SOCIAL SCIENCE PROJECT FILE

ON

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by
Name: Mohammed Usman Panchla (Roll No: 5)

In partial fulfillment of the requirements

Central Board of Secondary Education 2022 – 2023 Stream: Class X

SOCIAL SCIENCE (087)

BLUEMOON INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL,

MAKAN
 BLUEMOON INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, MAKAN

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Muhammed Usman Panchla Roll No: 5 of
CLASS X of BLUEMOON INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, MAKAN has
successfully completed his/her project report in SOCIAL SCIENCE (087) on topic
“PROJECT NAME” as per the CBSC guidelines, for the year 2022 – 2023.

_____________________ _____________________

Student’s Signature Teacher’s Signature

Mrs. L.K. SHANTHI

_____________________ ____________________

Examiner’s Signature Principals’ Signature

Submitted for the project and Viva-Voice Examination held on ……………………...

 BLUEMOON INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, MAKAN

January, 2023

UNDERTAKING
We declare that the work presented in this project titled “SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT”, submitted to Mrs. L.K.SHANTHI, SOCIAL SCIENCE
TEACHER, BLUEMOON INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, MAKAN for the award of
the CBSC Class X certificate.

January, 2023

Place: Bluemoon International School, Makan

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I thank the almighty god who showered his immense blessings on

me, which helped me to complete this project successfully. My heart full thanks to our

Principal for his sustained encouragement for the successful completion of this project.

I feel indebted to guide Mrs. L.K.SHANTHI who guides my project with reviews,

evaluations, guidance and suggestions offered throughout this project. She offered her

time to perfect my work. I appreciate her immense patience. I also express my whole

hearted thanks to my parents for their encouragement to bring this project to a

successful completion.

Finally I would like to thank CBSC for giving me this opportunity to undertake

this project.
ABSTRACT
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

S
. Page
CONTENTS
No
N
o
1 INTRODUCTION

CONCLUSION
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION

Sustainable development:-
Sustainable development is an organizing principle for meeting human
development goals while also sustaining the ability of natural systems to provide
the natural resources and ecosystem services on which the economy and society
depend. The desired result is a state of society where living conditions and
resources are used to continue to meet human needs without undermining
the integrity and stability of the natural system. Sustainable development was
defined in the 1987 Brundtland Report as "Development that meets the needs of the
present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet
their own needs".[2][3] As the concept of sustainable development developed, it
has shifted its focus more towards the economic development, social development
and environmental protection for future generations.
Sustainable development was first institutionalized with the Rio Process
initiated at the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro. In 2015 the United Nations
General Assembly adopted the Sustainable Development Goals(2015 to 2030) and
explained how the goals are integrated and indivisible to achieve sustainable
development at the global level.[4] The 17 goals address the global challenges,
including poverty, inequality, climate change, environmental degradation, peace,
and justice.
Sustainable development is interlinked with the normative
concept of sustainability. UNESCO formulated a distinction between the two
concepts as follows: "Sustainability is often thought of as a long-term goal (i.e. a
more sustainable world), while sustainable development refers to the many
processes and pathways to achieve it."[5] The concept of sustainable development
has been criticized in various ways. While some see it as paradoxical (or
an oxymoron) and regard development as inherently unsustainable, others are
disappointed in the lack of progress that has been achieved so far. Part of the
problem is that "development" itself is not consistently defined.

In 1987, the United Nations World Commission on Environment and

Development released the report Our Common Future, commonly called
the Brundtland Report.[2] The report included a definition of "sustainable
development" which is now widely use.
Development of the concept
Sustainable development has its roots in ideas about sustainable forest management,
which were developed in Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries. 6–16 In
response to a growing awareness of the depletion of timber resources in
England, John Evelyn argued, in his 1662 essay Sylva, that "sowing and planting of
trees had to be regarded as a national duty of every landowner, in order to stop the
destructive over-exploitation of natural resources." In 1713, Hans Carl von
Carlowitz, a senior mining administrator in the service of Elector Frederick
Augustus I of Saxony published Sylvicultura economics, a 400-page work on
forestry. Building upon the ideas of Evelyn and French minister Jean-Baptiste
Colbert, von Carlowitz developed the concept of managing forests for sustained
yield. His work influenced others, including Alexander von Humboldt and Georg
Ludwig Hartig, eventually leading to the development of the science of forestry.
This, in turn, influenced people like Gifford Pinchot, the first head of the US Forest
Service, whose approach to forest management was driven by the idea of wise use
of resources, and Aldo Leopold whose land ethic was influential in the development
of the environmental movement in the 1960s.
Following the publication of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring in 1962, the developing
environmental movement drew attention to the relationship between economic
growth and environmental degradation. Kenneth E. Boulding, in his influential 1966
essay The Economics of the Coming Spaceship Earth, identified the need for the
economic system to fit itself to the ecological system with its limited pools of
resources.Another milestone was the 1968 article by Garrett Hardin that popularized
the term "tragedy of the commons". One of the first uses of the term sustainable in
the contemporary sense was by the Club of Rome in 1972 in its classic report on
the Limits to Growth, written by a group of scientists led by Dennis and Donella
Meadows of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Describing the desirable
"state of global equilibrium", the authors wrote: "We are searching for a model
output that represents a world system that is sustainable without sudden and
uncontrolled collapse and capable of satisfying the basic material requirements of
all of its people." That year also saw the publication of the influential A Blueprint
for Survival book.
In 1975, an MIT research group prepared ten days of hearings on "Growth and Its
Implication for the Future" for the US Congress, the first hearings ever held on
sustainable development.
In 1980, the International Union for Conservation of Nature published a world
conservation strategy that included one of the first references to sustainable
development as a global priority and introduced the term "sustainable
development". Two years later, the United Nations World Charter for Nature raised
 five principles of conservation by which human conduct affecting nature is to be
guided and judged.
Since the Brundtland Report, the concept of sustainable development has developed
beyond the initial intergenerational framework to focus more on the goal of
"socially inclusive and environmentally sustainable economic growth". 5 In 1992,
the UN Conference on Environment and Development published the Earth Charter,
which outlines the building of a just, sustainable, and peaceful global society in the
21st century. The action plan Agenda 21 for sustainable development identified
information, integration, and participation as key building blocks to help countries
achieve development that recognizes these interdependent pillars. Furthermore,
Agenda emphasizes that broad public participation in decision-making is a
fundamental prerequisite for achieving sustainable development.
The Rio Protocol was a huge leap forward: for the first time, the world agreed on a
sustainability agenda. In fact, a global consensus was facilitated by neglecting
concrete goals and operational details. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
now have concrete targets (unlike the results from the Rio Process) but no methods
for sanctions.

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted by all United Nations
Member States in 2015, provides a shared blueprint for peace and prosperity for
people and the planet, now and into the future. At its heart are the 17 Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs), which are an urgent call for action by all countries -
developed and developing - in a global partnership. They recognize that ending
poverty and other deprivations must go hand-in-hand with strategies that improve
health and education, reduce inequality, and spur economic growth – all while
tackling climate change and working to preserve our oceans and forests.

The SDGs build on decades of work by countries and the UN, including the UN
Department of Economic and Social Affairs

 In June 1992, at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, more than 178
countries adopted Agenda 21, a comprehensive plan of action to build a global
partnership for sustainable development to improve human lives and protect the
environment.
 Member States unanimously adopted the Millennium Declaration at the Millennium
Summit in September 2000 at UN Headquarters in New York. The Summit led to
the elaboration of eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to reduce extreme
poverty by 2015.
 The Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable Development and the Plan of
Implementation, adopted at the World Summit on Sustainable Development in
South Africa in 2002, reaffirmed the global community's commitments to poverty
 eradication and the environment, and built on Agenda 21 and the Millennium
Declaration by including more emphasis on multilateral partnerships.
 At the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20) in Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil, in June 2012, Member States adopted the outcome document "The
Future We Want" in which they decided, inter alia, to launch a process to develop a
set of SDGs to build upon the MDGs and to establish the UN High-level Political
Forum on Sustainable Development. The Rio +20 outcome also contained other
measures for implementing sustainable development, including mandates for future
programmes of work in development financing, small island developing states and
more.
 In 2013, the General Assembly set up a 30-member Open Working Group to
develop a proposal on the SDGs.
 In January 2015, the General Assembly began the negotiation process on the post-
2015 development agenda. The process culminated in the subsequent adoption of
the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, with 17 SDGs at its core, at the UN
Sustainable Development Summit in September 2015.
 2015 was a landmark year for multilateralism and international policy shaping, with
the adoption of several major agreements:
 Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (March 2015)
 Addis Ababa Action Agenda on Financing for Development (July 2015)
 Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development with its 17
SDGs was adopted at the UN Sustainable Development Summit in New York in
September 2015.
 Paris Agreement on Climate Change (December 2015)
 Now, the annual High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development serves as
the central UN platform for the follow-up and review of the SDGs.

Today, the Division for Sustainable Development Goals (DSDG) in the United
Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA) provides
substantive support and capacity-building for the SDGs and their related thematic
issues, including water, energy, climate, oceans, urbanization, transport, science and
technology, the Global Sustainable Development Report
(GSDR), partnerships and Small Island Developing States. DSDG plays a key role
in the evaluation of UN systemwide implementation of the 2030 Agenda and on
advocacy and outreach activities relating to the SDGs. In order to make the 2030
Agenda a reality, broad ownership of the SDGs must translate into a strong
commitment by all stakeholders to implement the global goals. DSDG aims to help
facilitate this engagement.

Further information: Corporate sustainability and Sustainable business

It has been suggested that because of rural poverty and overexploitation,
environmental resources should be treated as important economic assets,
called natural capital.[62] Economic development has traditionally required a
growth in the gross domestic product. This model of unlimited personal and GDP
growth may be over. Sustainable development may involve improvements in the
 quality of life for many but may necessitate a decrease in resource consumption.
[63] "Growth" generally ignores the direct effect that the environment may have on
social welfare, whereas "development" takes it into account.[64]
As early as the 1970s, the concept of sustainability was used to describe an economy
"in equilibrium with basic ecological support systems".[65] Scientists in many
fields have highlighted The Limits to Growth,[66][67] and economists have
presented alternatives, for example a 'steady-state economy', to address concerns
over the impacts of expanding human development on the planet.[34] In 1987, the
economist Edward Barbier published the study The Concept of Sustainable
Economic Development, where he recognized that goals of environmental
conservation and economic development are not conflicting and can be reinforcing
each other.[68]
A World Bank study from 1999 concluded that based on the theory of genuine
savings (defined as "traditional net savings less the value of resource depletion and
environmental degradation plus the value of investment in human capital"),
policymakers have many possible interventions to increase sustainability,
in macroeconomics or purely environmental.[69] Several studies have noted that
efficient policies for renewable energy and pollution are compatible with increasing
human welfare, eventually reaching a golden-rule[clarification needed] steady state.
[70][71][72][73]
A meta review in 2002 looked at environmental and economic valuations and found a
"lack of concrete understanding of what “sustainability policies” might entail in
practice".[74] A study concluded in 2007 that knowledge, manufactured and human
capital (health and education) has not compensated for the degradation of natural
capital in many parts of the world.[75] It has been suggested that intergenerational
equity can be incorporated into a sustainable development and decision making, as
has become common in economic valuations of climate economics.[76]
The 2022 IPCC Sixth Assessment Report discussed how ambitious climate
change mitigation policies have created negative social and economical impacts
when they are not aligned with sustainable development goals. As a result, the
transition towards sustainable development mitigation policies has slowed down
which is why the inclusivity and considerations of justice of these policies may
weaken or support improvements on certain regions as there are other limiting
factors such as poverty, food insecurity, and water scarcity that may impede the
governments application of policies that aim to build a low carbon future.[77]
The World Business Council for Sustainable Development published a Vision 2050
document in 2021 to show "How business can lead the transformations the world
needs". The vision states that "we envision a world in which 9+billion people can
live well, within planetary boundaries, by 2050."[78] This report was highlighted
by The Guardian as "the largest concerted corporate sustainability action plan to
date – include reversing the damage done to ecosystems, addressing
rising greenhouse gas emissions and ensuring societies move to sustainable
agriculture."[79]
Gender and leadership in sustainable development
Gender and sustainable development have been examined, focusing on women's
leadership potential and barriers to it. While leadership roles in sustainable
development have become more androgynous over time, patriarchal structures and
perceptions continue to constrain women from becoming leaders.[80] Some hidden
issues are women's lack of self-confidence, impeding access to leadership roles, but
men can potentially play a role as allies for women's leadership.[80]
Barriers
There are barriers that small and medium enterprises face when implementing
sustainable development such as lack of expertise, lack of resources, and high initial
capital cost of implementing sustainability measures.[81]
Globally, the lack of political will is a barrier to achieving sustainable development.
[82] To overcome this impediment, governments must jointly form an agreement of
social and political strength. Efforts to enact reforms or design and implement
programs to decrease the harmful effects of human behaviors allow for progress
toward present and future environmental sustainability goals.[83] The Paris
Agreement exemplifies efforts of political will on a global level, a multinational
agreement between 193 parties [84] intended to strengthen the global response
to climate change by reducing emissions and working together to adjust to the
consequent effects of climate change.[84] Experts continue to firmly suggest that
governments should do more outside of The Paris Agreement, there persist a greater
need for political will.[85]
Another barrier towards sustainable development would be negative externalities that
may potentially arise from implementing sustainable development technology. One
example would be the development of lithium-ion batteries, a key element towards
environmental sustainability and the reduction in reliance towards fossil fuels.
However, currently with the technology and methodology available, Lithium
production poses a negative environmental impact during its extraction from the
earth as it uses a method very similar to fracking as well as during its processing to
be used as a battery which is a chemically intensive process.[86] One suggested
solution would be to weigh the possibility of recycling as this will cut down on the
waste of old lithium as well as reducing the need for extracting new lithium from
the ground, however, this sustainable development solution is barred from
implementation by a high initial cost as studies have shown that recycling old
technology for the purpose of extracting metals such as lithium and cobalt is
typically more expensive than extracting them from the ground and processing
them.[87]
How to use the Five Capitals model
The Five Capitals Model can be used to allow organisations to develop a vision of
what sustainability looks like for its own operations, products and services. The
vision is developed by considering what an organisation needs to do in order to
maximise the value of each capital. However, an organisation needs to consider the
impact of its activities on each of the capitals in an integrated way in order to avoid
‘trade-offs’. Using the model in this way for decision-making can lead to more
sustainable outcomes.

Sustainable development is the best way to manage these capital assets in the long-
term. It is a dynamic process through which organisations can begin to achieve a
balance between their environmental, social and economic activities. We believe the
best way to achieve a sustainable future is through system change.

Natural Capital is any stock or flow of energy and material that produces goods and
services. It includes:

 Resources - renewable and non-renewable materials

 Sinks - that absorb, neutralise or recycle wastes
 Processes - such as climate regulation

Natural capital is the basis not only of production but of life itself!

Human Capital consists of people's health, knowledge, skills and motivation. All
these things are needed for productive work.

Enhancing human capital through education and training is central to a flourishing

economy.

Social Capital concerns the institutions that help us maintain and develop human
capital in partnership with others; e.g. families, communities, businesses, trade
unions, schools, and voluntary organisations.

Manufactured Capital comprises material goods or fixed assets which contribute to

the production process rather than being the output itself – e.g. tools, machines and
buildings.

Financial Capital plays an important role in our economy, enabling the other types
of Capital to be owned and traded. But unlike the other types, it has no real value
itself but is representative of natural, human, social or manufactured capital; e.g.
shares, bonds or banknotes.
We are facing a sustainability crisis because we're consuming our stocks of natural,
human and social capital faster than they are being produced. Unless we control the
rate of this consumption, we can't sustain these vital stocks in the long-term.

We believe that by maintaining and trying to increase stocks of these capital assets,
we can live off the income without reducing the capital itself. But for this to
happen, it is the responsibility of every organisation, business or otherwise, to
manage these capital assets sustainably.

The Twelve Features of a sustainable society

By describing what a sustainable society should look like, the ‘12 features’ model
helps organisations evaluate the sustainability of their projects.

The features fit into the separate five capitals. If we invest appropriately in all capital
stocks, and achieve the flow of benefits, the following statements would be true.
They represent the outcome of a successful capital investment strategy for
sustainable development - that is, a sustainable society.

of Natural Capital

 In their extraction and use, substances taken from the earth do not exceed the
environment's capacity to disperse, absorb, recycle or otherwise neutralise their
harmful effects (to humans and/or the environment)
 In their manufacture and use, artificial substances do not exceed the environment's
capacity to disperse, absorb, recycle or otherwise neutralise their harmful effects (to
humans and/or the environment)
 The capacity of the environment to provide ecological system integrity, biological
diversity and productivity is protected or enhanced

of Human Capital

 At all ages, individuals enjoy a high standard of health

 Individuals are adept at relationships and social participation, and throughout life
set and achieve high personal standards of their development and learning
 There is access to varied and satisfying opportunities for work, personal creativity,
and recreation

of Social Capital

 There are trusted and accessible systems of governance and justice

 Communities and society at large share key positive values and a sense of purpose
 The structures and institutions of society promote stewardship of natural resources
and development of people
 Homes, communities and society at large provide safe, supportive living and
working environments

of Manufactured Capital

 All infrastructure, technologies and processes make minimum use of natural

resources and maximum use of human innovation and skills

of Financial Capital

 Financial capital accurately represents the value of natural, human, social and
manufactured capital

These statements were designed in partnership with Keele University, with an ESRC
project grant that engaged 60 academics and practitioners.

Sustainable development is an organizing principle for meeting human

development goals while also sustaining the ability of natural systems to provide
the natural resources and ecosystem services on which the economy and society
depend. The desired result is a state of society where living conditions and resources
are used to continue to meet human needs without undermining the integrity and
stability of the natural system. Sustainable development was defined in the
1987 Brundtland Report as "Development that meets the needs of the present
generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs".[2][3] As the concept of sustainable development developed, it has shifted its
focus more towards the economic development, social development and
environmental protection for future generations.
Sustainable development was first institutionalized with the Rio Process initiated at
the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro. In 2015 the United Nations General
Assembly adopted the Sustainable Development Goals(2015 to 2030) and explained
how the goals are integrated and indivisible to achieve sustainable development at the
global level.[4] The 17 goals address the global challenges, including poverty,
inequality, climate change, environmental degradation, peace, and justice.
Sustainable development is interlinked with the normative
concept of sustainability. UNESCO formulated a distinction between the two
concepts as follows: "Sustainability is often thought of as a long-term goal (i.e. a
more sustainable world), while sustainable development refers to the many processes
and pathways to achieve it."[5] The concept of sustainable development has been
criticized in various ways. While some see it as paradoxical (or an oxymoron) and
regard development as inherently unsustainable, others are disappointed in the lack of
progress that has been achieved so far.[6][7] Part of the problem is that
"development" itself is not consistently defined.[8]:

Sustainable development has its roots in ideas about sustainable forest management,
which were developed in Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries.[16][17]: 6–16 In
response to a growing awareness of the depletion of timber resources in
England, John Evelyn argued, in his 1662 essay Sylva, that "sowing and planting of
trees had to be regarded as a national duty of every landowner, in order to stop the
destructive over-exploitation of natural resources." In 1713, Hans Carl von Carlowitz,
a senior mining administrator in the service of Elector Frederick Augustus I of
Saxony published Sylvicultura economics, a 400-page work on forestry. Building
upon the ideas of Evelyn and French minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert, von Carlowitz
developed the concept of managing forests for sustained yield.[16] His work
influenced others, including Alexander von Humboldt and Georg Ludwig Hartig,
eventually leading to the development of the science of forestry. This, in turn,
influenced people like Gifford Pinchot, the first head of the US Forest Service, whose
approach to forest management was driven by the idea of wise use of resources,
and Aldo Leopold whose land ethic was influential in the development of
the environmental movement in the 1960s.[16][17]
Following the publication of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring in 1962, the developing
environmental movement drew attention to the relationship between economic
growth and environmental degradation. Kenneth E. Boulding, in his influential 1966
essay The Economics of the Coming Spaceship Earth, identified the need for the
economic system to fit itself to the ecological system with its limited pools of
resources.[17] Another milestone was the 1968 article by Garrett Hardin that
popularized the term "tragedy of the commons".[18] One of the first uses of the term
sustainable in the contemporary sense was by the Club of Rome in 1972 in its classic
report on the Limits to Growth, written by a group of scientists led
by Dennis and Donella Meadows of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Describing the desirable "state of global equilibrium", the authors wrote: "We are
searching for a model output that represents a world system that is sustainable
without sudden and uncontrolled collapse and capable of satisfying the basic material
requirements of all of its people."[19] That year also saw the publication of the
influential A Blueprint for Survival book.[20][21]
In 1975, an MIT research group prepared ten days of hearings on "Growth and Its
Implication for the Future" for the US Congress, the first hearings ever held on
sustainable development.[22]
In 1980, the International Union for Conservation of Nature published a world
conservation strategy that included one of the first references to sustainable
development as a global priority[23] and introduced the term "sustainable
development".[24]: 4 Two years later, the United Nations World Charter for
Nature raised five principles of conservation by which human conduct affecting
nature is to be guided and judged.[25]
Since the Brundtland Report, the concept of sustainable development has developed
beyond the initial intergenerational framework to focus more on the goal of
"socially inclusive and environmentally sustainable economic growth".[24]: 5 In
1992, the UN Conference on Environment and Development published the Earth
Charter, which outlines the building of a just, sustainable, and peaceful global society
in the 21st century. The action plan Agenda 21 for sustainable development identified
information, integration, and participation as key building blocks to help countries
achieve development that recognizes these interdependent pillars. Furthermore,
Agenda 21 emphasizes that broad public participation in decision-making is a
fundamental prerequisite for achieving sustainable development.[26]
The Rio Protocol was a huge leap forward: for the first time, the world agreed on a
sustainability agenda. In fact, a global consensus was facilitated by neglecting
concrete goals and operational details. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
now have concrete targets (unlike the results from the Rio Process) but no methods
for sanctions.[27][8]: 137

A sustainable city is an urban center that improves its environmental impact through
urban planning and management. For the definition of an eco-city, imagine a city
with parks and green spaces, solar-powered buildings, rooftop gardens, and more
pedestrians and bicycles than cars. This is not a futuristic dream. Smart cities are
actively moving towards greener urban ecosystems and better environmental
management. [37]
Further information: Human impact on the environment and Ecological
footprint
 Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest. Deforestation and increased road-building
in the Amazon rainforest are a concern because of increased human encroachment
upon wilderness areas, increased resource extraction and further threats
to biodiversity.

Environmental sustainability concerns the natural environment and how it endures

and remains diverse and productive. Since natural resources are derived from the
environment, the state of air, water, and climate is of particular concern.
Environmental sustainability requires society to design activities to meet human
needs while preserving the life support systems of the planet. This, for example,
entails using water sustainably, using renewable energy and sustainable material
supplies (e.g. harvesting wood from forests at a rate that maintains the biomass and
biodiversity).[38]
An unsustainable situation occurs when natural capital (the total of nature's resources)
is used up faster than it can be replenished.[39]: 58 Sustainability requires that human
activity only uses nature's resources at a rate at which they can be replenished
naturally. The concept of sustainable development is intertwined with the concept
of carrying capacity. Theoretically, the long-term result of environmental
degradation is the inability to sustain human life.[39]
Important operational principles of sustainable development were published
by Herman Daly in 1990: renewable resources should provide a sustainable yield (the
rate of harvest should not exceed the rate of regeneration); for non-renewable
resources there should be equivalent development of renewable substitutes; waste
generation should not exceed the assimilative capacity of the environment.

Summary of different levels of consumption of natural resources.[39]: 58

Consumption of natural State of the
State of sustainability
resources environment
More than nature's ability to Environmental
Not sustainable
replenish degradation
Equal to nature's ability to Environmental
Steady state economy
replenish equilibrium
Less than nature's ability to Environmentally
Environmental renewal
replenish sustainable
Land use changes, agriculture and food
Further information: Environmental impact of agriculture
Environmental problems associated with industrial agriculture and agribusiness are
now being addressed through approaches such as sustainable agriculture, organic
farming and more sustainable business practices.[41] The most cost-effective climate
change mitigation options include afforestation, sustainable forest management, and
reducing deforestation.[42] At the local level there are various movements working
towards sustainable food systems which may include less meat consumption, local
food production, slow food, sustainable gardening, and organic gardening.[43] The
environmental effects of different dietary patterns depend on many factors, including
the proportion of animal and plant foods consumed and the method of food
production.[44][45]
Materials and waste
Further information: Cradle-to-cradle

Relationship between ecological footprint and Human Development Index (HDI)

 Before flue-gas desulfurization was installed, the air-polluting emissions from this
power plant in New Mexico contained excessive amounts of sulfur dioxide.

As global population and affluence have increased, so has the use of various materials
increased in volume, diversity, and distance transported. Included here are raw
materials, minerals, synthetic chemicals (including hazardous substances),
manufactured products, food, living organisms, and waste.[46] By 2050, humanity
could consume an estimated 140 billion tons of minerals, ores, fossil fuels and
biomass per year (three times its current amount) unless the economic growth rate is
decoupled from the rate of natural resource consumption. Developed countries'
citizens consume an average of 16 tons of those four key resources per capita per
year, ranging up to 40 or more tons per person in some developed countries with
resource consumption levels far beyond what is likely sustainable. By comparison,
the average person in India today consumes four tons per year.[47]
Sustainable use of materials has targeted the idea of dematerialization, converting the
linear path of materials (extraction, use, disposal in landfill) to a circular material
flow that reuses materials as much as possible, much like the cycling and reuse of
waste in nature.[48] Dematerialization is being encouraged through the ideas
of industrial ecology, eco design[49] and ecolabelling.
This way of thinking is expressed in the concept of circular economy, which
employs reuse, sharing, repair, refurbishment, remanufacturing and recycling to
create a closed-loop system, minimizing the use of resource inputs and the creation
of waste, pollution and carbon emissions.[50] Building electric vehicles has been one
of the most popular ways in the field of sustainable development, the potential of
using reusable energy and reducing waste offered a perspective in sustainable
development.[51] The European Commission has adopted an ambitious Circular
Economy Action Plan in 2020, which aims at making sustainable products the norm
in the EU.[52][53]
Biodiversity and ecosystem services
In 2019, a summary for policymakers of the largest, most comprehensive study to
date of biodiversity and ecosystem services was published by the Intergovernmental
Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. It recommended
that human civilization will need a transformative change, including sustainable
agriculture, reductions in consumption and waste, fishing quotas and collaborative
water management.[54][55]
The 2022 IPCC report emphasizes how there have been many studies done on
the loss of biodiversity, and provides additional strategies to decrease the rate of our
declining biodiversity. The report suggests how preserving natural ecosystems, fire
and soil management, and reducing the competition for land can create positive
impacts on our environment, and contribute to sustainable development.[56]
 A sewage treatment plant that uses solar energy, located at Santuari de
Lluc monastery, Majorca.

Management of human consumption and impacts

Waste generation, measured in kilograms per person per day

The environmental impact of a community or humankind as a whole depends both on

population and impact per person, which in turn depends in complex ways on what
resources are being used, whether or not those resources are renewable, and the scale
of the human activity relative to the carrying capacity of the ecosystems involved.
[57] Careful resource management can be applied at many scales, from economic
sectors like agriculture, manufacturing and industry, to work organizations, the
consumption patterns of households and individuals, and the resource demands of
individual goods and services.[58][59]
The underlying driver of direct human impacts on the environment is human
consumption.[60] This impact is reduced by not only consuming less but also making
the full cycle of production, use, and disposal more sustainable. Consumption of
goods and services can be analyzed and managed at all scales through the chain of
consumption, starting with the effects of individual lifestyle choices and spending
patterns, through to the resource demands of specific goods and services, the impacts
of economic sectors, through national economies to the global economy.[61] Key
resource categories relating to human needs are food, energy, raw materials and
water.
Sustainable development has its roots in ideas about sustainable forest management,
which were developed in Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries.[16][17]: 6–16 In
response to a growing awareness of the depletion of timber resources in
England, John Evelyn argued, in his 1662 essay Sylva, that "sowing and planting of
trees had to be regarded as a national duty of every landowner, in order to stop the
destructive over-exploitation of natural resources." In 1713, Hans Carl von Carlowitz,
a senior mining administrator in the service of Elector Frederick Augustus I of
Saxony published Sylvicultura economics, a 400-page work on forestry. Building
upon the ideas of Evelyn and French minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert, von Carlowitz
developed the concept of managing forests for sustained yield.[16] His work
influenced others, including Alexander von Humboldt and Georg Ludwig Hartig,
eventually leading to the development of the science of forestry. This, in turn,
influenced people like Gifford Pinchot, the first head of the US Forest Service, whose
approach to forest management was driven by the idea of wise use of resources,
and Aldo Leopold whose land ethic was influential in the development of
the environmental movement in the 1960s.[16][17]
Following the publication of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring in 1962, the developing
environmental movement drew attention to the relationship between economic
growth and environmental degradation. Kenneth E. Boulding, in his influential 1966
essay The Economics of the Coming Spaceship Earth, identified the need for the
economic system to fit itself to the ecological system with its limited pools of
resources.[17] Another milestone was the 1968 article by Garrett Hardin that
popularized the term "tragedy of the commons".[18] One of the first uses of the term
sustainable in the contemporary sense was by the Club of Rome in 1972 in its classic
report on the Limits to Growth, written by a group of scientists led
by Dennis and Donella Meadows of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Describing the desirable "state of global equilibrium", the authors wrote: "We are
searching for a model output that represents a world system that is sustainable
without sudden and uncontrolled collapse and capable of satisfying the basic material
requirements of all of its people."[19] That year also saw the publication of the
influential A Blueprint for Survival book.[20][21]
In 1975, an MIT research group prepared ten days of hearings on "Growth and Its
Implication for the Future" for the US Congress, the first hearings ever held on
sustainable development.[22]
In 1980, the International Union for Conservation of Nature published a world
conservation strategy that included one of the first references to sustainable
development as a global priority[23] and introduced the term "sustainable
development".[24]: 4 Two years later, the United Nations World Charter for
Nature raised five principles of conservation by which human conduct affecting
nature is to be guided and judged.[25]
Since the Brundtland Report, the concept of sustainable development has developed
beyond the initial intergenerational framework to focus more on the goal of
"socially inclusive and environmentally sustainable economic growth".[24]: 5 In
1992, the UN Conference on Environment and Development published the Earth
Charter, which outlines the building of a just, sustainable, and peaceful global society
in the 21st century. The action plan Agenda 21 for sustainable development identified
information, integration, and participation as key building blocks to help countries
achieve development that recognizes these interdependent pillars. Furthermore,
Agenda 21 emphasizes that broad public participation in decision-making is a
fundamental prerequisite for achieving sustainable development.[26]
The Rio Protocol was a huge leap forward: for the first time, the world agreed on a
sustainability agenda. In fact, a global consensus was facilitated by neglecting
concrete goals and operational details. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
now have concrete targets (unlike the results from the Rio Process) but no methods
for sanctions.[27][8]: 137

Improving on economic and social aspects

Further information: Corporate sustainability and Sustainable business
It has been suggested that because of rural poverty and overexploitation,
environmental resources should be treated as important economic assets,
called natural capital.[62] Economic development has traditionally required a growth
in the gross domestic product. This model of unlimited personal and GDP growth
may be over. Sustainable development may involve improvements in the quality of
life for many but may necessitate a decrease in resource consumption.[63] "Growth"
generally ignores the direct effect that the environment may have on social welfare,
whereas "development" takes it into account.[64]
As early as the 1970s, the concept of sustainability was used to describe an economy
"in equilibrium with basic ecological support systems".[65] Scientists in many fields
have highlighted The Limits to Growth,[66][67] and economists have presented
alternatives, for example a 'steady-state economy', to address concerns over the
impacts of expanding human development on the planet.[34] In 1987, the
economist Edward Barbier published the study The Concept of Sustainable Economic
Development, where he recognized that goals of environmental conservation and
economic development are not conflicting and can be reinforcing each other.[68]
A World Bank study from 1999 concluded that based on the theory of genuine
savings (defined as "traditional net savings less the value of resource depletion and
environmental degradation plus the value of investment in human capital"),
policymakers have many possible interventions to increase sustainability,
in macroeconomics or purely environmental.[69] Several studies have noted that
efficient policies for renewable energy and pollution are compatible with increasing
human welfare, eventually reaching a golden-rule[clarification needed] steady state.
[70][71][72][73]
A meta review in 2002 looked at environmental and economic valuations and found a
"lack of concrete understanding of what “sustainability policies” might entail in
practice".[74] A study concluded in 2007 that knowledge, manufactured and human
capital (health and education) has not compensated for the degradation of natural
capital in many parts of the world.[75] It has been suggested that intergenerational
equity can be incorporated into a sustainable development and decision making, as
has become common in economic valuations of climate economics.[76]
The 2022 IPCC Sixth Assessment Report discussed how ambitious climate change
mitigation policies have created negative social and economical impacts when they
are not aligned with sustainable development goals. As a result, the transition towards
sustainable development mitigation policies has slowed down which is why the
inclusivity and considerations of justice of these policies may weaken or support
improvements on certain regions as there are other limiting factors such as poverty,
food insecurity, and water scarcity that may impede the governments application of
policies that aim to build a low carbon future.[77]
The World Business Council for Sustainable Development published a Vision 2050
document in 2021 to show "How business can lead the transformations the world
needs". The vision states that "we envision a world in which 9+billion people can live
well, within planetary boundaries, by 2050."[78] This report was highlighted by The
Guardian as "the largest concerted corporate sustainability action plan to date –
include reversing the damage done to ecosystems, addressing rising greenhouse gas
emissions and ensuring societies move to sustainable agriculture."[79]
Gender and leadership in sustainable development[edit]
Gender and sustainable development have been examined, focusing on women's
leadership potential and barriers to it. While leadership roles in sustainable
development have become more androgynous over time, patriarchal structures and
perceptions continue to constrain women from becoming leaders.[80] Some hidden
issues are women's lack of self-confidence, impeding access to leadership roles, but
men can potentially play a role as allies for women's leadership.[80]
Barriers[edit]
There are barriers that small and medium enterprises face when implementing
sustainable development such as lack of expertise, lack of resources, and high initial
capital cost of implementing sustainability measures.[81]
Globally, the lack of political will is a barrier to achieving sustainable development.
[82] To overcome this impediment, governments must jointly form an agreement of
social and political strength. Efforts to enact reforms or design and implement
programs to decrease the harmful effects of human behaviors allow for progress
toward present and future environmental sustainability goals.[83] The Paris
Agreement exemplifies efforts of political will on a global level, a multinational
agreement between 193 parties [84] intended to strengthen the global response
to climate change by reducing emissions and working together to adjust to the
consequent effects of climate change.[84] Experts continue to firmly suggest that
governments should do more outside of The Paris Agreement, there persist a greater
need for political will.[85]
Another barrier towards sustainable development would be negative externalities that
may potentially arise from implementing sustainable development technology. One
example would be the development of lithium-ion batteries, a key element towards
environmental sustainability and the reduction in reliance towards fossil fuels.
However, currently with the technology and methodology available, Lithium
production poses a negative environmental impact during its extraction from the earth
as it uses a method very similar to fracking as well as during its processing to be used
as a battery which is a chemically intensive process.[86] One suggested solution
would be to weigh the possibility of recycling as this will cut down on the waste of
old lithium as well as reducing the need for extracting new lithium from the ground,
however, this sustainable development solution is barred from implementation by a
high initial cost as studies have shown that recycling old technology for the purpose
of extracting metals such as lithium and cobalt is typically more expensive than
extracting them from the ground and processing them.[87]
Sustainable Development Goals

The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals

This section is an excerpt from Sustainable Development Goals.[edit]

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) or Global Goals are a collection of 17
interlinked objectives designed to serve as a "shared blueprint for peace and
prosperity for people and the planet, now and into the future".[88][89] The goals
are: No poverty, zero hunger, good health and well-being, quality education, gender
equality, clean water and sanitation, affordable and clean energy, decent work and
economic growth, industry, innovation and infrastructure, Reduced
Inequality, Sustainable Cities and Communities, Responsible Consumption and
Production, Climate Action, Life Below Water, Life On Land, Peace, Justice, and
Strong Institutions, Partnerships for the Goals. The SDGs emphasize the
interconnected environmental, social and economic aspects of sustainable
development by putting sustainability at their center.[90]
The SDGs were formulated in 2015 by the United Nations General
Assembly (UNGA) as part of the Post-2015 Development Agenda, which sought to
create a future global development framework to succeed the Millennium
Development Goals, which ended that year. They were formally articulated and
adopted in a UNGA Resolution called the 2030 Agenda, known colloquially as
Agenda 2030.[91] On 6 July 2017, the SDGs were made more "actionable" by a
UNGA resolution that identifies specific targets for each goal and provides indicators
to measure progress.[92] Most targets are to be achieved by 2030, although some
have no end date.[93]
There are cross-cutting issues and synergies between the different goals; for
example, for SDG 13 on climate action, the IPCC sees robust synergies with
SDGs 3 (health), 7 (clean energy), 11 (cities and communities), 12
(responsible consumption and production) and 14 (oceans).[94][95]:
70 Conversely, critics and observers have also identified trade-offs between
the goals,[95]: 67 such as between ending hunger and promoting
environmental sustainability.[96] Other concerns include there being too
many goals (resulting in compounding trade-offs), weak emphasis
on environmental sustainability, and difficulties with tracking qualitative
indicators.

Education for sustainable development

Education for sustainable development (ESD) is a term used by the United
Nations and is defined as education that encourages changes in knowledge, skills,
values and attitudes to enable a more sustainable and just society for all. ESD aims to
empower and equip current and future generations to meet their needs using a
balanced and integrated approach to the economic, social and environmental
dimensions of sustainable development.[97]
Agenda 21 was the first international document that identified education as an
essential tool for achieving sustainable development and highlighted areas of action
for education.[98][99] ESD is a component of measurement in an indicator
for Sustainable Development Goal 12 (SDG) for "responsible consumption and
production". SDG 12 has 11 targets and target 12.8 is "By 2030, ensure that people
everywhere have the relevant information and awareness for sustainable development
and lifestyles in harmony with nature."[100] 20 years after the Agenda 21 document
was declared, the ‘Future we want’ document was declared in the Rio+20 UN
Conference on Sustainable Development, stating that "We resolve to promote
education for sustainable development and to integrate sustainable development more
actively into education beyond the Decade of Education for Sustainable
Development."[101]
One version of education for Sustainable Development recognizes modern-day
environmental challenges and seeks to define new ways to adjust to a changing
biosphere, as well as engage individuals to address societal issues that come with
them [102] In the International Encyclopedia of Education, this approach to education
is seen as an attempt to "shift consciousness toward an ethics of life-giving
relationships that respects the interconnectedness of man to his natural world" in
order to equip future members of society with environmental awareness and a sense
of responsibility to sustainability.[103]
For UNESCO, education for sustainable development involves:
integrating key sustainable development issues into teaching and
learning. This may include, for example, instruction about climate
change, disaster risk reduction, biodiversity, and poverty
reduction and sustainable consumption. It also requires participatory
teaching and learning methods that motivate and empower learners to
change their behaviours and take action for sustainable development.
ESD consequently promotes competencies like critical thinking,
imagining future scenarios and making decisions in a collaborative way.
[104][105]
The Thessaloniki Declaration, presented at the "International Conference on
Environment and Society: Education and Public Awareness for Sustainability"
by UNESCO and the Government of Greece (December 1997), highlights the
importance of sustainability not only with regards to the natural environment, but also
with "poverty, health, food security, democracy, human rights, and peace".[106]