For Grades 10, 11 & 12 bo Anvil Spindle Sleeve | Thimble ; Q /— Frame First Edition (2017) KASAILA KASHANDACONTENTS Preface Acknowledgements Unit. 1, GENERAL PHYSICS. Length and Time Mass and Weight Volume and density Speed, Velocity and Acceleration Forces Simple machines Energy, Work and Power 2. THERMAL PHYSICS. eo > Simple Kinetic Theory of Matter > Thermal Properties Transfer of Thermal Energy 8. PROPERTIES OF WAVES > Wave Motion > Properties of Sound > Light > Electromagnetic Waves 4, ELECTRICITY OF MAGNETISM > Phenomenon of Magnetism Electricity Electric Circuits Practical Electricity Electromagnetic Effects > Introductory Electronics 5. ATOMIC PHYSICS __ > Nuclear Atom 7 radioactivity vyyvvy v 79 99 131 vvvyUNIT 1.0: GENERAL PHYSICS Section A type questions (multiple choice) ‘The diagrams show a simple : | ple pendulum at the ends and centre of is swing. ‘Which labelled arrow shows the distance moved by the pendulum during one period? a. — a 8 c D Associated facts and Reasoning Period is time taken for one complete oscillation (go-come journey) Correct answer is D 2, The diagram below shows a simple pendulum. Ifthe bob takes 1.5 seconds to swing from ‘Ato and back to the midpoint B, what isthe frequency of the pendulum? (SPECIEN, 2816, 500A 08) A. 05H B.LOHz €.20Hz D.2.5Hz Assacated fcts and Reasoning > Frequency is defined as the number of complete oscillations (swings) produced per second. > The SI unit for frequency is the Hertz (Hz). One complete oscillation is movement from A, through B, to Cand back to A. In the above diagram the bob has moved three quarters @) of a complete oscillation. Hence proportionatity gives; ooTime number of oscillations 158 2075 1.08 ——+ x Cross multiplication yields; 15x = 1.0 * 0,75 Alternatively, where n=number of oscillations time taken The correct answer is A. “The diameter and the length ofa thin wire approximately SOcm in length, is measured as precisely as possible. What are the best instruments to use? (ior, 2016, see A 02) Diameter Length A. Micrometer sorew gauge Rule B. Micrometer serew gauge Vernier calipers c. Rule Tape D. Vernier calipers Rule | Reasoning micrometer screw gauge and the | The most accurate instruments are the vemnier caliper but they can only measure lengths of small objects such ds diameters of ball bearings, coins, solids and hallow objects and | tengths of small blocks, ete, however, they may not measure lengths of up to Sem. such lengths can best be measured using a metre rule or a hreasuring tape. Thus in the above question, the best selection will be the | micrometer serew gauge and the rule. ‘The correct answer is A.4, The diagram shows part of a vernier scale. 0 What is the correct reading? A30.Smm B33.5mm €38.0mm D425mm ‘Reasoning Read the division on the main scale just before the zero mark of the Vernier scale and add it to a division on a Vernier scale coinciding (meeting exactly) with a division Jrom the main scale ‘The correct answer is B 5, The diagram below shows part of a ruler used to measure the length of a nail. ‘What is the length of the nail? — locm T q T y Cee A. 2.2cm B.2.7em €.3.2em D.3.7em a Ll ‘Reasoning nd assoclated facts | To get the reacing subtract the initial reading from the final reading. Initial reading = 1.0em Final reading = 3.7m Solution. ‘Actual reading = final reading ~ initial reading =3,7-1.0 2.7em Correct answer is B. st 26, The diagram below shows a block of wood of density 0.6g/em". What is the mass of the block? YW Z acm i <——10em ——> A. 30g B.50g C. 300g, D. 500g ‘Reasoning and associated facts. Use the relation, density rome Data Density = 0.69/em? Volume = lbh = 10 1.0% 5 = 50cm3 Solution Mass = 0.6 x 50 30g Correct answer is A. 7. The diagram below shows part of a vernier calliper. (srecnven, 2015, sec 8 08) 0 10 ‘What is the reading on the venier caliper? ‘A. 3.67em B.4,72cm ©. 5.160m D.5.75em Associated facts and Reasaning To obtain a reading from a vernier caliper, the following steps are followed. she main scale which is just before the zero mark on the vernier scale. This reading is normally in centimetres fem), but it can be converted to mm by multiplying it by 10, if the (question requires the answer to be in mm. otherwise, leave it in > Take the reading on ti om.= = 5 ae the reading of the vernier scale which coincides with a division 'e main scale. This reading is given correct to 1 decimal place in mm. Convert it to om by dividing by 10. > Finally add up the two readings to get the actual rea SOLUTION Main scale reading = —4.70cm Vernier scale reading = +0.02cm Actual reading = ‘4.720m. ‘The correct answer is B 8. Which of the following is the SI unit for time? (ov. 2016, see A @2) A. Millisecond B. Second C. Minute D. Hour Reasoning ‘STunits are units which are accepted worldwide. SI unit means; In French = Systeme International d’Unites. In English = International System of Units. For time, the SI unit is the second. The correct answer is B. jing the length of 9. ‘The diagram below shows the readings of a stop watch for a person runni (ct.2014 34 Q)) 2 football pitch, How long did the person take to run the length ofthe football pitch? A. 9.08 B.9.9s C. 10.05 D. 11,08, {Reasoning -_ 7 erson to run the length of the football pitch is the ‘The time taken by the pé difference between the measurement before and after running. SOLUTION - Time taken = Final reading ~ initial reading =10-1 = 9.05 The correct answer is A. 4)10. An empty can weighs 0.6kg, and when full of diesel it weighs 4.2kg. The capacity of the can is 1.2 x 10%m?, What is the density of the diesel? (SPECIMEN. 2016, sec 4 92) A. 1.0.x 10%kg/m? B.15 x 10%g/m? C.2.2x 10%kg/m? —D, 3.0.x 10°kp/m? Associated facts and Reasoning ; Density is defined as mass per unit volume. It is calculated using the Jformula:- D= where D = density, M = Mass of diesel and V = volume, Data M= 4.2kg - 0.6kg = 3.6kg V= 1.2 * 107m? = 0.012m* SOLUTION D = S82 = 300kg/m* Bora =3 x 107ka/m? The correct answer is D 41. A 125g wooden plank was placed in a beaker, and below was the reading before and after placing it in the beaker. Coury. 2016, see A) ‘Wooden block Beaker soem? sae 4000? ‘3000n? 200m? 00cm? Water, Before After ‘What is the density of the wooden block? A O.lgem — B.0.Sglem? C. 1.Ogiem? D.5.0g/em?Reasoning Density is defined as mass per unit volume. It is given by the formula; Density = est Data . Jn this case mass = 125g. Since there are two volumes. Volume of block is found as; Volume of plank ~ volume of water and plank - volume of water only }00em$ ~ 250em3. SOLUTION HB = 0.59/ems The correct answer is B. 12. To find the density of a liquid, a pupil noticed that 90g of the liquid occupied the same volume as 114g of water of density 1000kg/m?, What was the density of the liquid? A. 0.79g.em> —B.1.27g/em? C.2.04g/em? D. 4.90g/em? (et. 215, $20 A 08 Reasoning Density is defined as mass per unit volume. It is given by the formula; Density = oe Data Mass = 90g, Volume of liquid = volume of water. Volume of water Se 34S 114cm’. Therefore volume of liquid = 114cm’. SOLUTION Density of liquid = eemesria “Fue” 0799/00 The correct answer is A. 13. A body moving with a speed of 30m/s has kinetic energy of 1 800J. What is its mass? A. 120kg, B. 60kg C. akg D.2kg (ov, 2036, sec 4.05) {>}ane (K.B) is the energy that a body or an object possess due to its motion The faster the speed (Velocity) of an object or body, the greater the kinetic energy. Kinetic energy is calculated by the formula: K.E = "2, where m= mass of the object/body- V= velocity of the object, Data from the question 30m/s 18005 M Since we are looking for mass, have; we make m the subject of the formula. We ke= 22 ml KE a mv? = 2KE ee _ matt oma ee Gera 7 4K The correct answer is C 14, Which of the following properties of a body is affected by a change in gravitational field? (oy, 2016, sec A C8) A. Mass B.temperature —-C. Volume _—_—D Weight Reasoning Different planets (And other bodies in space) have different gravitational fields. The weight of any object depends on the gravitational field strength of the planet on which the body is. For instance, the gravitational field strength on earth is 10N/kg while on the moon it is 1.6NV/kg. This means that a mass of Ikg on earth has a weight of 10N. The same Ikg mass has a weight of 1.6N on the moon. Hence, weight depends on the gravitational field strength of the planet. j i The correct answer is D 15, The gravitational field strength is 1.6N/kg on the moon and 10N/kg on earth. If an astronaut leaves earth for the moon, what effect would this bave on his mass and weight? ‘MASS weicur A, Less on earth ‘Same on earth and moon B, More on earth ‘Same on earth and moon {+}C. Same ou earth and moon Less on earth, D. Same on earth and moon More on earth (oot, 206, sec 4 @) Associated facts and ae eee with position (it is not affected by gravitational field) so strength of the pace at the quantity which gets affected by the ‘Wha maen the field. Since earth has a greater gravitational field than ”, the weight of the astronaut on the moon will be less than that on earth. The correct answer is D. 16. Which one of the following is the correct weight of a 50kg bag of maize on both the moon and the earth? Moon Earth A. 0.8N SON, B. 8.0N SON Cc. 80N SOON D. 800N SOON (uly. 2016, sec A @3) Reasoning Weight depends on the gravitational field strength of the planet or any body in space. Gravitational field strength on the moon is about 1.6N/kg whereas on earth it is about 10NV/kg. To calculate weight we use the formula: W= mg. Therefore we have; Weight on the moon, Weight on earth W=50« 1.6= 80N W= 50x 10= 500N ‘The correct answer is C. 17. A container is filled with Skg of paint, The density of the paint is 2g/em?. Which volume of container is needed? ‘A 10cm? B400em? © 2500cm? D 10 00cm? ‘Associated facts and Reasoning First change the mass from kilograms to grams; ie. 5 x 1000 = 5000g. We now use the relation; Mass Volume = Frsiy = 2500cm3 Ans. ‘The correct answer is C 218. A learner walks at a constant length alks at ac speed. He takes 100s to walk 160 paces, The length o Pace is 0.8m. How far does the pupil walk in $0 seconds? 7 A. 64m = B.80m C128 D.256m —csrecinen. 216, sec 4 gy ‘Reasoning In 100s, the learner walks a distance of 0.8m x 160 Paces = 128m, Let the distance he walks in 50s be d. By proportional, we have: Time Distance 100s 126m 50s = a Cross multiplication results into: 1004 = 505 * 128m a 400 SS = 64m The correct answer is A 19. The diagram below shows a velocity ~ time graph of a huge crane hoisting a stee! beam from the ground, What distance was covered during section C? A, Im B.3m C.4m D.Sm_ (oct. 2014, sec 4 @2) Assaciated fects and Reasoning The distance covered is equal to the area under the graph for the part C. The shape of the region C is a trapezium. The Sormula for finding the area of a trapezium is; A=) xh, where a and b are the two parallel sides of the trapezium and h is the vertical height (distance) between the parallel a and b,Data a= 4,b=landh=2 SOLUTION A= (43)x2=5 square units Therefore, the distance covered = 5m The correct answer is D. 20, The velocity — time graph for the motion of a trolley is shown below. y Yas o 2 0 10 20 3040 50 60 ts ‘What distance did the trolley travel when there was no resultant force acting on it? A. 200m, B.320m c.400m D, 520m (ose, 2015, se 4 @) “Associated facts and Reasoning ‘When there is no resultant force acting on an object, the velocity is constant, meaning that acceleration is zero. Here velocity was constant between 20s red 40s, The distance travelled during this period is equal to the area of the rectangle under the graph, Area of rectangle is given by the formula; A=1xb, U= length and b = breadth. Data 1= 40-20 = 20 units. b= 20 units SOLUTION A= 20x 20= 400 square units. ‘Therefore distance travelled ~ 400m The correct answer is C. 821. A number of forces are acting on a body as shown in the diagram below, 24N i 13N<— ON 20N What is the magnitude of the resultant force acting on the body? A. ON B.3N CSN D.12N (oct. 2015, see Ags) Reasoning We combine horizontal forces to find a single resulting horizontal force, We do the same for the vertical forces. We obtain the following. Horizontal forces 13N~ 10N = 3N, acting to the left Vertical forces 24N - 20N = 4N, acting upwards. Diagrammatically, we show these forces as below: SN Pythagoras theorem gives the value of the resultant force R as; Ra p44 R= 9+16 R?=25 R=\25=5N The correct answer is C. 22, Which of the following quantities change when a body is accelerating? ‘A. Mass of the body B. Weight of the body C. Velocity of the body D. The force acting on the body (oct, 2015, sec A) tt 2Reasoning | Acceleration is defined as the rate of change of velocity with time. The correct answer is C, 23. The diagram below shows how a Post Bus was moving (ity 2016, sec A Q2) ~ eee . ° 2 ‘What was happening to the bus at time intervals of Ss ~ 10s, 10s ~30s and 30s 50s? 5s~10s 10s —30s 308-50 A. Reducing in speed Moving at constant speed Increased speed B. Increased speed Stopped Started moving C. Goingdownaslope Moving at constant speed Climbing a hill D. Increased speed stopped Reduced speed Reasoning Under velocity (speed) / time graphs, a dropping line means decreasing velocity or speed, horizontal line means constant velocity and rising line shows increasing velocity, Hence the correct answer is A. 24, The diagram below shows a graph of distance covered by a woman varies with time as she takes a walk from her home to the market Cc distance | 0 Time/min {2}‘What was happening in the region AB during the woman's walk? She, ‘A. Walked with a constant speed oS B. Worked faster than before CC. Walker slower than before D._ stopped walking ‘Reasoning and associated facts. On a distance-time graph a. horizontal line represents a stationary object while a straight slanting (sloping) line like BC and OA represents an object moving with constant velocity. ‘The correct answer is D. 25, An object falls through a vacuum where there is no air resistance, Which line in the table describes the acceleration and velocity of the object? ‘Acceleration Velocity A Constant Constant B ‘Constant Increasing, ic Increasing ‘Constant D Increasing, Increasing (sPeciNen, 2016, #00 A @2) Reasoning ‘Since it is falling in a vacuum, there will be no resistance, due to air, on the object. The force of gravity will however make the object [fall with constant acceleration (acceleration due to gravity, 9 = ‘10m/s?). In the same event, velocity will be increasing uniformly. ‘The correct answer is B. 26. The diagram below shows a speed time graph fora car. speed (mys) 2 x 8 1 r 5 146 8 oH 16 stme 6) ‘At which points isthe ear moving with zero acceleration? It is at POM A. AandD B.BandC C.AandC D.BaD oy ee| Reasoning Free acceleration exists when velocity is not changing (is constant). In question, the two points where velocity is constant are A and C. ‘The correct answer is C 27. A force of 20N pushes an object of mass 5.0k; : Oke along a rough horizontal surface where the frictional force is 5.0N. What is the acceleration of the object? A L.Om/s? B20 m/s? C30 mis* D40 mis? Ressaning We use the formula: Fret = ma, where we make a the subject of the formula. We have; a=t Nonetheless, we have to find the resultant (net) force F, because it is the one causing the acceleration. te, Fret = Driving force - frictional force = 20N-5.0N = 15N Hence ast ‘The correct answer is C. 28, A force acts on a body. Which properties of the body may all be changed by the force? ‘A mass, shape and size B mass, shape and velocity ‘C mass, size and velocity D shape, size and velocity ‘Reasoning and associated facts ‘A non-zero force acting on a body has the ability to cause; ‘The object change its position (accelerate). 2, Change to the body’s shape / size. 3. Change to the body's direction. 4, Stop a moving object. —— Correct answer is D. 29, When a nut and bolt ae difficult to undo, i is easier to tum the mut by using a longer spanner because the longer spanner gives .. (ov. 2016, sec A 04) Less friction More friction A larger tuming effect ‘A smaller tuming effect pop>Reasoning ‘The question deals with moments, Moment is the turnit 3 Itis the product of the force applied and the Dependine aee ree the pivot to the point of application of the force. Moment is given by en formula; M = Fd, where F is the applied force and dis the perpen distance. The greater the moment, the easier it is to undo the nut, Gna moments are achieved by longer distances from the pivot. vale Hence in this case, the correct answer is C. 30, The diagram below shows an inclined plane used to lift a load of 2000N, What is the velocity ratio ofthe inclined plane as a simple machine? A. 40.0 B, 20.0 C.2.0 D.0.5 (oct. 2015, sec A 06) Associated facts and Reasoning Velocity ratio is the ratio of the distance moved by the effort to the distance moved by the load. ie, V.R = Heenemenet eT, Velocity ratio, just like mechanical advantage, has no units, SOLUTION VR =i 2.0 ‘The correct answer is 431, Armachine with a velocity ratio of 6 requires 8009 of work 0 rake 2 Toad of 60kg through 3 tert dts of I a arte! nvaniage of te mwhine omy. 2, ads BOTS Bo ssaciated facts. ee et ie .9 as to identify the best formula to ‘pat we eoltct att he cata. given i he question S use to salve the problem completely Data V.R=6 Mass, m, = 60kg g= 10N/kg Height, h= tm Work input = 800. wrk input = BOOK.SOLUTION: We know that we can find mechani ie fi anical advantage (M.A) using Efficiency = 44 x 100% We make M.A the subject of the formula. We have; Ma =Hiexva 300 Now we need to find efficiency. We apply the formula; = workouts PT rorkinput? In this question, Work output = gravitational potential a put = gr potential energy. 10 x 10x 1 = 600F Therefore, eff. = 2? x 100% = 75% Hence, MA ‘The correct answer is C. 32. The diagram below shows a wheel and axle. (oct, 2014, sec 4 06) oS IPR is 60cm and r is 15cm, what is the velocity ratio of this machine? A. 0.25 B.4,00 C. 45.00 D. 900.00 “Associated facs end Reasoning In the wheel and axle, velocity ratio is given by the formula; v.R =4, where R = radius of larger wheel and r= radius of smaller wheel. Data R= 60cm R= 15cm { » }SOLUTION The correct answer is B. 33. The diagram below shows a frictionless pulley used to lift an 8000N block of concrete, ‘What is the minimum effort required to raise the block? ie concrete block am A. 1600N B.2000N C.3600N D. 8000N ‘Reasoning and ossociatd fats. Four (4) ropes are supporting the lower block. Therefore, the minimum effort is distributed equally in the four ropes to lift the load. Mathematically, 42 = 8000N ip = 2000 oa E = 2000N The correct answer is B, 34. The diagram below shows a model of'a crane with a counter balance weighing 200N, ‘This counter balance can be moved futher or closer to 0 to accommodate different loads. | 1 9:3} ‘What is the maximum load the crane can safely IiR? = -—h6|\—:«=—=—_—_—_— “i i!‘Reasoning and associated facts. prtlmclinets load that the crane can lift should be equal to the product ofthe counter balance (200N) and the maximum distance from the pivot. nee words, ie ee moment should be equal to the anti- ent at the maxir ene i mera distance from the zero point. Let, F:=200N, di = 2m, da=Im and Fe Solution 200 * 2 = Fz x1 Fo= Ai ans > The correct answer is B, 35, The common understanding of energy conversion is that i is... can be transformed from one form to another remains the same in all forms can be destroyed can be created oop (uty, 2015, 004) Reasoning ‘The Principle of conservation of energy states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed but can only change from one form into another. From this fact: ‘The correct answer is A. 36. Which of the following will not allow a 6kg rock fall 6 times faster than a 1kg rock of the same size and shape? A. Air resistance is greater for the 6kg rock B. Air resistance is less for the 6kg rock C. The earth’s force of gravity to mass is the same for each D. The ratio of force of gravity to mass is the same for each. (ace. 2014, sec @1) Associated facts and Reasoning When a body falls in air, it experiences some resistance due to air, ‘The air resistance to a lighter body is a large when compared to its weight and vice versa. Hence air resistance has more effect on speed of falling lighter bodies than heavy ones. The correct answer is B. 2]37. A toy car of mass 600g moves through 6m in 2 st ar ise... A 0027 B02 C27 econds, The average kinetic energy ofthe D. 66.675 (ct.2015, see4 96) Reasoning Recall to change 600 grams to kilograms, the SI unit for mass. Then, apply the formula; ¥ KE = imv? Data SOLUTION = 00 1 2 = o.6Kg KEW1% 06x32 stance ae ve Pianee =$=3m/s ‘The correct answer is C. 38. A 4kg brick is dropped from the top of a building whose height is 30m. The brick reaches the ground with velocity of. (uty, 2036, sec 4.05) A. 1200m/s__B.43.6m/s C.24.5in/s D.34.6m/s, Reasoning and associated facts, At the height of 30m, before being dropped, the brick possess [potential energy. However, as it falls after being released its [potential energy is getting converted into kinetic energy. By the time Ljust before it hits the ground, all the potential energu it initially had is converted into kinetic energy. At this stage we can say; K.E = P.E. But P.E = mgh = 4 x 10x 30= 1 2005 Kinetic energy is calculated from, K.E = mv where v= velocity and m = mass. Data | KE= 12005 m= 4kg SOLUTION We obtain; 1200=3x4 xv 1200 = 2 = 2200 ve =12= 600 V= Y600 = 24.5m/s The correct answer is C. { » } a). The higher an object is from the ground, the. ‘A. more potential energy it has - B. higher its centre of mass is. C. lower its centre of mass is, . more unstable itis. (auty, 2016, see 4 8) | Ressoning Of the possible answers given above, the one which will be affected by height above the ground is gravitational ic eight ¢ ‘potential energy. Gravitational potential energy increases with inerecstid height. The correct answer is A. . The diagram below shows a block of mass 2kg, sliding from rest through a distance 20m down a frictionless slope (SPECINEN. 2016, see A 05) ‘What is the kinetic energy of the block at the bottom of the slope? (Take g = 10m/s*) A. 203 B. 403 €. 2003 D. 4003, Associated facts and Reasoning ‘Apply the Law of Conservation of Energy. The Law states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed but can only change from one form into another. In this situation, two forms of energy, namely gravitational potential energy (P.E) and kinetic energy are involved. Potential energy is the energy that an object possess due to its position while kinetic energy is the energy that an object possess due to its motion. The arrangement shown above is called an inetined plane. At the top of the inclined plane, the block possesses only potential energy, before it starts moving. As it moves down the slope, its potential energy changes into kinetic energy. By the time, just before hits the bottom of the plane, all its potential energy is converted in kinetic energy. Hence the P.E at the top of the plane = K.E at the bottom of the plane.‘So we have: (P.E (at the top) = mgh, where m = mass of block, celeration due to gravity and h = vertical ight. Data m= 2kg, g = 10m/s? and h= 10m. ‘SOLUTION P.E=2* 10* 10= 2007 KE = 2005 g The correct answer is C. PITFALL! h=10m and not 20m. 41. A body moving with a speed of 30mv/s has Kinetic energy of 1 800). What is its mass? (Nov. 2016, sec A Q5) C.4kg. D. 2kg B. 120k B. 60kg Reasoning Kinetic energy (K.B) is the energy that a body or an object possess due to its motion. The faster the speed (Velocity) of an object or body, the greater the kit energy. Kinetic energy is calculated by the formula: K.E= =, where m= mass of the object/body. V = velocity of the object. Data from the question V=30m/s K.B= 1800) |M =? Since we are looking for mass, we make m the subject of the formula. We have; KE= ne ake TTT mv? = 2k.E mo? KE rar 2k mete 7 cre = 21000 30x30 4kg Correct answer is C. {2}42, The diagram below shows a crane lifting a car from the ground onto a courier. Ifthe crane uses a petrol engine to lift the ear, what is the overall energy conversion as the car moves with constant speed? A. Chemical to kinetic B. Chemical to potential C. Kinetic to potential D, Potential to kinetic (oct. 2014, sec A 05) Associated fects and Reasoning > The crane uses a chain to lift the car, as the chain is moved so does the car. Therefore, the overall energy is chemical from petrol to kinetic energy. | PITFALL!: consider the energy conversion on the crane not the car. Correct answer is A. constant velocity of Smus together with a parachute 43, A parachutist of mass 60kg falls of mass 20kg. ‘Taking g to be 1ON/kg. What is the resultant force on the system? A._ON B.400N, C. 600N D. SOON, ‘Reasoning and assaciatd facts. Constant velocity is achieved when the driving force is equal to the |jrictional force. ‘Therefore, resultant force is equal to zero. ‘The correct answer is A. 44, A dog running at constant speed of 3n/s increases its speed to 7m/s upon seeing a lion. If ‘mass of the dog is 20kg, the work it does in achieving the new speed is A. 400 B. 1605 4003 D. 5805 8 HP* Reasontg and associated fats a The work done is equal to the kinetic ence gained by the dog, Gain in KE = KE oe to/a— KBSatanve ' abn - it 5x20 & 3? rao 7 -Br20n0 = 4005 The correct answer is C,Section B type questions ‘Structured Questions. 1, The Figure below shows a plank being used as a simple machine. The erate is slide up the plank into the lorry. ‘Take the gravitational field strength to be 1ON/kg, & Crate -t- (70 kg) 0.5m a () We make use of the formulas: Weight = mass x acceleration due to gravity (W = mg) ON/ Kg SOLUTION W= 70x 10 ZOON Ans. (ii) We use the formula: Potential energy = mass * acceleration due to gravity height (P.E = mgh) Note that potential energy ts equal to work done. Data m= 70Kg g> 10N/Kg h= 0.5m. SOLUTION P.B= 70% 10% 0.5 = 3503 Therefore, work done = 350J Ansb) (i) To calculate the efficiency, we use the formula: = Workoutpue PIF orkingut. * 100% Data Work output = 3505 Work input = 1400S SOLUTION 350 Epp 38. x 100% Ans (9) Some of the energy is lost as heat and sound energy due to friction between the box and the crate, 2. The Figure shows a velocity time graph of an object moving along a straight rd. vey ™ ‘ >a 8 sa a) What is the total time for the journey? w b) What is the maximum velocity for the journey? i ©) What is the acceleration during the first part of the journey? a 4) Calculate the total distance covered by the ear. GB] (ov, 2012, sec 4) Reasoning, salutions and answers a) Time = 50 seconds 5) Maximum velocity = 10m/s Reasoning ¢) Acceleration is equal to the gradient of the graph in the concerned part. Gradient =-4%, where Av = change in velocity and At = change in time {os ]/_4v=10-0=10 At=20-0=20 SOLUTION Ay 0 ay a) Reasoning Under a velocity time graph, the distance covered by the body is equal to the area of the shape formed under the graph. In the above diagram, the shape formed is a trapezium. The area of a trapezium is calculated using the formula: A= (82), where a and b are the two parallel sides of the trapezium and his the perpendicular height between the two parallel sides., 2.5 m/s? Ans SOLUTION A-(@) «10-350 : Distance = 350m Ans 3, The figure shows a velocity - time graph that represents the motion of the car. — 5 ¢ od bb th From the graph determine: 1) The total time taken for the joumey. b) The maximum, velocity. ©) The acceleration in the first 20 seconds of the journey. 4) The total distance travelled. (ov, 2006, see A @2) se PR‘Reasoning, solutions and answers a) Time = 50 seconds b) Velocity = 7.5m/s co) We use the formula: @ = Data V=7.5m/s u=Om/s t= 20s SOLUTION 1s = 75-0 ogee 20: ? = 0.375m/s? Ans d) The total distance travelled is equal to the area of the figure formed under the graph. In this case, the figure formed is a trapezium. The area of a trapezium is given by the formula; A=Ya + bh, where aand bare the two parallel sides of the trapezium, and h= perpendicular height between a and b. a Data a-20 b=50 h=7.6 SOLUTION A=1 (20 + 50)* 7.5 = 2625 Ans. 4, The figure shows a graph of how the speed of a car changed over 20 seconds as the car accelerated along a straight road. - ° 7 16 20 tiels a) Calculate the acceleration of the car. a »b) ‘The mass of the car was 1200kg. Calculate the force which produced the PI acceleration in (a.c) Caleulate the distance travelled by the car during the 20 seconds. 2 Reasoning, solutions and (hon 202, sec AG) a) Reasoning. Refer to questior SoLgranes question 2. ¢) above. anig . 20 ke 20-0 25 20 = L2Sm/s? Ans 8) Reasoning We use the formula F=ma Data m = 1200kg a= 1.25m/s? Therefore, F = 1200 x 1.25 = 1.S00N. Ans o) Reasoning ‘Area under a velocity time graph is equal to the distance travelled. In this case, the figure formed is a triangle. The formula for area ofa triangle is A =} ab, where b= base and h= height of the triangle. SOLUTION: A=}x 20x 25~ 250 ‘Therefore, distance = 250m — Ans.5. Figure 1.1 represents the motion of a car along a straight road. As the car approaches small town, it slows down. The car travels at a constant speed from the start of the town to the end of the town. Afier passing through the town, the car speeds up. 4 What was the speed of the car in the town? ‘What was the speed of the car in the town? 0 Determine the time taken by the car to pass through the town, 0) (iv) Calculate the distance travelled by the car in town. 0 b)_ The car accelerates after passing through the town, Calculate the acceleration. Give the units of your answer. a (Nov, 2008, sec A QI) Reasoning, solutions and answers a) () Speed = 14m/s (ii) Time take = 27s ~ 12s = 15 seconds Reasoning In this case since the speed is constant through the town, we use the formula d =t xs SOLUTION Even when we think about the Data situation as being a figure under the curve, we stil! have 15s S14m/s the figure, as a rectangle. The i “15% ‘Area of rectangle =1xb- crefore, distance 8 A which is the same as t x5 { »}») Reasoning The gradient of a velocity time graph is the same as the acceleration/ deceleration, m= 2 a SOLUTION 2-4 _ 4 Bay “5 72.8 Therefore, a= 2,8m/s2 6. Acar has a total mass of 900kg and is travelling at 20m/s. At time t= 0s, the driver sees ‘an accident ahead. He applies the brakes at t= 0.6s to stop the car, After the brakes are applied, the car comes to rest in a further 4 seconds. a) Calculate the deceleration of the car as it brakes. Q] ‘b) Calculate the braking force of the car, 2) ©) On the grid below, draw a speed ~ time graph for the car as it brakes. BI (SPECIMEN. 2016, see BQ?) Reasoning, solutions and answers Reasoning We recall that deceleration is negative acceleration. The formula for calculating acceleration is a =** were a = acceleration. v= final velocity, w= initial velocity and t = time taken. SOLUTIONS a) Data v= Om/s. u = 20m/s. t= 4.0- 0.6 = 3.4 seconds and a=? SOLUTION a =-5.9m/s? ‘Therefore, Deceleration is = §.9m/s? Ans (Note that when we use the term deceleration or retardation, the minus sign or negative, & ignored). b) We use the formula... Fema Data m= 900kg. a= 5.9m/s? and F =? PHSOLUTION F=900x5.9 =5294.1N 6) The scales used are: Horizontal axis: 2em to 1 unit, Vertical axis: 2cm to 4 units 7. Atrain weighing 2500kg starts from rest and attains a velocity of 20nv/s after 2 seconds. It moves at this velocity for 3 seconds and then slows down coming to a stop after a farther 1 second. a) Sketch a velocity- time graph for the motion of the train on the grid given below. 30 25 4 20| Velocity mis 15 —+—} 10 a 5 Time (s) {2}b) Calculate the breaking force of the train. 8) ‘Reasoning, soltians and answers 4) 30 = : 20 Velocity mis 15 10 VETTE a 3s 4 6 6 7 Time (s) b) The breaking force is found using the formula; F = ma, where m= mass and a = acceleration. We first find a. We use the formula, pou 2952 = 20m/s? Data m = 2500kg a= -20m/s, In our solving for breaking force, we shall use the absolute value for acceleration, which is deceleration. Deceleration = 20m/s? SOLUTION P= 2500 x 20 = 50 OOON Ans. -, locity of 10nv/s in 3 seconds. He th i iniformly from rest to a vel onds. He then 8 ou ee velocity of 10s for 6 seconds, before decelerating uniform g rest in a further 5 seconds. ity ti ing the cyclist motion, iS Draw a velocity time graph representing the cyclis 0 » Caloulate the distance travelled by the eyelist during the journey. i Velocity (m/s) ° 2 4 6 8 10 2 16 18 Time /s (iow, 2011, see A QD) Distance = area of figure formed under the graph. The figure above is a trapesium. For a trapesium, Area (A) = } (a+b) x h, where a and b are the two parallel sides of the trapesium and h is the perpendicular height between “a” and “b’. A a SOLUTION ere A=3(6+14) x10 b=14 = 10 X10 = 100 square units, h=10 * Distance travelled by the cyclist = 100m Ans. oopA on A space deed organization sent astronauts to Mars to examine rocks on its surface. . The eegaton Produced a report containing information about conditions of Mars, © gravitational field strength on the surface of Mars is 3.7N/kg. Calculate the weight on Mars of a rock of mass 0.50kg. ao) ) A rock dropped on Mars falls to the surface. State the acceleration of the falling rock. = that there is no air resistance on Mars). 0 ©) Calculate the kinetic energy of a 0.50kg rock as it strikes the surface at a speed of 3.2m)s. 2 (sPeciren, 2016, see 8 @) Reasoning, solutions and answers a) Remember the formula for calculating weight using mass and gravitational field strength. It is: W = mg Data m = 0.50kg g=3.7N/kg SOLUTION W= 0.50% 3.7 L.85N Ans b) The acceleration of a falling body on any planet or on the moon is equal to the gravitational field strength. The only difference is the units in which they are measured. This acceleration is known as acceleration due to gravity. SOLUTION. Since the gravitational field strength is 3.7N/kg, the acceleration of a falling body on Mars is 3.7m/s? Ans ¢ Kinetic energy is given by the formula: K.E = jmv*. Data m= 0.50kg .am/s SOLUTION KEW} x 050x3.2 =} % 0,50 « 10.24 = 2.565 Ans. tas10. The figure below shows diagrams that illustrate a measuring cylinder into which 50cm? of liquid and then an iregular piece of solid are placed, The total mass of the eylindas and its contents, at cach stage is recorded below the diagrams. liquid ‘50cm? ‘solid 809 “1839 212g a) State the meaning of the team ‘density of a substance’, QO) b) Calculate a) ‘The density of the liquid in the figure. B) 2 (i) The density of the solid above. (ov. 2014, see A 93) Reasoning, solutions and answers 4) Density of an object is its mass per unit volume/ measurement of how the particles are closely parked in a substance. >) Density = sr Data Mass of liquid = 153g - 80g = 73g Volume of liquid = 50cm Density = 2 = 1.46g/em? ANS (i) Density of solid = mS Data Mass of solid = 212g ~ 1539 = 59g Volume of solid = 70cm3 - 50cm? = 20cm? SOLUTION Density = = 2,95g/ems ANS {*}_ 11. The diagram below represents a thick-walled bottle used to carry out an experiment to determine the density of air. The bottle was fitted with a rubber bung and tap. ‘The following results were obtained: Mass of bottle containing air= 410g Mass of empty (evacuated) bottle = 409g Mass of bottle filled with water= 1150g a) What mass of water was needed to fill the bottle? 0) 'b) What was the initial volume of the bottle? Take the density of water as Ig/em?.[2] c) What mass of air filled the bottle? 0 d) What was the density of the air? 2] (iov, 2010, sec A 04) Reasoning, solutions end answers a) Mass of water = mass of bottle with water ~ mass of evacuated bottle. = 11509 ~ 409g =741q Ans b) Volume of the density bottle is equal to the volume of the water used to fill it, From the formula. Density = "* or D = # we have, x So we find the volume of the water. Data D= Ig/em* M-= 741g SOLUTION veh = 74104 Volume of the density bottle = Z4tem$ ie $f » }—____©) We use the formula ; Mass of air = mass of bottle containing air — mass of empty bottle = 410g — 4099 =-ig. Ans. @) We apply the formula D= Data m=1g V=741cm3 SOLUTION 2 D=;5 = 0.00139/em? Ans 12. The Figure below shows a bus, i a) State three modifications that should be made in the design of the bus to make it more stable. B) b) An astronaut with a mass 75kg on earth travels to the moon whose gravitational field strength is L.6N/kg. (What is meant by mass? 0 Gi) What is the mass of the astronaut on the moon? ul) (iii) What is his weight on thé moon? 0) (ov. 2009, see A Qa) Reasoning, soltions and answers a) Replace high wheels by low ones i) Change the shape of the front to be streamlined The carrier should be on the base of the bus.>) a Mass is the quantity (mass) of matter in substance. mass on the moon is the same as the mass on the earth (mass does not change regardless of position) Therefore, mass on the moon = 75ka Ans. (ii) Use the formuta w = mg, where m= mass of the astronaut and g = gravitational strength on the moon W= 75% 1.6 = 120N a) What is meant by the centre of mass of an object? a ») Explain why a minibus is more likely to topple over when the roof rack is heavily loaded than when the roof rack is empty. 2) c) A metre rule is suspended on a knife-edge placed at the 40cm mark. It is found that the metre tule balances when a mass of 45g is suspended from the 1Sem mark as shown inthe figure below. 0 45cm ____40em 400cm 459 Ifthe centre of mass of the metre rule is at the 52.5em mark. Calculate the mass of the metre rule. fey (ov. 2013, sec 4 @2) Reasoning, solutions and answers a) The centre of mass of an object is the point at which the whole weight appears to act from. b) When the roof rack is heavily loaded, the centre of mass rises, This situation makes the bus unstable. Conditions for stable equilibrium are: > Low centre of mass > Wide base ¢) We recall the principle of moments which principle of moments is, Selockwise moments = anticlockwise moments ‘Now we take moments about the pivot. We have: 45 x 25 = 12.5%m 1125 [divide on both side by 12.5] 35 90g Ans oe14, a) What is moment of a force? 4 5) The folowing figure shows «uniform metre rle pivoted at the 30cm mark. jg balanced when a mass of 200g is hung from the 20cm mark, 30cm 2009 a ‘What is the mass M of the metre rule? (ov, 2006, sec 4 ‘Reasoning, solitons and answers @) Moment ofa foree is the turning effect of a force about a point (pivot). b) Reasoning Refer to the principle of moments in question §6 on page 100 above SOLUTION Lanticlockwise moments = Yclockwise moments, 20 x m = 200 x (30cm = 20cm) 20m = 2000 2000 7 a m = 100g Ans 15. The Figure below shows the path taken by a ball thrown vertically up into the ai, lt) tr sO | a) 3 (State at which position A, B, C or D the ball travels fastest. 0) (ii) Explain you answer in (i) 0) 5) Wind isa renewable source of encrgy. The windmill is used for electrical generation and pump water, (i) What is meant by renewable source of energy? a (i) State one disadvantage of depending on wind energy. () Gil) Give as example of a non-renewable source of energy. 0 (Mov, 2010, sec A 05) oH oo PRThe ball travels fastest just before it hits the ground. So the ___ ball travels fastest at position D. (i) Because it possesses the greatest kinetic energy just before it hits the ground. Since mass remains the same, what a increases as it falls is the velocity V. cl Renewable sources of energy are those that are constantly and naturally replaced and are usually considered to be environmentally friendly. Examples of renewable sources of energy include solar, wind, biomass, Geothermal and hydrogen. (i) Wind depends on the weather. There might be no much wind at times. Or Wind energy may not be strong enough to perform up to the expectations. For example, it may not generate enough electricity or pump up enough water. (iii) Examples of nonrenewable sources of energy include any one of the following > Diesel > Coal > Natural gas 16. a) Define work and power. pl b) A pupil of mass SOkg runs up a flight of 20 stairs each 25cm high in a time of 20 seconds, (Take g = 10N/kg)- 2 Calculate: (The pupil’s gain in potential energy. Gi) Theuseful power developed by the pupil in climbing the stairs. [2] (ov, 2832, s0¢ AQ!) Reasoning, solutions nd answers a) Work is the energy transfer that occurs when a force causes an object to move a certain distance in the direction of the force. Work = force * distance moved in the direction of the force. Power is the rate at which work is done. ») @) — Weuse the formula: Potential energy = mass * acceleration due to gravity * height (P.£ = mgh) (eee)Data m= S0kg ‘ g= 10N/kg 5 n= 20x23 =5m SOLUTION P.B=50* 10x 5~ 2500J roo. 07 . : aa (i) Power = Her#46xe. But work done is equal roy doing the same work. Data Work = P.B = 2 500 t=20s SOLUTION Power = 230 = 1256 Ans 17. A trolley is being pulled up a ramp from point O to Z using a force of 200N as shown in the following figure, ramp Caleulate: a) The work done against gravity when the trolley reaches Z. ») The input energy into the system, ©) The efficiency of the system. Reasoning solutions and answers 4) Work done against gravity is equal to potential energy gained. Therefore, to find work done, we use the formula: Potential energy = mass acceleration due to gravity x height. (P.E = mgh) (ow. 2014, eA OD epData 300 4a * 30kg g= 10N/Kg h= 10m SOLUTION P.E= 30x 10x10 20007 ANS ») The input energy is equal to work done by the effort. As such, to calculate input energy, we use the formula: Work done = force x distance Data Force = 200N Distance = 40m SOLUTION Work done = 200 x 40 = 8000) Therefore, input energy = 8 Q00F Ans To calculate efficiency, we make use of the formula: Bf = a x 100% Data Work output = 30005 Work input = 80007 SOLUTION Eff - 22 x 100% = 37.5% Ans 18, The following figure shows an object of mass 0.7kg resting on a horizontal surface. Ifthe object is pulled to the left by a force of 6.0N and to the right by a force of 2.5N and assuming that no other forces act on the object. 6.0N YTS = a) Calculate: (@)— Theresultant fore. ul (ii) The acceleration produced by the resultant force in (i). Q ) Explain why in actual practice the acceleration for the object may be lower than your answer in (a) (i). 0 or, 2012s: 99) SS‘Reasoning, solutions and answers a) () Resultant force = 6.0 N-2.5N = 3.5N Ans (i) We use the formula: F=ma We make “a” the subject of the formula, we have: F = resultant force = 3.5N m= 0.7Kg SOLUTION 35 a-3 = 5m/s? Ans. b) Because some of the resultant force is used to overcome friction between the object and the horizontal surface on which it slides. 19. The figure below shows a uniform meter rule of mass 120g suspended at its mid - point from a spring balance, which is calibrated in newtons (N), ‘Spring balance A stone suspended at the 20cm mark, is balanced by a 100g mass suspended on the 60em mark. Assume g = 10m/s*, a) Calculate the mass of the stone 2) b) Why does the mass of the metre rule play no part in the calculation in (a)? (1] c) What is the reading on the spring balance? 2] (Nov. 2010, sec A 03) Reasoning, solutions and answers @) We recall the principle of moments which is, Lelockwise moments = Santiclockwise moments Now we take moments about the pivot, which in this case is at the 50cm mark (midpoint), where the metre rule is suspended. {«}Note that the metre rule is in equ librium. (is balanced) therefore we have: Lanticlockwise moments = Sclockwise moments. ie. Fix dr= Fax dy > Fake Data Fi = mass of stone 1 = S0cm ~ 20cm = 30cm Fe= 1009 da= 60em ~ 50cm = 10cm SOLUTION Pre B =83.3q Ans. ») It plays no part because the metre rule is suspended at the pivot. Since we take moments at the pivot, d= 0 Moment due to metre rule mass (M) Mx0=0 Also, the weight of the metre rule cancels out with the upward force exerted by the spring balance (support) ©) The reading on the spring balance is equal to the sum of the downward force. i.e, Reading of spring balance = weight of stone + weight of 100g mass. SOLUTION Weight of stone = 23x 10 = 0.333N Weight of 100g mass = 0%. x10 = IN Reading of spring balance = 0.333N + 1N = 1.383N Ans 20,’The diagram below shows a spanner being used to unscrew a nut from a bolt. 2) Explain why it is betterto push the spanner at Brather than at A. (dhe arrows marked ‘A and B show the direction of the applied forces). Ql =eb) A force of 120N is applied at B. Calculate the moment of this force about the cen of the bolt, py ©) The nut and the bolt are so rusty that the nut cannot be tumed. What effect may be produced on the nut and the bolt by the application of the force? (SPECINEN, 2016, se Reasoning, solutions and answers a) We realise that the problem deals with moments. The greater the moment, the easier it is to untie. Ans; It is better to push the spanner at B rather than at A because the moment developed about the centre of the bolt is greater than when the force is applied at A. Y) Reasoning Recall the formula for calculating moments: Moment = force « perpendicular distance from the pivot, In this case, the pivot is the centre of the bolt. We also need to change the units of length (distance) from centimetres to metres, Data Force = 120N Distance SR 10" = 16 = 0.16m = 0.16m SOLUTION Moment = 120 x 0.16 =19.2Nm Ans ©) Any of the following: > The threads will get damaged. > The bolt may break due to shearing forces. > The corners of the nut will be damaged. (spanner will cruse) > 21. The figure shows a door well secured on the door frame,. bier mares yaar of force? Include its ST unit? a a ent of fore if a foree of 1ON is applied at point | to open or close ) Explain why itis easier too : ve feed on Toe pene eg SOON lnc dh do (ov, 202, see 800) ‘Reasoning, solutions and answers a) Moment ofa force is the turning ir is ig effect of the force about a fixed point called the pivot. It is the product of the force, P and the — rpendicular dis i jcatic per e ee lar distance from the point of application of the force to m=Fa Moment is measured in newton metres (NVmj. It is a vector quantity. The direction of a moment is ether clockwise or anticlockwise, b) We use the formula m = Fd Data F=10N d= 0,25+0.5+0,75m SOLUTION m= 10% 0.75 ZSNm Ans ¢) The moment developed when force is applied at 1 is greater than that when force is applied at 2 or at 3, In short, a larger moment is developed at 1 and not at 2 or as a result of the longer distance from point I to the pivot. 22. A girl whose mass is 45kg carries a box of mass 25k up a flight of steps. There are 40 ‘steps each 40cm high. She takes 16 seconds to climb up the steps. (Take g = 10nvs*) a) What is her weight? a b) What is the weight of the box? w ©) Calculate the total gravitational potential energy of the gir andthe box when she reaches the top, e 4) Calculate the total power. a (ior, 2011, see 4) Reasoning, solitons and answers a) Tofind weight, we use the formula W = mg, where m= mass and g= gravitational field strength. Data m= 45kg g= 10N/kg Ft; hlSOLUTION Weight of girl= 45* 10=450N Ans : b) The same formula W = mg is used as above. Data SOLUTION Weight of box = 25 x 10 = 250N ¢) Gravitational Potential Energy (P.E) = mgh Data m= mass of girl + mass of box = 45 + 25 = 70kg g = 10N/kg h= 40cm x 40 steps = 16000m [This figure should be changed to metres, the STunit of length. This is done by dividing by 109) 1600 a= a 16m SOLUTION P.E= 70x 10x 16=4200J Ans. d) Power is calculated from the formula Power = "2*tdene(Eneroy Ans. p=it®=262.5W Ans. 23. A girl who has a mass of S0kg runs up some stairs in 7.0 seconds. The stairs are 8.0m high. Take the gravitational field strength as 10N/kg. what is: a). the girl's weight! fi) b) the gitl’s potential energy winen she is at the top ofthe stairs? a c) her power output? Q (Wor, 2065, se) ‘Reasoning saltans and answers a) We use the formula: W= mg Data m= SOKg SOLUTION g = 10N/Kg W=50% 10 = SOON Ans ff « peb) We use the formula: Potential snergy~ mass * acceleration due to gravity * height 5 -E = mgh) m= 50Kg 9 = I0N/Kg h=8m SOLUTION PE=50%10x8 = 40005 Ans ©) We use the formula: Power = Werkdons(eneray used) Tine taken Data Work done = 4000 Time taken = 7.0 seconds SOLUTION Power = 300 70 =S7L4w Ans 24. A pump lifts 420kg of water every minute through a vertical height of 30m. Assume that 27 10N/kg. Calculate the potential energy gained by the water every minute. 2) ) Explain why the energy needed to operate the pump for one minute is greater than the value you calculated in (a). wy ¢) Calculate the useful power output of the pump. Ql (sosciven, 2016, see 8) ‘Reasoning, solutians and snswers @) Potential energy is calculated using the formula: P.E=mgh Data SOLUTION P.E = 420 * 10x 30 = 126000J Ans _. ; Because some of the energy is used to overcome frictional forces in ‘moving part of the pump. work dovetor energy used) ¢) Useful power = Sere ere b) aWork done = potential energy = 126000J Time taken = 1 minute ‘= 226000 Tminute We change time to its Si unit, the second, = 126000 Power = 128000 =2100W = Ans 25. A pump lifts 500kg of water per minute from a borehole, femmes wae: es Pump ay rom borehole 2) At which position A, B or C does the water have the greatest potential energy?{1] ») Calculate the potential energy gained by the water if it moves a vertical distance of 20m during this time. (Take g = 10m/s?) 2] ©) Calculate the useful power of the pump, Q (oct, 2015 See 4g) Reasoning, solutions and answers a) At point C b) We make use of the formula: Potential energy = mass x acceleration due to gravity x height (P.E = mgh) SOLUTION PE=mxgxh = 500 x 10 x 20 = 2000005 AnsWork done = 2000005 Time taken= 605 SOLUTION Power = 200000 6) = 3333.3W Ans 26. - slag en shows water being pumped from a river into an irrigation channel. 4 to a height of 1.5m, The pump is able to lif S0kg of water each. second. The gravitational field strength is LON/kg. a) Calculate the work done when S0kg of water is lifted to a height of 1.5m. b) ‘The pump used 12001 of energy to lift SOkg of water toa height of 1.5m. Explain the difference between this value of energy and the value calculated in (a). ©) Calculate the efficiency of the pump. (ov, 2008, $06 A OH) Reasoning, salutions and answers a) The work done is equal to the gravitational potential energy gained. Gravitational potential energy is found using the formula, P.E = mgh. Data kg 10m/s? he 15m SOLUTION PE = 50x 10* 1.5 = 7505 Ans. at PRb) The difference is due to the fact that sorte of the energy is used t. suareome frictional forces in moving parts of the system. ¢) Bfficiency is calculated using the formula; © work output 5 190% Ef Work input x 100% Data Work output = 750 Work output = 1 2007 SOLUTION Epp = By * 100% = 62.5% Ans. 27. a) Briefly describe how the mass ofa liquid ean be determined, how the final result can be calculated. GB] >) An empty relative density bottle has a mass of 35g. When filled with water, its mass becomes 85g. () Mass of water wu density of water to be gem’) [2] (ii) Volume of the bottle (take the (Nov. 2013, sec A 3) ‘Reasoning, solutions and answers a) One way of determining {following the steps given below. (i) Measure the mass of an empty container, mx, “Measure the mass of the container with liquid, ma the mass of @ liquid would be done i) fii) Calculate the mass of the liquid m using the formula; m= mz. ML Ans. » the difference between the mass of the f) Mass of water is given by bottle filled with water ani Let the mass of the empty density bottle filled with water be mz. Mass of v d the mass of the empty density bottle. density bottle be mi and that of the water will be; m= m;,—my Data ms = 35g me = 859 SOLUTION m= 85-35 ~ 50q Ans (ii) Volume of density bottle is equal to the volume of water used 10 {fill it. Now we find the volume of water from the Formula D= 4. We have, V= 2= 80cm? * Ans Volume of density bottle = 50cm? Ans 28, The figure below shows a measuring device, a) Name the measuring device. 0) b) What is the reading ©) shown on the device? a 4) State two precautions to be taken when using the device. Q (Hor. 206, see 8) ‘Reasoning, associated facts, solutions and answers @) Micrometer screw gauge b) The reading on the micrometer screw gauge is obtained by adding the sleeve scale (main scale) reading and the thimble scale (rotating or vernier scale) reading. The rotating scale reading is the division that coincides with the horizontal line of the sleeve scale. SOLUTION Main scale reading Rotating seale reading Actual reading () Wipe the faces of the spindle and the anvil (Jaws) (i) Check for zero error (il)__Do not over screw the ratchet. i29. a) The Figure below shows part of a vernier calliper used to measure a physical quantity, \ i celeb A torr o| 8 0 @ ‘What is the reading shown above on the vernier caliper? a Gi) What physical quantity does the vernicr calliper measure? ty ») State two precautions that must be taken when taking measurements using a jcrometer screw gauge. py msomsir sere gs hov.2012, se Aga) Reasoning, slitons and answers @) (@ To take a reacting from a vernier caliper, the following steps are followed: > Take the reading on the main scale which is just before the zero mark on the vernier scale. This reading is normally in centimetres (cm), but it can be converted to mm by multiph the obtained value by 10 if the question requires the answer to be in mm. otherwise, leave it in cm. » Take the reading of the vernier scale which coincides witha division on the main scale. This reading is given correct to 1 decimal place in mm. Convert it to em by dividing by 10. > Finally add up the two readings to get the actual reading. SOLUTION Main scale reading= —_3.70em Vernier scale reading = + 0.03em Actual reading 373em Ans (i) A vernier calliper measures length. ») + Wipe or clean the faces of the anvil and the spindle. * Check the instrument for zero error, ot 830, The diagram below shows part of: ‘Amaicrometer screw gauge, an instrument used to reasure a physical quantity, ae a) What is the reading shown on the micrometer? 1) ») What physical quantity is measured by the instrument? uy ) What is the function of the ratchet? 0] (tov, 2010, see AQ) ‘easaning, solutions and nswers, 4a) Refer to question 28 on page 75 for more information on the procedure on how to take a reading from a micrometer screw gauge SOLUTION Main scale reading = 4.50mm + ‘Add to obtain actual reading Vernier scale reading = 0.3imm Actual reading =4.81mm Ans b) It measures length ¢) To give a signal (by producing a click sound) that the faces of the spindle and the anvil have gripped the object being measured. 31. The figure below shows a simple pendulum that oscillates between positions A and C. It takes 2.05 seconds to go from A to C and back to mid- point B. yo-o 52 = t. C o | |a) b) Briefly describe how the period of a pendulum would be measured, ‘Reasoning, solutions and answers a) () The period of @ pendulum is defined as the time taken for one (ii) b) The steps are as follows. > v (Calculate the period of the pendulum. (i) Calculate the frequency of the pendulum. complete oscillation. A complete oscillation is the movement of bob from point A to C and back to A. Movement of the bob from, to C and back to midpoint B, as shown above is three quarters 6) of a complete oscillation. We want the time taken for one complete oscillation. We let this time be T. Comparing two quantities, we have; No of oscillations time taken (s) Alternatively, i= il i T Cross multiplication gives, 2 xr=1 x 205 Zs 205 Multiplying both sides by 4/,(multiplicative inverse of (3), gives: §x¥=tx205 T= 73s Ans. Refer to question 24 on page 13 for more information. Data Arrange the apparatus as shown in the figure in this question above. There is also need for a stop watch. Pull the bob to one side through a small angular amplitude, so that it oscillates to and fro between A and C for a number of times. Use the stop watch to determine the time taken for the number of complete oscillations, say 20. Record this time.> Repeat the timing a few tir paatas few times for the same number of complete Work out the average of the tr ieee of the times for the same number of > Use the formula T= £ 32. 2) The table below shows alist of physical quantities. box, quantities into vectors and seals enn nthe Dow grown lars. 2] Physical quantity |_Mass Ve a ‘locity [Temperature | Pressure Scalar b) Give the ST unit for; @) Temperature Gi) Power 2) (sPecinen, 2016, see 9 01) Answers a) Physical quantity [Mass Velocity [Temperature | Pressure ‘Weeior v Seal v 7 v 4) () kelvin (K) (i) wate (w) 33. A stone of mass 1.Okg is dropped from a certain height and takes 8 seconds for the stone to strike the ground. Upon reaching the ground, the stone penetrates 5,0em into the round, (Take g = 10m/s?). 8) Calculate the height from which the stone is dropped. 2) bb) Calculate the kinetic energy of the stone on reaching the ground, Q) ©) Calculate the average retarding force. a (nov, 2036, sec'8-@2) Reasoning, solutions and answers @) Reasoning Recalll that the question deals with velocity, distance and ‘acceleration. Remember the equations of motion and, depending on the information in the question, decide which one to use. to PRData m= 1.0Kg t= 8 seconds g = 10m/s? u=Om/s Let the height above the ground represent the distance and be denoted by S. (Where m~ mass, t= time taken, S = distance [height), u = initial velocity and g = acceleration due to gravity). SOLUTION We use the equations of motion: seus +i Substitution gives; S= 0x8 +e = 0+320m = 520m Therefore, height = 320m Ans. b) Reasoning Kinetic energy is the energy that a body possess due to its motion. It is given by the formula; Kinetic energy (K.E) Data m= 1,0Kg, u=Om/s,t=8s, v=? We find velocity (v) using the formula v=u + at, where u = initial velocity, a = g = acceleration and t = time taken. v=0+10x8 = 80m/s Kinetic energy (KB) =" me , where m= mass and v= velocity K.E= 120 = 3200 Kinetic energy ~ 3200 Alternatively, use the understanding that; On reaching the ground, PE = KE = mgh =1%10* 320 = 3200S Ue)¢) Use the formula: F= ma, where F= force m= mass @ = deceleration use v? = u? + 2ax to find a. 0 = 80? +/ 2xa x 0.05) O.la+ 80 0.1a = -802 =si00 z a =H ~ 54 000 m/s? therefore, F= 1.0 64000 =-S4000N Ans. Alternatively, Work: done = force x distance 34. Figure below shows a Vemier calipers Main scale | thenelire Ly [———Vermier scale 0 10 (a) What is the reading of the Vernier calipers? PR) (b) Write in words the SI units of the following physical quantities and state their bol STunit in words STunit symbol (Velocity... Ce a 1 (i Temperature tay {] fii) Acceleration .... : Git) leratio (uty, 2017 bee 8 00) |