pasuxi
u. berZenovis pasuxisgebaze~ (1859 w.) sakmaod jansaRad
da pragmatulad Seafasa ara mxolod Tavisi am Targmanis,
aramed zogadad, Jurnal `ciskris~ literaturuli poli-
tika. is cdilobs, racionaluri axsna mouZebnos litera-
turis ganviTarebis problemebs saqarTveloSi; msjelobs
saliteraturo enis, gansakuTrebiT ki, maSindeli qarTu-
li prozis enis siRaribeze da mizezebs eZiebs istoriul
- politikur da kulturul faqtorebSi. mwerals miaCnia,
rom Jurnal `ciskris~ mier qarTuli literaturis gan-
viTarebaSi Setanili wvlilis n. berZeniSvilis mxridan
ugulebelyofa usamarTloa. mwerlisTvis muRebelia amg-
vari radikaluri da perfeqcionistuli damokidebuleba.
problemis argumentirebuli, miukerZoebeli, araangaJi-
rebuli analiziTa da martivi enobrivi stiliT lavrenti
ardaziani, rogorc publicisti, ilia WavWavaZis winamor-
bedad SeiZleba miviCnioT. miuxedavad imisa, rom igi `ma-
maTa~ literaturuli dajgufebis wevri iyo, mravali
aspeqtiT axlo dgas ilia WavWavaZis publicistikis stil-
Tan da im RirebulebebTan, romelic am teqstebs udevs
safuZvlad.
lavrenti ardazianis werili àxalni mnaTobni~ 1862
wels `ciskarSi~ unda dabeWdiliyo, Tumca, sabolood,
avtorma misi gamoqveyneba gadaifiqra. werilis saTauris
ironia ilia WavWavaZesa da mis Tanamoazre Tergdale-
ulebs miemarTeboda, romelnic, avtoris azriT, umarTe-
bulod warmoaCendnen ise, TiTqos qarTveli mkiTxveli
CaxruxaZis Semoqmedebas rusTavelisas utolebda.
presis furclebze didi polemika mohyva lavrenti ar-
dazianis dokumentur-mxatvrul teqsts – `mogzauroba
tfilisis trotuarzed~ (1862 w.), romelic `saqarTvelos
moambesa~ da `ciskars~ Soris dapirispirebis morigi sa-
120
babi gaxda. TergdaleulTa garkveulma nawilma, rogorc
Cans, `ciskarSi~ gamoqveynebul am teqstSi sakuTari Tavi
amoicno. miuxedavad imisa, rom akaki wereTeli kirile
lorTqifaniZes swerda, es teqsti ardazians Cven Sesaxeb
ar dauweria da saTiTaod SemiZlia maTi dasaxeleba, nawar-
moebis romeli gmiri vis ganasaxierebso, rogorc Cans,
kirile lorTqifaniZisTvis es mtkiceba damajerebeli ar
aRmoCnda da `saqarTvelos moambis~ meoTxe nomerSi man
polemika gaumarTa mwerals weriliT – `biZia Tornikes
statiis gamo~. amas mohyva lavrenti ardazianis sapasuxo
werili – òriode sityva Sesaxeb Targdaleulis stati-
isa~, romelic man 1863 wels gamoaqveyna àleqsi elbak-
iZis~ fsevdonimiT. teqstSi vlindeba mamaTa da SvilTa
brZolaSi lavrenti ardazianis pozicia. es pozicia Sem-
rigebluri, tolerantulia. mwerali asaxelebs ilia Wav-
WavaZesa da akaki wereTels, rogorc jansaRad moazrovne
axalgazrda moRvaweebs da uwunebs kirile lorTqi-
faniZes mwvave da usafuZvlo kritikis paToss. saerTod,
lavrenti ardazians, rogorc publicists, ar axasiaTebs
radikaluri Sefasebebi. is ufro racionaluri da mSvidi
polemistia.
mxatvrulisa da aramxatvrulis mijnaze Seqmnili
teqstis – `mogzauroba tfilisis trotuarzed~ (1862 w.)
– forma da Sinaarsi satiris, dramis, epikuri da publi-
cisturi teqstis elementebs aerTianebs. aseTi nimuSi
pirvelad qarTul mwerlobaSi lavrenti ardazianis
SemoqmedebaSi gvxvdeba. SemdgomSi amis msgavs xerxebs xSi-
rad mimarTaven sxva realisti mwerlebi: ilia WavWavaZe
(spiridonisa da Tadeozis gabaasebis seriebi), akaki were-
Teli (ivanikasa da gojaspiris dialogebi), vaJa-fSavela
(mamukasa da eqvTimes gabaasebebi). realisti mwerlebi imi-
tom, rom maTi Semoqmedebis centraluri problemebi so-
cialuri xasiaTisaa. zRvari publicistikasa da mxatvrul
121
teqsts Soris ramdenadme pirobiTi da gardamavalia.
mxatvrul teqstSi gvxvdeba publicisturi implikaciebi,
publicistikaSi – mxatvruli modelebi: siuJeturi qargis
elementebi, gamogonili gmirebi, igavuri da metaforuli
ena da sxv. (niniZe 2007). lavrenti ardazianis am Txzule-
baSi – `mogzauroba tfilisis trotuarzed~ STambeWdavi
sizustiTa da moqnilobiT warmoCenilia imdroindeli
Tbilisis sazogadoebis provincializmis, gansakuTrebiT
ki inteleqtualuri snobizmis tipuri magaliTebi.
ardazianis mier Seqmnili originaluri mxatvruli
literatura moicavs erT poetur teqsts – `fulebi~ (1859
w.) da or romans – `solomon isakiC mejRanuaSvili~ (1861 w.)
da `morCili~ (1863 w.).
romanSi – `solomon isakiC mejRanuaSvili~ – mwera-
li Tanmimdevrulia leqsSi – `fulebi~ – ganviTarebuli
msjelobisa, rom fuli is Zalaa, romelic xelsayrel ni-
adags qmnis pirovnebaSi adamianuri sisusteebis gamosav-
lenad: `kacT bunebis aRmZvreli da SuriT aRmvsebeli, /
simarTlis damCagvreli, kacT bunebis gamryvneli~ da ara
axali cxovrebis ekonomikuri mowyobis mTavari resursi.
amgvar formulirebas miscemdnen am Temas samocianeli
mwerlebi da moazrovneebi.
lavrenti ardazianis yvelaze mniSvnelovani da po-
pularuli nawarmoebia `solomon isakiC mejRanuaSvili~.
romanma gamoqveynebisTanave mkiTxvelTa sazogadoebaSi
iseTi mowoneba daimsaxura, rom `ciskris~ redaqciaSi sa-
madlobel werilebs ver audiodnen. rogorc Cans, mkiTx-
velze didi gavlena moaxdina im faqtorma, rom teqstis si-
uJeti Seexeba sazogadoebisTvis mgrZnobiare problemebs,
warmoaCens cocxal, realobis analogiur, gmirebs, ambebs,
dialogebs; nawarmoebis ena axlo dgas saSualo fenis
sametyvelo enasTan. marTalia, mesame fenis aRzeveba da
gmiri burJuebi pirvelad lavrenti ardazianis teqsteb-
122
Si ar warmoCenila, mas hyavda winamorbedebi giorgi eri-
sTavis, zurab antonovisa da daniel WonqaZis saxiT, Tumca,
teqsti aerTianebs araerT Janrobriv da stilur ele-
ments, romelic unikaluria swored lavrenti ardazianis
am nawarmoebisTvis. literaturul kritikaSi (vaxtang
kotetiSvili, mixeil zandukeli, daviT gamezardaSvili,
amberki gaCeCilaZe da sxvebi) es nawarmoebi aRiarebulia,
rogorc adreuli realizmisa da socialuri romanis nimu-
Si. didia am nawarmoebze santimentaluri da burJuaziuli
romanis zegavlena, Tumca, am mimarTulebiT nawarmoebi,
jerjerobiT, Seuswavlelia. am etapze mxolod is SegviZ-
lia vTqvaT, rom teqsti aerTianebs araerT mxatvrul
indikators, romelTa specialuri analizis Sedegad, Se-
saZloa, `solomon isakiC mejRanuaSvilis~ Janrobrivi mi-
kuTvnebulibis sakiTxi gadaixedos.
evropaSi romanis Janri, rogorc aRvniSneT, burJua-
ziuli sazogadoebis monapovaria. qarTul literaturaSi
misi pirveli nimuSebi daniel WonqaZisa da lavrenti arda-
zianis nawarmoebebis saxiT Cndeba. maTze didia inglisuri
da franguli santimentaluri da realisturi romanis gav-
lena Tematur, motivur da stilur doneze. gavixsenoT,
rom klasikuri santimentaluri romanis protagonisti
xSirad mesame fenis warmomadgenelia. avtori gatacebu-
lia mis Sinagan samyaroSi CaRrmavebiTa da am samyaros war-
moCeniT. es axali gamowvevaa, romlis winaSe dadgnen me-18
saukunis mwerlebi – samuel riCardsoni, henri fildingi.
manamde literaturaSi adgili ar eTmoboda rigiTi ada-
mianebis cxovrebis aRweras. santimentaluri romanis
mTavari gmiri xSirad daucveli, gaunaTlebeli, magram
saTno da morwmune axalgazrda qalia. is umetes SemTxveva-
Si Zaladobis msxverpli xdeba, magram nawarmoebSi purita-
nuli ideebis gavleniT daujildoebeli ar rCeba Rirse-
123
uli adamiani da dausjeli – moZalade. am Janris motivebis
zegavlena ikveTeba `solomon isakiC mejRanuaSvilis~ im
plastSi, romelSic mTavari gmiris dedis, gaianes, ambavi
viTardeba.
romani `solomon isakiC mejRanuaSvili~ erTi vrce-
li epistolea, romelsac mTavari gmiri Tavis naTlias,
ohanezs uZRvnis. siuJeti erTi dominanti xazis, solo-
mon mejRanuaSvilis cxovrebis garSemo viTardeba. nawar-
moebSi gamoyenebulia gramatikul pirvel pirSi Txrobis
teqnika, Sesabamisad, mTeli yuradReba eTmoba narato-
ris, mTavari gmiri burJuas Sinagani gancdebisa da misi
Tavgadasavlebis warmoCenas. rogorc aRvniSneT, me-18
saukuneSi Txrobis am stils romanistebi xSirad iyene-
ben. gavixsenoT samuel riCardsonis epistoluri ro-
manebi: `pamela, anu dajildoebuli saTnoeba~ (1740-1741
ww.), `klarisa harlou~ (1747-1748 ww.), rusos `Jiuli, anu
axali eloiza~ (1761 w.), goeTes àxalgazrda verTeris vne-
bani~ (1774 w.) da sxva popularuli da gavleniani teqstebi.
epistoluri, avtobiografiuli Janri literaturaTm-
codneobaSi fsiqologiuri romanis winasaxed miiCneva,
ramdenadac is warmoaCens pirovnebis, xSirad ki, swored
saSualo fenis warmomadgenlis – vaWris, msaxuris – ri-
giTi, àxali adamianis~ emociebsa da damokidebulebebs.
amave mizeziT riCardsonis nawarmoebebs burJuaziul
romansac uwodeben.
sainteresoa `solomon isakiC mejRanuaSvilis~ Seqmnis
istoria. ardazianis meuRlis, keke lolaZis mogonebis
mixedviT, maTi ojaxis mezoblad cxovrobda erTi Rataki
qorvaWari, rva Svilis mama, saxelad iaquxCia. mis SeWirve-
bul ojaxs ardazianebi xSirad umarTavdnen xels. erTxel
iaquxCias niJnegorodis iarmukaze gasagzavni werilis
daweraSi lavrenti ardaziani daexmara. vaWarma mas oTxi
Tumani dautova daxmarebis gasamjelod. qmris TxovniT,
124
kekem am fuliT saWmeli da tanisamosi SeiZina da iaquxCias
ojaxs miukiTxa. darcxvenili vaWari imave saRamos mobrun-
da da lavrenti Tavis saxlSi miipatiJa, sadac erTi Tone
vercxliTa da erTi qila oqroTi savse aCvena mwerals.
rogorc Cans, am ambiT STagonebulma lavrenti ardazian-
ma Seqmna Tavisi cnobili romani, radgan misi meuRlis mo-
gonebebidan irkveva, rom mweralma swored am dRis Semdeg
daiwyo wera da maleve gamoaqveyna romani `solomon isa-
kiC mejRanuaSvili~ Jurnal `ciskarSi~. vaWarma iaquxCiam,
solomon mejRanuaSvilis msgavsad, im dRidan fulis mox-
mareba daiwyo.
sainteresoa, rogori interesiT uRrmavdeba mwerali
vaWris fsiqikas, Tumca, rogorc daniel WonqaZisTvis,
ardazianisTvisac mizanTropi vaWari, romelic mxolod
ekonomikuri kapitalis dagrovebaze zrunavs, ar aris àx-
ali adamiani~, Self-made Man (TavisTavadi kaci), Self-relyable
Man (Tavdajerebuli, mtkice kaci). nawarmoebis bolos
solomoni aRniSnavs, rom is ubeduria, rom man ver miaR-
wia amqveyniur bednierebas. rogorc Cans, mwerali am per-
sonaJSi ver xedavs axali gmiris konturebs, misi cxovre-
bis stiliT ki – axali sazogadoebis models. miuxedavad
imisa, rom `suramis cixis~ durmiSxanisgan gansxvavebiT,
ardazianis gmiri naklebad calmxrivi da stereotipu-
lia, nawarmoebSi gamokveTilia misi adamianuri mxareebi
– adamianuri SiSebi, SurisZiebis wyurvili, siyvaruli da
imedgacrueba, aristokratTa hedonizmisgan ukiduresad
gansxvavebuli burJuaziuli asketizmi, sabolood, ori-
ve mwerlisTvis miuRebelia vaWris es tipi. gansxvaveba
mxolod isaa, rom ardaziani gvTavazobs axali adamianis
models, romelic unda zrunavdes aramxolod ekonomi-
kuri, socialuri, aramed inteleqtualuri da simboluri
kapitalis dagrovebaze. aqve unda gavixsenoT aleqsandre
raindiZis magaliTi, romelic amqveyniur bednierebas mo-
125
ipovebs qalaqisgan moSorebiT, soflad, bunebisa da siy-
varulis wiaRSi. aqedan gamomdinare, lavrenti ardaziani
erTgvarad moarigebs ganmanaTleblobisa da progresis-
tul ideebs inglisuri santimentalizmisa da winare ro-
mantizmis, kerZod, rusos konceptTan, romelic idealur
sazogadoebad moiazrebda qalaquri civilizaciisgan
moSorebiT, alpebis mTis siaxloes siyvaruliT Seqmnil
patriarqalur ojaxs. aRniSnuli modeli warmodgenilia
rusos epistolur romanSi `Jiuli, anu axali eloiza~, Ji-
ulisa da sen-pres magaliTiT.
Tuki lavrenti ardazianma 1861 wels daweril roman-
Si `solomon isakiC mejRanuaSvili~ mxolod burJuaziis
cdomilebebi warmoaCina, Tavisi momdevno teqstiT – `mor-
Cili~ (1863 w.) – man TiTqos daamtkica, rom miukerZoebelia
socialuri problemebis analizisas da mebatone Teimu-
razis saxiT aRwera is tipuri mankierebebi, romlebic
mis Tanamedrove aristokratias axasiaTebda. am romaniT
man TiTqos Tavisi samoqalaqo vali moixada, warmoaCina ra,
rom sikeTe an boroteba ar gaigivdeba socialur klasTan.
aristokratTa sazogadoebas miekuTvnebian Teimurazic,
aleqsandraca da mixakoc, magram maT ganasxvavebs fase-
ulobebi – pirveli midrekilia materialuri keTildRe-
obis, xolo ukanasknelni – humanuri Rirebulebebisaken.
amave principiT upirispirdebian erTmaneTs maWankali
lifsime da aleqsandrasa da mixakos ymebi – rostomi da
mariko.
ardazianis am nawarmoebis mTavari gmirebi – aleqsan-
dra da mixako – axlo dganan santimentaluri romanis
moralistur, xSir SemTxvevaSi, paTetizmamde misul su-
liskveTebasTan. nawarmoebis fabula, siuJeturi qar-
ga, Txrobis teqnika gansxvavdeba mwerlis wina romanis
amave maxasiaTeblebisgan, Tumca Tematuri xazi igivea
– moraluri Rirebulebebi merkantiluri faseulobebis
126
winaaRmdeg. teqstis fabula, romlis mixedviTac axal-
gazrda, Tavisuflad moazrovne gmiri qalis mSoblebi
cdiloben mis gaTxovebas mdidar, magram amoralur Ci-
novnikze – tipuria me-19 saukunis realisturi prozisa
da komediis siuJetebisTvis. nawarmoebis gmirebic, so-
lomon mejRanuaSvilisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic saoc-
rad dinamikuri personaJia, qmnian gacilebiT sqematur da
stereotipul saxeebs.
`morCileba~ `Tavisuflebis~ antonimia im sazogado-
ebaSi, sadac morCilebis qristianul da hegeliseul gage-
bas, romelic man `gonis fenomenologiaSi~ ganaviTara
mona-batonis dialeqtikis saxiT, mniSvneloba aqvs dakar-
guli. lavrenti ardazianis es romani warmoaCens isto-
riuli ganviTarebis im safexurs, rodesac `morCilebis~
ideas simulakras funqcia SerCenia. metic, is ZlierTa,
am SemTxvevaSi, feodalTa ritorikuli iaraRia sakuTari
Zalauflebis SesanarCuneblad, rac kidev ufro aRrmavebs
kolizias `Tavisuflebisa~ da `morCilebis~ cnebebs Soris.
***
lavrenti ardazianma, romlis Semoqmedeba yvelaze
axlo dgas evropuli santimentaluri romanisa da adreu-
li realizmis tradiciebTan, qarTuli mwerlobis is-
toriaSi adgili daimkvidra, rogorc `solomon isakiC
mejRanuaSvilis~ avtorma. wlebis manZilze, sabWoTa pe-
riodSi misi es mTavari teqsti iswavleboda skolaSi da
amdenad qarTuli literaturuli kanonis kuTvnileba
iyo. cxadia, upirveles yovlisa, mniSvnelovania mwerlis
Zalisxmeva, nawarmoebSi qarTul enaze aametyvelos gmiri
burJua da qarTul sinamdviles miusadagos burJuaziis
sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebis evropuli literaturis
modelebi. miuxedavad amisa, ardazianis, rogorc moaz-
rovnisa da mwerlis mniSvneloba amiT ar Semoifargleba.
127
mxedvelobidan ar unda gamogvrCes is faqtoric, rom
lavrenti ardazianma, rogorc publicistma, mTargmnel-
ma, mniSvnelovani wvlili gaiRo qarTul enaze Seqmnili
literaturis ganviTarebisTvis. igi im avtorTa ricxv-
Sia, romelTa talantebi Tbilisi-quTaisis guberniebis
samoqalaqo saqmiswarmoebis samagido oqmebSi Caikarga da
romlebmac, miuxedavad amisa, moaxerxes da saqarTveloSi
niadagi Seqmnes iseTi masStabis istoriuli amofrqvevis-
Tvis, rogoric iyo moRvawe da mwerali – ilia WavWavaZe.
damowmebani:
ardaziani 1859: ardaziani l. fulebi. ciskari, № 9: Tbilisi: 1859.

ardaziani 1964: ardaziani l. Txzulebani. Tbilisi: `sabWoTa
saqarTvelo~, 1964.
gamezardaSvili 1956: gamezardaSvili d. axali qarTuli litera-
turis istoria. t. 1. Tbilisi: stalinis saxelobis Tbilisis sax. uni-
versitetis gam-ba 1956.
gaCeCilaZe 1950: gaCeCilaZe a. qarTuli realizmis istoriisaTvis.
– literaturuli Ziebani, № 6. Tbilisi: saqarTvelos ssr mecniere-
baTa akademiis gamomcemloba, 1950.
erisTavi 1852-1855: erisTavi g. Zunwi. komedia 2-s moqmedebaSi.
Tbilisi: 1852-1855.
zandukeli 1956: zandukeli m. axali qarTuli literatura. t. 1. me-4
Sevsebuli da Sesworebuli gamocema. Tbilisi: `sabWoTa mwerali~, 1956.
TumaniSvili 1857: molaybe (mixeil TumaniSvili). salaybo fur-
celi. ciskari, № 12. Tbilisi: 1857.
kotetiSvili 1959: kotetiSvili v. qarTuli literaturis istoria
(XIX s.). Tbilisi: saxelmwifo gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1959:
masalebi ... 1981: masalebi XIX s. 60-90-iani wlebis saqarTvelos sazoga-
doebriv-kulturuli cxovrebidan (kirile lorTqifaniZis mimowera).
k. kekeliZis sax. xelnawerTa in-ti. Tbilisi: `mecniereba~, 1981.
niniZe 2007: niniZe m. mxatvruli narativi publicistikaSi – ilias
kidev erTi reforma. saiubileo krebuli – ilia – 170: Tbilisi: 2007.
WavWavaZe 2007: WavWavaZe i. TxzulebaTa akademiuri gamocema oc
tomad. t. 13. Tbilisi: ilias fondi, 2007.
WiWinaZe 1911: WiWinaZe z. lavrenti petres Ze ardaziani. mejRanuaS-
vili, romani ardazianisa. Tbilisi: 1911.
128
amiran arabuli
rafiel erisTavi
`rafiel erisTavis msgavsma adamianeb-

ma bevri ram gaakeTes imisTvis, rom Cven
– dRevandel qarTvelebs imedis TvaliT
Segvexeda momavlisTvis~.
g. asaTiani
XIX s-is qarTuli mwerlobis mesaZirkvleTa Soris

mkvidri adgili uWiravs rafiel erisTavs. misi mxatvruli
naazrevi, publicisturi nawerebi da xangrZlivi, TiTqmis
samocwliani sazogadoebrivi moRvaweoba TvalsaCino
magaliTia mSobeli qveynisa da xalxis mizanmimarTuli,
ganuxreli msaxurebisa ... wonadia da dauviwyari suliere-
bis sferoSi gaweuli Rvawli r. erisTavisa; sruliad gan-
sakuTrebulia misi wvlili da damsaxureba qarTveli eris
ZirZvel wes-CveulebaTa Tu yofiT-eTnografiul Tavi-
seburebaTa Seswavlis sferoSi.
rafiel erisTavis cxovrebis gza ar yofila uzigzago
da sworxazovani, farTo da iolad savali. samsaxurebrivi
movaleobebis gamo saqarTvelos araerT kuTxeSi mouwia
wlobiT yofna da, SeiZleba iTqvas, mSromelebTan yovel-
dRiurma siaxlovem, maTi Wirisa Tu sawuxaris gaziarebam
Rrma kvali daaCnia mis TavisTavad poetur Semoqmedebas.
feodaluri aristokratiis warmomadgenelma zedmiwevniT
gaicno qarTveli glexobis, miwismuSakebisa da mevenaxe-
ebis mZime, duxWiri cxovreba da STambeWdavi mxatvruli
StrixebiT asaxa Tavis poeziaSi.
rafiel erisTavi daibada 1824 wlis 9 aprils, axmetis
raionis sofel qistaurSi. mama – qistaureli memamule
129
daviT erisTavi didgvarovani wris warmomadgeneli iyo;
didgvarovani gaxldaT misi dedac – nino avTandilis asu-
li amilaxvari, sofel Walidan (qarTli). socialur àR-
matebulobasa~ da wodebriv upiratesobas xeli ar SeuSlia
raf. erisTavisTvis, yofiliyo Tanadroulobis saarsebo
interesebisTvis mebrZoli da bedisgan CagrulTa mxur-
vale gulSematkivari, qomagi da upirvelesi Wirisufa-
li... rogorc vaxtang kotetiSvili aRniSnavs, àmilax-
vrebisa da erisTavebis STamomavali, TiTqos winaparTa
codvebs inaniebso, erTi mZlavri mobrunebiT glexebSi
gadavida da maTi cxovrebisa da ocnebis gamomxatvelad
iqca~ (kotetiSvili 1955 : 505).
Svidi wlis rom Sesrulda, dedam wera-kiTxva Seas-
wavla. Semdeg Telavis samazro saswavlebelSi miabares,
sadac ori weliwadi dahyo. misi mowafeobis wlebidan su-
lis sargoobis TvalsazrisiT aRsaniSnavia is periodi,
romelic SuamTis monasterSi gaatara. mowese berebis ga-
remocvaSi yofnam mravalmxriv pozitiuri kvali datova
cnobismoyvare mozardis arsebaSi. aq raf. erisTavis mas-
wavlebeli iyo filadelfos kiknaZe, romlis saxelTan,
garda nayofieri sasuliero moRvaweobisa, dakavSire-
bulia 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis wesdebisa da saidumlo
anbanis Seqmna. SuamTis monasterSi rafiel erisTavi sa-
fuZvlianad gaecno gramatikas, dialeqtikas, ritorikas,
saeklesio galobasa da, rac mTavaria, saRvTismetyvelo
sagnebs. amis mere damwyebi Semoqmedi swavlas ganagrZobs
keTilSobilTa saswavleblad saxeldebul Tbilisis gim-
naziaSi. 1845 wels asrulebs gimnaziis kurss da iwyeba misi
samsaxurebrivi karieris grZeli da momqancveli gza. Tav-
dapirvelad TuS-fSav-xevsureTis saolqo sammarTveloSi
msaxurobda Tarjimnad; 1848 wlidan – StatgareSe muSakad
kavkasiis mxaris mTavari sammarTvelos sabWos kancelari-
aSi, xolo sami wlis Semdgom kavkasiis mefis `stolnaCal-
130
nikis~ ufros TanaSemwed daiwyo muSaoba. metnaklebi va-
diT sxvadasxva Tanamdebobaze imyofeboda axalcixeSi,
zugdidSi, quTaisSi. misi gamocdileba da kompetencia
aseve wvdeboda svaneTs, raWas, samurzayanos.
Jurnal `ciskris~ 1852 wlis me-7 nomerSi raf. erisTa-
vis ori leqsi – `darigeba~ da `yvavils~ – gamoqveynda. es
iyo misi poeturi biografiis dasawyisi. imisda miuxeda-
vad, rom rafiel erisTavs arasdros hqonia SemoqmedTaT-
vis esoden sasurveli cxovrebiseuli simSvide da moca-
leoba, man mainc SeZlo da Seqmna im rangis poezia, dRemde
rom iunjebs da inarCunebs sazogadoebriv mniSvnelobas,
urRvev mxatvrul Rirebulebas.
***
kita abaSiZis daxasiaTebiT, rafiel erisTavi iyo wy-
nari da ara medgari meomari; amasTan, `mokvdavTagan gar-
Ceuli~ maRali sulis adamiani (abaSiZe 1962 : 412).
imas, rom rafielis pirovnul Rirsebas didwilad gan-
sazRvravda saTnoeba da ueSmakoba, mimndobloba da RvTis-
niereba, misi mowafeobis Jams SuamTis monasterSi arsebul
swavla-aRzrdis wessa da reJims unda vumadlodeT... kacT-
moyvareoba da molxenisken midrekili buneba sxvaTaTvis
Tu siamisa da kai guneba-ganwyobilebis momtani iyo, sazi-
anod da samavneod ubrundeboda TviT mas, sulis siTbosa
da sikeTis uangarod da uangariSod gamcems. Tedo saxo-
kias mier moTxrobili ambavi (saxokia 1984: 14-20) Tval-
naTliv warmogvidgens, raoden wamgebiani da ukuSede-
gis momcemia savaWro qselSi im kategoriis kacis CarTva,
visTvisac fulsa da materialur faseulobaze bevrad win
Seulaxavi suliereba da wminda adamianuri urTierTobebi
dgas.
raf. erisTavs saguldagulod movlili saukeTeso ve-
naxebi da saucxoo Rvino hqonda qistaurSi. `kompanion~
131
siko grZeliSvilis rCeviTa da `TanadgomiT~ TbilisSi,
puSkinis quCaze, sardafi daiqirava da Sesaferisi abrac
gaakra. erT mSvenier dRes sardafs Rvinis kasrebiTa da
rumbebiT datvirTuli urmebi miayena. daiwyo misTvis
axali, ucadi, uCveulo saqmianoba. rafieli TviTon iyo
mimtanic da, xSirad, tolumbaSic. `klienti~ didad nasia-
movnebi da kmayofili gamodioda sardafidan. daTmoba da
mimtevebloba cxovrebis wesad hqceoda da, gamomdinare
aqedan, momduravi aravin hyolia. xelgaSlil `kompanio-
nebs~ Zvirad daujdaT sikos biZis, `baybaydevis natexis~,
mejvrisxeveli mRvdlis daviT gamrekelis gadabmuli,
ramdenimedRiani stumroba: mogebis magivrad valebi da-
edoT, daugrovdaT, daumZimdaT da uaresi momavlis SiSiT
sardafi daketes. damTavrda savaWro sferoSi r. eris-
Tavis xanmokle saqmianobis warumatebeli etapi; daiwyo
upovrobis periodi, SimSili da kvlav samsaxuris Zebna.
***
rafiel erisTavis gamoCena samwerlo sarbielze,
RvTis nebiT Tu istoriuli kanonzomierebis karnaxiT,
daemTxva saqarTvelos kulturuli cxovrebis im xanas,
im monakveTs, roca romantikosebi asparezs tovebdnen,
avanscenidan Camodiodnen da TandaTanobiT mzaddeboda
niadagi `TergdaleulTa~ mosvlisTvis. raf. erisTavi
iyo erTgvari Suamavali da, SeiZleba asec iTqvas, damakav-
Sirebeli xidi qarTvel romantikosebsa da samociane-
lebs Soris. mas xvda xvedri, yofiliyo ilias, akakis, vaJas
da yazbegis winamorbedi da, amasTan, maTi ideuri momxre
da Tanamoazre. TumcaRa brwyinvale Tanavarskvlavedis
amosvlam erovnuli mwerlobis cis kabadonze nawilob-
riv daCrdila da gadafara rafielis Rvawli da monagari
mxatvruli sityvis msaxurebis sapatio samrekloSi. kita
abaSiZis naTqvami rom gavimeoroT, `rafiel erisTavis
132
literaturuli saxeli da dideba ufro safuZvliani da
xangrZlivi iqneboda, rom im droSi ar Sexvedroda moR-
vaweoba, roca ilia WavWavaZe da akaki wereTeli gamovidnen
samwerlo asparezze... meTaurobis magier mas ubralo mu-
Sakoba arguna bedma~ (abaSiZe 1962 : 411).
Tuki Tavdapirvelad romantikosebis sagrZnob gavle-
nas ganicdida, rac, ZiriTadad, misi gmirebis pasiurobasa
da umoqmedobaSi vlindeboda, mere da mere nabij-nabij ga-
dainacvla cxovrebiseuli movlenebis realisturad Sem-
faseblis poziciebze da Tavis SesaniSnav SemoqmedebaSi
kuTvnili adgili dauTmo dabali socialuri fenebis war-
momadgenelTa gancdebis adekvaturad gadmocemas.
es iyo leTargiuli Tvlemisa da Zilis umZimesi xana
Cveni eris istoriaSi; xana, roca avismauwyeblad mimqrali-
yo da minelebuliyo saqveyno fiqri, mis fexze dayenebasa
da welSi gamarTvaze zrunva, ukeTesi xvalindeli dRisT-
vis Rwva da gulSematkivroba; roca piradi Wir-lxini yve-
las axsovda, xolo sazogado satkivari – Zalze cotas...
es iyo qarTuli eklesiis gauqmebuli avtokefaliisa da
dacemuli saxelmwifoebriobis mrume, sabediswero wlebi.
rafiel erisTavi mxatvruli sityvis ukidegano sam-
yaroSic eZebda wamals, romelic davrdomil, dabeCave-
bul, ruseTis caristuli reJimis gamanadgurebeli
gavlenisgan zneobrivi degradaciis gzaze damdgar mis
Tanamemamuleebs Tvals auxelda da wyvdiadiT moculi
dilegidan gareT, pirmziTSi gamoiyvanda. raki saTqmelis
Riad, miukib-moukibavad gadmocema mkacri cenzuris pi-
robebSi yovelTvis ver xerxdeboda, r. erisTavma aseTi
xerxi ixmara: sulxan-saba orbelianis krebulidan – `sib-
rZne sicruisa~ – gamokriba ramdenime cnobili igav-ara-
ki da galeqsa; aseve gadmoaqarTula da leqsad gamarTa
krilovis popularuli igav-arakebi. sulxan-sabas damri-
geblobiTi xasiaTis prozaul qmnilebaTa `TviTneburi~
133
gadamuSavebis mizezad raf. erisTavi Semdeg garemoebaze
miuTiTebda: `me gamovkribe TxuTmeti rCeuli igav-araki
saba orbelianisagan Sedgenilis `sibrZne-sicruisagan~
da gavleqse im ganzraxviT, rom yrmaTa dainergon keTili
zneoba, ganSorden borotsa mimodrekilebasa da Seiswav-
lon Zveleburi qarTuli mdabio ena, romliTac saba or-
beliani gvixatavs arakebSi moqmedTa pirTa...~ (erisTavi
1958: 558).
***
rafiel erisTavis poeturi natura da msoflmxedve-
loba dgindeboda da yalibdeboda maSin, roca roman-
tiz-mi Tavisi warmatebis zenits wvdeboda. imdroindeli
qarTuli poeziis saerTo xasiaTsa da suliskveTebas al.
WavWavaZis, n. baraTaSvilisa da gr. orbelianis mxatvruli
sityva gansazRvravda. maT saxelebTan iyo asocirebuli
erovnuli poeturi Semoqmedebis magistraluri xazi.
Znelia TviTmierobis miRweva da SenarCuneba, roca
Sens winamavalTa Soris didad avtoritetuli, aRiarebu-
li, mkiTxvelTa farTo wrisTvis aprobirebuli avtorebi
dganan; Znelia, radgan empiriuli samyaro Tavis Zireul
nawilSi ucvalebelia da misi asaxva wina TaobaTa mwerluri
gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebasac usaTuod gulisxmobs...
qarTul literaturaTmcodneobaSi danaxuli da xaz-
gasmulia is Semxvedri wertilebi, sadac rafiel erisTavi
Tavis Tanamedrove romantikosebTan msoflmxedvelob-
riv siaxloves amJRavnebs. da es, albaT, yvelaze argumen-
tirebulad satrfialo poeziasTan mimarTebaSi iTqmis.
cxovrebis warmavali sikeTeebiT Warbi tkbobis, aul-
agmavi vnebianobis, RviniT Trobisa Tu qalis sxeulis mS-
venierebis poeturi apologiis motivebi, iseve rogorc
romantikosebisTvis, arc raf. erisTavis pirveli peri-
odis lirikisTvis yofila ucxo. TvalnaTlivi da udavoa
134
rafielis mTeli rigi leqsebis anakreontuli xasiaTi.
poetisTvis pirveladia qalis fizikuri silamaze, gareg-
nuli xibli da mxolodRa mere – misi sulieri fiziono-
mia, Rrmadindividualuri Sinagani samyaro. da vinaidan
vizualur efeqtze damyarebuli droebiTi gataceba,
arcTu iSviaTad, gawbilebiT da sruli imedgacruebiT
bolovdeba xolme, rafiel erisTavi, gamomdinare piradi
gamocdilebidan, sxvebs urCevs da mouwodebs, ar ahyvnen
wamlekav wuTier vnebebs da Tavi Sors daiWiron brolis
TiTebisa Tu mRelvare mkerdis mqone arSiyi qalebisagan.
leqsSi `darigeba~ poeti ambobs, rom `tanad sarom~ da
`yel-brol-fiqalma~ SavTvalebam jer daiaxlova, SeiCvia,
miiTvisa, xolo Semdeg ugana da sxvis gzas Seudga.
aqedan daskvna:
`gvijobs, moyvasno, moveridneT arSiysa qalsa~.
(erisTavi 1958 : 42)
analogiuri SinaarsiT iqcevs yuradRebas sami wlis

winandeli leqsi `Cems megobarT~.
rafiel erisTavis lirikaSi wlebis matebis da miwaze
myarad damkvidrebis kvaldakval klebulobs e.w. hedonis-
turi nakadi, mwveli miwiereba da aRmosavluri gaxeleba.
Cndeba imgvari gancda, TiTqos mxedvelobas libri Sorde-
ba, Tvalwin Camowolili nisli da burusi ifanteba, sivrce
iwmindeba, idarebs da mniSvnelovanwilad icvlebian da sx-
vaferdebian adrindeli prioritetebi.
dro gadis da poetis xmaSi gaCenil bzars naRveli avsebs,
sevda asevadebs, sityvis salbuniT morCena da gamTeleba
aRar uxerxdeba. ormoci wlis poeti ase mimarTavs Tavis
sacoles, Cvidmeti wlis feodosia erisTavs:
`... rad Semiyvareb? gana ar vici,

Sen jer norCi xar, me ki moxuci,
fiqrma da dardma sul damaduna,
135
adre damaWkno, damaZabuna,
kiserSi magra Camikakuna...~
(erisTavi 1958: 14)
Tuki siWabukeSi `netarebis cremls~ Rvrida, `siyvaru-

liT savse~ da `sxivebr mal~ Sav Tvalebs Sexaroda, etrfo-
da, ewoneboda da maTi elvis ukmarsiobasac ki uCioda,
gamoxda xani da sxeulebrivi silamaziT tkboba sulieri
mSvenierebis amaRlebulma gancdam gadafara:
`misTvis miyvarxar, radgana xar umanko suli~.
(erisTavi 1958: 9)
droiTi distanciidan Cavlili xdomilebebis xedvam,

simwifisa Tu soliduri zrdasrulobis uReltexilidan
gardasuli wlebis av-kargis Secnobam, Sefasebam, momxdari
movlenebis gonebiT gansjam da cxovrebis kanonzomiere-
baTa idumal siRrmeebSi SeRwevam bevri ramis gadafaseba
da pesimistur xmovanebasTan gadaqsovili yofierebis re-
alisturi aRqma ganapiroba rafiel erisTavis, rogorc
Semoqmedis, pirovnebaSi.
leqsi `Cems sayvarels~ zemoTqmulis mkafio, cxadsax-
ilveli dasturia:
`me nektars gTxovdi – naRvels masmevdi,
me ias gTxovdi – nacars mayridi,
me gulsa gTxovdi – sicils mayridi,
me beWeds gTxovdi – borkils miyridi...~
(erisTavi 1958: 22)
hedonistur gancdaTa uSualo gamoZaxilia leqsebi,

romlebSic Rvinis, qeifisa da udardeli drostarebis
qebaa aRvlenili. yvelafers rom Tavi davaneboT, geneti-
kuri kodi karnaxobda poets, vazis naJuris pozitiuri
mxare wamoewia wina planze da utrirebulad aReniSna misi
fundamenturi mniSvneloba qarTveli kacis yoveldRiur
yofaSi.
136
r. erisTavis TvalTaxedviT, Rvinoa is keTilSobili
siTxe, jiRad rom adgas salxino sufras, `camdis rom
agvamaRlebs~, gvabednierebs, gvaamayebs, Tvals gvixels,
mxdals agulianebs da mklavis jans umatebs.
`mevenaxis simReraSi” avtori ise esityveba `SviliviT
nazard~ vazs, rogorc suliers, nebismier drosa da adgi-
las gamosadeg megobars:
`Wirime Seni fesvisa,

movkvdebi me Sens ZirSia,
SeniT var mxne da guladi,
imediT – gasaWirSia!~
(erisTavi 1958: 26)
xolo Rvinisgan ganucalkevebelia iseTi saojaxo, say-

ofacxovrebo atributi, rogoricaa yanwi. SedarebiT sxva
sasmisebTan, fiala iqneba Tu azarfeSa, yanwis upiratesi
Rirseba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom `manam ar dascli, ver das-
dgam Zirsa~.
da, amdenad, is ufro uxdeba da SeSvenis gulRia lxins,
vidre romantikosebis poeziaSi ukvdavqmnili azarfeSa
anda fiala, romelTa gamoclas maTive forma da konfigu-
racia maincdamainc ar gaiZulebs, ar gavaldebulebs.
zomieri Trobis, Tavdaviwyebis zRvaSi gadaSvebisa da
amqveyniuri kirTebis, tanjvisa da simZimilis gadaviwye-
bisken mowodeba, rac, upirveles yovlisa, anakreontis
(VI-V ss.) saxels ukavSirdeba, organulad hqonda gancdili
da gaTavisebuli rafiel erisTavs. TumcaRa arc verbal-
ur doneze mimbaZvelobis garkveuli `dozis~ gamoricxva
iqneboda swori da samarTliani, roca mis saamsoflo gata-
cebebisa Tu midrekilebebis Sesaxeb vsaubrobT imis gaT-
valiswinebiT, rom `rafiel erisTavis msgavsi pirovnebe-
bisTvis, – wers guram asaTiani, – erovnuli interesebi
ganuyoflad iyo dakavSirebuli socialuri progresisa
da humanurobis maRal principebTan~ (asaTiani 2002: 58).
137
***
umTavresi ram, rac raf. erisTavis poezias, saerTod,
mis mudamdRiur fiqrsa da daudgromel, daucadebel sa-
zogadoebriv saqmianobas msWvalavs, es aris imdroindel
saqarTveloSi esoden rezonansuli socialuri problematika.
arsebuli reJimi, dafuZnebuli Zalmomreobasa da iu-
ridiul usamarTlobaze, isedac daZabunebul, damcirebul
da Seuracxyofil yma glexobas saarsebo sivrces uzRu-
davda, aviwroebda da aiZulebda, Tavisi naSrom-naamagari
sxvaTaTvis, madaaSlili mebatoneebisTvis da aTasi juris
mCagvrelebisTvis daeTmo da mierTmia.
r. erisTavi, msgavsad mis Semdgom asparezze gamosuli
Cveni mwerlebisa da sazogado moRvaweebisa, ocnebobda
ara mxolod imaze, rom qarTveli kaci qonebrivad SeZle-
buli da uzrunvelyofili enaxa, aramed gonebagaxsnili,
ganviTarebuli, zneobrivad daxvewili da amaRlebuli
adamianebis simravlec enatreboda. xolo amis miRweva
wodebrivi uTanasworobis mospobis gareSe SeuZlebeli
Canda. SesaZloa, saTanado SemarTeba da gambedaoba aklda,
magram rafiel erisTavi mTeli Tavisi SegnebiT, mrwamsiT
da moqalaqeobrivi poziciiT winaaRmdegi iyo batonymobi-
sa. cnobilia, rom mas saidumlo kavSiri hqonda damyarebu-
li samegrelos glexTa ajanyebis moTaveebTan, Tumca misi
aqtiuroba moraluri mamxileblis misiiT ifargleboda...
dedebi gulqva batonebisgan warTmeuli Svilebis dab-
runebas iTxoven, magram uSedegod. fuWi da amaoa maTi
mduRare gulisTqma. Rarib-Rataki da gamwarebuli ada-
mianebis cxovreba erT gabmul, gauTavebel, permanentul
koSmars damsgavsebia. ukompromiso protests ver bedaven
da dagrovili boRma da balRami gulSi uduRT. usamar-
TlobasTan yovelwamieri Sexeba Sinaganad Slis, angrevs
da anadgurebs batonymobis epoqis pirmSoT.
138
mTeli bedukeTuri socialuri fenis saTqmeli da
mdgomareobaa ukufenili Semdeg striqonebSi:
`vxnav, vTesav, vebrZvi miwasa,

e Sroma mainc fuWia,
ver gadvirCine wlis sarCo,
ver gamoviZRe kuWia~.
(erisTavi 1958: 110)
batonisagan Cawixluli glexi qalaqSi midis, raTa ax-

lebur, cotaTi mainc ukeTes cxovrebas moekidos, magram
arc iq umarTlebs: qalaqSic uyuradRebobis, abuCad ag-
debisa da damcirebis obieqti xdeba, rac kidev ufro usa-
soosa da autanels xdis mis yurum yofas.
glexebis unugeSo mdgomareoba reliefuradaa asax-
uli raf. erisTavis araerT leqsSi. maTgan unda davasaxe-
loT Semdegi saxieri nimuSebi: `sesias fiqrebi~, `beruas
Civili~, `Tandilas dardi~, `ras Semomcqeri, Zmobilo~,
`dedabris moTqma~.
Tu sesia imis gamo Cafiqrebula, rom miwaa misi ded-
mama, Zmobili da TviTonac niadag miwaa, Tandilas sxva
sawuxari uRrRnis guls:
`momikvda xari giSera,

mokvda, gamiwyra RmerTia~.
(erisTavi 1958: 97)
kidev ufro uaresia imaTi yofa, vinc gareT gamoug-

dia gaWirvebas, upovrobas, ulukmapurobas, Tavmoyva-
reobaze xeli auRiaT da gamkiTxavis molodinSi aTen-
aRameben. aseTTa xvedri naadrevi sibere, daCaCanakeba da
yovelive amis gamo TavSeukavebeli moTqmaa.
`mTxovara glaxaki~ amgvarad Zerwavs sakuTar
portrets:
139
`droebaTa qariSxalTa damberes,
gamiTeTres Tmebi da damaberes...
siRaribem welSi xuTad gamRuna,
Wirma, sevdam damca, damaZabuna~.
(erisTavi 1958: 10)
sazogadoebisagan gaucxoeba, mxolod piradze mofiq-

ral adamianTa simravle, gulgrilobis simptomi, sxvisi
sicocxlis CalasTan gaTanabreba da aradCagdeba glexis
yuradRebas sxva sibrtyeze, sxva mimarTulebiT gada-
anacvlebs. raki TanamsgavsTa Soris dardis gamgebi da
gamziarebeli ar eguleba, mTel Tavis imeds bunebis mo-
wyalebaze, madlian miwaze, Wirnaxulis siuxveze amyarebs.
misi xotbis sagania marCenali yana, Tvalsac rom axarebs
da SedarebiT uSfoTveli mermisis myar winapirobadac
moiazreba: jars, jamaaTsa da jalabobas SimSili aRar
SeawuxebT, xolo mkvdars saflavi ekurTxeba...
`yanav, Sen Cemo yanao,

nami giama Tanao!
gixdeba oqros qoCori,
ram Segqmna magisTanao!~
(erisTavi 1958: 82)
da aRarc glexad yofnas emduris, rakiRa JamTa cvlas

ar daqvemdebarebia da rasac aqamde Sexaroda, axlac mi-
sive Semxedvare da moimedea:
`rac viyav, isev isa var,
midgas me kargi yanebi,
glexad dambada ufalma,
imasamc veTayvanebi!..~
raf. erisTavis poeziaSi garesinamdvilesTan glexis

mimarTeba romantikul gagebas gamoricxavs. utilitaru-
140
lia misi damokidebuleba mTebTan da vel-mindvrebTan.
bunebis Tvalwamtaci suraTebiT tkbobis momenti r. eris-
Tavis poeziaSi uqvemoes niSnulamdea dayvanili. glexi,
romelsac cisTvis cqerisTvis ar scalia, mware sagons
eZleva maSin, roca dar-avdris RvTaeba gagania gvalvas
inebebs da sulieri arsebis darad umZims yanas:
`papanebaa, buRi dgas,

uWirs sabralo yanasa,
gaWirda, gvalvas veravin
ver uZlebs amisTanasa...~
rudunebiT naxnav-naTesis bolokeTili malamod edeba

glexis dardian guls. uyurebs da xarobs miwis baraqiT.
wlis mosavali xom is usayveduro nobaTia, ufali rom
imetebs alalmarTal meSromeTaTvis. damdgara dariani
dRe da sixarulis sxivi mihfeniaT naamagar glexebs. axla
SeuZliaT erTurTs axaron da miulocon zRvisebr mRel-
vare yanis keTilferovneba...
`biWo, puri Semosula,

Relavs, bzinavs oqros ferad,
uflis Tvali Sig trialebs,_
modiT, naxeT, Tu ar gjeraT!..~
(erisTavi 1958: 74)
msgavsi suraTi, ganwyobileba da mxatvruli saxeebi

gvxvdeba leqsSi `Tinias mamiTadi~. RvTisnierTa daxmare-
biT gaxarebuli `sawyalobeli~ Tinia cibrutiviT tria-
lebs. erTi dRis naoS miwaSi muWa-muWa CamoTxovili Tesli
Cayara da male naxnavSi `RvTis Tvali~ gaCnda. damZimebul-
ma `TavTavma Tavi daxara~. dilaadrian Sekrebili soflis
rCeuli biWebi SeZaxilebiT moedvnen qvrivis yanas... yove-
141
live amis Semswre da Semxedvare uCinari persona aRfrTo-
vanebas ver malavs:
àr Sevxvedrivar mamiTads

me arsad amisTanasa!..~
(erisTavi 1958: 92)
SeuZlebelia ar daeTanxmo silovan xundaZis sity-

vebs: `rafiel erisTavs zedmiwevniT Seuswavlia xalxis
fsixologia, misi zneCveuleba, misi ena da amitomac gansa-
kuTrebiT moxdenilaT xatavs xalxur tipebs, lamazi po-
eturi formiT gadmogvcems xalxur legendebs~ (xundaZe
1918: 6).
rafiel erisTavis poeturi palitra glexTa damqan-
cveli saqmianobis vrcel areals wvdeba da moicavs. esaa
wlis sameurneo ciklis farTo panorama, Tavisi uwyveti,
aRmavali dinamikiT rom ipyrobs mkiTxvelis gulisyurs.
mokidebuli adriani gazafxulidan vidre gvian Semodgo-
mamde glexis muxls moxra da dasveneba ar uweria. nabadSi
gaxveuli Ramis mexre, urmebiT aRzevans mimavali xalisi-
ani biWebi Tu wiTlad damwifebuli yurZnis uxvi mosav-
liT gamxnevebuli mevenaxe qarTuli soflis uaRresad
Tbili, kolorituli, sandomiani saxeebia... da es yovelive
weliwadis areTa dialeqtikuri erTianobisa da bunebri-
vi ciklis konteqstSia moqceuli: gazafxulia is netari
periodi, roca Tovli lanqerebad atirdeba, adiddeba
wylebi, `mokle xnis~ stumrad mova yvavili, balRebi gam-
xiaruldebian, papas Zvlebi gauTbeba da saxnis-sakveTi mi-
wis gulis gasapobad moemzadeba... amas mosdevs gvalviani
zafxuli, aneulis amindebi da simindis Toxna... zafxuls
Wirnaxulisa da sarCo-sabadeblis mowevis Jami Secvlis;
Jami yanebis simwifisa, yurZnis marcvalSi mzis Tvalis
Casvlisa da Cabadagebisa... da bolos zamTari – Soba da
142
axali weli; lega Rrublebi da TeTri `ferflis~ cvena ci-
dan, gundaoba da CitebisTvis dadgmuli kakanaTi, cigaoba
da TovlSi kotriali.
rafiel erisTavi sofluri garemos ubadlo mxatva-
ria. misi glexebis Rirseba da samkauli maTive pitalo pa-
tiosneba, uzakveli zneoba da SeubRalavi sindis-namusia.
moWarbebuli sikeTe da kacTmoyvareoba nebas ar aZlevT,
augi Tqvan da aumxedrdnen mCagvrelebs, mZarcvelebs,
avismqmnelebs. Tvlian, rom RvTis Tanxmobisa da dasturis
gareSe am qveynad araferi xdeba da, amdenad, mkrexelobad
miaCniaT misi ganaCenis winaaRmdeg wasvla. tetia, sesia Tu
berua RmerTs arian mindobilni da mTel TavianT sasosa
da nugeSs mas ukavSireben. qristianuli moralia maTi qce-
visa da sxvebTan urTierTobis uZravi qvakuTxedi. poetis
gmirTa uzRvavi humanizmi misive msoflmxedvelobis kan-
Tieli anareklia... saRvTo wignebis keTilismyofelma gav-
lenam, SeiZleba iTqvas, mkafiod iCina Tavi raf. erisTavis
mxatvrul naazrevSi.
r. erisTavis poeturi interesisa Tu orientaciis erT
umTavres waxnags miaqcia yuradReba geronti qiqoZem:
`rafiel erisTavs gansakuTrebiT martivi bunebis adami-
anis, bavSvis, soflidan gamousvleli glexis, kldeebTan
Sezrdili mTielis sulieri gancdebis asaxva exerxeba da
mTels mis lirikas erTgvari primitiulobis beWedi azis~
(qiqoZe 1947: 187).
ymawvilis bunebis codna da mis, ase vTqvaT, wadilTa
wvdoma rafiel erisTavis poeziis kidev erTi niSandob-
livi mxarea. poeti wers ara uzrunveli cxovrebis `sasaT-
bure~ pirobebiT ganebivrebul mozardebze, aramed sa-
zogadoebis rigiT, socialurad dauwinaurebel, ubralo
adamianTa Svilebze, romelTaTvisac saRi goneba, swavlis
wyurvili da Sromis siyvaruli uboZebia gamCens. iseT
leqsebSi, rogorebicaa – `mipatiJeba saswavlebelSi~,
143
`zamTari~ da `jer Sroma, mere xtoma~ – kargad Cans Cveni
soflis sisadave, pastoraluri simyudrove da is fesveu-
li, fuZiseuli simtkice, TaobaTa memkvidreobiTobis uwy-
vet procesSi rom gamoixateba. esaa genetikuri simTele,
sulieri da fizikuri sijansaRe, rac qveynis uWirveli da
garantirebuli momavlis aucilebeli winapirobaa.
rafiel erisTavis Semoqmedebis ganxilvisas vaxtang
kotetiSvili aRniSnavs: `sofeli sul sxvaa. iq natura
ufro Seuryvnelia da gancdebic ufro martivi, magram
Zlieri~ (kotetiSvili 1965: 524).
***
qarTul mwerlobaSi yovelTvis mwvaved idga adami-
anis saamqveyno misiis mravalwaxnagovani sakiTxi. kaco-
bis, mamuliSvilobis kriteriumTa Soris umTavresad iT-
vleboda (da dResac iTvleba) qveynis erTguleba, misTvis
saWiro, sargo saqmis keTeba... samSobloa is uzenaesi sam-
locvelo, romlisTvisac Rirs TviTgaReba, Segnebuli
Tavdadeba... da am mxriv arc raf. erisTavis poezia gaxlavT
gamonaklisi. 1886 wels daweril leqsSi `kaci is aris~ av-
toris pozicia savsebiT garkveulia da gamokveTili. igi
eTayvaneba da qebas sZRvnis kacs, vinc `moZmes guls gaux-
snis~, qvriv-obols Tvalze momdgar cremls SeuSrobs,
vinc dReniadag eris sasikeTod ibrZvis; visac mtris oqro
ver gadaibirebs da vinc Tavisi wminda sisxlis danTxeviT
`mowames daemgvaneba~.
da kidev:
`kaci is aris, vinc mamuls

gamoadgeba Svilada,
visac samSoblo taZrad aqvs,
Tavi – samsxverplo wilada,
144
qveynisa cremli Wirad uCns,
misi Rimili – lxinada,
vinc misTvis Tavsa Seswiravs,
mas Semoavlebs fTilada!~
Teqvsmeti wlis Semdgom vaJa-fSavela qmnis umZafresi

satiriTa da daufaravi ironiiT gajerebul leqss `vin
aris kaci?~ da poeti am leqsSi adamianis negatiuri niSan-
Tvisebebis xazgasmiTa da pedalirebiT miuTiTebs imaze,
rogori ar unda iyos am codvil miwaze kacad movlenili
sulieri.
vaJas leqsis mixedviT:
`kaci is aris, cxovreba

vinc gaatara WamaSi
da kacis daniSnuleba
mxoloda hpova amaSi~.
(vaJa-fSavela 1964: 305)
da Semdeg: kaci isaa, vinc quCaSi salams ar gaZlevs da,

Tuki sadilad dapatiJe, ar gagijiutdeba; vinc saqmiT
sxvisia, xolo sityvebiT – Cveni; visTvisac trfialis sa-
gani Rvino da salxino samikitnoa; vinc gazeTs ar kiTxu-
lobs, wignisTvis Saurs zogavs da am dros mearRnisTvis
maneTic ar enaneba... kaci is aris, vinc
`gadaametebs erTmaneTs
qarTlsa, imereTs, kaxeTsa,
sakuTars anbans Seudgens
samegrelos da svaneTsa...~
(vaJa-fSavela 1964: 305)
vaJa-fSavelas am didebul, daundobel, didi tkivilis

damtev poetur qmnilebaSi aSkara da Tvalxmieria rafiel
145
erisTavis zemomiTiTebuli leqsis pirdapiri naxmevi... da
saerTodac, sagangebo dakvirvebasa da kvlevas imsaxurebs
Rirseuli winamorbedis SemoqmedebiTi gavlena SemdgomSi
ukve masze aRmatebul fSavel geniosze.
werilSi `Pro domo sua~ vaJam TviTon àRiara~ es udavo,
urCi da jiuti faqti: `...T. rafielis leqsma, rogorc saero
kiloTi nawerma da isic Cveneburi mTis kiloTi, sxvnairad
aaCqrola Cemi guli, sxvagvarad SesZra igi. Cvenma saxelo-
vanma mxcovanma mgosanma, raki saero kilo daumkvidra
leqsebs da Jurnal ìveriam~ gza dauTmo, mec gabeduleba
momemata...~ (vaJa-fSavela 1964: 180).
***
TuS-fSav-xevsureTis saolqo sammarTveloSi Tarjim-
nis Tanamdebobaze orwliani (1846-1848) samsaxuris pe-
riodSi rafiel erisTavi dauaxlovda da safuZvlianad
gaecno istoriul wyaroebSi `fxovis~ saerTo saxelwodeb-
iT moxseniebul mTis kuTxeTa istorias, heroikul war-
suls, mosaxleobas.
rusul enaze gamoqveynebul erT-erT koresponden-
ciaSi poeti werda: `mTian xevsureTsa da TuSeTs SeiZleba
Tamamad vuwodoT kaxeTisa da saqarTvelos samxedro gzis
rkinis WiSkari~ (erisTavi 1986: 95).
monografiaSi `TuS-fSav-xevsureTis olqis Sesaxeb~
(1855 w.) r. erisTavi misTvis usazRvrod saintereso kuTx-
eebis tradiciuli yofis mraval aspeqts Seexo. misi Tval-
sazrisiT, àlbaT arc arsebobs TuS-fSav-xevsurebze nair-
feri mxare. aq yovel Tems sakuTari xasiaTi, zne-Cveuleba,
samyaro aqvs~. da Semdeg: àm xalxze bevri ram Sevityve,
gansakuTrebiT moxucebisagan. maT, marTalia, wera-kiTxva
ar ician, magram gardasul ambebs mexsierebiT saguldagu-
lod inaxaven da rogorc wmidaTa wmidas gadascemen STa-
momavlobas~ (erisTavi 1986: 76).
146
rafiel erisTavis pirovnebaSi patriotuli grZno-
bis aRmocenebasa da zrdas, SeiZleba dabejiTebiT iTq-
vas, Tavmoyvare mTielTa Soris wlobiT yofnamac mniS-
vnelovanwilad Seuwyo xeli. rogorc dagvalul, faSar
miwas cis macocxlebeli nami, ise unda dawveTeboda awmyos
usaxurobiT daseril poetis guls nacionalur samosSi
gamowyobili TuSebis, fSavlebisa da xevsurebis mamuliS-
viluri SemarTebis yoveli konkretuli gamovlineba. misi
poeturi warmosaxvisTvis aseve mawier wiaRs warmoadgen-
da gmirobis saarako magaliTebiT erTob mdidari axlo Tu
Soreuli warsuli. meomar tomTa odindeli yofisa da maTi
Tanadrouli suliskveTebis sinTezi STambeWdavad war-
moaCenda patriotul ganaserSi sali kldeebis binadarTa
saxesa da saCino, saRiral rols.
`samSoblo xevsurisa~ – `ficmicemuli siyvaruli Ta-
visi miwisa~ (vaxt. kotetiSvili) – qarTuli patriotuli
lirikis TiTze CamosaTvleli uTvalsaCinoesi nimuSe-
bis gverdiT dgas. es leqsi rafiel erisTavis mxatvruli
Semoqmedebis Snoiani Tavkiduria. mis saxelTan yvelaze
uwin `samSoblo xevsurisa~ ixsenieba da asocirdeba, or-
bis sabudris siaxloves naSobi lirikuli gmiri krebiTi
saxea samSoblos upirobo siyvarulis sadarajoze mdgomi
im qarTveli vaJkacebisa, romelTac ùkvdavebis xesa~ da
`sxva qveynis samoTxes~ orsav Tvalze tkbili samSoblo da
`dedis ZuZu~ urCevniaT...
`samSoblo xevsurisa~ raf. erisTavis patriotuli
platformis umtkicesi xerxemalia; Tavis mxriv, Tuki Sev-
yovndebiT da calkeuli segmentebis doneze davalT, am
leqsis dedoZarRvad Semdegi taepi unda CaiTvalos:
`rogorc ufali, samSobloc erTia qveyanazeda...~

(erisTavi 1958: 73)
147
leqsis paTetikuri paTosi odnavadac ver anelebs mis
siwrfoebas, didi Sinagani Riaobisa da simarTlis gancdas.
gauxunari xibli am ararigiTi nawarmoebisa monologis
formaSi gadmocemuli saTqmelis bunebriobasa da mxur-
vale aRsarebis fard tonalobaSi mdgomareobs. da kidev im
gadamdeb sisadaveSi, xelovnebis umaRlesi rangis nimuSTa
imanentur niSnad rom aRiqmeba da ganixileba.
`samSoblo xevsurisa~ Tavisufalia yovelgvari gare
gavlenebisgan. iyo cdebi (Tu recidivebi!), ucxour mwer-
lobaSi moeZebnaT metnaklebad msgavsi poeturi qmnile-
ba. da am cdebs warmateba ar ewera, vinaidan r. erisTavis
Sedevris mravalJamierobas Rrmaderovnuli xmovaneba
gansazRvravs da masSi fioric ar urevia araqarTuli...
sagulisxmoa amasTan dakavSirebiT gamoTqmuli vaxtang
kotetiSvilis Tvalsazrisi: à. xaxanaSvili am leqss
Sotlandiel poetis biernsonis leqss adarebs, magram
unda iTqvas, rom es Sedareba metismetad naZaladevia.
rafiel erisTavs rad sWirdeboda Sotlandiis mkvdari
magaliTebi, rodesac TviT xevsureTis muxlze aris da-
badebuli – aRzrdili da daberebuli, sadac jvarosanTa
simtkiciT ficulobdnen da adgilis dedas ewirebodnen~
(kotetiSvili 1955: 513).
***
erovnul motivebzea agebuli rafiel erisTavis ori
poema: àspinZis omi~ da `Tamariani~.
pirveli poemis siuJeturi qarga saqarTvelos is-
toriis umniSvnelovanesi epizodis – 1770 wlis aspinZis
omis – peripetiebzea gaSlili: ruseTma Tavisi Sorsmima-
vali kolonialuri zraxvebis aRsrulebis mizniT saqarT-
veloSi generali totlebeni gamoagzavna. am ukanasknelma
piri uSala erekle mefes da axalcixeSi (romelic Turqebs
hqondaT dakavebuli) galaSqrebis nacvlad ukan gabrunda.
148
erekles sabrZolo gegma ar Seucvlia, Tavisi ZalebiT Se-
utia Turqebis ricxvmraval jars da sastiki marcxi agema...
mxatvruli ostatobis TvalsazrisiT SedarebiT maRla
dgas poema `Tamariani~, romlis gamo amgvari cnobaa gamo-
qveynebuli 1886 wlis ìveriaSi~: `Cvens pativcemuls po-
ets T.r.erisTavs gauleqsavs istoriuli romani `Tamar
batoniSvili~ gr. rCeuliSvilisa~ (erisTavi 1986: 571).
poeturi eposis am nimuSSi vecnobiT rusudanisa da
laSa giorgis epoqas, XIII s-is istoriul ambebs, sasiyvar-
ulo badeSi moxvedril personaJTa gancdebs, maT urTi-
erTobaSi CaxlarTul intrigebsa da Sua saukuneebisTvis
niSandobliv samijnuro Tavgadasavlebs.
poema ar gamoirCeva vardnebisgan dazRveuli mxat-
vruli eqspresiiT, magram arc tropul saxeTa sagrZnob
naklebobaze saubris sababs iZleva. poetis xatovani az-
rovnebis arsebiTi Taviseburebania warmoCenili amgvar
striqonebSi:
`ver gadamidges gzazeda Cemi xmlis anaweria!~

`guls sibraluli istumre, daatkbe ganaCenia!~

àger, miwia sikvdilmac, Cemze molesa celia!~

satrfialo epizodebiT uxvad gajerebul farTo mo-

culobis poemaSi mkiTxveli `vefxistyaosnis~ gavlenis
aSkara kvalsac advilad dalandavs. gavlena gansakuT-
rebiT sagrZnobia leqsikur qsovilsa da ritmul-in-
tonaciur wyobaSi. `vefxistyaosnis~ calkeuli stro-
febis saxiT myari sayrdenebi da ùlpolveli~ Zirebi
moeZeveba `Tamarianis~ iseT taepebs, rogorebicaa:
149
`Tamari ijda mtirali, Rawvebze sisxli sdioda,
Tmagawewili vaebda, beds emduroda, Cioda~.
`Sen marTali sTqvi, avCqardi, ucbaT guls avyev wyeulsa,

siyvaruls, Sengan danergils, ver vride anazdeulsa~.
`droni mirbian, mifrinven, rogorc sizmari Ramisa~...

***
mTielTa cxovrebis SuagulSi trialma maTi zepiri
samarTlebrivi normebis safuZvliani codna SesZina
rafiel erisTavs.
nanaxi Tu gagonili mxolod eTnografiul narkvevTa
CarCoebSi ver Tavsdeboda. dokumenturi sicxadis Senar-
Cunebas arc mxatvruli Txrobis manera uSlida xels. da
vinaidan mSral narativSi uperspeqtivo Canda umkacres
adaTobriv postulatebze aRzrili xalxis qcevis wesTa
eqspresiulad gadmocema, raf. erisTavma prozaSic mosin-
ja kalami.
misi mcirericxovani moTxrobebidan gamoirCeva `beCa-
vi~, romelic rusulad daiwera da 1855 wels gamoqveynda
almanax `zurnaSi~. moTxroba fSavlebis patriarqaluri
yofis im periodis tragikul ambavs gvacnobs, roca adgi-
lobriv TemTa Soris mtroba da sisxlisZiebis adaTi kv-
lav Tavis farTo uflebebSi arsebobda.
nawarmoebis dasawyisSi mkiTxvelis Tvali ivris xe-
obis xalxmravali soflebisa (liSo, artani, baCali...) da
WiCosTavis qedebisa Tu mwvervalebis veluri silamaziT
ixibleba. xolo male `Tovliani goliaTebis~ sauflodan
xoSaris, muqus, gogolaurTisa da uZilaurTis Savi koS-
kebis didebuli suraTebi gamoikveTeba... axlovdeba is
150
sanaxebi, sadac bedukeTuri siyvarulisa da daundobeli
sisxlisRvris Semzaravi scenebi unda gaTamaSdes...
kazak boCkovis TanxlebiT ukanafSavis xeobaSi gada-
suli mwerali xoSaraSi Seisvenebs da Sexvdeba gulTamzes
– fSavel dedabers, romlisganac sulisSemZvrel ambavs
– `pirquS da samwuxaro dramas~ – moismens. dedabris na-
ambobSi kinokadrebis sicxadiT gairbens qal-vaJis – mer-
cxalasa da laSqaras – wrfeli urTierTndomis mRelvare
istoria.
sasimamros, ukve xandazmul gamixardis, moswons ala-
li, gamrje, garegnulad Tvaladi, kargi msroleli da
marjve cxenosani sasiZo da Tanaxmaa, miaTxovos qaliSvi-
li... gadis dReebi, Tveebi, wlebi. da, rogorc xSirad xdeba
xolme, òri fSaveli erTmaneTs waeCxuba~. xanjlebi iSiS-
vles da SuRlSi erTi maTgani mokvda. mokluli gabido-
urT Tems ekuTvnoda, xolo mkvleli – qistaurebisas. im
dRidan garTulda mercxalasa da laSqaras urTierTobac:
qali gabidouri iyo, vaJi – qistauri. gamixardim Sekriba
Tanamogvareebi da gamoucxada: `me msxverplad momaqvs
Cemi sasiZo laSqara! is qistaurTa Temidan ari~ (erisTa-
vi 1958: 358). laSqaram cxvari galala da dedasTan erTad
Tavis sofel Suafxos miaSura. gamoxda xani. erTmaneTi
ar eTmobodaT da mercxalas qoxidan malulad gaparva
gadawyvites. maT survils asruleba ar ewera: gamixardis
Tofis tyvias laSqarasTvis afarebuli misi qaliSvili
emsxverpla, xolo cocxlad gadarCenil sasiZos gabido-
urebma gamoutanes sasikvdilo ganaCeni... Wkuidan SeSli-
li gamixardi `veberTela mwyemsis kombliT SeiaraRda,
samudamod miatova Tavisi kera da mSvidad daiwyo asvla
mezobel mTaze~ (erisTavi 1958: 369). yoveli misi gamoCena
avis momaswavebel niSnad eqca sofels; usapiro tyapuWis
nafleTebiT tanis sititvledafaruli uqudo moxuci,
151
dauaxlovdeboda Tu ara xoSaras, erTi wioki da vaiuSve-
lebeli atydeboda xolme...
`– wadi, Se beCavo! gamecale... ZaRlebi dagkbenen... vai,
ubedureba mogvelis!~ (erisTavi 1958: 362) – uyviris mw-
erlis TandaswrebiT sofelSi Semosul fexSiSvel gamix-
ar-dis saSinlad aRelvebuli gulTamze. fexadgmul ube-
durebad miCneuli berikaci wamiT SeCerdeba, Cafiqrdeba,
uazrod gaicinebs da maxlobel mTas aRma auyveba.
`beCavSi~, miuxedavad imisa, rom rusulad daiwera
(zustad erTi saukunis Semdeg gadmoaqarTula irodion
qavJaraZem), Zalumad igrZnoba mTis sunTqva da ganume-
orebeli koloriti. vervin ityvis, namdvilad moxda Tu
ara fSavSi es Zalze tkiviliani ambavi; ra aris masSi xal-
xuri, avTenturi da ra – mwerlis warmosaxviT mimatebuli;
vervin ityvis, magram erTi ram cxadia: avtorma mxatvru-
li zemoqmedebis Zala da esTetikuri Rirebuleba SesZina
ùbiri~ mTxrobelis ubralo naubars; Cagvaxeda ubatono
mTielTa sulis siRrmeSi; gvaziara maT gancdebs; gagviT-
valsaCinova sisxliani Surisgebis Seusabamoba RvTis xatad
Seqmnili adamianis mowodebasTan, zogadad mis saamsoflo
misiasTan. da Tavisi winamorbedi mwerlebisa Tu momyol-
Ta darad gviCvena maRalzneobrivi siyvarulis mware
xvedri im socialur sinamdvileSi, romelic humanurobis
sikeTiT aRbeWdil aranair kompromissa da gamonakliss
ar cnobs Tavis principul samarTlebriv sistemaSi.
***
rafiel erisTavis dramatuli Txzulebani, rogorc
aRniSnaven, `SinaarsiT maincdamainc araa mdidari, magram
isini yuradRebas iqceven imdroindeli cocxali saxeebiT,
realisturi personaJebiT~ (vaxania 2012: 751).
r. erisTavis originalur, naTargmn da gadmokeTebul
komediebsa da vodevilebSi JRers is xma, romelic XIX
152
s-is II naxevris saqarTvelos sazogadoebis ganwyobisa da
Sexedulebis Sesatyvisia. amiT iyo ganpirobebuli arcTu
umniSvnelo sceniuri warmateba da maT mimarT mayureb-
lis mzardi interesi. originalur dramatul qmnilebebSi
àdvokatebi~, `brilianti~, `dedakacma Tu gaiwia~ da sxv.,
gamokveTilia is saxasiaTo Strixebi, rac sxvadasxva warmo-
mavlobis, niWisa da profesiis adamianTa mravalferovne-
bas warmoaCenda. TxzulebaTa Tvalsawieri wvdeba rogorc
Tavadaznaurobis, dawinaurebuli socialuri wris warmo-
madgenlebis, aseve uaznoTa – glexebisa da mosamsaxure-
ebis, CarC-vaWrebisa da xelosnebis samdRevro yofa-cxov-
rebis wvrilmansa Tu msxvilman mxareebs.
rafiel erisTavi realistia. misi amocanaa arsebuli
sinamdvilis Seusxvafereblad asaxva. ar erideba da
amxels didgvarovanT, romelTa fiqri da saqmianoba an-
garebasa da sxvaTa motyuebis mcdelobazea damyarebuli...
r. erisTavisTvis dramatul TxzulebaTa personaJebi Ta-
vianTi sulmdablobiT arcTu iSviaTad komikur, sasacilo
mdgomareobaSi vardebian da adekvatur Sefasebas imsa-
xureben mkiTxvelisa Tu mayureblis mxridan.
raf. erisTavis dramaturgia didi mxatvrul-Semecne-
biTi rezonansiT ar gamoirCeva, magram arc im pozitiuri
wvlilis daviwyeba da ugulvebelyofa iqneboda marTe-
buli, rac misma piesebma imdroindeli saqarTvelos kul-
turul cxovrebaSi Seitanes.
***
`danaSaulia gqondes SemTxveva da ar gaecno am xalxs,
rame icode mis Sesaxeb da araferi dawero~, – aRniSnavs
rafiel erisTavi gazeT `kavkazSi~ gamoqveynebuli Tavisi
naSromisTvis `TuS-fSav-xevsureTis olqis Sesaxeb~ dar-
Tul SeniSvnaSi (erisTavi 1986: 58).
153
im dros, roca `SoreTidan macqerali ucxo kores-
pondentebi rus mkiTxvels araswor warmodgenas uqmnid-
nen kavkasiis da, kerZod, qarTveli xalxis cxovrebaze~
(v. iToniSvili), r. erisTavma folklorul-eTnografiul
narkvevebSi eWvSeuvali simarTliT da obieqturi sizus-
tiT asaxa erovnuli yofisa da qarTvelTa sulieri kul-
turis samagaliTo siRrme da simdidre.
folklorul-SemkreblobiTi muSaobis dawyeba da gaS-
la saqarTveloSi, rac manamde SemTxveviTsa da sporadul
xasiaTs atarebda, swored r. erisTavis saxelTanaa dakav-
Sirebuli. rom ara misi gaunelebeli interesi da daud-
gromeli Zieba am mimarTulebiT, bevri ram daviwyebis
qaosSi iqneboda danTqmuli da gauCinarebuli.
werilSi `qarTuli saxalxo poezia~, romelic Tavda-
pirvelad Jurnal `krebulSi~ daibeWda, moxmobili da
ganxilulia `glexuri simRerebi, Zveli mestviruli leq-
sebi da mdabiuri andazebi~. werilis SesavalSi avtori
ambobs: ìqneba Cvenma magaliTma sxvanic gamoiwvios am
gvarisave SromisaTvis da samudamod ar daukargos Cvens
literaturas Zveleburi xalxuri leqsebis nimuSebi.
RmerTma inebos~ (erisTavi 1986: 7).
ilia WavWavaZis da rafiel erisTavis mier Sekrebili
`glexuri simRerebi, leqsebi da andazebi~ 1873 wels
wignad gamoica.
dokumenturi wyaros mniSvneloba eniWeba alaverdobis
raf. erisTaviseul aRweras. xalxmraval dReobaze myofi
mwerali cnobismoyvared adevnebs Tvalyurs saRvTis-
msaxuro ritualis msvlelobas da warmatebiT axerxebs
yvela arsebiTi niuansis saxierad warmoCenas. naciona-
luri sulieri kulturis msaxuri da Wirisufali Cveuli
sisworiTa da sinaTliT gvacnobs lazarobas; axasiaTebs
dar-avdris gamriges – miTologiur RvTaeba elias; cxad-
saxilvelad acocxlebs berikaobis scenebs...
154
raf. erisTavs zedmiwevniT aqvs gacnobierebuli mis-
droindel saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli crumorwmuneo-
biTi elementebis ganmsazRvreli mniSvneloba erovnuli
msoflmxedvelobis Seswavlis saSur saqmeSi. `miamiti xal-
xis zRaprebi da crurwmenebi yvelaze ukeT xsnian misi
ganaTlebisa da sulieri Zalebis dones~, – SeniSnavs mwe-
rali da meti TvalsaCinoebis mizniT iqve moaqvs ramde-
nime niSandoblivi nimuSi qarTvelebis crumorwmuneobisa
(erisTavi 1986: 47).
1854 wels gazeT `kavkazSi~, xolo 1855 wels `ruseTis
saimperatoro geografiuli sazogadoebis kavkasiis gan-
yofilebis Canawerebis~ me-3 tomSi gamoqveynda rafiel
erisTavis soliduri naSromi saxelwodebiT `TuS-fSav-
xevsureTis olqis Sesaxeb~. manamde aRmosavleT saqarTve-
los xsenebuli kuTxeebis irgvliv beWduri saxiT sakmaod
mwiri, ukmari da, amasTan, obieqturi realobis nawilobriv
mruded amsaxveli eTnografiuli masala moipoveboda.
raf. erisTavis vrcelma naSromma gamoCenisTanave miipyro
mkiTxvelTa yuradReba. sando empiriuli monacemebis sa-
fuZvelze avtori aRadgens mTis mkvidrTa materialuri
da sulieri yofis erTian suraTs. naSromSi SedarebiT na-
klebi adgili eTmoba TuSeTs, vinaidan, r. erisTavis gan-
martebiT, TuSebis cxovrebas mkiTxveli ukve icnobs ivane
ciskariSvilis SesaniSnavi CanawerebiT.
rafiel erisTavi fiqrobs, rom TuSTa, fSavelTa da
xevsurTa tomebi saqarTvelos dablobidan unda asaxle-
buliyvnen mTaSi. iZulebiTi migraciis mizezad dasaxe-
lebulia sparselebisa da Turqebis moZaleba Cveni qveynis
baris mosaxleobaze... mwerlis zogierT dakvirvebas, va-
raudsa Tu Tvalsazriss, damyarebuls informator-
Ta lakoniur cnobebsa da gadmocemebze, dRemde ar dau-
kargavs Tavisi mecnieruli Rirebuleba. ase, magaliTad:
lingvistur-etimologiuri kvleva-Ziebis Tanamedrove
155
donis Sesabamisia eTnonim `xevsuris~ miseuli interpre-
tacia: `xevsuri anu xevuri aRniSnavs xeobaSi mcxovrebs~
(erisTavi 1986: 60).
problemis gasigrZeganebiTaa gaSuqebuli tomTa So-
ris calkeuli Temebis formirebis sakiTxi; Tvalmidev-
nebulia olqis klimaturi pirobebi, bunebrivi warmonaq-
mnebi, mTebi, mineraluri wylebi, mdinareebi; aRricxulia
soflebi – TviTeuli mekomurTa raodenobis miTiTebiT;
ganxilulia sarwmunoebrivi sistema, kultis msaxurTa
ierarqia, subordinacia, ufleba-movaleobani; xazgas-
mulia qorwilis, yrmis dabadebisa da micvalebulTa
dakrZalvis dros aRsasrulebeli wes-Cveulebani; moce-
mulia fSavlebisa da xevsurebis `fizionomiuri narkvevi
da daxasiaTeba~; aRwerilia maTi samosi, saomari saWur-
veli, sacxovrisi, sakvebi, meurneoba, mesaqonleoba, nadi-
roba da drostareba... avtori aseve exeba stumarTmoyva-
reobis, Zmadnaficobisa da sisxlisZiebis wes-Cveulebebs;
demokratiuli xasiaTis adgilobriv rjulsa da xalxur
samarTals.
mTis wamis-wam cvalebad klimatsa da `bunebis ucnau-
robebeze~ saubrisas mwerali erT aseT faqtsac ixsenebs
uaxloesi warsulidan: `1847 wels mTis mdinareebi imdenad
gamZvinvardnen, rom xeobebidan maT mier Camotanilma
qviSam da qvayrilma ramdenime dRiT daagubes fSavis aragvi
da soflebTan – SuafxosTan da gogolaurTasTan gaaCines
ori tba, romlebic darCnen Semdgom gazafxulamde, vidre
adidebulma aragvma ar waleka qviSis nayari da ar gaan-
Tavisufla xeoba tbisagan~ (erisTavi 1986: 63).
rafiel erisTavi swor warmodgenas uqmnis Tavisi
drois mkiTxvels TuS-fSav-xevsurTa saSinao Tu sagareo
yofa-cxovrebaze. saWiroebisamebr miuTiTebs im saerTosa
Tu ganmasxvavebel niSan-Tvisebebzec, am kuTxeebis bina-
darTa Soris rom arsebobs zne-xasiaTisa Tu wes-Cveule-
156
bebis mxriv. `xevsurebSi, TuSebSi da fSavlebSi SesamCnevia
erTi saucxoo Tviseba, – wers poeti, – arcerTi maTgani,
rac ar unda Raribi iyos, mowyalebis saTxovnelad xels
ar gamogiwvdiT. sityva `maTxovroba~ ar aris maTs leqsi-
konSi~ (erisTavi 1986: 100).
raf. erisTavi daufaravi aRfrTovanebiT Segvaxsenebs
TuSebis, fSavlebisa da xevsurebis sabrZolo mamacobis
Seudarebel magaliTebs: ricxvmcire TuSTagan TavianTi
miwa-wylidan omar-xanis gandevnas; dikloel-SenaqoelTa
saarako gmirobas aTiaTas didoelTan uTanabro Serkine-
baSi; samociode Satilionis mier sami dRis ganmavlobaSi
Satilis qav-qviTkirebis dacvas da axverdi-mahmadis xu-
TiaTasiani jaris damarcxebas; fSavlebis araerTgzis
laSqrobas qisteTis aulebSi...
rafiel erisTavis eTnografiuli interesebi ar Semo-
ifargleba oden amier saqarTvelos arealiT. `werilebi
imereTidan~, `glexTa wodebebis Sesaxeb samegreloSi~ da
`privilegirebuli fenis Sesaxeb samegreloSi~ gulmxur-
vale mwerlisa da mamuliSvilis xangrZlivi, dakvirvebu-
li, mravalmxrivi Sromis nayofia.
avtori pirvel werilSi XIX s-is Sua wlebis quTai-
sis guberniis didad saintereso aRwera-daxasiaTebas iZ-
leva. es ar gaxlavT mswraflwarmavali STabeWdilebis
kvaldakval Seqmnili panoramuli tilo qarTuli qalaqi-
sa da misi gareSemosi. goWoura, nacixvari, mwvaneyvavi-
la, xvamlis mTa, naqerala, gelaTis taZari, imereTis me-
feTa sasaxle rionis piras – es yvelaferi cal-calke
da mTlianobaSi quTaisis ganumeorebel garemos xatavs.
aqvea xonSi mogzaurobis gauxunari epizodebi; aRweri-
lia gubiswylis sadguri, mis siaxloves ganlagebuli du-
qnebi da am duqnebis `poeturi qaosi~; soflebi: manTxoji
(àdre aqauri mcxovrebni ganTqmulni iyvnen rogorc kar-
gi qvismTlelebi~ (erisTavi 1986: 104); – SeniSnavs avto-
157
ri), marani – veluri yurZnis lerwmisgan gamarTuli bon-
dis xidiT... moxseniebulia gordi – samegrelos mTavarTa
sazafxulo adgilsamyofeli... imereTis xaverdovnebiT
moxibluli poeti wers: `kargia gazafxuli, saerTod, yvel-
gan, xolo imereTSi – gansakuTrebiT~ (erisTavi 1986: 106).
istoriuli mecnierebisa da sociologiis aqtualur
sakiTxTa aspeqtiT iqceven gulisyurs samegrelosadmi
miZRvnili zemomoxseniebuli werilebi.
sagangebo aqcentirebis Rirsia moculobiTi naSromi
`SeniSvnebi svaneTze~.
rogorc Temur jagodniSvili miuTiTebs, `svanur fol-
klorul-eTnografiul masalas, aseve svanuri enis struq-
turuli agebulebis Sesaxeb cnobebs rafiel erisTavs
awvdida cnobili eTnografi besarion niJaraZe (1878-1919),
romelic periodul presaSi aTavsebda saintereso weri-
lebs `Tavisufali svanis~ fsevdonimiT~ (erisTavi 1986: 243).
naSromSi Cans, raoden Sedegiani iyo r. erisTavisa
da b. niJaraZis urTierTTanamSromloba. rafielis mier
rusul enaze naTargmni svanuri masalebi sistematiurad
qveyneboda imJamindeli presis furclebze. garda besa-
rion niJaraZisa, faqtobrivi masalis moZiebaSi r. eri-
sTavisTvis uangaro daxmareba gauwevia maSin jer kidev
axalgazrda, magram ukve saxelmoxveWil istorikoss di-
mitri baqraZes.
`SeniSvnebi svaneTze~ ToTxmeti qveTavisagan Sedgeba.
am qveTavebis dasaxelebac ki sakmarisia imisaTvis,
raTa zogadi warmodgena SeviqmnaT naSromSi mimoxiluli
sakiTxebis masStaburobasa da Sinaarsobriv mravalfe-
rovnebaze: adaTobrivi samarTali, qonebrivi mdgomare-
oba, saSinao cxovreba, qonebrivi ufleba, qelexi, zeTiT
gawmenda, sisxlisZieba, tyveoba, sabavSvo TamaSobebi, leg-
endebi, Cveulebebi da crurwmenebi, demonologia, mona-
direebi da nadiroba, dResaswaulebi, tansacmeli da iaraRi.
158
rogorc gairkva, es werilebi warmoadgens b. niJaraZis
eTnografiuli nawerebis rusul enaze Tavisufal Tar-
gmans. raf. erisTavi piradi Sexedulebisamebr arCevda da
alagebda kompetenturi informatoris mier miwodebul
teqstebs, awesrigebda maT Sinaarsobriv mxares da kompo-
ziciur struqturas. ase rom, am SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebe-
lia saubari Tanaavtorobaze. mizanmimarTuli ureTierT
TanamSromlobiT Seiqmna svaneTis eTnografiuli yofis
marTali sityvieri òreuli~, rac zogadqarTul kvleva-
ZiebiT saqmianobaSi Setanil TvalsaCino wvlilad SeiZle-
ba daxasiaTdes.
***
rafiel erisTavi Rrmaderovnuli poeti iyo, rac did-
wilad ganapiroba folklorul SemoqmedebasTan, xalxuri
sityvierebis saTaveebTan, qarTveli glexkacobis sulier
samyarosTan misma bunebiTma, Zaldautanebelma siaxlovem.
raf. erisTavis poeziis xalxurobis waruSlel niSnebad
zRvruli sisadave da sanimuSo siwrfelea aRiarebuli.
saero survilebisa da suliskveTebis gamomxatveli leqsi
striqonsa da striqons Sua imarxavs im andamatur Zalas,
uromlisodac misi dRegrZeloba ver iqneboda garanti-
rebuli. poeturi azrovnebis qveSecneuli procesi ra-
fiel erisTavs im SemoqmedTa Soris miuCens myar, saCino
adgils, vinc qarTuli poeziis saerTo Rirsebisa da um-
Tavresi veqtoris ganmsazRvrelia. `samSoblo xevsurisa~,
`Tandilas dardi~, `tetias moTqma~, `Tinias mamiTadi~,
`kaci is aris~, `zafxuli~, àRzevans wasvla~, `guTani~, `na-
ambobi moxucisa~ Tu `xinClas galaSqreba qistebze~ – im
rigis poeturi qmnilebebia, gansacvifrebeli uSualobi-
Ta da mxatvruli xilulobiT rom aireklaven gamrje, ala-
li, patiosani mSromeli qarTvelebis wadils, miswrafebas,
159
`sacxovrebiso wuxils~ (vaJa). xalxuri siuJetebis, Teme-
bisa da motivebis varirebisa da rafinirebis gziT r. er-
isTavi poeturi xelovnebis sasurvel simaRleebs aRwevs.
igi ar axdens mzamzareuli nedli `masalis~ meqanikur gad-
moRebas da `gadamRerebas~ Tavis poeziaSi. Semoqmedebi-
Tia misi midgoma umdidresi sityvieri saunjisadmi. da,
am TvalsazrisiT, raf. erisTavi, yovelgvari gadaWarbe-
bis gamoricxviT, vaJa-fSavelas literaturul winaprad,
winamorbedad, STamagoneblad, `saero kilosTan~ Tamamad
misvlisa da gaSinaurebis dauviwyari magaliTis mimcemad
gvevlineba.
1895 wlis 22 oqtombers Rirseulad aRiniSna rafiel
erisTavis naxevarsaukunovani moRvaweoba. es iyo im dro-
isaTvis uCveulo, uprecedento saxalxo dResaswau-
li. saqarTvelos amer-imeris warmomadgenlebma miiRes
monawileoba rCeuli mwerlisa da mamuliSvilis didi da
davargebuli amagis sakadris aRniSvnaSi. mowiwebiT moi-
xares qedi misi niWisa da damsaxurebis winaSe... mogonebe-
bis avtorTa cnobiT, mRelvarebiT moculi poeti amaod
cdilobda sixarulis cremlis damalvas.
auSorebeli siberis msubuqi sevdiT gajerebuli ki-
dev erTi bedniereba ganicada 1900 wlis Soba Rames, roca
masTan misulma Telavis samoqalaqo saswavleblis momRe-
ralTa gundma `samSoblo xevsurisa~ Seasrula...
rafiel erisTavi 1901 wlis 4 marts 77 wlis asakSi gar-
daicvala. kaxelebma misi kubo Telavidan xeliT zides
qistauramde. samgloviaro procesias didZali xalxi es-
wreboda. RviiT da suroTi gadamwvanebul gzaze ZaZiT
Semosili xevsuri cxenosnebi miuZRodnen damwuxrebul
fexosnebs. alaverdSi, SuamTasa da iyalToSi darekili
zarebis xmas zecad mihqonda amier soflis samanebs miRma
gaRweuli mwerlis sadidebeli.
160
damowmebani:
abaSiZe 1962: abaSiZe k. etiudebi XIX saukunis qarTuli litera-

turis istoriidan. Tbilisi: 1962.
asaTiani 2002: asaTiani g. oTxtomeuli. t. 3. Tbilisi: 2002.
erisTavi 1958: erisTavi r. rCeuli Txzulebani. Tbilisi: 1958.
erisTavi 1986: erisTavi r. folklorul-eTnografiuli werilebi.
gamosacemad moamzada, winasityvaoba, SeniSvnebi da komentarebi
daurTo Temur jagodniSvilma. Tbilisi: 1986.
vaJa-fSavela 1964: vaJa-fSavela. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT
tomad. t. I. Tbilisi: 1964.
vaJa-fSavela 1964: vaJa-fSavela. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT
tomad. t. IX. Tbilisi: 1964.
vaxania 2012: vaxania n. Cveni XIX saukune. Tbilisi: 2012.
kotetiSvili 1965: kotetiSvili v. rCeuli nawerebi. Tbilisi: 1965.
`krebuli~ 1873: `krebuli~, № 7. Tbilisi: 1873.
saxokia 1984: saxokia T. Cemi saukunis adamianebi. Tbilisi: 1984.
qiqoZe 1947: qiqoZe g. qarTuli literaturis istoria. XIX s.
Tbilisi: 1947.
Canawerebi ... 1855: Записки Коирго, кн. III,1855.
xundaZe 1918: xundaZe s. qarTuli literaturis saxelmZRvanelo-
ebi. IV. quTaisi: 1918.
161
Tamar ciciSvili
barbare jorjaZe
XVIII saukunis miwurulidan, gansakuTrebiT ki XIX sa-

ukuneSi, evropaSi aqtiurad gamoCndnen mwerali qalebi.
Jermena de stali, tereza marteni, delfina de Jerardo,
JorJ sandi, elizabet baret brouningi, Sarlota, emili
da ana bronteebi, jein ostini, romelTa literaturulma,
Teoriulma, politikurma da memuarulma teqstebma sa-
gangebo adgili daimkvidra samwerlo samyaroSi.
XIX saukunis evropul kulturul sivrceSi daiwyo
ganaxlebisa da gardaqmnebis procesi, romelic saqarT-
velosac Seexo. qarTveli qalisaTvis Tavisuflebis Se-
maferxebel samans xSirad saukuneebiT gabatonebuli
tradiciebi da wes-Cveulebebi warmoadgenda, magram dro-
is ukan dabruneba SeuZlebelia da qalmac, didi Zalisx-
mevis Sedegad, Tamamad Seabija sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis
SuagulSi.
qarTvel qals ojaxSic da sazogadoebaSic odiTganve
gamorCeuli adgili epyra. saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patri-
arqi leonide oqropiriZe Tavis qadagebebSi xazs usvamda,
rom qalis damsaxureba iyo Cveni eris `gansacvifrebeli
xangrZlivoba~ da gamosvla im mZime da autaneli pirobe-
bidan, romelic mas wilad ulmobelma istoriam arguna,
radgan: `qalia burji eris keTildReobisa, qalia matare-
beli eris saRi sicocxlisa, qalia dvrita erovnebis dReg-
rZelobisa~. didgvarovan qalebs jer kidev Zcl droSi,
saukuneebis winaT aswavlidnen wera-kiTxvasa da ucxo
enebs, TumcaRa, qali, upiratesad mainc Svilebis aRzr-
diTa da saojaxo saqmiT iyo dakavebuli. XIX saukinidan vi-
Tareba Seicvala, qalis istopriulad Zlirma simbolikam
162
realuri konturebi SeiZina. barbare jorjaZe am siaxlis
erT-erTi pirveli mauwyebeli iyo.
barbare jorjaZe (qaliSvilobis gvari erisTavi) da-
ibada 1833 wels Telavis mazris sof. qistaurSi. misi
winaprebi aragvis erisTavebi yofilan. nugzar erisTavi –
daTuna – iasoni – revazi – saridani – beJani – rafieli –
daviTi – aseTia misi genealogiuri xe. werilSi: `warmoSoba
aragvis erisTavTa da mizezi imaTis kaxeTSi gadmosaxleb-
isa~ (`ciskari~ 1862: #1) is Tavisi gvaris, aragvis erisTavebis
Sesaxeb Txrobas uZvelesi droidan iwyebs da dawvrile-
biT gviyveba im tragikul istorias, ramac misi winapari ka-
xeTSi gadmoiyvana. qsnisa da aragvis erisTavebi erTmaneTs
samkvdro-sasicocxlod datakebulan. mtroba da qiSpi ki
feodalur saqarTveloSi Cveulebrivi movlena iyo. kaxeT-
Si gadmosaxlebuli beJan erisTavi samefo karze imdenad
dawinaurebula, rom erekle meores misTvis mdivanbegoba
da adgil-mamulebi uboZebia. barbares mama – daviTi, adre
daqvrivebula. deda – nino avTandilis asuli amilaxvari,
axalgazrda gardacvlila. daviTsa da ninos oTxi Svili
hyoliaT – rafieli, iosebi, barbare da ana. mamas saocari
siTbo da mzrenveloba gamouCenia, daoblebuli bavSvebi
ZiZasTan, dilavardisasTan erTad Tavad gauzrdia. bar-
bares Zma, cnobili qarTveli mwerali rafiel erisTavia.
kita abaSiZe didad afasebda rafielis Semoqmedebas da
marTebulad SeniSnavda: `poetis literaturuli saxeli
da dideba ufro safuZvliani da xangrZlivi iqneboda, rom
im droSi ar Sexvedroda moRvaweoba, roca ilia da akaki
gamovidnen samwerlo asparezze. meTaurobis nacvlad mas
ubralo muSakoba arguna bedma, sardali ar iyo poeziisa,
aramed niWieri da kargi mxaris gamwevi poeti. iniciatori
da meTauri ar yofila mwerlobaSi da amitomac litera-
turuli isaric ar gatyorcnila misken... umravlesobas-
Tan ufro axlos idga, vidre sxvebi da amitomac umravle-
163
sobisaTvis ufro gasagebi da ufro mosaTmeni iyo~ (abaSiZe
1962: 412). aqve davZenT, rom rafieli did daxmarebas uwev-
da Tavis das literaturul saqmianobaSi, erTdroulad
iyo Amisi megobari, damrigebelica da gzis gamkvalavi*.
amis dasturad mogvyavs nawyveti mwerali qalis werili-
dan: `rafieljan, kereseliZes (i. kereseliZe – T.c.) dauba-
rebia, rom Sens dasa sTxoveo, rom Tavisi leqsebi gamo-
migzavnos, daubeWdamo da axla Sena gTxom, Tu vargodes
rame, gaugzavne, Tu ara da uganaCens adgilas moixmare
(r. erisTavis arqivi: saq. #271).
barbare jorjaZem wera-kiTxva da pirveldawyebiTi
ganaTleba ojaxSi miiRo. ùwindel droSi Tavad-aznau-
robas Turme saZnelod miaCnda qalis saswavleblad pen-
cionSi micema da ojaxSive aswavlidnen saRmrTo-saero
wignebs...~ – werda igi anastasia TumaniSvils (iremaZe
1945: 67). Tanamedroveebis cnobiT, saRmrTo werilis gar-
da, man zepirad TiTqmis mTeli `vefxityaosani~ icoda.
Tavisi droisTvis sakmaod ganaTlebul qalad iTvle-
boda da `Zveli mwignobrobac Zalian kargad hqonda
SeTvisebuli~**. 12 wlis asakSi, TiTqmis bavSvi, barbare
erisTavi kaxel Tavad zaqaria jorjaZes miaTxoves. mariam
demuria ixsenebs mis naambobs: `me iseTi patara viyav
jvars rom gvwerdnen, TamaSoba megonao~ (demuria 1895:).
mwerali qali qmris mamulSi, gremSi gadasula sacxovre-
blad, sadac irgvliv warsulis `fermixdili naSTebis suli
* rafielisa da barbares da ana, Tavadi WavWavaZis meuRle yofila. isic

qarTuli mwerlobis kargi mcodne gaxldaT. ana erisTavi-WavWavaZe ruseT-
osmaleTis omSi qarTvel samxedroebs qvelmoqmed mowyalebis daT gahyolia.
saomari moqmedebebis dros saxadiT daavadda da gardaicvala. gaz. `droe-
baSi~ daibeWda `rafielisa da barbares werili nacvlad nekrologisa, iqvea
CarTuli barbares leqsic. `wuTi soflidan datanjuli da dakodili, viTom
gaeqec, dao, sadme, Sens ubedo beds~.
** mas asakSic ar daukargavs interesi codnis miRebisa, ukve xandazmuls, Te-
lavSi, cnobilma pedagogma da Jurnalistma ivane rostomaSvilma, rusuli ena
Seaswavla. ise, rom Semdgom dedanSi Tavisuflad kiTxulobda rus klasiko-
sTa nawarmoebebs.
164
idga~. didebul cixe-galavnebisa da eklesiebis nangre-
vebs, jorjaZeebis ojaxSi dacul Zvel wignebsa da xelna-
werebs maszed didi gavlena mouxdenia. Camosul stumrebs
is aRfrTovanebuli uyveboda gremis istoriul RirsSe-
saniSnaobebze. zaqaria mZime xasiaTis kaci gamodga, Tavis
droze, usiamovno incidentis gamo, peterburgis samxedro
saswavleblidanac daiTxoves. samxedro karieraSi imedga-
cruebuli is erTxans saxelmwifo samsaxurSi momrigebel-
mosamarTle yofila. mazris ufrosis TanaSemwedac umuSa-
via jer TelavSi, Semdgom zugdidSi, lailaSsa da cagerSi.
droTa ganmavlobaSi zaqaria jorjaZe gaRatakebula da
mamulebi valebis gamo `prikazSi~ daugiravebia, `mamuli
ar gaisyideboda, Tu patroni bankis wesdebiT dadgenil
xvedr fuls (sargebelsa da Tavans) droze Seitanda~, mag-
ram mas es ver Seusrulebia.* meuRle samsaxuris saqmeebis
gamo mamulSi iSviaTad Camodioda da ojaxis gaZRolis
mTeli simZime ymawvil qals daawva mxrebze, manac Rirseu-
lad itvirTa es roli. Tu gavixsenebT, rom im wlebSi
kaxeTi, lekebis ganuwyveteli, marbieli TareSis gamo,
`samxedro banakad~ iyo qceuli, advilad warmosadgenia ax-
algazrda qalis mdgomareoba, vinac Tavisi TvaliT naxa da
Tavis Tavze gamoscada es simware. jorjaZeebi, sxva ojaxe-
bis msgavsad, iZulebuli gamxdaran gaqceuliyvnen da xan
mTas, xan ki nikoloz bagration-muxranels Sexiznodnen.
amas Tu ukidures materialur gaWirvebasac daumatebT,
gasagebi xdeba is gulistkivili, rasac Zmisadmi miweril
baraTebSi vkiTxulobT: `gagonila mag kacis (igulisxme-
ba zaqaria – T. c.) saqme, swored erTi Tve aris kapiki ar
gamougzavnia, ram unda macxovros. `prikazis~ valSi apeku-
ni dauyenebiaT, vswer Seitane `prikazSi~ fuli meTqi da
* XIX saukunis qarTveli Tavadaznaurobis mier mamulebis dakargva kargad

nacnobi suraTia, romelsac im periodSi moRvawe TiTqmis yvela qarTveli mw-
erlis teqstebSi vawydebiT.
165
ara meSvela ra~ (r. erisTavis arqivi: saq. # № 271). rac dro
gadioda siduxWire ufro SesamCnevi xdeboda. werilidan
rafiel erisTavisadmi: `rac ram mebada yvelaferi dava-
girave an gavyide, jvrebi mogarTvi da Zalian sikeTes mi-
zam, rom gamiyido, Torem am upurobasa da uSeSobas vin
gadaurCeba~ (r. erisTavis arqivi: saq. № 271).
ukiduresma siRatakem zaqaria da barbare jorjaZeebi
aiZula ayriliyvnen da sacxovreblad lenqoranSi gadasax-
lebuliyvnen. zaqaria lenqoranSi gardaicvala. barbares
ki gadawyvetili hqonia ùsiamovno cxovrebas gayroda da
mcxeTaSi mwirad aRkveciliyo~ (r.erisTavis arqivi: saq. #
271), magram marto darCenilma dedam Svilebs ver uRalata,
ocneba ocnebad darCa...
barbare jorjaZe ukve ibeWdeboda qarTul presaSi,
rodesac lenqoranidan dedaqalaqSi misi Camosvla Tbi-
lisis sazogadoebis gansakuTrebul interess iwvevda.
`yoveli kaci Tu qali madlobas meubneboda erTmaneTs
TiTiT uCvenebdnen da didi pativiscemiT mimiRes~ (r. eris-
Tavis arqivi: saq. № 271). TbilisSi Camosuli is ivane ke-
reseliZis ojaxSi stumrobda da kereseliZec SeZlebis-
dagvar daxmarebas uwevda. Zmisadmi miwerili werilidan:
`kereseliZes madloba miswere Cemi daxmarebisa da pati-
viscemisaTvis... wamalic sul ivan ivaniCma miyidna, ... Rmer-
Tma daumadlos... Senc ar mizamdi amdens alelas da xarjis
gawevas~ (r. erisTavis arqivi: saq. № 271). sicocxlis bolo
wlebi xandazmulma mweralma lenqoranSi Tavisi vaJiSvi-
lis, mixeilis ojaxSi gaatara. mixeil jorjaZe lenqoran-
Si mazris ufrosis TanaSemwed muSaobda, amavdroulad,
literaturul saqmianobasac misdevda*. qaliSvils, manana
jorjaZes ki didi warmateba moutana osana mesanTlovis
rolma, dedamisis mier Seqmnil piesaSi `ras veZebdi da ra
* dedis msgavsad, werda leqsebs, poemebsa da piesebs. mixeili jorjaZis mTeli

rigi nawarmoebebi rusul presaSi fon-Sades fsevdonimiTaa dabeWdili.
166
vpove~. sikvdilamde ramdenime wliT adre mwerali qali
mixeilis ojaxTan erTad isev kaxeTSi dabrunebda, sadac,
mSobliur kuTxes monatrebuls, Tavi Zalian bednierad
ugrZvnia, magram materialurma gaWirvebam kvlav ukan was-
vla aiZula. 1895 wels barbare jorjaZe, ojaxTan erTad,
TbilisSi, etliT gaemgzavra, civgomboris kalTebTan Se-
uZlod gamxdara, `kneinas gulis friali autyda, bolos
Tavbru daesxa da gardaicvala~ (`mwyemsi~ 1895: № 8). bar-
bare jorjaZe dakrZalulia TelavSi, mefe erekles sasax-
lis ezoSi*. mis gardacvalebas mTeli qarTuli sazogado-
eba gamoexmaura: `barbare iyo Sinaurad ojaxSi aRzrdili,
magram misi msjeloba gaakvirvebda bevr evropuli swav-
liT SeWurvil pirs~, – werda `kvali~ (`kvali~ 1895: №17);
man daamtkica, rom: `rogorc bevrs hgoniaT qalis daniS-
nuleba marto garegani mSveniereba ar aris, rom qalis
uaRresoba da angelosebrivi Zala Sinagan mSvenierebazed
aris dayrdnobili da rom Sinagani mSveniereba aris xan-
grZlivi da maradis ukvdavi~ – werda ìveria~ (ìveria~
1895: № 30).
barbare jorjaZis pirveli leqsi `sevdiani qali mdi-
naris piras mjdomi~ 1859 wels, Jur. `ciskarSi~ daibeWda.
jorjaZis leqsebi romantikuli lirikis Zlier gavle-
nas ganicdis da es arc aris gasakviri, radgan saqme gvaqvs
daaxloebiT erTi epoqisa da skolis poetebTan, romelTa
msgavsi ganwyobileba da literaturuli tendenciebi
erTsa da imave niadagze iyo aRmocenebuli. poet qalze
gansakuTrebuli STabeWdileba nikoloz baraTaSvilis
lirikas mouxdenia. mogvianebiT jorjaZis poeziaSi ilia
WavWavaZis gavlenac igrZnoba. akaki wereTelTan ki mas
sakmaod Tbili urTierToba akavSirebda. akaki igonebs:
`me radgan barbares ar vicnobdi aleqsandre orbelianma,
* Tavdapirvelad, dakrZaluli iyo Telavis sasaflaoze, Semdgom ki ioseb da-

viTaSvilTan erTad gadaasvenes mefe erekles sasaxlis ezoSi.
167
wamoyvana gasacnobad. mwerali qali soflidan Camosuli,
kereseliZesTan Camomxtariyo, romelTanac naTelmi-
ronoba hqonda. saxlis patronma Cveni mosvlis mizezi,
rom gaigo Zalian iama da miTxra: is qali axla sakuTar
oTaxSi zis da wers da ise Segiyvan ucbad, rom TiTonac ar
icodeso. momavlo xeli da ZaliT wamiyvana. rodesac me
barbare jorjaZis leqsebs vkiTxulobdi, sul sxvanairad
myavda warmodgenili avtori. Cemi azriT, is unda yofili-
yo tanmorCili, gamxdari, metad mkvircxli, mousvenari,
sxapasxupiT weris dros metad aRelvebuli, magram war-
moidgineT Cemi gaoceba, rodesac mis oTaxSi Sevedi, magi-
dasTan ijda erTi sakmaod msuqani, mosuli, Tvaltanadi
axalgazrda qali, romelsac muxli muxlze gadaedva, zed
erTi furceli qaRaldi daedva da dinjad leqssa swerda.
es iyo ukeTesi leqsi àragvi~ (es leqsi gansakuTrebiT
mowonda akakis – T.c.). maSin mec Sevityve, rom Tu ar mux-
lzed, Zveleburad, ise wera ar emarjveboda~ (`droeba~
1868: № 3). akaki wereTeli mas sofio lioniZes adarebda
da Tvlida, rom ìgi keTilad amoqmedebs Tavis gonebas
da ganWvreta sagnebis rigiani da marTali aqvs~. Tavad
jorjaZe mgosnis Tayvanismcemeli gaxldaT da ramdenime
leqsic ki aqvs misTvis miZRvnili. maTgan erT-erTi à-is~
aris gamoxmaureba akakis leqsze `gazafxuli~.
poeturi Rirsebis TvalsazrisiT Tu vimsjelebT,
jorjaZis lirika Tavisi ùsasoo melanqoliiT~, cremli-
ani striqonebiT, samyaros mxolod religiur-mistiuri
xedviT, `warsulis gardametebuli qebiTa~ da arqaulo-
biT, samwuxarod, romantizmis poziciebidanac bevris
arafris mTqmelia da gacilebiT ufro dabla dgas, vid-
re winamorbedTa an mis TanamedroveTa Semoqmedebaa.
bunebrivia, rom `Zveli eniTa da iaraRiT axali azrisa da
grZnobis gamoTqma SeuZlebelia~ (kotetiSvili 1965: 292),
magram amasTanave, barbare jorjaZe iyo `pirveli mercxa-
168
li~ vis Semdegac Jurnalma `ciskarma~ farTod gauRo kari
sxva qarTvel mweral qalebs – salome mayaSvils, mariam
da ekaterine erisTavebs, nino orbelians, nino abaSiZes,
anaxanum da efemia andronikaSvilebs, ekaterine danduro-
vas, barbare vaxvaxiSvils, elene maCabels, efemia jandi-
ersa da sxvebs. es, rasakvirvelia, barbare jorjaZis did
damsaxurebad unda miviCnioT.
barbare jorjaZis periodis saqarTvelos politikur
ukuRmarToba mTeli istoria mWidrod aris dakavSire-
buli mwerali qalis cxovrebasTan. misi moTxrobebis si-
uJetTa umetesoba kaxeTze lekebis Tavdasxmebs exeba, rac
saqarTvelos, sxva mraval gansacdelTan erTad, kidev
erTi did ubedurebad moevlina. ojaxis wevrebis mogo-
nebebis Tanaxmad, is xSirad yofila lekebis Semosevebis
TviTmxilveli, anda gadmocemiT mainc mousmenia is ambebi,
romelsac Semdgom mis teqstebSi vawydebiT. es gasakviri
ar aris, radgan mwerlebs Zalze xSirad TavianT nawereb-
Si SeaqvT fragmentebi sakuTari biografiidan, ra Tqma
unda, ara sruli sizustiT, magram ise, rom mkiTxvelma
SeigrZnos is epoqa, rac teqstSia asaxuli.
lekianobisadmi miZRvnil `ciklSi~, barbare jorjaZem
ramdenime moTxroba gaaerTiana. aqedan `diklo SinaqoSi~
(jorjaZe 1986: 45) saukeTesoTaa miCneuli; is tragikul
konfliqtzea agebuli da didoelebsa da TuSebs Soris
momxdar Setakebas asaxavs. `diklo Sinaqos~ personaJebi
erTdroulad ubedurebic arian da, amav dros, diadnic,
radganac adamiani sabolood `zneobrivi kategoriaa~,
romelic mtkiced unda icavdes `sakuTari siwmindis Seu-
valobas~. magaliTisTvis gavixsenoT, Tundac erTi dra-
matuli epizodi, RvTiso oCiSvilis ukiduresi sasowar-
kveTili gadawyvetileba, Tavisi xeliT daxocos ojaxis
wevrebi, raTa isini mtris xeliT sikvdilsa da Seuracxyo-
fas gadaarCinos. istoriam gviCvena, rom qarTvelis su-
lieri gamovlinebis procesi yvelaze kargad gareSe
169
mtris winaaRmdeg brZolaSi vlindeba. `diklo Sinaqos~
dramatizms mkiTxveli ise ki ar ganicdis, viTomc moTx-
robil ambavs, aramed rogorc sinamdviles, romelic gi-
naxavT da ìluzia iseTsave tkivilebs gayenebT, rogorc
namdvilad naxuli da gancdili~ (kotetiSvili 1965: 635).
amave cikls ekuTvnis moTxrobebi – `kaxeTSi Samilianobis
dros~ da `Samilis jaris Camosvlis dros kaxeTSi 1854
wlis 4 ivliss. Telavi da gaRma mxaris soflebi~ (jor-
jaZe 1986: 75). am ukanasknelSi advilad igrZnobT qarTve-
li qalisadmi mwerlis gansakuTrebul Tanadgomas. mkiTx-
veli rwmundeba, rom mTavari personaJi Tavad barbare
jorjaZea
sagulisxmoa, rom jorjaZe xSirad iumors damTrgun-
veli situaciis gadmocemis dros mimarTavs da amiT erT-
gvarad amsubuqebs saTqmels, radgan iumori yvelaze ue-
bari saSualebaa cxovrebis Tanmdevi usamarTlobisa da
bedis ukuRmarTobis dasaZlevad. es kargad vlindeba
moTxrobebSi `Samilis jaris Camosvlis dros kaxeTSi 1854
wlis 4 ivliss. qistaurs~ (jorjaZe 1986: 63) da `Samilis
jaris Camosvlis dros kaxeTSi 1854 wlis 4 ivliss. axme-
ta~ (jorjaZe 1986: 63). teqstebSi kargad aris `daWerili~
qarTvelis bunebisaTvis odiTganve damaxasiaTebeli iu-
mori da udardeloba.
barbare jorjaZe, lekianobisadmi miZRvnil moTxrobe-
bis ciklSi arsebobis sazrisze, sikvdil-sicocxlis, si-
keTisa da bednierebis problemaze Cafiqrebul mwerlad
warmogvidgeba, visTanac adamianobis raoba mWidrodaa
dakavSirebuli movaleobisa da zneobriobis cnebebTan.
avtoris mizani yovelTvis, mosalodneli ubedurebis wi-
naSe adamianSi gadarCenis instiqtis gaRviZebaa da ara
Semgueblobisa da `WirTa Tmenis~ SegrZnebis Canergva.
mwerali xom Tavad mudam cdilobda gamklaveboda ga-
saWirs da ar Sepueboda gansacdels!
170
gverds ver avuvliT im faqtsac, rom umetes SemTxveva-
Si, jorjaZis novelebis mTavari personaJi qalia. mweral-
ma kargad uwyis, rogor moiqceva qali ama Tu im situaciaSi
da ra gamosavals ipovis Seqmnili viTarebidan, mniSvnelo-
ba ar aqvs, moTxrobis gmiri Tavadis qalia Tu ubralo
glexis gogo.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, barbare jorjaZe, misda
ukiTxavad, 12 wlis asakSi gaaTxoves. meuRle ùxiagi xasi-
aTis~, mflangveli kaci gamodga (amas mowmobs b. jorjaZis
rafiel erisTavisadmi miwerili baraTebic – T.c.). sain-
teresoa, rom avtori, romelsac sazogadoeba, rogorc
tradiciebis mowinaaRmdegeTa sastik bralmdeblad, mora-
lis kanonebisa da zneobrivi safuZvlebis erTgul damc-
velad icnobs, siyvaruls `dedakacis arsebobis upirveles
azrad da bednierebad~ saxavs da Zaladobrivi qorwinebis
sastiki mgmobelia. mis teqstebSi Tanaarsebobs realuri
cxovreba da warmosaxuli. jorjaZemac, albaT, fantaziiT
Seqmnil personaJebs is grZnobebi arguna, romelic Tavad
arasdros ganucdia. moTxrobaSi `sofeli xevTa piras~
(jorjaZe 1986: 53), axalgazrdebi mtkiced icaven TavianT
grZnobebs, gonebamaxvilur gamosavals pouloben, yve-
las gaacureben da siyvaruliT SeerTdebian, gansxvavebiT
`Tazo momRerlisgan~ (jorjaZe 1988: 81), rodesac siyva-
ruli socialuri barieris gamo imTaviTve ganwirulia.
araordinalur Tematikazea agebuli moTxroba àla-
verdoba~. `darejan gulis pasuxSi~ (jorjaZe 1986: 83)
jorjaZem Tavisi droisaTvis sakmaod Tamami da ucxo is-
toria SemogvTavaza. mwerali qali sofel jejilianSi
stumro-bis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs, sadac mas erTi lamazi,
axalgazrda qvrivi qali, darejani estumra. darejans
smenia, rom mwerali gazeTSi muSaobs da am gaugonar am-
bavs gaukvirvebia: `gavioce, gana megazeToba qalsac Seu-
Zlian?~. darejani avtors, moridebis gareSe, Tavis siyvar-
171
ulis istorias uambobs. qvrivs ar euxerxuleba da sTxovs
mwerals, rom es ambavi gazeTSi dabeWdon, egeb rCeulma
waikiTxos da daubrundes Seyvarebuls. marTlac, rom
warmoudgenelad gveCveneba, daaxloebiT ori saukunis
win, XIX saukunis Sua wlebis saqarTveloSi, qalis mxri-
dan Tavisi sasiyvarulo istoriis gazeTSi gamomzeurebis
survili. Cveni presa xom aWrelebulia msgavsi istori-
ebiT, romelic dRevandelobisaTvis esoden damaxasiaTe-
belia. Tanamedrove mkiTxveli SeeCvia pirad cxovrebaze
daufaravad saubars, magram maSin? im dros? rodesac man-
dilosnisaTvis dasaZraxad iTvleboda leCaqis moxda da
evropul samosSi gamowyoba. ra gasakviria, rom `darejan
gulis pasuxis~ Semdeg qarTveli mkiTxveli mouTmenlad
eloda barbare jorjaZis morig novelebs...
moTxrobaSi `titia da ivane~ (jorjaZe 1988: 55) jor-
jaZe ori sofleli aznauris Tavgadasavals gviyveba. isi-
ni drois gasatareblad qalaqSi pirvelad Cadian, sadac
mravali kuriozuli istoria da xifaTi gadaxdaT Tavs.
Cven viziarebT levan bregaZis Tvalsazriss, rom `jor-
jaZes `titia da ivanes~ SeqmniT mniSvnelovani wvlili
miuZRvis qarTuli pikareskuli prozis ganviTarebaSi~
(bregaZe 2011: 138). mweralma ukiduresi groteskuli gamom-
saxvelobiT gaamZafra aznaurTa gulubryvilo xasiaTi,
amavdroulad, mxatvruli zomierebac daculia. magram,
mTavari `titiasa da ivaneSi~ ara personaJTa komikuri is-
toriaa, aramed komizmi ,,TviT yofisa, romelmac aiZula
personaJebi moqceuliyvnen komikurad~.
sagulisxmoa, rom mwerlis moTxrobebi Seicavs uxv
eTnografiul cnobebs adaT-wesebis, ritualebis Catare-
bis Sesaxeb; Zvel, yoveldRiur, sayofacxovrebo ambebs,
erTi SexedviT, TiTqos Cveulebriv, magram saintereso
istoriebs; moTxrobebi gamoirCeva gulaxdilobiT, TiT-
qos martivi siuJetiT, tragikuli situaciebis komikuri
interpretaciiT, rig SemTxvevebSi – avtobiografiuli
172
sicxadiTa da sakiTxis kategoriuli dayenebiT. Tumca,
yvela dros Tavisi mentaloba, xedva da gamoxatvis ena aqvs.
anton kaTalikosis `maRali StilisTvis~ xelovnurad Seq-
mnilma enam, samwuxarod, dRevandel mkiTxvels daukarga
maTi gacnobis interesi. jorjaZis mxatvruli teqstebi
warsuli epoqis gamoZaxilad ufro aRiqmeba, vidre aqtu-
alur mxatvrul masalad.
barbare jorjaZem literaturis yvela JanrSi scada
bedi. qarTul periodul presaSi sistematurad ibeWdebo-
da misi poeturi, prozauli, dramatuli teqstebi da kri-
tikuli werilebi. im wlebSi mwerali qalis Semoqmedebis
aseTi mravalferovneba marTlac rom iSviaTi da pativsa-
cemi movlena iyo.
XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi, rodesac ilia WavWavaZis
iniciativiT, qarTul sinamdvileSi socialur ZalTa axa-
li gadajgufeba da, Sesabamisad, sulier faseulobaTa
gadafasebis xana daiwyo, Seicvala tradiciisadmi damo-
kidebuleba. ufrosi Taobis mxatvruli tradiciisadmi
momdevno Taobis sakmaod mZafri dapirispireba calkeul
mweralTa ùbralo axirebis~ Sedegi ar yofila. igi men-
talobisa da mwerlobis Zireuli cvlilebebis moTxov-
nilebiT iyo nakarnaxebi. literaturul-sazogadoebrivi
mimarTulebebisa da Sexedulebebis sxvadasxvaoba sakmaod
sagrZnobi gaxda, radganac erTmaneTs daupirispirda
àra marto ori Taoba, aramed ori mrwamsi, cxovrebis ori
wesi~. ganxeTqileba pirvelad `wminda literaturul~ sa-
kiTxebisadmi, umTavresad enis garSemo Camovarda, Tumca
`wminda literaturul sakiTxebs ufro naklebi mniSvne-
loba hqonda, vidre saerTo msoflmxedvas~ (mesxi 1869: 69).
mogvyavs vrceli amonaridi vaxtang kotetiSvilis weri-
lidan: ès axali idealebi saliteraturo xasiaTisa ki ar
iyvnen, aramed sazogadoebrivi, rac kargad gaigo gr. or-
belianma, rodesac Svilebs uwoda liberalebi, urwmunoni
da sxva. rac Seexeba enis wabilwvas, es sxvaTaSorisi bral-
173
deba iyo, yovel SemTxvevaSi, bevrad ufro naklebi vidre
liberaloba, an aTeistoba, anda brZolis is axali meTo-
debi, rac Zveli TaobisaTvis uCveulo iyo. diax, sakiTxis
simwvave, Cveni azriT, sxva sivrceSia saZiebeli, saxeldo-
br, im axali periodis dawyebaSi, romelsac ideurad axal-
ma Taobam uwinamZRvra da romelsac reformebis samzadisi
ewodeba~ (kotetiSvili 1965: 302). qeTevan iremaZe ganmar-
tavs ufros da umcros Taobebs Soris dapirispirebis
arss da miiCnevs, rom: àxali saliteraturo enis Seqmnis
tendencia warmoiSva, rogorc saerTo-istoriuli gar-
datexis bunebrivi Sedegi. axali literaturuli moTxov-
nilebebi da interesebi, romlebic mohqondaT `Svilebs~,
moiTxovda axal gamoTqmiT formebs, axali drois Sesa-
ferisi saliteraturo enis (leqsikur, orTografiul da
gramatikul) sistemas. poziciebi enis sakiTxSi uaRresad
principul xasiaTs atarebda. obieqturad enis sakiTxi
ukve TavisTavad sazRvravda saerTo-literaturul da
sazogadoebriv Sexedulebebs~ (iremaZe 1945: 98).
barbare jorjaZis kritikuli werili `ganrkveva~ 1860
wlis `ciskris~ № 3 daibeWda ramac qarTul sazogadoebaSi
saocari vnebaTaRelva gamoiwvia. statiis gamoqveyne-
bamde redaqtorma ivane kereseliZem gancxadeba dabeWda,
romelSic aRfrTovanebas ver malavda samwerlo aspa-
rezze qarTveli qalis, barbare jorjaZis warmatebul
debiutTan dakavSirebiT: `brwyinvaleo kneina, barbare
jorjaZev! mSvenieris kalmiT naRvawi Txzuleba Tqveni
weriliT, sadac msjelobT gonivrulaT, miviReT redaq-
ciaSi, romelica friad moxarulia Tqvenis am sazogado
saqmeSi monawileobis miRebisaTvis, didaTa gmadlobT. ar
aris eWvi, Tqvenis mixedviT, gabedamen upativcemulesni
mweralni qalni TavianT naRvawis gamogzavnas~* (`ciskari~
1859: № 1).
* jorjaZis werili d. baqraZis aRfrTovanebas imsaxurebs. gansakuTrebiT,
rom `mTxzveli aris dedaTa sqesisa” da mwerals istoriul narkvevs `qarT-
veli qalebi~ uZRvnis.
174
`ganrkveva~ iyo pasuxi lavrenti ardazianis `ciskarSi-
ve~ dabeWdil kritikul statiaze. ardazianma, faqtobri-
vad pirvelma, marTebulad da principulad daayena sam-
werlo enis gamartivebisa da sasaubro enasTan daaxloebis
sakiTxi. barbare jorjaZem sruliad sapirispiro pozicia
daikava. is gansakuTrebiT aRaSfoTa ardazianis saRmrTo
werilis enis winaaRmdeg galaSqrebam. Zvel saliteratu-
ro tradiciebze gazrdili, bolomde am tradiciebis erT-
gul mimdevrad darCa, àxals ki srulad CamorCenoda~.
rogorc cnobilia, ardazianma am gamowvevas ar upasuxa.
agreTve, saocari `konservatulobiTa da pretencio-
zulobiT~ gamoirCeva jorjaZis meore werili – `ramde-
nime azri axlandels mdgomareobazed~ (`ciskari~ 1860: №
11), teqsti Sefasebulia, rogorc `tradiciis afeTqeba
axali ganaTlebis pirTa winaaRmdeg, vinc amayobda reli-
giur dogmebisadmi urwmunoebiT~ (`ciskari~ 1860: № 11).
1861 qveyndeba barbare jorjaZis kidev erTi kritiku-
li werili ànuka batoniSvilis moTxrobazed~ (`ciskari~
1861: № 3). statia `kn. nina erisTavis~ fsevdonimiT ibeWd-
eba da grigol rCeuliSvils exeba. avtori gansakuTrebu-
li tendenciurobiTa da agresiiT aris ganwyobili
gr. rCeuliSvilis mimarT. jorjaZis rwmeniT, mweralma
`wasabaZ nimuSad unda dasaxos da samagaliTos saxiT
aCvenos Cveni warsuli, Tu ra cudi iyo Zvelad, ar unda
gaamJRavnos~ (`ciskari~ 1861: № 3). avtori rCeuliSvils
danaSaulad uTvlis warmosaxvasa da brals sdebs, rom man
`SemoqmedebiT fantazias farTo gasaqani misca~, saxel-
dobr, saxelovan istoriul personaJebTan familaruli
damokidebuleba gamoxata da samefo karis Sinauri ambebi
damcinavad aRwera. msgavsi ram ar moxdeboda qarTvel
didebulTa cxovrebaSio, – wers statiis avtori. mweral-
ma qalma rCeuliSvils, `kaxeTis mebukis~ fsevdonimiT,
meore werilic dauwera (r.erisTavis arqivi: saq. № 271).
175
sadac ukve `ciskris~ redaqcias ùyenebs sastik dana-
Sauls“ mkrexeluri teqstis gamoqveynebisaTvis: `gamosc-
es usxoliod, Cveni Tavis mosaWrelad... exlac SevnatriT
im Zvels dakrZalulebas da zeciurs simSvides~.* statiam
`ciskris~ redaqciaSi imdenad uaryofiTi reaqcia gamoi-
wvia, rom maT, Tumca qaragmulad, magram mainc gaRizianeb-
uli SeniSvna daurTes, `saidanac naTlad Cans, rom grigol
rCeuliSvils uWerdnen mxars~ (gamezardaSvili 1957: 621).
miuxedavad amisa, qalis `samwerlo sarbielze mokamaTed~
gamosvlam didi yuradReba miipyro da saerTo aRtaceba
gamoiwvia.
1861 wlis `ciskris~ meoTxe nomeri daeTmo ilia Wav-
WavaZis werils òriode sityva Tavad revaz Salvas Zis
erisTavis mier kazlovis `SeSlilis~ Targmanzed~, rome-
lic axali `literaturuli skolis manifestad SeiZleba
CaiTvalos~ (qiqoZe 1965: 241). am werilSi pirvelad gaJ-
Rerda qarTveli erisTvis saprogramo sityvebi: `sami
RvTaebrivi saunje dagvrCa Cven mama-papaTagan: mamuli,
ena da sarwmunoeba~.
ilia darwmunebulia, rom saliteraturo kritika
`yovelgvari yizilbaSobisa da pirmoTneobisagan~ Tav-
isufali unda iyos. is ilaSqrebs `sentimentaluri, yalbi
grZnobis, mtirala da wirpliani mwerlebis winaaRmdeg...
`mweralma gverdi unda auaros warsul droTa sicruesa
da cdomilebas~ (`ciskari 1861: № 4). WavWavaZe `zedmiwev-
niT profesiulad~ ganixilavs Targmanisa da sxvadasxva
literaturul mimarTulebaTa principul problemebs,
* qarTuli saliteraturo kritika Tanxmdeba, rom barbare jorjaZem maSin
ara marto zneobrivi normebi, aramed literaturuli eTikac daarRvia: hu-
manizmis mqadagebeli mwerali kaxeTis keTilSobilTa saxeliT kmayofilebas
gamoTqvamda, rodesac Tavadebma gadawyvites fizikurad gasworebodnen gr.
rCeuliSvils: `hoi, ra dRe daayenes, miexvivnen da kinaRam daaRrCves~ – aRfr-
TovanebiT wers jorjaZe (r. erisTavis arqivi: saq. № 271). araferia
��
sakvirve-
li, rom swored am fonze iwyeba ilia WavWavaZesTan jorjaZis gaafTrebuli
polemika.
176
sastikad gmobs mxatvruli azrovnebis SezRudulobas,
`formalistur kopwiaobas, ritorul metyvelebas, Rvar-
Wnil stils~ exeba ra qarTuli enis sakiTxebs, ilia aRniS-
navs, rom àdamianis ena~, iseve, rogorc yoveli cocxali
arseba, icvleba, viTardeba; Tanamedrove da Zveli drois
qarTvelis metyvelebas Soris mniSvnelovani sxvaobaa, ami-
tom erTimeorisgan unda ganirCeodes Tanamedrove sali-
teraturo da Zveli literaturuli ena. ilia Tvlida, rom
qarTuli ena unda gamartivebuliyo, daaxloveboda xal-
xur metyvelebas, gawmendiliyo yovelgvari arqaizmebis,
rusicizmebisa da Zveli asoebisgan, radgan maTi gamoyene-
ba saWiroebas ukve aRar moiTxovda, rac, Tavis mxriv, mar-
Tlweris gaadvilebas gamoiwvevda. WavWavaZe darwmunebu-
li iyo, rom `xalxi iyo enis kanonis damdebi da ara anbanT
Teoretika~ (`ciskari~ 1965: № 2).
`ciskris~ imave, me-4 nomerSi daibeWda ilias leqsebi:
`gazafxuli~, àleqsandre WavWavaZe~, `gaxsovs turfa~,
maT myari, argumentirebuli foni Seuqmnes kritikul
werils. WavWavaZis werilma cxare polemika gamoiwvia. mas
Zveli Taobis ramdenime warmomadgeneli – revaz eri-
sTavi, mixeil baraTaSvili da barbare jorjaZe gamo-
epasuxa. `ZvelTagan ilias yvelaze did brZola barbare
jorjaZem gauwia~ (kotetiSvili 1965: 290). vaxtang ko-
tetiSvilis TvalsazrisiT, barbare jorjaZis portreti
`metad mkrTalad~ moCans XIX saukunis qarTvel mweralTa
galereaSi da Tu moCans, isic swored ilia WavWavaZesTan
polemikis wyalobiT. es gamoCenac uaryofiTi xasiaTisaa,
radganac ìlias satirulma enam mwerali qali kuriozul
mdgomareobaSi Caayena~ (kotetiSvili 1965: 290). jorjaZe
ar Sexebia, ilias mier yuradRebis centrSi dayenebul,
sakvanZo problemebs.. is mxolod enis sakiTxebiT Semoi-
fargla da am mimarTulebiT `gaaCaRa demagogiuri brZo-
la~ (gamezardaSvili 1957: 320). `didebul arian kanonni,
177
romelnic arian marTalni da romelTaca gamocvla didi
gmoba unda iyos... yoveli amaT ganxilva, gamoZieba da ax-
alT kanonTa dadeba… Cveni saqme ar aris... enaSi rogor Se-
mourevs am uSvers, moryvnils, biWbuWur sityvebs~ – werda
barbare jorjaZe. mas dauSveblad miaCnda qarTuli anba-
nidan im Svidi asos amoReba, romelTa Sesatyvisi bgerebi,
ilias azriT, qarTvelTa metyvelebaSi ukve aRar ismoda.
jorjaZis polemikur werilSi `ramdenime sityva Tavadi
ilia WavWavaZis kritikazed~, mwerali qali kategoriu-
lad ayalibebs Tavis pozicias. is ànton kaTalikosis
`TeoretikiT~ da `kateRoriebiT~ damZimebuli enis ucv-
lelobis dacvaSi xedavs èrovnul-istoriuli safuZ-
vlebis simtkicis aucilebel pirobas~ (iremaZe 45: 94).
`jorjaZe jiutad ebRauWeboda anton kaTakilosis sami
stilis Teoriis Janrobriv reglaments~ (kalandaZe 1984:
647). mwerali qali, xom qarTuli enis saukeTeso codniT
iwonebda Tavs. `Tu nebas mogvcemT, mogaxsenebT, Tumca
ki maRal saswavlebelSi ar vyofilvar da ara Tu maRal
saswavlebelSi, Sinidamac gareT ar gavsulvar, rom yovlis
mwerlisaTvis saWiro da aucilebeli vicode~, werda igi
(`ciskari~ 1861: № 5). is `ciskarSi~ dabeWdil ilias leqseb-
sac gadawvda da Tavisi poziciebis gasamtkiceblad `ga-
zafxuli~ daiwuna. ìlia WavWavaZes rac moxvdeba da rogorc
imisaTvisa swers, rom gaugonia poetebis fantazias Tav-
isufleba aquso, da poetebs amguarebi mietevebaTo, zemoT
SemeZlo meTqo abraxunebs meTqi~. ilia WavWavaZem Tavis
sapasuxo werilSi (`ciskari~ 1861: № 6) sruli Tanmimdev-
robiT daarRvia jorjaZis mcdari, arqauli Sexedulebebi
enisa da metyvelebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT; amxila mis
`mosazrebaTa ususuroba, xelovnebiTi Teoretika~, rac
`sqolastikosobis naSTad~ miaCnda.
qeTevan iremaZis marTebuli SeniSvniT, barbare jor-
jaZe ar ekuTvnoda imaT ricxvs, vinc erTi Setevis Semdeg
178
dafrTxeboda da brZolaze xels aiRebda. is ufrosi Tao-
bisadmi ùpativcemulo damokidebulebas~ ver egueboda,
kritikul SeniSvnebsac mtkivneulad aRiqvamda da mowi-
naaRmdegis mimarTac `sakadrisi pasuxi~ yovelTvis mzad
hqonda. 1861 wlis `ciskris~ meSvide nomerSi redaqcia mi-
marTavs mweral qals, rom `samwuxaro mizezis~ gamo, ver
beWdaven mis statias da Semdeg nomerSi werilis aucile-
bel gamoqveynebas pirdebian. redaqcia iqve mianiSnebs,
rom: `daasruleben urTierTmaneTs Soris sastik baass~.
jorjaZis `pasuxs pasuxi~ arc Semdeg nomerSi gamoqveyn-
da. amjerad redaqcia sacenzuro komitetSi mis dakargvas
imizezebda. daviT gamezardaSvili Tvlis, rom redaqcias
aRar hqonda jorjaZis WavWavaZesTan kamaTis xalisi,
darwmundnen, rom paeqroba xels ar aZlevdaT da ùkan da-
xeva Tu `morigeba~ gadawyvites (gamezardaSvili 1957: 340).
iliasadmi `risxviT aRvsili~ jorjaZis werili `pasuxs pa-
suxi~ `ciskris” mecxre nomerSi mainc ibeWdeba (`ciskari~
1861: № 9). `me azradac ar mqonda pasuxis gacema – wers
jorjaZe, magram radgan WavWavaZis pasuxi Soravs zrdi-
lobas da uSverobiT daubadebia axali ena... Cveni ena didi
xania sisruleSia moyvanili, mxolod gza abnevia Tqvenebr
mweralTa wyalobiT~ (`ciskari~ 1861: № 9). jorjaZe iqve
ilias mier gakritikebul leqss iwonebs: àrCil kaxiebr
balasankina moebr~, àq ra ari zneobis `Semaryvneleli
sityva~ – ukvirs mas, `riT ar sjobia biWbuWebis leqsebs,
romelsac Tqven aqebT xolme~ (`ciskari~ 1861: № 9).
aleqsandre kalandaZe, aanalizebs ra im periods, mi-
iCnevs, rom b. jorjaZesac hyavda TavisiA gulSematkivrebi:
Jur. `ciskris~ ZiriTadi birTvi – i. kereseliZe, d. baqraZe,
zogierT sakiTxSi – l. ardaziani, `reaqcionerebi~ – g. ba-
raTaSvili, eqv. wereTeli, T. maWavariani, axali Taobis
zogierTi warmomadgeneli – an. furcelaZe, mix. maWavari-
ani da Tavad-aznauri liberalebi. maT gamosarClebasa da
179
TanagrZnobas erTmaneTisagan sruliad gansxvavebuli
motivebi da safuZvlebi hqonda. Tu `reaqcionerebi~ aR-
tacebuli iyvnen jorjaZis tradiciebisa da Sexedule-
bebis erTgulebiT. `ciskris~ ZiriTadi birTvi da axali
Taoba TanaugrZnobda da mwerali qalebisadmi met mokrZa-
lebasa da lmobierebas iTxovda, isini moxiblulni iyvnen
`jorjaZis, rogorc qalis, gambedaobiT, literaturuli
energiiTa da polemikuri unariT~ (kalandaZe 1984: 314).
akaki. gawerelias TvalsazrisiT ki: `Zveli Taoba ar iCenda
erTsulovnebas stilisa da enis sakiTxebSi. iyvnen ukidu-
resni, romlebic moiTxovdnen èklesiuri~, mwignobruli
enis normaTa dakanonebas da maRali odebis Janrs. isini
literaturaSi tradiciis dacvis uwyvet jaWvs emxro-
bodnen. `saSualo da dabali~ ena ki literaturisaTvis
dasamuSavebel masalad miaCndaT, radgan ukiduresi kon-
servatorebi iyvnen. sxvagvarad wyvetdnen am sakiTxs
saSualoni, romelnic `darbaislur anu saSualo~ enas
icavdnen. uaryofdnen `xalxur, glexur~ enas. saSualoni
erTimeorisgan mijnavdnen `saero~ da èklesiur mwer-
lobas~. rusTavelis poema `darbaisluri~ enis dokumen-
tad miaCndaT, xolo saeklesio ena – martooden bibliuri
wignebisa da hagiografebis metyvelebad~. a. gawerelia
arqaistuli enis damcvel ùkidures warmomadgenlebad~
Tvlida – gr. orbeliansa da p. ioselians, xolo saSualoT
– al. orbelians, s. aleqsi-mesxiSvils, b. jorjaZes da
g. baraTaSvils (gawerelia 1962: 122).
bolo saukunenaxevris qarTul saliteraturo kri-
tika Tanxmdeba, rom, mwerali qalis anaqronizmi, kateg-
oriuloba, yovelgvari siaxlisadmi uaryofiTi damoki-
debuleba, usafuZvlo argumentebiT iyo gamyarebuli. mis
statiebSi mowinaaRmdegis damcireba Warbobda dasabu-
Tebul kritikas. iliasTan paeqrobaSi, adre Tu gvian, Tavi
unda eCina jorjaZis SexedulebaTa dromoWmulobas.
180
is yvelafers Tavisi warmodgenebisa da gemovnebis mixed-
viT sazRvravda. TumcaRa, Tavad jorjaZe Rrmad iyo dar-
wmunebuli Tavisi poziciis sisworeSi, misTvis ar arsebob-
da sakuTari adamianuri energiis, Zalis, niWisa da unaris
gamovlenis sxva asparezi garda mwerlobisa. marTalia,
mas ar ZaluZda misTvis miuRebeli siaxlisadmi `gaboro-
tebis dafarva~ (kalandaZe 1984: 312), magram ra vuyoT, rom
damarcxda. `did mowinaaRmdegesTan, damarcxeba, xom sa-
naxevro gamarjvebas udris~ (kotetiSvili 1965: 296).
cxadia, SeuZlebeli iyo, barbare yorjaZis msgavsi aq-
tivobis adamiani, ar CarTuliyo axalfexadgmul qarTul
Teatralur cxovrebaSi. damoukideblobadakargul sa-
qarTvelosaTvis xom swored TeatrSi àqcentirdeboda
mSobliuri enis Senaxvisa da erovnuli cnobierebis amaR-
lebis problema~.
Tu gadavxedavT XIX saukunis qarTul dramaturgias,
davinaxavT, rom yvelaze ganviTarebuli Janri komediaa.
komediam, im periodis Teatris repertuarSi, ara marto
wamyvani adgili daipyro, aramed erovnuli scenuri xa-
siaTebis Seqmnis wyarodac `komediuri tipebi gaxada~. am
faqts sandro axmetelma zusti axsna mouZebna: `qarTveli
kacis momlxeni buneba, sicili da sixalise erTgvari
tragikuli niRabia im misteriisa, sadac qarTveli xalxis
mTeli istoriaa ganfenili... sicili da xarxari udidesi
protestia qarTvelisa. aq igi avlens Tavis meamboxe suls
da Sinagan eqspresias da eqstazs... imitomac mxiarulobs
qarTveli, rom ar unda Tavisi namdvili saxis tragiku-
li sulis Cveneba? iqneb ar surs mters gaumxilos Tavisi
cremli da mwuxareba? an mudam sabrZolod gamzadebuls
ar scalia tirilisaTvis?~ (axmeteli 1990: L261).
1850 wlidan dawyebuli, TiTqmis mTel XIX saukunis
meore naxevramde qarTul scenaze giorgi erisTavis sko-
lis dramaturgia iyo gabatonebuli. erisTavis piesebi
181
xalxSi imdenad popularuli iyo, rom 1850 wels, `gayris~
warmodgenis meore dRes, mTeli Tbilisis sazogadoeba
komediidan amonarid frazebs imeorebda. erisTavs uam-
ravi mimbaZveli da Tanamokalme gauCnda. `Camoyalibda
garkveuli komediuri Janris dramaturgiuli tendencia,
Tavisi Zlieri da susti mxareebiT~.
ilia WavWavaZe darwmunebuli iyo, rom dramis Seqmna
yovel sxvagvar poetur Txzulebaze gacilebiT ufro
rTuli da dasafasebeli saqme gaxldaT. CvenTvis miT uf-
ro mniSvnelovania barbare jorjaZis am mimarTulebiT ga-
dadgmuli nabijebi. mwerali qalis piesebma giorgi eris-
Tavisa da zurab antonovis komediebTan erTad, `sakmao
sazrdo~ misca Cven Rarib scenas~ (iremaZe 1945: 116). misi
dramaturgiuli moRvaweoba 1862 wlidan iwyeba, rodesac
saxazino Teatris scenismoyvareebma 17 Tebervals drama
`Suri~ dadges. petre umikaSvili am faqts uaRresad did
mniSvnelobas aniWebda: àman sazogadoebas gaaxsena qar-
Tuli scenis saWiroeba da miZinebisgan gamoafxizla igi~
(umikaSvili 1899: 211). barbare jorjaZis sasaxelod unda
iTqvas, rom misi komediiT `ras veZebdi da ra vpove~ gaix-
sna 1879 wlis 5 seqtembers ganaxlebuli qarTuli profe-
siuli Teatris pirveli sezoni. am movlenas ki qarTuli
Teatris `mzis mobruneba~ ewoda.
barbare jorjaZis komediebi umTavresad sayofacx-
ovrebo àrakzea~ damyarebuli, mayurebeli mudmiv daZa-
bulobaSi hyavda da mxiarulebas, sicils, xSir SemTxveva-
Si, TanagrZnobasac ki iwvevda. Tanamedroveni dadebiTad
afasebdnen mis piesebs. `jorjaZes qarTuli Teatris gan-
viTarebis saqmeSi fasdaudebeli Rvawli miuZRvis. misi
Semoqmedeba iyo is xidi, romelzedac qarTulma Teatrma
ugzoobisa da Znelbedobis dros gadaiara~ – werda gaz.
`droeba~ (`droeba~ 1879: № 182). sergei mesxis TvalTaxed-
viT: `mSvenieri eniTac, SinaarsiTac, scenis mxriTac, is
182
arc Cven giorgi erisTavis droindel piesebs ar Camou-
vardeba ukan da zogierT imaTgans bevriTac sjobian~
(mesxi 1958: 138). amave azrs iziarebs giorgi erisTavis vaJi
daviTi: `kn. b. jorjaZes mimadlebuli hqonda saucxoo
dramatuli niWi. igi Tavisi piesebis masalas imave wyarodan
iRebda, saidanac Tav. erisTavi da antonovi. masac, rogorc
imaT, mTavar moqmed pirebad aucileblad hyavs: qarTveli
memamule, glexebi, bobola-somexi, Semdeg mdidari som-
xis qali, romelic kneinobas eZebs kotr qarTvel Tavadze
gaTxovebis meSveobiT. im dros, roca zemoTxsenebuli
mwerlebis mTeli komizmi farsebSi da balaganur qarag-
mebSi iyo Caqsovili, kn. jorjaZis cxovrebiseuli sinamd-
vile da komikuri viTareba pirvel planze aqvs wamoweuli~
(eristovi 1879: 5-IX). 1898 wlis `cnobis furcelSi~ mixeil
nasiZe Tvlida, rom `jorjaZe istoriulad adre gamovida
samwerlo asparezze, im dros, rodesac Cveni mwerloba da
mwignobroba fexs idgamda.…mas Semdeg Cveni literatura
gaizarda, hasakSi movida da amitom usamarTlo iqneboda
wavuyenoT avtors dRevandeli moTxovnilebani~ (`cnobis
furceli~ 1898: 703).
barbare jorjaZem xuTi piesa dawera: drama `Suri~,
komedia `ras veZebdi da ra vpove~, komedia `mkiTxavi~, is-
toriuli drama `mSvenieri kekela~ da vodevili `sarkiT
motyueba~. `Suri~ da `ras veZebdi da ra vpove~ barbares
TxovniT mis Zmas, rafiels Causworebia.* piesaSi `Suri~
(`ciskari~ 1862: № 2) avtoris saTqmelic is aris, rom su-
lierad uangaro da zneobrivad mankieri, saTno da mdabali
adamianebi saerTo enas verasdros gamonaxaven. erTi ada-
mianis sulieri degradacia, yovelTvis meore adamianis
ubedurebas iwvevs. angareba, motyueba fulisaTvis da
* rafiel erisTavi TviTon werda piesebs. cnobilia is faqtic, rom gabriel

sundukianci Tavis komediebs rafiel erisTavisa da ioseb baqraZis daxmare-
biT Targmnida.
183
fuli motyuebisaTvis, ai am or `cnebis kideTa Soris mo-
Tavsebul rkalSi~ moqmedeben misi gmirebi. mwerali xvde-
ba, rom literaturis obieqti ukve yofiToba, yoveldRi-
uri, yovelgvar amaRlebas moklebuli cxovreba gamxdara.
piesaSi vxvdebiT replikebs damaxinjebuli metyvelebiT,
romlebic, albaT, utyuar komikur efeqtsac mxolod im
epoqis mayurebelSi iwvevda. gr. kiknaZis azriT, mwerals
zomieri da Segnebuli gadaWarbebis gziT, Zlieri saxasi-
aTo saxeebis Seqmna SeuZlia (kiknaZe 1972), rasac ver vityviT
jorjaZis dramaturgiaze. `Suris~ personaJTa uwyinari
trivialuroba, Tavad avtoris azrovnebis pirobiToba,
dramatuli xasiaTis Secdomebi, mxatvrulad dauxvewavi
teqsti dRevandel mkiTxvelze primitiul, usicocxlo
da naZaladev STabeWdilebas stovebs, TumcaRa, mwer-
lis sicocxleSi, piesa araerTxel warmatebiT dadgmula
qarTuli Teatris scenaze. `Suris~ damTavrebisas Seqmnes
mayurebelTa taSis kvra da mTxzveli qalis qebis Zaxili...…
mwerali qali ijda zemoT loJaSi mSvenieri saxiT da minam
ar gadauxada madloba ar Sewyvetila taSis kvra~, werda
`ciskari~ (`ciskari~ 1862: № 2). drama pirvelad 1861 Tbi-
lisSi gaTamaSda, 1862 wlis 17 Tebervlis warmodgenas ki
Tavad avtori daswrebia. qarTuli presa myisierad gamoex-
maura am faqts:` unda genaxa warmodgenaze ra ambavi iyo~
– werda arfrTovanebuli ivane kereseliZe rafiel eri-
sTavs. (raf.erisTavis arqivi: saq. № 271).
1865 wels Jur. `ciskarSi~ (`ciskari~ 1865: № 9) daibeW-
da barbare jorjaZis sammoqmedebiani komedia `ras veZebdi
da ra vpove~.
jorjaZis epoqis Tavadaznaurobis mxolod mcire
nawili, individualuri midrekilebebis, xasiaTis simtki-
cisa Tu nebisyofis daZabvis wyalobiT, sicocxlisunari-
anobas amJRavnebda. umetesoba ki, piriqiT, axal cxovre-
bas alRos ver uRebda. uqmad dros tarebaSi, SeZlebaze
184
`gardametebul xarjvaSi~, ampartavnebasa da sizarmaceSi
qonebas kargavda, romelsac somexi vaWrebi iolad `gadai-
barebdnen~ xolme. usaxsrod da usaqmod darCenili qarT-
veloba, v. kotetiSvilis sityvebiT, `gonebrivad mTvle-
mare da zneobrivad ciebiT Sepyrobili~, gamosavals somex
vaWarTa qvrivebze da qaliSvilebze daqorwinebaSi xedav-
da. gasaTxovari, somxis Seuxedavi sapatarZloebi ki qarT-
vel kneinebad gaxdomas ocnebobdnen. geronti qiqoZis si-
tyvebi, rom moviSvelioT saxezea `raindis gasovdagreba~.
swored aseTia piesis `ras veZebdi da ra vpove~ komikuri
Sinaarsic. gaRatakebuli iulon simiriZis yofas cxovre-
bis sirTule Tavis daRs asvams da zneobrivi arCevnis wi-
naSe ayenebs. magram, amavdroulad, piesaSi zizRs adgili
ar rCeba da adamianebSi aRSfoTebis nacvlad mxolod si-
cils iwvevs. komediaSi `ras veZebdi da ra vpove~ siuJeturi
xazis ganmaviTarebeli profesionali maWankali qalia,
romelic simiriZes mdidari somxis `SovnaSi~ exmareba. xaz-
gasasmelia, rom jorjaZem, pirvelma qarTul dramatur-
giaSi, ara marto, mistifikaciis xerxi gamoiyena, kerZod,
sapatarZlos Cvenebis epizodSi sxva qalis Cveneba, aramed
maWankali qalis niRabic Semoitana. erisTavTan da anto-
novTan am rolSi yovelTvis mamakacebi gvevlinebodnen.
gava dro, sundukiancisa da cagarelis piesebSi maWanklis
saxe ganviTarebas hpovebs da ufro reliefuri, mraval-
ferovani gaxdeba. jorjaZis, WavWavaZis, cagarelis, sun-
dukiancis maWanklebi erTmaneTs gvanan TavianTi sazoga-
doebrivi niRbiT, magram individualuri gansxvavebanic
gaaCniaT (daviTaia 1975: 83). v. guniam pirvelma SeniSna jor-
jaZis maqTaRasa (`ras veZebdi da ra vpove~) da cagarelis
xanumas Soris msgavseba, romlebic marTlac debiviT gva-
nan erTmaneTs, erTnairi frazebi, sityvebi da tiradebic
ki aqvT, magram, gansxvavebiT maqTaRasgan, xanuma gaqnili
profesionalia, keTili da mimzidveli oinbazi, iumoriT
185
aRsavse, av-kargiani qalbatoni. qarTul dramaturgias
cagarelis xanumamde keTili maWanklis niRabi arc hyolia.
b. jorjaZis piesaze aRtacebuli recenziebi presaSi
erTimeoris miyolebiT ibeWdeboda. XIX saukunis bolo
wlebSic ki komedia `ras veZebdi da ra vpove~ mtkiced iyo
damkvidrebuli qarTuli Teatris repertuarSi. àm piesiT
ramdenjerme gaixsna Tbilisis qarTuli dramis sezoni~
(`ciskari~ 1862: № 2). jorjaZe Tavad eswreboda dadgmebs.
,,ras veZebdi da ra vpoves~ premieraze, ojaxis wevrebis mog-
onebis Tanaxmad, avtori `metadre kmayofili darCenila,
radgan scenaze zedmiwevniT xorcieldeboda TiToeuli
misi Canafiqri da naZraxi~. samwuxarod, am SemTxvevaSic,
komedia mxolod im epoqis mkiTxvelisa da mayureblisaT-
vis gamoirCeva, Sesaferi mZafri dramatuli koliziebiT,
grZnobaTa, interesTa da garemoebaTa SejaxebiT. avtoris
danarCeni piesebi – `mSvenieri kekela~ (istoriuli drama),
komedia `mkiTxavi~* da vodevili `sarkiT motyueba~ kidev
ufro susti da warumatebeli aRmoCnda.
dRevandel mkiTxvels uWirs barbare jorjaZis piese-
bis wakiTxva. xSiria, rodesac wlebisa da, miT umetes, sau-
kuneebis Semdeg, avtoris odesRac warmatebuli scenebi
sxva Taobisa da gansxvavebuli mentalitetis mkiTxvelSi
emocias ar aRZravs da gulgrils stovebs mas. TumcaRa,
* am komedias saintereso istoria ukavSirdeba. 1877 wels daWrili meomre-
bisTvis, Telavelma axalgazrdebma `mkiTxavis~ dadgma gadawyvites. rogorc
`droeba~ iuwyeba (`droeba~ 1877: №133), qalebs uari ganucxadebiaT speqtakl-
Si TamaSze, amave dros, Telavis ùfrosis~ TanaSemwes, aRniSnuli piesis
dadgmis neba ar daurTavs. samagierod SeurCeviaT zurab antonovis `gana
biZiam coli SeirTo?” barbare jorjaZes sTxoves masSi monawileobis miRe-
ba, radgan mwerali, `dascinoda im qalebs, romelTac ar surdaT gamosuli-
yvnen scenaze, magram ise unugeSod Tqveni mteri darCes, rogorc unugeSod
man gamogvistumra~ (`mkiTxavis~ ugulvebelyofis gamo – T.c.). sagulisxmoa,
rom 1882 wels barbare jorjaZe, rogorc msaxiobi, monawileobs ganaxle-
buli qarTuli Teatris warmodgenebSi, mis artistul talants maSindeli
recenzentebi karg Sefasebas ar aZleven, `Tumca is faqti, rom igi scenaze
monawileobas iRebda, barbare jorjaZis pirovnebis daxasiaTebisaTvis mainc
mniSvnelovania~ (gaCeCilaZe 1952: 271).
186
es mwerlebi gardauvali istoriuli mniSvnelobis mqoneni
arian, radgan klasikosebTan erTad qmnian kulturis is-
torias da xels uwyobdnen mkiTxvelTa gemovnebis ganvi-
Tarebas. am fonze gansakuTrebiT yuradsaRebia jorjaZis
òriode sityva ymawvil kacebis sayuradRebod~ (`kvali~
1893: 14), sadac avtori pirvelad, Riad svams genderul
sakiTxs. misTvis yovlad miuRebelia qalisadmi arsebuli
damokidebuleba, `raxan qalad dabadebulxar, swavla ra
Seni saqmeao~. mwerlis rwmeniT, mamakaci unda mixvdes da
Seignos, rom ganaTlebuli `dedakaci~ nebismier saqveyno
saqmeSi Rirseulad idgeba meuRlis gverdiT. qals `piru-
tyvulma yofamac ki ver Caukla niWi da goneba da Tu aqa-
momde moaRwia mdidarma qarTulma enam, qalis meoxebiT
moaRwia~ – darwmunebulia igi. jorjaZe, erTerTi pirve-
li qarTveli moRvawea, vinc daufaravad gamoxata sur-
vili qalisaTvis Sesaferi ganaTlebis miRebisa da enebis
codnis aucileblobaze. `Cvenma kacebma daanebon Tavi
moSurneobas da miscen TavianT debs Tanaswori swavla da
mimarTuleba~ – Txoulobs mwerali (`kvali~ 1893: 14). sagu-
lisxmoa, rom avtori am weriliT mimarTavs mamakacebs,
im imediT, rom am sakiTxis mogvarebaSi, mxolod maT Se-
uZliaT daxmareba gauwion qalebs. aRsaniSnia, mowodeba
ekuTvnis ymawvil kacebs, momaval Taobas. es jer kidev ar
aris qalebis gaerTianebisa da maTi uflebebis mopovebis
mizniT brZolisken mowodeba, aramed dialogia aqtualur
Temaze. `dRes sxva qveynebidan CvenSiac Semovida axali
dro ganaTlebisa~, – wers mwerali qali. swored im epoqis
qarTul kulturul cxovrebaSi mimdinare cvlilebebma
misca jorjaZes am werilis daweris impulsi*.
gansakuTrebuli Temaa barbare jorjaZis `samzare-
ulos wigni~.
* b. jorjaZes, agrTve, ekuTvnis publicisturi werilebi: `ramdenime azri ax-
landel mdgomareobazed~ da òriode sityva vefxistyaosnis Sesaxeb~.
187
XIX saukunis meore naxevridan saqarTveloSi icvle-
baECveuli konteqsti. warCinebul ojaxebSi ucxo enaze
saubars iwyeben, qarTuls iviwyeben da mSobliur enaze
laparakic esircxvilebaT. ganaTlebuli deda evropulad
icvams da ixuravs. rusul da evropul enebze aRzrdili,
is mkrTalad Camogavs im dedas, romelic `Zvelad uzr-
dida Svilebs mamulsa~. èvropuli gavleniT mtkicdeba
saxlis avejeuloba, saWmel-sasmelis momzadeba, erTma-
neTSi misvla-mosvla~. qarTuli garToba da dros tareba
Seicvala da ùcxo xalxis zemoqmedebas daemorCila~ da am
dros iwereba jorjaZis `samzareulos wigni~, kulinaria
xelovnebaa, rogorc musika, literatura, mxatvroba, ar-
qiteqtura. droTa ganmavlobaSi icvleba kerZebis Semad-
genloba da damzadebis meTodebi, magram gemrieli saWm-
lisgan miRebuli saimovnebis SegrZneba ucvleli rCeba.
`garkveul periodSi kulinaria miCneuli iyo mxolod,
rogorc saWmlis damzadebis ostatoba, an ubralod, ker-
Zebis erToblioba. naklebi yuradReba eqceoda im faqts,
rom kulinaria eris kulturuli da istoriuli ganvi-
Tarebis damaxasiaTebeli niSania, rac ufro Zveli da gan-
viTarebulia eri, kerZebic miT ufro mravalferovani da
specifikuri aqvs (ìstoriani~ 2014: #11).
qarTuli samzareulo eris tradiciuli kulturis
erT-erTi maCvenebeli da Semadgeneli nawilia. qveynis
sxvadasxva kuTxes kerZebis damzadebis gansxvavebuli
wesebi aqvT da swored es mravalferovneba qmnis erTian
qarTul samzareulos. barbare jorjaZis `samzareulos
wigni~ marTlac rom sruli, unaklo da gamorCeuli
naSromia. is qarTul ojaxebSi magidis wignad iqca da Ta-
obidan Taobas gadaecemoda. `saojaxo wignma~ gadamwyveti
roli iTamaSa qarTuli kulinariis, rogorc kulturis,
Camoyalibebis saqmeSi.
188
cnobilia, rom maRali wris qalebs kerZebis momzade-
basac aswavlidnen, Tumca, samzareuloSi triali maT ar
exebodaT. maTgan gansxvavebiT, barbare jorjaZe Tavad
mSvenieri diasaxlisi gaxldaT. 1874 wels man Seajera Te-
oriuli codna praqtikul gamocdilebasTan da gamosca
qarTuli sinamdvilisTvis uCveulo da sakiTxavad ucxo
wigni, sadac Tavmoyrilia nairferovani qarTuli tradi-
ciuli kerZebis receptebi* (jorjaZe 1874:). es gamocema
umal gaiyida da gamomcemel axpatelovs igi xelmeored
daubeWdavs.** avtori wignis mesame gamocemasac apireb-
da, magram ar dascalda. am saqmes misma qaliSvilma manana
jorjaZe-gextmanma mohkida xeli. ai, ras wers igi: `gansve-
nebuli dedaCemi, im diasaxlisTagani iyo, romelic saxl-
Si Sinauri saqmis keTebas da ojaxis movla-patronobas ar
Takilobda. TviTon iyo diasaxlisi da sxvebsac agulia-
nebda, rom ojaxisTvis miexednaT da fexze daeyenebinaT...
mwerlobiTac surda gaewia `propaganda~ diasaxlisTa So-
ris~ (jorjaZe 1874). manana jorjaZe-gextmanma 1914 wels
xelmeored gamosca dedis es marTlac unikaluri Sroma.
barbare jorjaZem uaRresad sainterso cxovrebise-
uli da SemoqmedebiTi fza ganvlo. mis saliteraturo
asparezze gamoCenas àrnaxuli triumfi moyva. aravis ar
rgebia amdeni qeba-dideba da taSi. aravisTvis amdeni sa-
xotbo leqsi da werili ar miuZRvniaT~ (kalandaZe 1984:
* ganTqmuli gurmani iyo gamoCenili frangi mwerali diuma. igi SesaniSnav

kerZebs amzadebda.Mman sikvdilamde ori kviriT adre daamTavra `didi kuli-
nariuli leqsikonis~, Sedgena romelSic asamde gverdia. porTosi, msoflio-
Si es saxelganTqmuli gmiri, visac ase uyvars Wama, TviTon mwerlis proto-
tipia. cnobilia, rom mwerali tiroda, roca misi sikvdilis Sesaxeb werda.
safrangeTSi cnobilia, lobsteri a’la porTos, salaTa a’la diuma.
** rogorc Aanastasia TumaniSvilisadmi miwerili werilidan irkveva, meore,
Sesworebuli da Sevsebuli redaqciiT gamocemul wignSi jorjaZis gvari na-
xsenebi ar iyo, ramac sruliad samarTlianad avtoris aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia
(werili inaxeba q. iremaZis arqivSi). 1874 wlis Jur. `ciskris~ redaqtorma no-
embris nomerSi daumsaxureblad `gamabaiburebeli recenzia~ uZRvna `samza-
reulo wigns~, avtors ki dacinviT `yofil poets~ uwodebda.
189
309). ai, rogor afasebda mweral qals misi Tanamedrove
mkiTxveli: efemia andronikaSvili `ciskris~ furclebze,
èqspromtiT~ mimarTavs: `badro mzeo, brwyinvaleob ma-
rada~. giorgi TumaniSvili moxibluli wers: `hoi mnaTobo
kaxTa Soris da mdedrTa sqeso,… poetov dido! ar dageSre-
ba sityvaTa wyaro~. giorgi andronikaSvili mas `ciskris~
damamSvenebels uwodebs: ìverielT qalTa Soris aRmoC-
ndi mweralad, romliT Rirsi xar tkbilisa simzed gvyav-
nde samRerlad~. `rigs ar aklebs, arc moTxrobas, xan ka-
maTSi ibrZvis, mxneobs, mReris leqss wyobilsa da zogjer
dramas moazreobs~- aRfrTovanebas ver malavda niko da-
diani. `vsCxapam raRa, raRac Cxapaa Zalian forsi gamikeTa,
yoveli qali Tu kaci erTmaneTs TiTiT uCveneben, es mwe-
rali qali ariso~ (r. erisTavis arqivi: saq. № 271), werda
Zmas warmatebisagan gulmocemuli barbare jorjaZe.
barbare jorjaZis teqstebi damokidebulia misi pe-
riodis literaturul gemovnebaze. samwuxarod, man ver
SesZlo cocxali kontaqtis damyareba momdevno Taobas-
Tan, gauWirda èsTetikuri Tanagancdis~ mopoveba Tana-
medrove mkiTxvel auditoriasTan misi popularoba gar-
kveuli droebiTi xangrZliobiT aRmoCnda SezRuduli.
TumcaRa, kvali mainc daamCnia qarTuli kulturis isto-
rias, `mwerlobaSic Tavisi sityva Tqva~. vaxtang kote-
tiSvilis Sefasebis Tanaxmad: `SeiZleba didi niWi hqonda,
magram SemoqmedebaSi ver gviCvena. mis gverdiT moRvawe-
obdnen meti potenciis xalxi, maT Sesaxeb Tu aras vambobT
da barbare jorjaZes gamovyobT, mxolod imitom, rom
Tavis droze sazogadoebis didi yuradReba miiqcia, Tund
rogorc mandilosanma mweralma, mxurvale monawileoba
miiRo im literaturul brZolaSi, romelic 60-ian wlebSi
ilia WavWavaZem Zvelebs gaumarTa... jorjaZis Txzulebe-
bi samarTlianad iyo daviwyebuli, radgan avtorma ufro
190
didxans icocxla, vidre misma Semoqmedebam... magram is-
toriisaTvis igi erTi punqtagania, romelsac mkvlevari
gzas ver auqcevs~ (kotetiSvili 1965: 297).
is sulac ar iyo martivi bedis qali. bevri gasaWiri da
dabrkoleba naxa, bevri simwarec iwvnia, magram far-xmali
ar dauyria. mamakacuri sijiutiT win miiwevda mtkice da
Seupovari xasiaTi hqonda, ukan arasdros ixevda da, am
Tvisebebis wyalobiT, warmatebasac aRwevda. mTavari ma-
inc is aris, rom mas yovelTvis sakuTari, Tundac viRacis
azriT, mcdari Sexeduleba gaaCnda. iyo qali, mwerali da
pirovneba, ris gamoc TanamedroveTa da STamomavalTa
pativiscema daimsaxura.
damowmebani:
abaSiZe 1962: abaSiZe k. etiudebi. Tbilisi: Tsu. 1962.

axmeteli 1958: axmeteli s. werilebi. Tbilisi: `xelovneba~, 1958.
bregaZe 2011: bregaZe l. literaturuli (gamo)Ziebani. Tbilisi:
àrtanuji~, 2011.
gamezardaSvili 1957: gamezardaSvili d. narkvevebi qarTuli real-
izmis istoriidan. t. 2. Tbilisi: `saxelmwifo gamomcemloba~, 1957.
gaCeCilaZe 1952: gaCeCilaZe a. narkvevebi XIX saukunis qarTul dra-
maturgiaze. Tbilisi: `samecniero-meToduri kabinetis gamomcem-
loba~, 1952.
gawerelia 1962: gawerelia a. rCeuli nawerebi. t. I. Tbilisi: `sab-
WoTa mwerali~, 1962.
daviTaia 1975: daviTaia e. kote yifiani. Tbilisi: `xelovneba~, 1975.
demuria 1895: demuria m. `mogonebani~. gaz. ìveria~, № 91, 1895.
eristovi 1879: Эристов Д. “Грузинский спектакль”. газ. «Тифлисский
вестник», 5/IX, 1879.
ìveria~ 1895: gaz. ìveria~, № 30. 1895.
191
iremaZe 1945: iremaZe q. literaturuli medalionebi. Tbilisi: `sab-
litgami~, 1945.
ìstoriani~ 2014: J. ìstoriani~. № 11. 2014.
kalandaZe 1984: kalandaZe a. qarTuli Jurnalistikis istoria. t. 2.
Tbilisi: `ganaTleba~, 1984.
`kvali~ 1893: jorjaZe b. òriode sityva ymawvil kacebis sayura-
dRebod~. J. `kvali~, № 14. 1893.
kiknaZe 1972: kiknaZe gr. qarTuli satirisa da iumoris ganviTarebis
istoriisaTvis. Tbilisi: qsu, 1972.
kotetiSvili 1965: kotetiSvili v. rCeuli nawerebi. t. 2. Tbilisi:
`sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1965.
`mwyemsi~ 1895: `barbare jorjaZe~. J. `mwyemsi~, №8, 1895.
mesxi 1958: mesxi s. werilebi Teatris Sesaxeb. Tbilisi: `xelovneba~,
1958.
rafiel erisTavis arqivi: korneli kekeliZis xelnawerTa institu-
ti, rafiel erisTavis arqivi, saq. № 271.
umikaSvili 1899: umikaSvili p. `Cveni Teatris Tavgadasavali~. gaz.
ìveria~, № 211. 1899.
qiqoZe 1965: qiqoZe g. rCeuli Txzulebani. t. 3. Tbilisi: `sabWoTa
saqarTvelo~, 1965.
`ciskari~ 1859: `gancxadeba~. ciskari. № 12, 1859.
`ciskari~ 1860: jorjaZe b. `ganrkveva~. ciskari. №3, 1860.
`ciskari~ 1861: WavWavaZe i. òriode sityva Tavad revaz Salvas Zis
erisTavis kozlovis `SeSlilis Targmanzeda~. ciskari, №2, 1861.
`ciskari~ 1861: kn. nina erisTavi. ànuka batoniSvilis moTxroba-
zed~. ciskari, № 3, 1861.
`ciskari~ 1861: jorjaZe b. `ramdenime sityva Tavadi ilia WavWavaZis
kritikazed~. ciskari, № 5, 1861.
`ciskari~ 1861: WavWavaZe i. `pasuxis pasuxi~. ciskari, № 6, 1861.
`ciskari~ 1861: jorjaZe b. `pasuxs pasuxi~. ciskari, № 9, 1861.
`ciskari~ 1862: jorjaZe b. `warmoSoba aragvis erisTavTa da mizezi
imaTis kaxeTSi gadmosaxlebisa~. ciskari, № 1, 1862.
`ciskari~ 1862: jorjaZe b. `Suri~. ciskari, № 2, 1862.
192
`ciskari~ 1865: jorjaZe b. `ras veZebdi da ra vpove~. ciskari, №9,
1865.
`cnobis furceli~ 1898: nasiZe m. `barbare jorjaZe~. gaz. `cnobis
furceli~. № 703. 1898.
wereTeli 1868: wereTeli a. `barbare jorjaZe~. gaz. `droeba~, № 3.
1868.
jorjaZe 1874: jorjaZe b. samzareulos wigni. Tbilisi: 1874.
jorjaZe 1914: jorjaZe b. samzareulos wigni. Tbilisi: 1914.
jorjaZe 1986: jorjaZe b. piesebi, moTxrobebi, werilebi. Tbilisi:
`merani~, 1986.
jorjaZe 1988: jorjaZe b. rCeuli Txzulebani. Tb.: `sabWoTa
saqarTvelo~, 1988.
193
qrestomaTiidan
vaxtang kotetiSvili
daniel WonqaZe
(1830-1860)
giorgi erisTavis saliteraturo moRvaweobam nayofi

male gamoiRo. mis mier daarsebulma „ciskarma“ Semoik-
riba Tavis garSemo daqsaqsuli saliteraturo Zalebi,
mixeil TumaniSvilis, sard. aleqsi mesxiSvilis, lavren-
ti ardazianis, aleqsandre savanelis, poetebis: dimitri
bagrationis, daviT maCabelis, baram baraTaSvilis, oTar
da Tamaz qobulaSvilebis, grigol rCeuliSvilis da sxv.
saxiT, romelTa Soris, yvelaze maRla dadga „suramis
cixis“ avtori daniel WonqaZe.
Tu giorgi erisTavma saTave aRudgina dramatiul
mwerlobas, daniel WonqaZem, grigol rCeuliSvilma da
lavrenti ardazianma daiwyes mxatvruli prozis res-
tavracia. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom maTi saliteraturo
moRvaweoba, am mxriv, novatorobas udrida. poezia gan-
viTarebis xaziT Seuwyvetlad mimdinareobda, radgan mas
hyavda saukeTeso warmomadgenlebi; proza ki daqveiTda
da gadaSenda. ase rom lavrenti ardaziani, „ciskris“
furclebze, mwuxarebiT aRniSnavda kidec, rom Cveni
poezia „merxevi da saamoa“, proza ki mZime da usiamovno.
es simZime ki enis sakiTxi iyo. giorgi erisTavamde, raRac
samRvTo weriliseburi ena iyo gamefebuli, da am eniT
Tu leqsis dawera kidev SeiZleboda, radgan leqsSi enis
simZimes musika amsubuqebda, prozaSi yovlad mZime da
mouxeSav frazas araferi Sveloda. giorgi erisTavis mi-
194
er xalxuri enis dakanonebam ki, prozas didi SesaZleb-
lobani gadauSala da „yvaryvare aTabagiT“ axal prozas
misca dasawyisi. es siaxle imdenad mimzidveli aRmoCnda
da imdenad STamagonebeli, rom zedized gaCndnen sada
sityvis iseTi ostatebi, rogorc m. TumaniSvili, lav-
renti ardaziani, grigol rCeuliSvili da daniel Wonqa-
Ze, gansakuTrebiT es ukanaskneli, romlis Semoqmedebasac
exla vexebiT.
***
daniel WonqaZe dabali wridan gamosuli pirveli
mweralia.
misi biografia mecnierulad jer ar aris Seswavlili.
zogadi cnobebi ki aseTia: igi duSeTis mazridan iyo, sof.
yvavilidan. glexis ojaxidan gamosulma, dedis rZesTan
erTad Sesva Tavisi wris siyvarulic da tanjvac. bavSvo-
baSi daobleba mis cxovrebaSi albaT did rols iTamaSebda.
meti gaWirveba ufro Rrmad agrZnobinebda gaWirvebulTa
mdgomareobas. pirveli ganaTleba danielma vladikavka-
vis sasuliero saswavlebelSi miiRo, Semdeg Tbilisis
sasuliero seminaria daamTavra.
sxva saswavlebelSi dan. WonqaZe iqneb dakarguliyo
kidec, magram Tbilisis sasuliero seminariaSi, sadac
gubdeboda momavlis didi protesti, igi gzas poulobs.
faruli wreebi, sadac „bursakul“ gulmodginebiT kiTxu-
lobdnen lui blans, dekabristebs da sxv., aZlevdnen mi-
marTulebas niWier moswavle axalgazrdobas da ara is Ca-
suqebuli berebi, wyevlis siluetebiviT rom dadiodnen
maswavleblis poziT. diax, maswavleblebi iyvnen maTive
uaryofisa. daniels seminariaSive gadaeSala revoluciis
perspeqtivebi. aq Seiswavla ruseTis mowinave sazogado-
ebis majiscema, da aqve gaiWeda masSi momavali mwerlis ne-
bisyofa. dRes misi biografiis damwers an mis kritikoss
195
TiTqos aRar yofnis gataceba, rom erTgvari inteleqtu-
aluri erosiT mivides am daRvremil portretTan, rome-
lic ise mSvidad gamoicqireba saTvaleebidan. istoriu-
li simaxvilea saWiro, da visac aqvs es unari, igi usaTuod
daafasebs am mwerals. is iyo pirveli qarTveli mwerali,
romelmac xma amoiRo batonymobis winaaRmdeg, da es gana
patara movlenaa? suramis cixe xom batonymobis saukeTeso
simbolo iyo, romelsac Tumc didi energiiT aSenebdnen,
magram mainc ingreoda. adamianis sisxli Seuries mis du-
RabSi, magram kedels wyali Caudga dasangrevad. aseTi iyo
batonymobac. aSenebdnen, magram Sigve yveboda damngrevi
uTanasworoba. cocxali xalxic Caatanes mas kedlebSi,
magram kedeli mainc dasvelda, dangrevis winamorbedad.
batonymobac ase daingreoda, rogorc es Sinagan rRve-
visaTvis ganwiruli suramis cixe.
imdroindelma feodalurma aristokratiam aramcTu
almacerad Sexeda am viRac „bursakis“ Tamam zRapars,
sisxlis aRebac scada im Seupovar SeuracxyofisaTvis,
romelic ase energiulad SesTavaza am „Tbilisis RvTisme-
tyvelma“. d. WonqaZes „keTilSobilTa“ risxvis ar eride-
boda. sad Sexvdebodnen isini erTmaneTs? magram kukiis
xididan daupires Turme gadagdeba. klubSiac undodaT
misi cema, magram orive gansacdels gadarCa igi. „suramis
cixem“ ki Tavisi saqme gaakeTa. Cveni xalxis Segnebasac Ca-
eWra da Cvens mwerlobaSic iqca dasabamad, saidanac zoli
modis karga manZilze.
***
me-19 saukune pirovnebis ganTavisuflebis saukunea.
bastiliis dangreva parizSi simboluri aqti iyo mTe-
li kacobriobisaTvis. yvelgan unda dangreuliyo cixe-
saxelmwifo da adamianis da moqalaqis ufleba unda ec-
noT RvTaebrivad. am lozungma meteoriviT gadauara
196
qveyanas, da yvelgan, tempis sxvadasxvaobiT iwyes am didi
saqmis gakeTeba da samzadisi. es talRa Cvens qveyanasac
moxvda. magram aq SeniSvnaa saWiro: rodesac me-19 sauku-
nis saqarTvelos Sesaxeb vsaubrobT, unda gvaxsovdes, rom
Cveni arseboba ruseTTan iyo dakavSirebuli da TiTqmis
yovelgvari literaturuli Tu sazogadoebrivi movlena
ruseTis mixedviT xdeboda.
es pirovnebis ganTavisuflebis azri ruseTSic SeiW-
ra, magram am ideisaTvis iq sul sxvagvari niadagi arse-
bobda. es Tavisebureba iseTi iyo, rom idealsa da sinamd-
viles Soris ufskruls avlebda. ruseTis mowinave nawili
dasavleT evropas ugdebda yurs gulmodginebiT, xarbaT
iTvisebda imas, rasac ambobdnen berlinis kaTedridan
Tu parizis tribunidan, lui blans izepirebdnen, JorJ-
zandis kiTxviT aTenebdnen, magram imave dros, ruseTis
oficialuri mmarTvelebi darajobdnen batonymobas,
rac pirovnebis sruli uaryofa iyo. ruseTis sinamdvile
mozeime obskurantizmis saxiT gamoicqireboda medidu-
rad, rasac brZolis gunebaze unda daeyenebina evropis
ideebiT meocnebeni.
es asec moxda, da me-19 saukune gadaiqca erT gabmul
brZolad, sadac erT saqmes akeTebdnen dekembris SeT-
qmulebi (pesteli, iakuboviCi, bestuJevi, rileevi, mura-
viovi...) da mowinave mwerlebi da moazrovneni (puSkini,
lermontovi, gogoli, belinski, gerceni, ogariovi, nekra-
sovi da sxv.).
social-politikuri azrovnebis xalxi, praqtikis gmi-
rebi da mxatvruli sityvis warmomadgenlebi yovel fron-
tze irazmebodnen: pesteli da Zmani misni awyobdnen geg-
mebs dinastiis gasaJletad, Caadaevi uZiro azrovnebiT
aaSkaravebda ruseTis gmobis aucileblobas, didi emi-
granti gerceni „im napiridan“ scemda „zars“ monarqiis
da batonymobis dasarisxavad, mxatvruli literatura
197
ki uars ambobda parnasze, da „SeuracxyofilebTan“ midi-
oda. yvela cdilobda mdgariyo Tavis sadarajoze Rir-
seulad da gaekeTebina qveynis saqme, rac niSnavda xalxis
ganTavisuflebas politikurad da ekonomiurad. am saqmem
mouwoda mwerlobasac. SemoqmedTa entuziazmi, sicocx-
lis tkivilebi, azris boboqroba, yvelaferi Semoevlo
sazogadoebriv tkivilebs. „CagrulTa“ qomagni mebrZoli
da wamebuli drois moTxovnilebad gadiqcnen.
aristokratiis elvare sasaxleebSic SeiWra es axali
motivi da Searyia Zvelidan dadgenili myudroeba.
garedac gamoiyvana grZnobieri axalgazrdoba da xal-
xisken mimaval Sara gzas daayena. gerceni iZleva am xanis
karg ilustracias. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia gercenis
da ogariovis fici „Воробьевы горы“-ze:
„patara biWebi, daqanculni, qaqaniT gaCerdnen vit-
bergis taZrisTvis miCenil adgilTan. „mze Cadioda, gum-
baTebi elavdnen, qalaqi ganusazRvrel sivrceze iSle-
boda mTis ZirSi... Cven davdeqiT, erTmaneTs daveyrdeniT,
gadavexvieT da davificeT mTeli moskovis dasanaxad,
msxverplad migvetana mTeli sicocxle Cven mier arCeul
brZolisTviso“. ase swers gerceni „Былое и думы“-Si. es
suraTi mTel im xanas axasiaTebs. aseTi iyo imdroindeli
sazogadoebis aSliloba. brZola swyuroda yvelas da es
survili gaaZliera pestelis da misi amxanagebis Camoxr-
Cobam. am aqtma yvela patiosan adamianSi xazi gaavlo, Tu
romel mxares darCeniliyo, da yvelam igrZno, rom ara im
mxareze, saidanac modioda „tyvia da gamarjveba, cixeebi
da borkilebi“. Sinagani xma mouwodebda maT yuri egdoT
batonymobis simZimis qveS mgminavi glexobisTvis, romel-
sac CveulebiT nivTis msgavsaT xmarobdnen.
es xma mwerlobaSic gaisma. jer puSkini idga rogorc
monblani da aaSkaravebda Tavisufali moqalaqis gambeda-
obas, Semdeg rileevi, Tavis akrZaluli xelnaweri leqse-
biT, avrcelebda safrangeTis didi revoluciis ideebs,
198
magram roca terorma yvelaferi CaaxSo, lermontovma
daikvnesa iseTi xmiT, rom mTelma ruseTma igrZno didi
tkivili, amave saqmes emsaxurebodnen gogoli da griboe-
dovi, pirveli – satiruli romaniT, meore – yofis kome-
diiT da damcinavi SxamiT Slidnen oficialuri ruseTis
safuZvlebs. maT misdeven e.w. „bralmdebel“ literaturis
warmomadgenelni, romelT kritika mimarTuli iyo Taname-
drove pirobaTa da gabatonebuli klasebis winaaRmdeg.
rasakvirvelia, mwerlobis pirdapiri mowodeba es ar
iyo, magram aris xolme pirobebi, rodesac xelovneba tri-
bunad unda iqces da Semoqmedi mebrZolad. es pirobebi ki
ruseTSi iyo da metad maxviladac.
saqarTvelo ki, rogorc ruseTis Semadgeneli nawili
im dros, rasakvirvelia, imave ideebis gavlenas ganicdida.
pirovnebis ganTavisuflebis sakiTxi Cvenma literatura-
mac dasva, da Tu pirvelad erovnuli ganTavisuflebis
Sesaxeb iTqva sityva, amas hqonda Tavisi mizezi. erovnu-
li tkivili iseTi axali iyo da mZafri, rom man dafara
yvelaferi, Tumc adamianis da moqalaqis yvela ufleba-
Ta aRiarebac ar yofila daviwyebuli, rac ukve vnaxeT
aleqsandre WavWavaZisa da giorgi erisTavis Semoqmedebis
garCevis dros. magram Tu xsenebuli avtorebi am sakiTxs
sxvaTaSorisad Seexnen, daniel WonqaZis SemoqmedebaSi
igi aris mTavari Tema, konkretulad warmodgenili ba-
tonymobis saxiT. es aris, sxvaTa Soris, imis mizezic, rom
daniel WonqaZes Cvens literaturaSi misces batonymobis
winaaRmdeg aRmarTuli pirveli protestantis saxeli.
Cven vnaxeT, rom igi pirveli ar iyo, magram yvelaze Zli-
erad ki igi Seexo am wyeul kiTxvas.
***
1859 wels Jurnal „ciskarSi“ dasmuli iyo kiTxva, Tu
rogor unda weron da ra wess unda misdevdnen qarTveli
mwerlebi. Cven ukve movixsenieT lavrenti ardaziani,
199
romelic werda: „qarTuli poezia ufro ganviTarebulia,
manam proza. leqsebs sweren msubuqad, martivad, cxove-
lad; yoveli sityva xtis, TamaSobs. proza-Ra Cveni aris
mZime, moudrekeli. Zneli, uZluria sicocxle moRebuli,
civi, maSin, roca qarTuli ena merxevi da saamoa-o“. mar-
Tlac, Cveni imdroindeli proza aseTi iyo. da ai, am mZime
da sicocxle moRebul fonze, sruliad moulodnelad
gaismis axali sityva, sada, mokveTili, merxevi.
mwerlisTvis stili Tu ukvdavebis ara, xangrZlivobis
ufleba mainc aris. daniel WonqaZe am uflebiT mosili
mweralia. dResac ki, bevri prozaikosi unda Camoecalos
am gardasuli Taobis warmomadgenels. magram amis Sesaxeb
cota qvemoT.
ras werda am axali JanriT?
– uCveulos da axals.
– Zlier protests batonymobis winaaRmdeg.
gadaavleT Tvali imdroindel Cvens literaturas Tu
saJurnalo presas da darwmundebiT, rom marTalia es Tema
arsebobda, magram sxva CarCoebSi. 1858 wels rusul gazeT
„kavkazSi“ (№58) dabeWdili iyo aleqsandre II sityva Tavad-
aznaurTa krebaze warmoTqmuli moskovSi. sityva Seexebo-
da glexTa ganTavisuflebas. imperatori Tavadaznauro-
bas afrTxilebda, rom Tu zemodan ar movaxdineT reforma,
qvemodan moaxdeneno da sxv. erTi sityviT, batonymobis
gauqmebis aucileblobaze iyo saubari. es sityva Targmna
molaybem da, Tavis mxriv, daurTo zogi ram. sxvaTa Soris,
igi werda: – „Cveni didi mefe Sedgomia imisTana sazogado
keTil azrs, romelzedac hkvirobs mTeli evropa. ras mog-
vikecnia, ratom SeZlebisamebr ar mogvixsenebia: – „dido
imperatoro! Cveno mfarvelo, Cveno usjuloT, mahmadTan
damxsnelo! gvibrZane da mzaTa varT erTgulni Svil-ni
iverielni“-o! es ar SeiZleba radikalizmad CauTvaloT
molaybes. es mxolod mefis survilis apologiaa da pro-
200
testantizmTan cota ram akavSirebs. ase daiwera d. Won-
qaZemde erTaderTi publicisturi werili batonymobis
Sesaxeb saqarTveloSi. sainteresoa agreTve, Tu rogori
iyo sazogadoebis zneobrivi pulsacia. molaybe am weri-
lisTvis „ciskris“ TanamSromelTa ricxvidan gaaZeves.
Jurnalis redaqtori iv. kereseliZe swers amis mizezze:
„TiTqmis oTxive kuTxidan aRgvidgneno“.
aq ukve naTelia is didi gmiroba, romelic d. WonqaZem
Caidina. ai, am atmosferoSi Tqva man iseTi gabeduli sity-
va, romlis gasagonad qarTvelT yuri moumzadebeli iyo.
– „sanam Cven batonis ymani varT, CvenSi bedniereba ar
SeiZleba.
– „es iyo pirveli puris-Wama durmiSxanisa, romelic ar
iyo batonis nasufrali, da unda genaxaT, ra gemrieli iyo
is puri...
– „batoni Semirigda... vgoneb imitom, rom hpova CemSi
sasargeblo nivTi... eZebda CemSi erTgulebas, da darwmu-
nebulic iyo, rom me viyavi misi erTguli... xa, xa, xa! erT-
gulebas eZebda imaSi, romelsac deda moukla uRelSi...
magram davaneboT am amonawerebs Tavi da TviT moTxro-
bis morevSi SevideT.
***
– „im zafxuls, im saSinel sicxeSi, rodesac qalaqSi
mcxovrebni eZebdnen sigriles qalaq gared, aq, ramde-
nime ymawvilT, romelTa ricxvSi eria Tqveni umorCilesi
mosamsaxure, dasdes piroba: mTel zafxuls, yovel saRa-
mos Seyra riyeze, anCis-xatis Caswvriv, da iq droebis
gatareba karga SuaRamemde. im pirobebSi, sxvaTa Soris
iyo erTi muxli, romliTac morige pirs unda eTqva erTi
moTxroba anu araki, anu sxva rame, Cveni saqarTvelos
cxovrebidan“-o. ase originalurad, qarTuli prozisTvis
201
uCveulo stiliT iwyebs avtori Tavis moTxrobas. pirda-
pir gaocebT es Tamami temperamenti; kalamic gamocdilia.
ara mgonia, rom daniel WonqaZes „suramis cixiT“ daewyos
mwerloba, Tu ho, ufro meti seriozulobiT aris saWiro
masTan misvla.
mxatvrul nawarmoebSi yvelaferi imisgan aris damo-
kidebuli, Tu saidgan mosWidavT xels frazas da rogor
SeisunTqavT garemos. vnaxoT d. WonqaZis unari:
– „ai, is saxlebi exla daqceulebi arian, ar vici raTa,
patronebi yurs aRar ugdeben, guli aucruvdaT imaze,
magram magaTac hqondaT Tavis dro“. – ase iwyeba pirveli
Tavi.
gardasulis koloritia, – dangreulisa. pirveli
mZlavri STabeWdileba es aris, romelic unda gayves mki-
Txvels moTxrobis bolomde. Zveli, erT dros mZlavri,
Tavmomwone, exla ara-ra, ganadgurebuli. asea yvelaferi.
muxran-batonianT sasaxle daingra, durmiSxanis da gu-
lisvardis siyvarulic daingra, daingra durmiSxanis
ojaxis zeimoba, ramdenjerme daingra suramis cixe, mxo-
lod gamTelda gulisvardis gatexili guli da gamTelda
SurisZiebiT. aseTia istoriis wesi. avtorma sworad gaigo
saukunis midrekileba.
***
„suramis cixe“. ra nawarmoebia igi? zRaparia kargi,
romlis yoveli nakvTi sinamdvilea uarsayofi. am zRapris
realizmi dasulia pirdapir fizikur tkivilebamde.
xelovneba aris sinamdvilis gamaxvileba da am maxvili
kuTxiT dayvana emociebis da inteleqtis ukanasknel saz-
Rvramde.
daniel WonqaZe miT aris TvalsaCino, rom igi „sura-
mis cixiT“ trialebda im drois wyeul da rTul moralur
problemaTa wreSi, da sakiTxebs ki ar wyvetda, aramed
202
iseTi gancdebis Canglebs abamda, romelnic aucileblad
gamoedebodnen adamianis guls. Tanac iseTi simarTle
iketeboda yovel mis frazaSi, rom am ukanasknelis gaxsna
dResaviT aelvebda TavisSi dacul Sinaarss.
„suramis cixe“-Si ori mTavari gmiria gamoyvanili: du-
rmiSxan wamalaZe da gulisvardi, batonis moaxle. orive
glexisSvilebi arian, zneobrivad ki erTi-meores sawi-
naaRmdego. am dapirispirebiT d. WonqaZes surda eCvenebina
erTi WeSmariteba: rom glexkacis buneba iseTi wminda da
keTilSobilia, rogorc gulisvardi siyvarulis period-
Si, da batonymobis ugvanoba ki ise amaxinjebs, rogorc
durmiSxans.
„erTi kaci ar myolia, rom SemeCivla gulis dardebi-o“,
ambobs durmiSxani. aseTi kaci ki undoda adamians, romel-
mac ra ar gamoscada: SimSili, wyurvili, sicive, cema, da-
cinva da sxv., magram vis etyoda yma da mosamsaxure? gu-
lisvardi ki jer meamitia, alali, man ar icis cxovrebis
klanWis sibasre. durmiSxania misi pirveli maswavlebeli
da saboloo damRupveli. „qveyanaze SeuZlebeli ara aris
ra gulojan; sanam Cven batonis ymani varT, CvenSi bedni-
ereba ar SeiZleba“... es icis durmiSxanma da imitomac ik-
vlevs cxovrebis sarbiels marTali da yalbi gzebiT. es
gza gulisvardisTvis warmoudgenelia, magram igic wa-
moiCoqebs am Sara gzaze.
durmiSxani bevrs warmoudgenia gamvlel matyuarad,
magram es rodia marTali. durmiSxans uyvars gulisvardi.
is araerTxel moigonebs mas ocnebiT, Soreulad ealerseba
kidec, gamdidrebac masTan unda. sami wlis Semdeg weril-
Sic grZnobierad axsenebs mis saxels. oci wlis Semdegac.
– „durmiSxanma is iyo moswia erTi Cibuxi mSvenieri
stambolis TambaqoTi, gaagdo Cibuxi iqiT, gadabrunda
gulaRma da dauwyo yureba mowmendil firuziviT Ria
lurj cas. iman uyura, uyura cas da Cafiqrda. imas moagon-
203
da Tavis siymawvile... moagonda Semdeg pirveli gacnoba
gulis vardisa, imisi siyvaruli.
ra Zlier vuyvardi sawyals? – fiqrobda durmiSxani;
is rom ar yofiliyo, xom ar gamaTavisuflebda batoni. ra
kargad moviqec, ra nairad vaCvene Tavi, rom viTom miyvar-
da, magram RmerTmani Rirda sasiyvarulod“... ara, durmiS-
xans uyvarda gulisvardi, magram es siyvaruli dafara
momavlis SiSma da arsebulis sicarielem. uRalata? –
magram es brali durmiSxans ki ara, im sazogadoebriv wyo-
bilebas edeba, romlis dauzogvel mawyevarad gamodis
d. WonqaZe.
TviT avtori sastikad ekideba durmiSxans, roca am-
bobs: „imas ar uyvarda arc exlandeli daniSnuli, arc gu-
lisvardio“. imas simdidre uyvardao. SeiZleba exlande-
li daniSnuli ar uyvarda, magram gulisvardi ki, rogorc
vnaxeT guls yavda CaWrili da Tu igi gacvala simdidreze,
mxolod imitom, rom dawyevlil bedisa iyo da icoda, rom
Tavis mdgomareobaSi siyvaruli siZulvilad gadaeqce-
oda. ori sicocxlis mowamvlas, isev erTi tkivilis gayu-
Ceba arCia. SeiZleba es arc Segnebuli arCevani iyo. Se-
iZleba es is qveSegnebiTi procesi iyo, sadac xSirad ufro
sworad wydeba xolme mZafri sakiTxi, vidre Cveni gonebis
samsjavros winaSe. yovel SemTxvevaSi, aq Rrma fsiqolo-
giuri movlenaa, romelmac SeiZleba saxe icvala, magram
gvareulad dResac arsebobs da iarsebebs kidec, vidre
ar gardiqmneba TviT adamiani da, masTan erTad, mTeli sa-
zogadoebrivi cxovrebis wyobileba.
d. WonqaZe ambobs, rom durmiSxans simdidre uyvar-
dao, magram mas simdidreze metad saxeli uyvarda. Tavis
SvilisTvis naTliad Tavadi unda. colTan dialogi am
azrs amtkicebs.
daniel WonqaZe zneobrivi TvalsazrisiT ixilavda du-
rmiSxanis moRvaweobas da gansakuTrebiT, rogorc glexis
Svils, ar apatia ase Tamamad gadaxveva patiosani gzidan.
204
durmiSxanma damarxa bevri movaleoba da qvis-gula kaci-
viT „idga bosforis pirze da eloda gems yirimidan saqude
kalmuxis tyavebiT“... aq TiTqos axal fsiqologiur tip-
Tan gvaqvs saqme. amgvari adamiani im dros axlad idgamda
fexs, Tumc aRniSna es d. WonqaZem, rasac met wilad sxvag-
varad xsnian, magram me mgonia, rom aq aris didi sevda am ax-
lis gamo, romelic ase tlanqad glejda adamianis yofil
mTlianobas.
durmiSxani gardamavali periodis warmomadgenelia.
igi arc axali tipia savsebiT da Zvel memkvidreobiTac kar-
gad aris damZimebuli. sovdagari ki gaxda, magram nivTier
mosaxveWelma mainc ver gaanela wodebriv simaRlis mim-
zidveloba. masSi brZolaa saxelisa da qonebis, Zvelis da
axlis da, unda iTqvas rom, Zveli Warbobs.
igi mdgomareobiT ganTavisuflebuli glexia, nivTi-
erad gamdidrebuli sovdagari, magram fsiqologiurad
igi mainc yma aris da Tavadobis saxeli kvlav aTrTolebs
da izidavs. man icis, rom misi piradi ubedurebis, kacis
Rirsebis axdis mizezi TavadebSia, magram mainc maTken ar-
is misi moraluri orientacia. colis SeniSvnaze, „TavadiS-
vili mokeTeobas ver gvizamso“, durmiSxani upasuxebs: „ra
ici Sen? erTxel rom didma Tavadma naTlideda dagiZaxos,
erTxel rom imisma colma gamogarCios sxva dedakacebSi
da mogikiTxos, aba miTxari rad hRirs-o“. ase rom durmiS-
xani ar SeiZleba savsebiT axal tipad CaiTvalos. igi Zvelia
mTeli Tavisi gancdebiT, ideebiT, yma aris gausworebeli.
misi daxatviT d. WonqaZes surda gadmoeca is axali,
Sinagani dafantuloba, romelic moxda Zvelsa da axal sa-
zogadoebriv ganwyobilebaTa sazRvarze.
durmiSxanis bedisa aris osman-aRac. isic batonma
gaaubedura. isic ase SeCivis durmiSxans: „imaT hgoniaT,
rom Cven kacni ar viyveT, Cven ar SegveZlos siyvaruli da
siZule, imaT hgoniaT rom Cven ara gvaqvs guli, ar SegviZ-
lian gansja“... sul sxva tipia gulisvardi. igi, rogorc
205
vTqvi, meamiti glexis qalia, gulkeTili. mas uyvars dur-
miSxani ubralod da Rrmad. magram misi siyvaruli marcx-
deba. imedebis daRupvis didi Zala abrunebs mis zneobriv
bunebas. misi gulkeTiloba iZireba, siyvaruli sikvdilze
ufro mwvavdeba da mis arsebas ipyrobs erTi didi gancda
da fiqri: SurisZieba. igi RmerTsac gadaudgeba. amitom
midis mkiTxavTan da emudareba: „Cemsa da RmerTs Sua er-
Ti aRara arisrao, me imisTana rame maswavle, rom eSmakis
ZaliT asruldeso“. da marTlac, SurisZieba saSinladaa
mocemuli.
es SurisZiebac mamxilebelia. iq, dabla moTmineba di-
dia, sikeTec, magram Tu aivso sawyao, SurisZieba amovar-
deba iseTi, rom TviT sikvdilic ki gafiTrdes mis winaSe.
es erTgvari muqarac iyo maTTvis, vinc Zvel wyobilebis
damcvelad gamovidoda.
moTxroba SurisZiebis apoTeoziT Tavdeba, rasac ufro
aZlierebs SeSlili dedis silueti, SuaRamisas cixis ked-
lebs rom Sestiris da eCurCuleba.
amis garda daniel WonqaZes aRaraferi dauweria.
igi ekuTvnis im mweralTa rigs, romelTa saxelic Se-
kavSirebulia erT nawarmoebTan, erT saTaurTan. magram
amgvar mweralTa Zalac am sicotaveSia. istorias sibr-
maves miaweren xolme xSirad. magram xalxuri gageba arc
ise becia, rogorc bevrs warmoudgenia. aba gadaavleT
Tvali xalxis gmirebs. Tu erTi mainc nakleb xarisxovani
SerCa xalxis kalendars. mweralsac xalxi gmiruli Tval-
sazrisiT afasebs. d. WonqaZe SerCa me-19 s. iseve mtkiced,
rogorc sxva didi saxelebi CvenSi, mxolod im garCeviT,
rom d. WonqaZe gaamagra ara literaturulma azrovne-
bam, es mas arc ki xvedria TiTqmis, aramed imitom, xalxma
Seinaxa suramis cixesTan dakavSirebuli saxeli. „suramis
cixe“ didi legendaa. udanaSaulo sisxlze amarTuli cixe
da cremliani kedeli.
206
pirTa saZiebeli
abaSiZe kita 72, 131, 132, 133, 163

abaSiZe nino 169
abramiSvili eliso 93
avaliSvili giorgi 52
avaliSvili niko 52, 85
aleqsandre II 200
aleqsi-mesxiSvili sardion 180
amilaxvari nino 130, 163
amirova mariam 78
amirovi miron 78, 80, 81, 82, 99
anakreonti 137
andronikaSvili anaxanum 169, 189
andronikaSvili giorgi 190
andronikaSvili efemia 169
andronikaSvili ivane 82
anton kaTalikosi 178
antonovi giorgi 77, 85
antonovi grigol 77, 78, 79, 81, 93, 99, 100
antonovi zurab 65, 66, 69, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87,
88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105,
107, 112, 122, 123, 182, 183, 185, 186
ardaziani daviT 116, 118
ardaziani lavrenti 7, 107, 108, 113, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120,
121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 175, 179, 194, 195, 199
ardaziani petre (dekanozi) 115
areSiZe giorgi 86
areSiZe niko 52, 85
asaTiani guram 9, 12, 137
axmeteli sandro 76, 181
axundovi mirza faTali 111, 112
207
bagrationi dimitri 194
bagration-muxraneli nikolozi 165
badiZe melania 18
balaxaSvili iakob 82, 102
baraTaSvili baram 194
baraTaSvili giorgi 34, 118, 179, 180
baraTaSvili grigol
baraTaSvili mixeil 177
baraTaSvili nikoloz 11, 23, 24, 29, 38, 39, 40, 41, 44, 46, 56, 57,
116, 134, 167
bartolovi (bartlomei) ivane 96
batoniSvili Tamar 149
batoniSvili mariam 63
baferaSvili 65
baqraZe daviT 179
belinski besarion 197
benia 52
berZeniSvili niko 119, 120
bestuJev-marlinski aleqsandre 28, 30, 31, 33, 36, 46, 146, 197
bestuJev-marlinski mixeili 31
bestuJev-marlinski nikoloz 10
bestuJev-marlinski petre 31
baqraZe akaki 18, 22
baqraZe dimitri 158, 174, 179
baqraZe ioseb 183
birTveliCi (ix. TumaniSvili mixeili)
blani lui 195, 197
bomarSe 112
bregaZe levan 172
bronte ana 162
bronte emili 162
bronte Sarlota 162
brose mari 83, 105
208
brouningi elizabet bareti 162
burnsoni 143
buxnikaSvili guguli
gagarini grigoli 68, 96

gamezardaSvili daviT 16, 17, 81, 87, 94, 96, 123, 176, 177, 179
gaCeCilaZe amberki 82, 118, 123, 186
gawerelia akaki 97, 180
gersamia sergo 66
gerceni aleqsandre 197, 198
gogoli nikoloz 197, 198
goeTe 10, 24
gozaliSvili Salva 61
goldsmiTi oliver 108
griboedovi aleqsandre 198
griSaSvili ioseb 40, 103, 104, 105
grZeliSvili nodar 41
guramiSvili daviT 29
dadiani grigol 36
dadiani daviT 36
dadiani niko 190
daviTaia e. (eaxtangi) 185
dandurova ekaterine 169
de stali Jermena 162
de Jerardo delfina 162
demuria mariam 164
dvanaZe giorgi 26, 65, 66, 67, 83
diuma aleqsandre 119
dodaSvili solomon 116
evlaxaSvili ivane 95
elioziSvili iosebi 65
209
eliozovi 98
erekle II 148, 149, 163, 167
erisTavi barbare (ix. jorjaZe barbare)
erisTavi beJani 164
erisTavi giorgi 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 33, 34,
36, 38, 44, 45, 46, 50, 51, 53, 57, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69,
70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 82, 83, 84, 115, 116, 123, 181, 182, 183,
194, 199
erisTavi daviTi 164, 130, 183
erisTavi ekaterine 169
erisTavi elene 35, 62,
erisTavi ivane 30, 34,
erisTavi iasoni 164
erisTavi ioseb
erisTavi mariam 168, 169
erisTavi nugzari 62, 164
erisTavi rafiel 62, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138,
139,140, 143, 144, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 159,
160, 164, 166, 184, 185
erisTavi revaz 164, 177
erisTavi saridani 164
erisTavi feodora 135
erisTavi-WavWavaZe ana 164
ermolovi aleqsi 48
vaJa-fSavela 121, 145, 146, 160

vaxania nino 152
vaxvaxiSvili barbare 169
vezirovi najaf-bek 112
voroncovi mixeili 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23,
26, 27, 37, 49, 57, 58, 59, 60, 62, 85, 96, 97
vorocovi semion 16
210
zaziaSvili gigo 101
zandukeli mixeil 123
TarxniSvili konstantine 102

TuTaevi aRalo 81, 99, 101
TuluxCovi barbare 87
TumaniSvili anastasia 164, 189
TumaniSvili giorgi 101, 112, 118, 189
TumaniSvili mixeili 49, 57, 68, 76, 110, 111, 194, 195
iakuboviCi 197
ianovski 49
iasamaniZe parmen 97
iaSvili paolo
imedaSvili iosebi 101, 102
ioseliani platon 21, 23, 36, 63, 68, 96, 97, 116
ioseliani jaba 102
iremaZe qeTevan 164, 174, 178, 182
isarliSvili luka 25, 38, 40, 44, 45, 46, 56, 57
kalandaZe aleqsandre 22, 36, 45, 178, 179, 180, 181, 189
katkovi mixeil 49
kereseliZe ivane 25, 68, 69, 82, 85, 93, 96, 99, 164, 166, 167, 174,
179, 184, 201
kiknaZe grigol 65, 71, 184
kiknaZe filadelfos 24, 130
korZaia 98, 101
kotetiSvili vaxtang 18, 19, 22, 77, 83, 91, 123, 130, 144, 147, 148,
168, 170, 173, 174, 177, 181, 185, 190, 191, 194
laSa giorgi 149

laSose 110
lolaZe ekaterine (keke) 24, 118
211
leizevici 57
leoniZe sofio 168
lermontovi mixeil 197, 198
lilo JorJo 110
lorTqifaniZe kirile 121
maiori gabriel 52
mamacaSvili konstantine 57
mamelyulizade jalil 112
mansvetaSvili iakob 42
marteni tereza 162
marjaniSvili kote 92, 93
maRalaSvili medea 10, 57
mayaSvili salome 168
maCabeli daviT 52, 194,
maCabeli elene 169
maCabeli ivane 41, 52
maCabeli svimon 61
maWavariani T. 179, 180
maWavariani mixeili 179
mgalobliSvili sofrom 81
miqelaZe daTa (mevele) 76
meifariani aleqsandre
mesxi kote 22
mesxi sergei 91, 173, 182
mesxiSvili aleqsi 180, 194
meunargia iona 24, 39
meCiTiSvili (meCitiSvili) nazar 77
mickeviCi amad 27
molieri 111, 112
moniava manana
muraviovi nikoloz 49, 197
muxranski giorgi 96
mWedliSvili ioseb
212
nasiZe mixeil 183
natievi 98
nekrasovi mixeili 197
nikoloz I 11, 22, 69
niJaraZe besarion 158
noroeli oTar 57
ogariovi nikolozi 197, 198

orbeliani aleqsandre 12, 13, 19, 21, 22, 167, 180
orbeliani grigol 21, 29, 38, 56, 57, 62, 117, 173, 180
orbeliani dimitri 39
orbeliani e. (gagarinisa) 62
orbeliani i. 62
orbeliani maiko 23
orbeliani manana 11, 35, 57
orbeliani nino 169
orbeliani sulxan-saba 29, 133, 134
ostini jein 162
oqroporiZe leonide 162
oCiSvili RvTiso 169
pesteli pavle 197, 198

polevoi 119
polemari 119
puSkini aleqsandre 197, 198
Jurdeni 111
ratiSvili 101
readi nikoloz
renani ernest 119
rileevi 197, 198
riCardsoni samuel 108, 109, 123, 124
213
rozeni (baroni) 61
rostomaSvili ivane 164
rusTaveli SoTa 120, 180
ruso Jan Jak 108, 109, 123, 126
rCeuliSvili grigol 149, 175, 176, 194, 195
savaneli aleqsandre 194

sandi JorJ 162, 197
sarajiSvili 78
sologubi vladimir 95
stali Jermena 162
stanislavski aleqsandre 76
stepanova olRa 80
sterni loren 109
sundukianci gabriel 112, 183, 185
tabiZe galaktioni
tatievi 98, 100
tatiSvili aleqsandre 65, 101
turgenevi ivane 32
umikaSvili petre 63, 84, 85, 182
fildingi henri 109, 123

furcelaZe anton 105, 113, 179
qiqoZe geronti 143, 176, 185

qobulaSvili Tamaz 194
qobulaSvili oTar 194
Rrebakovi grigol 97
yazbegi aleqsandre 113, 132

yifiani dimitri 12, 18, 21, 23, 49, 57, 62, 92
214
yifiani nikolozi 12
yifSiZe giga 42
SalutaSvili nadeJda 61, 63

Samili 12, 13, 170
Sileri fridrix 28
SiSniaSvili g. 62
Sirvanzade aleqsandre 112
Cadaevi petre 197

CxeiZe rostom 22, 101
cagareli avqsenti 104, 105, 113, 185

cagareli aleqsandre 104
ciskariSvili ivane 155
wereTeli akaki 12, 17, 18, 21, 38, 39, 41, 59, 92, 111, 118, 121, 132,
133, 163, 167, 168
wereTeli eqvTime 179
wereTeli giorgi 113
WavWavaZe aleqsandre 29, 39, 45, 56, 134, 199,

WavWavaZe ilia 6, 33, 37, 39, 41, 42, 46, 57, 70, 104, 105, 108, 109, 114,
115, 120, 121, 128, 132, 133, 154, 163, 164, 167, 173, 176, 177, 178, 179,
180, 182, 185, 190
WavWavaZe-griboedova nino 35
WilaSvili m. 62
WilaSvili-yifiani nino 35
WiWinaZe zaqaria 118
WonqaZe daniel 6, 108, 112, 113, 123,125, 194, 195, 196, 199, 200,
201, 202, 203, 204, 205
xaxanaSvili aleqsandre 148

215
javaxiSvili mixeili
jandieri efemia 169, 170
jologua Tamaz 35
jorjaZe arCili 18, 22, 76, 88, 106
jorjaZe barbare 162, 163, 164, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172,
173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187,
188, 189, 190
jorjaZe zaqaria 164, 165, 166
jojaZe iosebi 163
jorjaZe manana 166
jorjaZe mixeili 166
jorjaZe noSrevani
jorjaZe rafiel 183
jorjaZe-getxmani manana 166, 189
hegeli fridrixi 127
216

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Qart, Real XIX

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SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis

SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis

© ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

daibeWda Tsu gamomcemlobis stambaSi

qarTuli realizmis warmoSoba

XIX saukunis 40-50-iani wlebis qarTul literaturaSi

literaturuli portretebi g. erisTavis `ciskris~

me-19 saukunis 50-ian wlebSi saqarTvelos literatu-

Jurnalis gamocemis istoria. sagulisxmoa, qarTul

* iyo kidevac mcdelobebi qarTuli presis axali gamocemebisa (ix. Tamaz

mixail voroncovi. rogorc cnobilia, me-19 sau-

giorgi erisTavi. giorgi erisTavi is moRvawea, `visac

aleqsandre bestuJev-marlinski. Jurnal `ciskars~ oTxi

luka isarliSvili – Jurnal `ciskris~ saxe. erisTavis

`sulo macduro, raT momevline?

es leqsi nikoloz baraTaSvilis `sulo borotos~

`ros movigoneb Sensa saxelsa,

aseTi amaRlebuli grZnobis fonze moulodnelia vne-

saerTodac Znelia isaubro luka isarliSvilis poeziis

`eha, Cemo ocnebav, kvlav rad warmomedgine

es leqsi warmoadgens al. WavWavaZis nawarmoebis – `eha,

aqtebi 1885: Акты. собранные Кавказской археографической комиссиею,

birTveliCi – mixeil TumaniSvili, mwerali da publicisti;

giorgi erisTavis Teatri

cxovreba Teatria – am frazis WeSmaritebaSi saukune-

saTaveebi. Teatralur-sanaxaobrivi kultura uZve-

XIX saukune: dasawyisi. XIX saukunes saqarTvelo sruli-

voroncovi: moqnili politika. miznebi da Sedegebi.

giorgi erisTavi: moRvawe, mwerali da `kaci Teatridan~.

giorgi erisTavis dramaturgia. giorgi erisTavis dra-

gersamia 1950: gersamia g. giorgi erisTavis Teatri. Tbilisi:

`kargi erovnuli piesa, kargad dadgmuli

Jurnali `ciskris~ damaarsebels, mweralsa da sazoga-

* aRalo aTanases (avTandilis) Ze TuTaevi (TuTaSvili), ? – 1912 w. komer-

* rodesac giorgi erisTavma mudmivi dramatiuli dasis Sedgena moiwadina,

antonovi 1876: antonovi g. zurab antonovi da misi Txzulebani.

lavrenti ardazianis cxovreba da Semoqmedeba

istoriuli foni da kulturuli konteqsti. lite-

lavrenti ardazianis cxovrebis gza. lavrenti arda-

literaturuli saqmianoba. rodesac `ciskris~ redaq-

ardaziani 1859: ardaziani l. fulebi. ciskari, № 9: Tbilisi: 1859.

`rafiel erisTavis msgavsma adamianeb-

XIX s-is qarTuli mwerlobis mesaZirkvleTa Soris

analogiuri SinaarsiT iqcevs yuradRebas sami wlis

`... rad Semiyvareb? gana ar vici,

Tuki siWabukeSi `netarebis cremls~ Rvrida, `siyvaru-

droiTi distanciidan Cavlili xdomilebebis xedvam,

hedonistur gancdaTa uSualo gamoZaxilia leqsebi,

`Wirime Seni fesvisa,

xolo Rvinisgan ganucalkevebelia iseTi saojaxo, say-

`vxnav, vTesav, vebrZvi miwasa,

batonisagan Cawixluli glexi qalaqSi midis, raTa ax-

`momikvda xari giSera,

kidev ufro uaresia imaTi yofa, vinc gareT gamoug-

sazogadoebisagan gaucxoeba, mxolod piradze mofiq-

`yanav, Sen Cemo yanao,

da aRarc glexad yofnas emduris, rakiRa JamTa cvlas

raf. erisTavis poeziaSi garesinamdvilesTan glexis

`papanebaa, buRi dgas,

rudunebiT naxnav-naTesis bolokeTili malamod edeba

`biWo, puri Semosula,

msgavsi suraTi, ganwyobileba da mxatvruli saxeebi

`ar Sevxvedrivar mamiTads