Chapter 2 Practice

CBSE 10 Years+Diagrams+Important Topics+Syllabus Chapter 2 XII Biology
CHAPTER 2 – SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS

PRACTICE MATERIAL FOR CBSE AISSCE, 2023
SYLLABUS
Male and female reproductive systems; microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; gametogenesis -spermatogenesis
and oogenesis; menstrual cycle; fertilisation, embryo development upto blastocyst formation, implantation; pregnancy
and placenta formation (elementary idea); parturition (elementary idea); lactation (elementary idea).
IMPORTANT TOPICS FOR CHAPTER 2
Male n female reproductive system (Seminiferous tubules, Fallopian tubes, Uterus wall), Spermatogenesis and
Oogenesis with flow chart and calculation at different stages, Structure of sperm and Ovum, Menstrual Cycle-Phases and
hormones involved, Embryogenesis-Morula, Blastula, implantation, parturition.
YEAR 2010
1. A bilobed, dithecous anther has 100 microspore mother cells per microsporangium. How many male
gametophytes this anther can produce?
Ans - The bilobed anther can produce 1600 male gametophytes.
2. Mention the reasons for difference in ploidy of zygote and primary endosperm nucleus in an
angiosperm.
Ans – A zygote is formed by the fusion of haploid male gamete with the haploid egg to form adiploid cell; where
as, Primary Endosperm Nucleus (PEN) is formed by the fusion of haploid male gamete with two haploid polar
nuclei, producing a triploid nucleus.
3. Draw a longitudinal section of a post-pollinated pistil showing entry of pollen tube into a mature
embryo-sac. Label filiform apparatus, chalazal end, Hilum, antipodals, male gametes and secondary nucleus.
Ans –
4. If you squeeze a seed of orange you might observe many embryos of different sizes. How is it possible?
Explain.
Ans – In orange, the nucellar cells surrounding the embryo sac start dividing, protrude into theembryo sac and develop
into a number of embryos of different sizes.
5. (i) Write the characteristic features of anther, pollen and stigma of wind pollinated flowers.
(ii) How do flowers reward their insect pollinators? Explain.
Ans – (i) The characteristics are:
(a) Pollen grains are light in weight, non- sticky, dry and winged.
(b) Well-exposed stamens for easy dispersal of pollen grains in the wind.
(c) The stigma is sticky, large, feathery to trap pollen grains in air.
(ii) Insect pollinators are rewarded in following ways:
(a) The flowers offer floral reward like nectar and pollen grain.
(b) In some species floral reward provides safe place to lay eggs.
6. Describe in sequence the events that lead to the development of a 3-celled pollen grain from microspore
mother cell in angiosperms.
Shayar Singh, PGT – Biology Kendriya Vidyalaya, Khargone

Ans – Microsporogenesis
(i) The interior of the microsporangium is filled with sporogenous cells. These sporogenous cellsdivide meiotically to
form microspore tetrads.
(ii) So, the cells of sporogenous tissue are called pollen ormicrospore mother cell (PMC) because they undergo meiosis
to produce pollen grains.
(iii) The process of formation of microspore from a pollen mothercell through meiosis is called microsporogenesis.
(iv) The microspores are developed from PMC in cluster of fourdue to meiosis called microspore tetrad.
(v) When the anther matures and dehydrates, the microsporesdifferentiate into pollen grains.
Pollen grains
(i) They develop from PMC due to meiotic division.
(ii) They represent the male gametophyte.
(iii)Pollen grains are generally spherical in outline.
(iv) They possess two prominent layered walls.
(v) The outer layer is called exine and the inner layer is calledintine.
(vi) The exine is the outermost hard layer chemically composed of sporopollenin
which is one of the most resistant organic material.
(vii) The exine has prominent apertures formed due to absence of sporopollenin
through which the pollen tube develops is called germ pore.
(viii) The innermost thin layer chemically composed of cellulose and pectin is
called intine.
(ix) The newly differentiated pollen grain has central nucleus and dense cytoplasm.
(x) Vacuoles develop thereby pushing the nucleus towards the periphery.
(xi) The protoplast thus divides mitotically forming two unequal cells–bigger vegetative which is rich in food
reserve and smaller generative cell with dense cytoplasm and a nucleus.
7. (a) Trace the development of megaspore mother cell up to the formation of a mature embryo-sac in a
flowering plant.
(b) Draw a labelled diagram of the structure of mature dicot embryo.
Ans - (a) Megagametogenesis: The formation of female gametophyte (embryo sac) is called megagametogenesis.
(i) Megaspore is the first cell of the female gametophyte.
(ii) The megaspore increase in size and its nucleus divides mitotically into two nuclei which move apart to opposite
poles. Thus a 2-nucleate embryo sac is formed.
(iii) Two daughter nuclei undergo another mitotic division giving rise to the 4-nucleate stage.
(iv) The third mitotic division, which gives 8-nucleate embryo sac comprises of a micropylarand chalazal end with 4
nuclei at each end.
(v) One nuclei from each end proceeds towards the centre of the embryo sac and are calledthe polar nuclei.
(vi) The three nuclei remaining at the micropylar region form the egg apparatus, without anycellular wall.
(vii) In the egg apparatus, the middle one is the largest called oosphere/egg/ovum, while othertwo naked cells adjoining
the egg cell are called synergids.
(viii) The three remaining nuclei at the chalazal end are surrounded by mass of cytoplasm andcellular wall and are
called antipodal cells.
(ix) The above mentioned method of female gametophyte formation is known as normal 8-nucleate type, because 8 nuclei
contribute in the formation of gametophyte and it is verycommon among angiosperms.
(b)
8. Pea flowers produce assured seed sets. Give a reason.

Ans – Pea flowers are cleistogamous, i.e., anther and stigma lie close to each other in closed flowers. So when anthers
dehisce in the flower buds, pollen grains come in contact withthe stigma to effect pollination. Thus, assured seeds are
produced in pea.
9. (a) Draw a labelled longitudinal sectional view of albuminous ‘seed’., (b) How are seeds advantageous to
flowering plants?
Ans – (a) Structure of some Albuminous seeds
(b) Advantages of seeds:

(i) Seeds posses better adaptive strategies for dispersal to form a new colony.
(ii) The reserve food of seed, support the growth of seedling till they become nutritionallyindependent.
(iii) The hard seed coat (testa + tegmen) provide protection against injury.
(iv) They provide genetic recombination and variation as they are the product of sexualreproduction.
(v) Seeds are stored to be consumed throughout the year to overcome drought and naturalcalamities.
(vi) Depending upon the mobility of seeds, they are used to raise crop in favourable season.
YEAR 2011
10. Normally one embryo develops in one seed but when an orange seed is squeezed many embryos of
different shapes and sizes are seen. Mention how it has happened.
Ans – An orange seed has many embryos because of polyembryony.
11. Draw a diagram of a male gametophyte of angiosperm. Label any four parts. Why is sporopollenin
considered the most resistant organic material?
Ans –
Sporopollenin is considered the most resistant organic material because it can withstandhigh temperatures and strong
acids and alkalis. Also, it cannot be degraded by any enzyme.
12. Differentiate between geitonogamy and xenogamy in plants. Which one between the two will lead to
inbreeding depression and why?
Ans -
Geitonogamy will lead to inbreeding depression because the pollen grains are genetically similar, which results in
inbreeding. Continued inbreeding will thus reduce fertility and productivity.
13. Give reasons why:
(i) most zygotes in angiosperms divide only after certain amount of endosperm is formed.
(ii) groundnut seeds are exalbuminous and castor seeds are albuminous.
(iii) micropyle remains as a small pore in the seed coat of a seed.
(iv) integuments of an ovule harden and the water content is highly reduced, as the seed matures.
(v) apple and cashew are not called true fruits.
Ans – (i) To obtain nutrition from the endosperm for the developing embryo.

(ii) The groundnut seeds are exalbuminous because the endosperm is completely consumed. Whereas, castor seeds
are albuminous because the endosperm persists.
(iii) For the entry of water and oxygen required for germination.
(iv) To protect the embryo and keep the seed viable, until favourable conditions returnfor germination.
(v) In apple and cashew, ovary does not take part in fruit formation, instead thalamuscontributes to fruit formation.
14. (a) Draw a labelled diagram of L.S. of an embryo of grass (any six labels).
(b) Give reason for each of the following:
(i) Anthers of angiosperm flowers are described as dithecous.
(ii) Hybrid seeds have to be produced year after year.
Ans – (a)
(b) (i) Anthers of angiosperms are described as dithecous because each bilobed antherhas two theca.
(ii) Hybrid seeds have to be produced year after year because progeny showssegregation and do not maintain hybrid
characters.
YEAR 2012
15. Mention the unique flowering phenomenon exhibited by Strobilanthus kunthiana (neelakuranaji).
Ans – Strobilanthus kunthiana flowers once in 12 years.
16. Where is sporopollenin found in plants? State its significance with reference to its chemical nature.
Ans – Sporopollenin is present in the exine of pollen grains. It is the most resistant organicmaterial in nature. It
provides protection to the pollen/gamete/gametophyte from unfavourable conditions or chemicals (acids, enzymes
and high temperature).
17. How does the megaspore mother cell develop into 7-celled, 8 nucleate embryo sac in an angiosperm?
Draw a labelled diagram of a mature embryo sac.
Ans -
(i) Megaspore is the first cell of the female gametophyte.
(ii) The megaspore increases in size and its nucleus divides mitotically into two nuclei which move apart to
opposite poles. Thus, a 2-nucleate embryo sac is formed.
(iii) The two daughter nuclei undergo another mitotic division giving rise to the 4-nucleatestage.
(iv) The third mitotic division, which gives 8-nucleate embryo sac comprises of a micropylarand a chalazal end with
four nuclei at each end.
(v) One nuclei from each end proceeds towards the centre of the embryo sac and are calledthe polar nuclei.
(vi) The three nuclei remaining at the micropylar region form the egg apparatus, without anycellular wall.
(vii) In the egg apparatus, the middle cell is the largest and is called oosphere/egg/ovum,while other two naked cells
adjoining the egg cell are called synergids.
(viii) The three remaining nuclei at the chalazal end are surrounded by cytoplasm and cellularwall. These are called
antipodal cells.
A diagrammatic representation of the mature embryo

18. Cucurbits and papaya plants bear staminate and pistillate flowers. Mention the categories they are put
under separately on the basis of the type of flowers they bear.
Ans – Cucurbit is a monoecious plant having staminate and pistillate flowers in the same plant.Papaya has staminate
and pistillate flowers on separate plants and hence it is dioecious.
19. (a)Why is fertilisation in an angiosperm referred to as double fertilisation? Mention the ploidy of the
cells involved.
(b) Draw a neat labelled sketch of L.S. of an endospermous monocot seed.
Ans – (a) Fertilisation of haploid egg cell by one haploid male gamete to form diploid zygote iscalled syngamy.
Fertilisation of two (diploid) polar nuclei by the other haploid male gamete to formtriploid primary endosperm nucleus
is called triple fusion.
(b)
20. How do the pollen grains of Vallisneria protect themselves?

Ans – They have mucilaginous covering to prevent them from getting wet.
21. Differentiate between perisperm and endosperm giving one example of each.
Ans –
22. How does the study of different parts of a flower help in identifying in wind as its pollinating
agent?
Ans – Wind pollinated flowers have light and non sticky pollen grains, well exposed stamens,large and often feathery
stigma, single ovule in each ovary, numerous flowers packed into an inflorescence. (Any four)
YEAR 2013
23. An anther with malfunctioning tapetum often fails to produce viable male gametophytes. Give any one
reason.
Ans – A malfunctioning tapetum does not provide enough nourishment to the developing male gametophytes and thus
fail to produce viable male gametophytes.
24. Geitonogamous flowering plants are genetically autogamous but functionally cross pollinated. Justify.
Ans – Geitonogamous flowers are genetically autogamous because both male and female flowers are borne on the
same flower. They are functionally cross-pollinated because thepollen from one flower is transferred to the stigma of
a different flower.
25. (a) Draw a diagrammatic sectional view of a mature anatropous ovule and label the following parts in
it:
(i) that develops into seed coat.
(ii) that develops into an embryo after fertilisation.
(iii) that develops into an endosperm in an albuminous seed.
(iv) through which the pollen tube gains entry into the embryo sac.
(v) that attaches the ovule to the placenta.
(b) Describe the characteristic features of wind pollinated flowers.
Ans – (a)
(b) (i) Pollen grains are light in weight, non-sticky, dry and winged.
(ii) Well-exposed stamens for easy dispersal of pollen grains in the wind.
(iii) The stigma is sticky, large and feathery to trap pollen grains floating in the air.
(iv) Numerous flowers are packed together to form inflorescence.
26. (a) How does cleistogamy ensure autogamy?
(b) State one advantage and one disadvantage of cleistogamy to the plant.
Ans – (a) Cleistogamous flowers do not open. Therefore, the pollens have to land on thestigma of the same flower.
This ensures autogamy.
(b) Advantage: It ensures seed yield. Disadvantage: It leads to inbreeding depression.
27. (a) Draw a labelled schematic diagram of the transverse section of a mature anther of an angiosperm
plant.
(b) Describe the characteristic features of an insect pollinated flower.
Ans – (a)
(b) Flowers are large, fragrant, sticky and brightly coloured. They are also rich in nectar.
28. Explain the steps that ensure cross pollination in an autogamous flower.
Ans - A bisexual flower is emasculated at unopened stage to prevent self-pollination in the flower and it is bagged
after emasculation to prevent contact of unwanted pollen grain with the stigma of the flower. Artificial pollination is
then performed when the stigma isready and the flower is rebagged.
29. (a) Draw a diagram of a mature embryo sac of an angiosperm and label the following parts in it:
(i) Filiform apparatus (ii) Synergids (iii) Central cell
(iv) Egg cell (v) Polar nuclei (vi) Antipodals
(b) Write the fate of egg cell and polar nuclei after fertilisation.
Ans – (a) A diagrammatic representation of the mature embryo sac
(b) After fertilisation egg cell fuses with male gamete to form zygote and polar nucleifuse with other male gamete to

form primary endosperm nucleus.

30. In angiosperms, zygote is diploid while primary endosperm cell is triploid. Explain. Ans – The zygote is
formed by the fusion of haploid male and female gametes, therefore it isdiploid. Whereas, primary endosperm cell is
formed by the fusion of one haploid male
gamete with two haploid polar nuclei, therefore it is triploid.
31. (a) Draw a L. S. of a pistil showing pollen tube entering the embryo-sac in anangiosperm and label any
six parts other than stigma, style and ovary.
(b) Write the changes a fertilised ovule undergoes within the ovary in an angiosperm plant.
Ans – (a) L.S. of pistil showing path of pollen tube growth;
(b)In a fertilised ovule, following changes occur:

(i)zygote changes into embryo
(ii)
integument develops into the seed coat
(iii)
synergids and antipodals degenerate
(iv)ovule changes to form the seed.
32. Name all the haploid cells present in an unfertilised mature embryo-sac of a floweringplant. Write the
total number of cells in it.
Ans – The haploid cells are: egg cell, synergids, antipodals. There are 7 cells in total.
33. Differentiate between the two cells enclosed in a mature male gametophyte of anangiosperm.
Ans –
YEAR 2014
34. Explain any three advantages the seeds offer to angiosperms.
Ans –
(i) Since reproductive process such as pollination and fertilisation are independent ofwater, seed formation is more
dependable.
(ii) Seeds have better adaptive strategies for dispersal to new habitats and help thespecies to colonise in other areas.
(iii) As they have sufficient food reserves young seedlings are nourished until they arecapable of photosynthesis on
their own.
(iv) The hard seed coat provides protection to the young embryo.
(v) Being products of sexual reproduction, they generates new genetic combinations orvariations.
Dehydration and dormancy of mature seeds are crucial for survival under adverse conditions. (Any three)
35. (a) Coconut palm is monoecious, while date palm is dioecious. Why are they so called?
(b) Draw a labelled diagram of sectional view of a mature embryo sac of an angiosperm.

Ans – (a) Coconut palm bears both kinds (sexes) of flowers on the same plant, therefore it iscalled monoecious. Date
palm bears only one type (sex)/male and female flowers on different plants,therefore it is called dioecious.
(b)
36. Name the organic materials the exine and intine of an angiosperm pollen grains are made up of. Explain
the role of exine.
Ans – Exine is made up of sporopollenin and intine is made up of cellulose and pectin.
Exine is the most resistant organic material and can withstand high temperature, acidicand alkali environment.
37. (a) Why does endosperm development precede embryo development in angiospermseeds? State the role
of endosperm in mature albuminous seeds.
(b) Describe with the help of three labelled diagrams the different embryonic stages that include mature
embryo of dicot plants.
Ans – (a) Endosperm development precedes embryo development because endosperm provides nutrition for the
developing embryo. It is an adaptation to provide assurednutrition to the developing embryo.
The endosperm provides nutrition during seed germination.
(c) The zygote (in the embryo sac) divides to give rise to pro embryo and subsequently to the globular, heart
shaped and mature embryo as shown in the diagram.
38. (a) Explain the phenomenon of double fertilisation.

(b) Draw a labelled diagram of a typical anatropous ovule.
Ans – (a) Double fertilisation includes syngamy where one of the male gametes fuses with eggcell to form zygote and
triple fusion which includes fusion of second male gamete with two polar nuclei.
(b)
39. Name the part of the flower which the tassels of the corn-cob represent.
Ans – Style and stigma.
40. Make a list of any three outbreeding devices that flowering plants have developed andexplain how they
help to encourage cross-pollination.
Ans - (i) Time of pollen release and stigma receptivity are different (not synchronised). Thisprevents self pollination.
(ii) Anther and stigma are placed at different positions, so the pollen cannot come in contact with the stigma of the
same flower.
(iii) Self incompatibility, which is a genetic mechanism (to prevent the pollen germinationon the stigma of the same
flower).
41. Why are angiosperm anthers called dithecous? Describe the structure of itsmicrosporangium.
Ans - The anthers of angiosperms are called dithecous because they are bilobed and each lobeof anther has two theca.
Microsporangium is surrounded by four wall layers named as epidermis, endothecium, middle layer and tapetum. In
young anther, a group of compactly arranged homogenouscells called sporogenous tissue occupies the centre of each
microsporangium which produce microspores or pollen grains.
43.(a) Explain the different ways apomictic seeds can develop. Give an example of each.
(b) Mention one advantage of apomictic seeds to farmers.
(c) Draw a labelled mature stage of a dicotyledonous embryo.
Ans – (a) (i) Diploid egg cell is formed without reduction division and develops into embryo without fertilisation, e.g.,
Asteraceae/grasses.
(ii) In citrus/mango, some of the diploid nucellar cells surrounding the embryo sacstart dividing, protrude into embryo
sac and develop into a embryo.
(b) No segregation of character in hybrid seeds, economically beneficial and desiredvarieties are cultivated.
(c)
44. Give an example of a plant which came into India as a contaminant and is a cause ofpollen allergy.
Ans – Parthenium or Carrot grass.
YEAR 2015
45. State what is apomixis. Comment on its significance. How can it be commercially used ?
Ans – Form of asexual reproduction producing seeds without fertilisation/type of asexualreproduction that mimics
sexual reproduction to form seeds without fertilisation Parental characters are maintained in the progeny/offspring (as
there is no meiosis/segregation of characters)
If desired hybrid seeds are made apomictics the farmers can keep on using the hybridseeds to raise new crops year
after year.
46. Why are some seeds referred to as apomictic seeds ? Mention one advantage and one disadvantage to a
farmer who uses them.
Ans - Seeds produced without fertilisation are referred to as apomictic
Advantage: Desired characters retained in offspring (progeny) / no segregation of characters in offspring (progeny)
/ assured seed production in absence of pollinators(Any other relevant advantage)
Disadvantage: Cannot control accumulation of deleterious genetic mutation / usually restricted to narrow ecological
niches / lack ability to adapt to changing envionrment (Anyother relevant disadvantage)
47. (a) Plan an experiment and prepare a flow chart of the steps that you would follow to ensure that the
seeds are formed only from the desired sets of pollen grains. Namethe experiment that you carried out .
(b) Write the importance of such experiments.
Ans – (a) Selection of flowers from desired plants→ emasculation→ bagging→ dusting of the pollens on the stigma
of the flowers that were bagged → flower rebagged→ fruit formedArtificial Hybridisation.
(b) Production of superior/ improved varieties of plants.
YEAR 2016
48. (a) Name the organic material exine of the pollen grain is made up of. How is this material advantageous
to pollen grain ?
(b) Still it is observed that it does not form a continuous layer around the pollen grain.Give reason.
(c) How are ‘pollen banks’ useful ?
Ans - (a) Sporopollenin. Most resistant to high temperature / strong acids / alkali / no enzymes can degrade it.
(b) (Germs pores) to allow pollen tube to emerge out / pollen germination
(c) Helps in storing pollen grains for years / for crop breeding programmes
49. (a) As a senior biology student you have been asked to demonstrate to the students of secondary level in
your school, the procedure(s) that shall ensure cross-pollination ina hermaphrodite flower. List the different
steps that you would suggest and provide reasons for each one of them.
(b) Draw a diagram of a section of a megasporangium of an angiosperm and label funiculus, micropyle,
embrvosac and nucellus.
Ans. (a) Emasculation , removal of anthers from the flower bud before the anther dehisce to avoid self pollination
Bagging , to prevent contamination of its stigma with unwanted pollen grains Rebagging , the stigma of the mature
ovary are dusted with desired pollen grains andrebagged to allow the fruit to develop
(b)
50. Out of many papaya plants growing in your garden only a few bear fruits Give reason.
Ans - Unisexual / Dioecious // male and female flowers are borne on separate plants, only plantsbearing female flowers
will bear fruits
51. (a) How are Parthenocarpic fruits produced by some plants and apomictic seeds by some others?
Explain.
(b) When do farmers prefer using apomictic seeds?
Ans – (a) Ovary develops into fruit without fertilisation
Formation of seeds without fertilisation / form without reductional divison / develop intoembryo without fertilisation
(b) To maintain hybrid characters ( year after year in a desired plant ) , to avoid buying hybridseeds every year (
expensive seeds)
YEAR 2017
52. A pollen grain in angiosperm at the time of dehiscence from an anther could be 2-celledor 3-celled.
Explain. How are the cells placed within the pollen grain when shed at a 2- celled stage ?
Ans - • In 2-celled stage the mature pollen grain contains a generative and vegetative cell,whereas in 3- celled stage
one vegetative cell and two male gametes are present
• The generative cell floats in the cytoplasm of vegetative cell
53. (a) Can a plant flowering in Mumbai be pollinated by pollen grains of the same species growing in New
Delhi ? Provide explanations to your answer.
(b) Draw the diagram of a pistil where pollination has successfully occurred. Label the parts involved in
reaching the male gametes to its desired destination
Ans – (a) Yes, By artificial means ( any relevant explanation) = ½ + ½
(b) Diagram with following labellings
Stigma , Pollen tube , Synergid / Filiform Apparatus , Micropyle
54. (a) When a seed of an orange is squeezed, many embryos, instead of one are observed. Explain how it is
possible.
(b) Are these embryos genetically similar or different? Comment.

Ans - (a) Polyembryony , nucellar cells surrounding embryosac start dividing , protrude into theembryo sac and
develop into many embryos.
(b) These embryos are genetically similar, as produced from nucellar cells by mitotic division /formed without
fertilisation (but different from the embryo formed by fertilization)
55. ‘‘Pollen grains in wheat are shed at 3-celled stage while in peas they are shed at 2-celledstage.’’ Explain.
Where are germ pores present in a pollen grain ?
Ans - At the time of shedding wheat pollen consist of one vegetative and two male gametes ( 3celled) ,while pea
pollen consists of one vegetative and one generative cell ( 2 celled) Germ pores are present on the exine (where
sporopollenin is absent )
56. Explain the process of pollination in Vallisneria. How is it different in water-lily, whichis also an aquatic
plant ?
Ans - In Vallisneria pollination takes place through water , the female flower reach the surfaceof water by long stalk
, male flowers / pollen grain released on to the surface of water , carried passively by water current reaching the female
flowers / stigma
In Water lily pollination takes place through wind or insect , female flower emerges abovethe surface of water and
gets pollinated
57. How many cells are present in the pollen grains at the time of their release from anther? Name the cells.
Ans - Pollen grain may be released at 2-celled stage , one vegetative and one generative cell , or3-celled stage , one
vegetative cell and two male gametes.
58. (a) Trace the development of an endosperm after fertilisation with reference to coconut. Mention the
importance of endosperm development.
(b) Write the importance of ‘pollen bank’.
Ans - (a) In coconut Primary Endosperm Nucleus (PEN-3n) undergoes successive nuclear divisions, give rise to free-
nuclear endosperm known as coconut water , white kernel isthe cellular endosperm , provides nourishment to the
growing embryo.
(b) Storage / cryopreservation ( storage in liquid nitrogen at -196 o C) , to use in cropbreeding programmes.
YEAR 2018
59. (a) Describe any two devices in a flowering plant which prevent both autogamy andgeitonogamy.
(b) Explain the events upto double fertilisation after the pollen tube enters one of the synergids in an ovule of
an angiosperm.
Ans - (a) - Dioecy / production of unisexual flowers (in different plants)
- Self incompatibility
(b) - Pollen tube releases 2 male gametes in the cytoplasm of synergid
- One male gamete fuses with egg cell / syngamy , resulting in diploid zygote
- Other male gamete fuses with polar nuclei / triple fusion , to form triploid PEN (Primary Endosperm Nucleus) /
PEC (Primary Endosperm Cell)
YEAR 2019
60. You are conducting artificial hybridization on papaya and potato. Which one of themwould require the
step of emasculation and why ? However for both you will use the process of bagging. Justify giving one reason.
Ans – Potato
Flowers of potato have both male and female reproductive parts in same flower / bisexualflowers/monoecious plant
Bagging : To prevent unwanted pollens from coming on the stigma
61. Pollen banks are playing a very important role in promoting plant breeding programme the world over.
How are pollens preserved in the pollen banks ? Explain.How are such banks benefitting our farmer ? Write
any two ways.
Ans – Cryopreservation / preserved in liquid nitrogen (-196OC) =
Availability of pollen of different genetic strains (for wider use) / Cryopreservation increases viability of pollens
(which can be used in crop breeding programmes) / Can bepreserved / stored for longer duration / Conserve large
number of species / To prevent complete extinction of any species / Maintain biodiversity (Any two)
62. (a) Explain any two ways by which apomictic seed can develop.
(b) List one advantage and one disadvantage of a apomictic crop.
(c) Why do farmers find production of hybrid seeds costly ?
Ans - (a) (i) A diploid egg is formed without reduction division which develops into embryowithout fertilization
(ii) Some cells of the nucellus (which are diploid in nature) start dividing and developinto embryo
(b) Advantage : No segregation of characters in hybrid progeny / Apomictic hybrid can be used to grow crop year
after year / economical as ordinary hybrid seeds are costly Disadvantage : Can not control deleterious genetic
mutation / it reduces genetic diversity from parents to offspring plants due to lack of variations (in asexual
reproduction) / lack ability to adapt to changing environment
(c) Hybrid seeds are costly as farmers have to purchase seeds year after year /production of
hybrid seeds is a technical and expensive method to be done under controlled conditions
63. (a) You are given castor and bean seeds. Which one of the two would you select to observe the endosperm
?
(b) The development of endosperm precedes that of embryo in plants. Justify.
Ans – (a) Castor
(b) endosperm stores reserve food materials / provides nutrition to the developing embryo
64. When and where do tapetum and synergids develop in flowering plants? Mention theirfunctions.
Ans – Tapetum- Microsporogenesis ,Microsporangium(Anther), nourishes the developing pollengrains.
Synergids -Megasporogenesis, Megasporangium(ovule), synergids have filiform apparatusto guide the pollen tube
into it.
65. Where are the following structures present in a male gametophyte of an angiosperm ? Mention the
function of each one of them.
(a) Germ pore
(b) Sporopollenin
(c) Generative cell
Ans – (a) Germ pore- Pollen grain exine , site from where pollen tube emerges .
(b) Sporopollenin-Exine of pollengrains , protects the pollen grains from hightemperature/and strong acids
& alkali / enzymes / adverse condition
(c) Generative Cells - Pollen grains , give rise to two male gametes
66. (a) List any two characteristic features of wheat flowers that make it a good example ofwind pollination.
(b) It is observed that plant breeders carrying out wheat hybridization often take pollen grains from the
‘pollen banks’. Do you agree?Give one reason in support of your answer.
Ans – (a) Light pollen grains / pollen grains more in number / exposed stamen / feathery stigma /Single ovule /
numerous flowers packed into an inflorescence (Any two) = ½ + ½
(b) Yes
• Viability of wheat pollen grain is only 30 minutes and so it can be stored in pollenbank for a long period of time.
67. Draw a T.S. of a young anther of an angiosperm. Label the different layers of the wall and write their
functions.
Ans –
Function
Epidermis , Endothecium, Middle layers – protection and dehiscenceTapetum – nourishment of developing pollen
grains
68. (a) Explain the role of stigma in pollen-pistil interactions.
(b) Describe the post-pollination events leading to double fertilization in angiosperms,starting with a two-
celled pollen grain.
Ans - (a) Role of Stigma
Landing platform for the pollen grain , enables continuous chemical dialogue between pollen and pistil , rejects
incompatiable pollen grain , promotes the growth of pollen tube of the compatible pollen grain leading to fertilization
(b) Post Pollination Changes
• Vegetative cell of pollen grain helps in the growth of pollen tube
• Nucleus of generative cell divides into two male gametes
• One male gamete fuses with the egg cell resulting in a zygote and the process is calledsyngamy
• Other male gamete fuses with the two polar nuclei to form primary endospermnucleus and the process is called triple
fusion
YEAR 2020
69. Self-pollination is fully ensured if
(A) the flower is bisexual.
(B) the style is longer than the filament.
(C) the flower is cleistogamous.
(D) the time of pistil and anther maturity is different.
Ans - (C) the flower is cleistogamous.
70. Draw a schematic transverse section of a mature anther of an angiosperm. Label its epidermis, middle
layers, tapetum, endothecium, sporogenous tissue and the connective.
Ans –
71. Differentiate between wind pollinated and insect pollinated flowers.

Ans - Wind pollinated: Pollen grains are light non sticky /well exposed stamens/ Large feathery stigma / single
ovule in each flower / Small flowers packed in inflorescence. Any three
Insect pollinated: Pollen grains sticky/ Floral rewards / Fragrant / Nectar rich / Large Flower
72. For a layman, both apple and banana are fruits. But a biology student categorises fruitsas true fruits,
false fruits and parthenocarpic fruits. Justify
Ans – True Fruits - Fruits that develop from mature ovary and are a result of fertilisation.
False Fruits - Fruits that develops from ovary along with some other floral parts /thalamus.
Parthenocarpic fruits - Fruits that develop without fertilisation
73. Cleistogamous flowers are self-pollinated because
(A) they are bisexual flowers which do not open at all.
(B) they are bisexual and open flowers.
(C) they are unisexual.
(D) their stigma matures before the anthers dehisce.
Ans - (A) / Bisexual Flower which do not open at all
74. Draw a longitudinal section of the pistil from a flowering plant, where pollination has occurred. Label
the following:
(a) Stigma showing germinating pollen grains
(b) Style
(c) Pollen tube reaching the micropyle of the ovule
(d) Embryo sac
(e) Components of the egg apparatus
Ans –
75. (a) Identify the figure given below and also identify the parts B, C, D and E.

(b) State the function of E.Ans –(a) Mature Dicot Embryo,

B-Suspensor ; C- Radicle ; D-Plumule ; E-Cotyledon ;
(b) Storage of food reserves (as in legumes)
76. Draw a diagram of a mature anatropous ovule of an angiosperm, indicating the chalazal end. Label any
three parts of the ovule and two parts of the embryo sac.
Ans –
Any three correctly labelled part of ovule Any two correctly labelled part of embryo sac
77. Draw a vertical section of maize grain and label its endosperm, plumule, coleoptile,scutellum, radicle
and coleorhiza.
Ans –
IMPORTANT SCIENTISTS, SCIENTIFIC NAMES, ABBREVIATIONS & IMP. FACTS

Parthenium hysterophorus (Carrot/Congress grass) - came into India as a contaminant with imported wheat. It causes
pollen allergy.
PMC – Pollen Mother Cell
* In 60% of angiosperms, pollen grains are shed at 2-celled stage. In 40%, the generative cell divides mitotically to
give rise to the two male gametes before pollen grains are shed (3-celled stage).
Rice and wheat - Pollen grains lose viability within 30 minutes of their release and in some members of Rosaceae,
Leguminoseae and Solanaceae, they maintain viability for months.
Papaver somniferum - Multicarpellary, syncarpous pistil, Michelia - multicarpellary, apocarpous gynoecium.
MMC – Megaspore Mother Cell.
Viola (common pansy), Oxalis, and Commelina produce two types of flowers – chasmogamous flowers which are
similar to flowers of other species with exposed anthers and stigma, and cleistogamous flowers which do not open at
all.
*Pollination by water is quite rare in flowering plants and is limited to about 30 genera, mostly monocotyledons.
Vallisneria and Hydrilla (grow in fresh water) and Zostera (marine sea-grasses) – Water Pollination.
Aquatic plants such as water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and water lily (Nymphaea) – pollination by insects or
wind.
Amorphophallus – The tallest flower, 6 feet in height. Pollination by beetles. In turn it provides a safe place to lay
eggs.
Yucca – a moth does its pollination. both species – moth and the plant – cannot complete their life cycles without
each other. The moth deposits its eggs in the locule of the ovary and the flower, in turn, gets pollinated by the moth.
The larvae of the moth come out of the eggs as the seeds start developing.
Castor and Maize – Monoecious Plants (both male and female flowers are present on the same plant).
Papaya – Dioecious (male and female flowers are present on different plants).
PEC - Primary Endosperm Cell, PEN - Primary Endosperm Nucleus
*The coconut water from tender coconut is free-nuclear endosperm (made up of thousands of nuclei) and the
surrounding white kernel is the cellular endosperm.
Pea, groundnut, beans: non-albuminous or ex-albuminous (No endosperm left). Wheat, maize, barley, castor,
coconut: Albuminous Seed (endosperm left).
Black pepper & beet: The Residual, persistent nucellus is the perisperm.
Scutellum - In the grass family the cotyledon is called scutellum.
Apple, strawberry, cashew: the thalamus also contributes to fruit formation. Such fruits are called false fruits.
Banana: Parthenocarpic fruit (fruits develop without fertilisation).
Viability of seeds: (i) Lupinus arcticus (Lupine) excavated from Arctic Tundra had a dormancy of 10000 years. (ii)
Phoenix dactylifera (Date Palm) excavated at King Herod’s palace near the Dead Sea had a dormancy of 2000 years.
Asteraceae and Poaceae(grasses) show apomixis.
Citrus and Mango show polyembryony.
Corn cob has the tassels we see are nothing but the stigma and style which wave in the wind to trap pollen grains.
*Pollination by water is quite rare in flowering plants and is limited to about 30 genera, mostly monocotyledons.
Ploidy:
Male=Microspore, Vegetative Cell, Generative/Germ Cell, Male Gamete -Haploid(n). Female=Megaspore, Embryo
sac, Antipodals, Polar nuclei in central cell, Synergids, egg cell – Haploid(n). Primary Edosperm Nucleus,
Endosperm= Triploid(3n). Except these, rest of the cells of plant are diploid(2n).
Special Tissues and Functions:
Tapetum – Nourishment to developing pollen grains, Vegetative cell- nourishment, pollen tube formation and sperm
delivery. Nucellus- nourishment to the embryo before the formation of primary endosperm, Endosperm –
nourishment to developing embryo, Cotyledons- nourishment to growing seedling.
MIND MAPS & IMPORTANT DIAGRAMS

Fig: LS of a flower Fig: (a) A typical stamen; (b) three–dimensional cut section of an anther
Fig: (a) Transverse section of a young anther; (b) Enlarged view of one microsporangium showing wall layers

Fig: A mature dehisced anther
Fig: Scanning electron micrographs of a few pollen grains Fig: Pollen Grain Tetrad
Fig: stages of a microspore maturing into a pollen grain
Fig: A. Hibiscus pistil. B. Multicarpellary, syncarpous pistil of Papaver Fig: Anatropous Ovule
C. A multicarpellary, apocarpous gynoecium of Michelia

Fig: Parts of the ovule showing a large megaspore mother cell, a dyad and a tetrad of megaspores
Fig: 2, 4, and 8-nucleate stages of embryo sac and a mature embryo sac & A diagrammatic representation of the
mature embryo sac.
Fig: Cleistogamous flowers Fig: A wind-pollinated plant showing compact inflorecence and

well exposed stamens
Fig: Pollination by water in Vallisneria Fig: L.S. of pistil showing path of pollen tube growth
Fig: An egg apparatus showing entry

of pollen tube into a synergid Fig: Discharge of male gametes into a synergid and the
movements of the sperms, one into the egg and the other
into the central cell.
Fig: Fertilised embryo sac showing Fig: Stages in embryo development in a dicot.
zygote and Primary Endosperm Nucleus (PEN).

Fig: A typical dicot embryo Fig: L.S. of an embryo of grass (monocot)
Fig: Structure of some seeds Fig: False fruits of apple and strawberry

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CBSE 10 Years+Diagrams+Important Topics+Syllabus Chapter 2 XII Biology

CHAPTER 2 – SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS

Shayar Singh, PGT – Biology Kendriya Vidyalaya, Khargone

8. Pea flowers produce assured seed sets. Give a reason.

(b) Advantages of seeds:

Shayar Singh, PGT – Biology Kendriya Vidyalaya, Khargone

Shayar Singh, PGT – Biology Kendriya Vidyalaya, Khargone

20. How do the pollen grains of Vallisneria protect themselves?

Ans – (a) A diagrammatic representation of the mature embryo sac

Shayar Singh, PGT – Biology Kendriya Vidyalaya, Khargone

form primary endosperm nucleus.

(b)In a fertilised ovule, following changes occur:

Shayar Singh, PGT – Biology Kendriya Vidyalaya, Khargone

38. (a) Explain the phenomenon of double fertilisation.

(b) Are these embryos genetically similar or different? Comment.

71. Differentiate between wind pollinated and insect pollinated flowers.

Shayar Singh, PGT – Biology Kendriya Vidyalaya, Khargone

(b) State the function of E.Ans –(a) Mature Dicot Embryo,

IMPORTANT SCIENTISTS, SCIENTIFIC NAMES, ABBREVIATIONS & IMP. FACTS

Shayar Singh, PGT – Biology Kendriya Vidyalaya, Khargone

Shayar Singh, PGT – Biology Kendriya Vidyalaya, Khargone

Fig: A mature dehisced anther

Fig: stages of a microspore maturing into a pollen grain

Shayar Singh, PGT – Biology Kendriya Vidyalaya, Khargone

Shayar Singh, PGT – Biology Kendriya Vidyalaya, Khargone

well exposed stamens

Fig: An egg apparatus showing entry

Shayar Singh, PGT – Biology Kendriya Vidyalaya, Khargone

Fig: A typical dicot embryo Fig: L.S. of an embryo of grass (monocot)

Shayar Singh, PGT – Biology Kendriya Vidyalaya, Khargone

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