-MHT-CET ‘CHE SOLUTIONS Introduction Mistures —[— Honogeneee (fom mixing of components) “LE dicttgenone vn non ming component) Atlatione a omagesous mitre of oe ore pre sbanee Types of Solutions (0) Basodon the number ofcomponents, saltions can be clase as binary, ternary orquariensry (Gi) Besedon the amount of salute presen ina given smount of avert, elution areelaceied an ‘unctarated, saturated or eupereaturated, + Unsaturated Solutione: The solution in which dissttion of more ext ie possible. + Saturated Solutions contain maximus amount of saute dissolved in given amount of ‘elvent a a given temperature + Aupersaturated solution (unstable) contains greater than the equilriun amount of ‘elute dasolved in the solvent, (Gi) Basedon the phyrieletate ofthe components, ther ae nine ty of otis, ae aes a TP mtd te | Sevan dr in ner nga ae Buen | es libres ih inw conten stainwae Ce eee tsa cecaynae SA Maced Rol ose 3] Ge | tennant van Sosa ial STE aes A Aoution wid a solid suivant called a slid olution. ‘A solution wth Tiquid solvent calla a igi eoation. ‘Acolution vith a gascous solvent ie called a gneous solution, Note :The major component of» solution i considered the solvent and the minor component isMAT-CET« cHeaesTaY = Sottons Solubility (Solid in Liquid solutions) ‘The amount of solute present in a unit volume ofa saturated solutions ato apecific temperature is called its solubility. 1 expressed in mal 17 Factors Affecting Solubility () Nature of solute and solvent : Compounds with simile chemical character are more readily soluble in each other (LIKE dissolves LIKE) (G) Temperature : I the dissolution proces is exothermic it is generally favoured by decease in temperature while an endothermic proces is generally favoured by an increase in temperature (Wi Pressure : Pressure has no effet on the aolubilities of solids and liquids as they are incompresbl Solubility (Gas in Solutions) Solubility of gases in water unvally decreases with ncreaoin temperate and inerestes with crease in pressure ofthe ge. Henry's law : Solubility oa ga ina liquie direty proportional nthe pressure the gaz abeve si, he ‘where, $= solubility in mol dn and P= partial pressure of the gus above the solution. Units of y= mol dm bar [Note : Gases like NH, end © donot obey Henrys law since thee gases react with water Vapour Pressure of Solutions ‘Vapour pressure is the preeure exerted by the vapours ofa guid onthe liquid eurface at a given temperature under equlbrium conditions. ‘Raoul’ lave: The partial vapour prescur of any volatile component of» solution is equal to the vapour pressure of the pure component mulled by ies mole faction in the solution, pape For a mixture of wo volatile liquid; the total vapor pressure is the eum ofthe vspour presures of the individual eonsponeta, Ideal solutions and Nordea! solutions ‘ideal solutions ‘Non-igeal solutions 1. Obey Raoult’ law over the entire range of | 1. Donot obey Raoul's aw over the entire ange ‘concentrations, of eoncontrations 2 beg H=O; agg V=O 2 ByipH #0; dae VO 18. Vapour pressure of golution Kies between | 8. Vapour pressure of ection may be higher or ‘vapour preaureof pure components cor lowor than those f pure components 4, Solute-olute, aolvent-olvent and salut: | 4. Solute-slvent interactions are diferent from tclvent interactions are almet the eam. soluterolite and covent-solvent interaction.sworcer + cremstRr = atone Deviations fiom Rout’s Law Positive () Stuesolventinteracionsareweaker, 6) Solateaolventintractions restronger. (@) Vapaar pressure of solution greater Uuan Gi) Vapour pressure of solution lower than thot of individual porecomponents {hate ofindividul pure comsonents (4 Beanies (6) Examples CE,0H + CH,cOCH, (H,OH + H,NH, (+ cHcOcH, chic, + cH,cocH, Colligative Properties of Non-electrolyte Solutions Coligative properties Physics properties of lutions which depend on number folie particles nd noton thir netore ae called eoligative properties, (Vapour pressure lewering. 6 Boling point elevation, (i) Prowsing point depresion, Go) Oantie pressure Vapour Pressure Lowering of alvent ie lowered when » non-volatile solute ie ade to it. (i) Mae decrease inthe vapour pressure ie dretly proportional tothe number of solute particles ded Qence «eoligative property). o> no P ‘The lowering of vapour presture io proportions athe mole fratin slut insolution where, x ie mle fraction of nonvolatile alte Relatvelowering of vepour pressure SB gy 2M Pe tm $2 6% (coming vo dst] 4p mM, ne ‘Knowing al other quantities, molar mess of solute My canbe calelatdMur.cere CHEMISTRY = Sottlons Boiling Point Elevation (4 Ty) (© Boiling point isthe tomperature at which the vapour presrure ofthe Liquid i equal to the sppled pressure. (In open container the applied pressure is atmospheric pressure) i) When a non-volatile solute is ned the vapour prtur of the etvest reduces and hence the boiling point increases wy an, ™ (Gv) The elevation incense in boiling point i directly proportional tothe number of solute particles in olution and hence tothe molality ofthe solution, AT,= Kym there, ye ebullioscopic constant (moll elevation constant) and m is melt f solution, ” Where, Wand My are the mass and molar mass ofolute in gor kg abd Ws isthe mess ofthe solvent in (i The mola elevation constant (Kis the elevation in boiling point for «1 mola solution, Units of: Kleg. mol Depression in Freezing Point (A 7;) (0 Preesing point of tquid isthe temperature at whieh the liq and sid etates fa substance ‘in equilibriam andthe two phases have the same vapour prose (G) The freezing point of volvent is depressed) lowered when 8 non-volatile slut is added tit (i) Te depression in freezing pointe proportional othe mamber af slut particles presentin the ssltion AT; = Km ‘shore, 4; means depression in freezing point, Kyis moal deprestioe constant or crvecopic ‘onsant and m ie molality of elution. KW, o AT; = Kem= eM hore, Ws and M, are the mace and molar mate flute respectively and W, ithe mass ofthe solvent a. (©) The moll depression constant ie the depresion in freezing point fr a1 moll solution Unitof Ky: K kg mol? Ky By 8 Tyand 6, ar the diference i temperatures. Hens, their values will be the same in Kore, Osmotic Pressure (x) Semipermeable membrane :A membrane or film which vlectvey allows the passage of salent soleus ' ‘Osmosis, ‘The ret spontancous ow ofolvant molecules nto the elution or from more dle slutien to more ‘concentrated solution through a emipermesble membrane iscalledeerosis.r-cer + cnemstRe = sotutons During oatosis the passage of calvent molscules through the semipermeable membrane takes place intoth directions however, the ret of pareage of elvent molecules inta the solution o rom more dilvte {© more concentrated solution ie greater then the rate in the reverse direction ‘osmotic Pressure (x) (6) The pressure required to sop camoce called the obmotsprssure. (isnot the presture produce by a solution butexiets only when the elution is aeparated from ‘hesolvent by a suitable kind o semipermeable membrane. (iy Two wutione having te exe emtic pressure ae cle iastonic slutions (i) I two solutions have unequal ormeti pressure; the more concentrated elution with higher ‘smote preccue is ald tobe the hypertonic eoution while the mare dilute solution having lower cemotc pressure i clled hypotonic solution (6s) Since the solute particles in very dit solutions behave ike gas molecules; we can apply eat Inve a dle soltions ‘ng RT (Similar tothe ideal gus equation] ‘where, Vie the volume of soltion in ds cntaining np males of non-volatile ole ‘R= 0.08208 dn! atm K~? mot“ and Tisthe temperature in Kelvin WRT aVemnra 4 the molar mass and the mass ofthe eolte respectively. Reverse Osmosis (© Whena pressor greater than theosmotic pressure ofthe solution is applied onthe olution, the tolent from the solution passes through the somipermeable membrane and enters the pure felvent(eely reverse ofthe osmosis proces (Used to eoparatefesh water end ealty water. Colligative Properties of Electrolytes @)lectrlytes are substances which disueat into their constituent ons in thee fused or aqueous state. (i) Values of caigetive properties of solutions of electrolytes are greater than those af nom: lectrlpts ofthe same concentration. ‘Tite because the numberof mee pares in lett wlio ane grate eto diaacition, van'tHoff Factor () © Coligatve property of electrolyte slution ‘aligatve property of non-eletolte solution of same concentration Actual number of particles in solution after dsccition ° ‘Moles of formula unite dsslved in the solution 5 ‘Obeerved vale of colligntiv i ‘Theoretical / Expected value of the colligntve propery Maza.NMT-CET + CHEMISTRY = Solutions oO there, a = degree of dseciaton. = males of ions obtained fom dievociation o 3 mol ofthe lectelye. an Hoff fector helps to compare cligativo properties of electrolytes and non-eectrlyes of same SS wrontant FonMuLAc Macs of ote 100, ‘Maso oltion| Volume af ole x 100 Yelume of elution — Macs of sluto 100 “Volume of eoiton Maes or volume of solute 108 "Mas or volume of olution No.of mote of ate ‘Volume ofslationn én? Molarity is «temperature dependent quantity No of mola of alte "Mar of solvent int No.of moon af a particule component ‘Teal no, of melee of al components in elation 1. Percent byes (in): Percent by value (os) = 13, Percent weight/volume ( wh 4, Parts per milion (ppm) olution 5. Malarity (0 [Unit mol day 6. Matai (m [Units mot kg") 71. Mole fraction 0X Xan No. of gram equivalents of solute Volume of slvtion in dar” Mars of solute Beuivalont mass Molecular No af replaceable HY ina 8. Normality (M) = 9. No.of gram equivalents of volte = 10, Equivalent mass (for an aed) = Bquivalent mass ora base) auivlent mas fora sat) = Melee ase — 1, Normally Moly ane or) ewwaliy sry Aly arbor 12. Ditn ema Y a 1 an soe intial arty volun of tn ep. ie tin Id Veo lriy and anette sen Hn 18 Motriyota mir ofan Mai Mle 24 ora nine cd nd ae CHEN, VV oon oni IEA, Ecat ote ane\mr-cer + CHEMISTRY sontons | (Gi) HN Vg 1 Vie neutral eatin. (iv) Moisture ase: 1 (0) mixture i basi: (OH) = 1, and V,are normality and volume of ci olution, ‘Nyand ¥, are normality and volume of base anuton. ws. = Soluility, Ky '. 16, For elation containing a non-volatile elute: aouls Law) pour pressure of pure solvent and xy = mole Frneionegelvent in selution. 17, Fora mista of two volte iid Ay nd As Draw = its + peta aoult's Law) wheres on evapo preaeue ofthe mixture, ," end py arethe vapour pressures ofthe pure folvente dy and a reapecivly and are the mole factions ofA and As inthe solution Dat i ton of vlatile cemponent in the vapour phase (1) tively. ie the partial vapour preseure du to the volatile component and pra the tote ‘apourprenure of the mixture 18. =P w, Aes (92 = Retave lowering of vapour proses] a. 2. where, Wand W; are mass of abate and event respectively. and Mand M, are molar mass of sluts and solvent respectively. 2. R= TTY a Ww, ane kom Gri ovation in biting point, Ty" = Bolling point of pore solvent, ling point of eatin, molality fslation, 2, = ebuliosopic constant. WW, and My are mass and melar mass of solute eepectively. We the ms EW, taken in gram: 3000 5 We ane Tn| wrr-cer + chewsray = ana T-7 at =Kym= Xe a 1 Km ‘where, &.7;= depression in freezing point IP = freezing point of pure savers, 1) = freezing point of ecuton, ‘= Cryosopie constant (moll depression constant, molaty of station 28, 1° taken in grame; ane Solitons here, Wand My are mass and molar mass clita respectively and Wt mass oslvent ink. 2. eVenRT where, = eamotie pressure of clon, V= volume of elation, a = no, of moles of elute, ‘R= universal gas constant, a T= temperature in Kelvin necrr (C= concentration in mol da 32. vant Hoft factor ( Wynd Mzare mass and molar mass of slate respectively 1 Mga 14 parmaate Obecred value of oligntive property ‘Theoretical vale of colligatve proper 88, For enlute which ao electrolytes where, a = depes dination, 2 = total no cf mules fans rom mele feat, [For AB 35, Note: When using: Van RP (0) Isiain sim and Vin dm’ R= 0082 Latm K mol“! ) Uxiein Na°* Pa) ang Vin the, 8314 JK ml! (© ris in Na"? (Pa) and Vin ém R= 8314 IK"! mal? nexty]srcer + cHemsre = Sehaton 26, Relation between molality and molarity: where, Where, My = dar mas ofsolute and d= density af exution, MyxRT? (ax RTE age MARAT Max nt Bemaio0' %* 3 ari000 Where, My = maar macs of clvent, 7 sed Tare bribing end freezing point of olvent resp. ‘Sy Hand yy He onthay of fsion and vaporieation ofthe solvent reepcsvely 29. Ltore=Tmmef Hg; 160tore= 760 mm of Hg = 1 atm TEE ocr choice cvesTONs Introduction; Types of Solutions (6) water ats ae solvent © abot ats solvent, (© sleshol ate a sole, (@ water or aleabol ean beth solvent. 7. Which ofthe flowing is incorrect? 1. Attu elton none (@) is homogeneous mixture (©) meny contain to or mare components, (© always containconly two components aaa (0 Gacnednlvd in water isi it 7 ae (Sate dinslved in water sid sition (©) lidin exe iuidin gna seo en (© Figuidin guid (@ eld in uid 3. Which ofthe following is not a mixture? (@) Gasoline) Rock Solubility (© Metalamaigam () Carbon dioxiée gh incorrect statement regarding colebity 4. Tnmetal amalgamgthe solvents oad in liguld i (@)motal @yamalgam (@) Wie the maximum amount of elute that (@ hydroren——(@) meroury ‘an be dlaslved na colventat particu 5. The property mhichis not associated with a Jor temperature polar oovent i (ta unit ie mol aen™®, (6) high being pon (© Stee always temperature independent ©) low vapour presse, (@ the colublty af slate depends on the (© low visas ’ solvent in which ie disolved (@ low critica! temperatane in the guscous 9+ The fave statement from the fllowing sate (@) Diaaltion of KC! in water ie endother 6. Inthe elution of ety) wleohol and water ‘mie proeas hence ti favoured bya in reese in temperature,T-ceT + cHENMSTRY ry 13. u. (@ Solubility of KBr decreases with on (© Solubility of NapS0, decreases with (@ Pressurehas no eee.on the obit of ENO, in water Solubility o ace in iguide (o) decrente with increasing temperature. (© inreases with increases in the pressure ofthe ge. (9 canbe calculated ata particular tempers tare using Hes la. (both) end ‘The tue etatement among the following it () solubility ofa gas in x gui ie diretly proportional othe partial pressure the 88 above the Liqui () the unit of Henzye law constant ie mal ax? (@ auaition of alt oa gasin guid slation Increases the solubility ofthe gas. (@) Ki he solbiiy ofthe ga in guid ate temperature of0°C, NH, and CO, do not obey Henr because (@ NH, reacts with B,0 and formshydroxide (©) C0, reacts with wator to farm carbonic sd (@ hnydrogen bonds in water ar too strong to be broken by NH and CO, (both (and ‘Asolid solutes disslved ina liquid solvent. ‘At equiibrivm the rat of dissolution (@) equate the rte of rstallictin, (0 i greater than the rat of eystaisation (@ flower than the rate of rystaliaton. (@iszee, Low concentration of oxygen inthe lod and tisees of people living at high altitudes dueto (6) low temperature (© ow pressure a 16 a. a. (© high atmosphere preisure (@) bath and) ‘Which ofthe following factors doesnot affect the solbility of sold rolite in liquid solvent? (e) temperature 0) pressure (© nature of olute (d) nature ofstvent A solution ie prepared by adding sali ote Xintiqil alvenY, Precipitation of Xtakes place when # small amount of Xi added to ‘hecalution Hence, the solution (a)sstursted (2) unsaturated (© supersaturated @ dite ‘Aonplar solute will iain (@)apolarsnlvent 2) annie solvent (a nonpolar solvent (@ solvent made up of covalent molecules. Sebel in quid may beineressed by (e increasing temperature (b inereasingpreaoure (©) choosing a solvent with high dipole (a both (a) nd ‘The olsbility of certain gap at 1 atm protfure and 25°C ie 68> 10"* mol a? ‘star Caeulate the elubity of the gas at 1 atn presure ifthe partial pressure ofthe (eax q)s4x 10M © a4ei'm — @oss x10 Marine ile prefer lower levle af the ocean tesa. (a) higher temperature of surface water Aleereaes the amount of dissolved Os ©) lower level of water contain « higher percentage of dissolved 0, (© of higher temperature of water at lower level @ both) and I the diealtion of atl in Liquid ie an exothermic process then (a) heat ie evolved during Use crystallizationwr.cer + cHemsTRY ) solubiity of saturated aslution will Aecreare with increase in temperature. (6 the proces would bea slow process. (@) both (and ) are eae 122, Acoliddatalver in watorif (@) lattice energy is almost equal t or ‘han hydsation energy. (© diteolution i endothermic. (© dissolution i exothermic @ dee8 2, Sogaricolublein water due to (0 oie character of water. () polar nature of water molecules, (© low latece energy of suger. (@nydeogon howd frat with wetar ei ad word Salutes _Devietions from Raoul's Law legatve deviation from Raoul’ law it cheered ncane of. (© enut-stvent iterations are weaker {hen acteaalue and saventealvent 6) mistare o borform and beens, (© mixture of phenol and acon. {@ ina mistre of phenol and anne 28, Which f the flowing statements flee wt eel lations? (0 They arformedy gid avin similar tracted polite. © dae © bau (@ Vapour presureof the slutionishigher ‘than those ofthe pare components. 26, Molecular weight of a solute determined ‘using Raoul’ lw would be exact incase of (@) non-olatie solute in 8 concentrated teluton, 0) a non-velati solute in a te solution (©) an electrolyte in a dito soiton (@ an electrolyte ins concentrated selutio, 21, A solution showing postive deviation from Raoul law. (@) will have vepour pronsure los than the {ndvidual components. 29, a, (0) will have vapour pressure higher then the {ndvids components (will have biling point lower then the Individual components (@ bath @) end. (On mixing 10 mi of asstone end 10 ml of chloroform; the volume ofthe resultant ()<20 mL (0 >20mL (@ depends on the temperature When wo leuide ae mixed then the boiing point of the mitre becomes greater than both of thom. Hence, che txpe of elation is 2m Gia (4) ebnormal (© non-deaeaution with positive deviation (@)non-idea eoltion with negative ‘evition ‘Aoluton of acston in ethane! (@) behave ike an ide! elation. () obeys Raul law. (© shows pritive deviation from Raoult's law (@) shows a negative deviation fromBaouls ‘When caries disulfide (A) and seetane (8) are mined tgethor (0) AcA and BEB interactions than AB interactions (0) A‘AandB-B interactions are weaker than ‘AB interactions (NA. BB and AB interactions are equal (@) There is no interaction between the liquid an thy remain immiscible esitve deviation frm Raoul’ law? (a) benzene toluene 1b) phenol aniline (© earbon disulfide + acetone (@ chloroform + ectane Which of the following shown negative deviation fom Raoul law? (6) ethanol + soatneMHT-CET + cHesTRY « 36 a”. 38, 1b chloroform + aetore(@) phenol + water (@ carbon diate + sstone 4. Which a the fllowingtatemente about the ‘composition of the vpoxr phase over an eal 1:1 molar mixtareoftenaene and toluene is ‘Temperature = 25°C PYreatne 126 AP Teens 285 KP (0) The vapour willeontin a higher percent: age of benzene (© Vapour wil eantaina higher percentage of toluene, (© Vapour containe egal amounts of ben zee and tlvene. (@ The vapour contsinsbonsene an shuene ina: 2 ratio, ‘Which of the following ie incorrect for ideal ralution? © deeG=0 dg =O © dae U=O (AP = Pag ~ Patan ty Raat ow Colligative Properties of Solutions Lowering of Vapour Pressure ‘The vapour pressure of liquid (@) increase with inretting temperature, © depends on the intermolecular force between liquid mole, (©) increaves on aditien of « non-volatile solute (both (a) and.) ‘The relative lowering of vapour pressure of fn aqueous olution containing non-erlati ite i 0.025. The maility of te elution is approximately... (Given; for water is 0512 K kemod @ Lt 24 Goa @os2 ‘The relative vapour pressure oa sluton is 0.5. Hence, the elative lowering vapour presoure of the elution @ 079 025 018 (aor2s ‘The vapour preseure of water at room temperature is 28 mm of Hig, Hence, the vapour pressure ofan aqueous elution of «. 4. a, “a urea with mole fraction 0.2 at the same (@)23.am ©) 184mm © 25mm @)35mm ‘The mele fraction of the solveat in the ‘elution of non-volatile slit e085. The telatve lowering of vapour pressure is (001 008 (002 oad ‘Vapour pressure of astone is greater then ‘that of water because (@) acetone ie more volatile than water. (acetone has lower boiling pciat than (© intermolecular forces in acetone are ‘weaker than those ia water. @ wth (@ and ®) ‘The moefraction ofa ealvent in aslution ie 0.95. Ifthe vapour presture of the pure solvent is 80 mm of Hg, then thy vapour Dresrure of the solution is (76 mm 0) 760 mm © 80mm @ 76mm ‘The mole faction of the solute in a solution Js 02 If the vapour pressure ofthe pure Salvent is 180 mm of Hg then thy vapour Dressureof the slution ie (025 tm (0) 152.mm oH (@o0zam (@ beth (a) and) ‘The vapour pressure of water at room temporature ie 20 mm of He. Hence, its vapour pressure at 109 *C would be (nder etandaed condition (9700 mm 6) 76: (2am (0/1018 New ‘the mole faction ofa solute thesolution fs changed from 0.1 to 0.5 the vepour pressure ofthe solution wll hnge by (055 09 (ou oss Foran ideal binary liquid solution containing Avand B where pq" < py" the correct relation between xp mae fraction of Bin solution) andy (mole ration of Bin vapour ‘hase wll be Ws %5 Os>m OxpG>hy 128, The vant Hof factor for an electelte AB 98. Hence the percentage dissociation of ‘solution of thie electeayee ie 049 198 49 oo 124. The ratio of theoretical molar mass to the observed molar mass is expressed aa @! wm wer way 125.The molecular mass of NaCl as determined by onmotie pressure measurement (9585 (2925 (117 (a) 292 126. Tho van Hol factor fora 0.5 muro ction 05 m1 wis woas U27-The values of observed and caloslated ‘molecular weights of sodium chloride are 30 and 08.5 respectively. ‘The depres of Aisociation of sodium chloride willbe 09 195 95 (oem 128. The molecular weight of Ca(NOs) ae deter. ‘ined by oemote posture method will bo ‘approximately {At mass Ca = 40, = 14, 0 16) 6s 82 wim se 129.11 the observed and theoretical oemotie Pressures ofan electrolyte BA are 62 and "Teapectively, the degre of dewocition ofthe electrolyte is 055 158 @1 wore 180.The biting point of 0.2 mol ky" elution of X in water is greater than an equimolal solution ef Yin water. Which of tho following statements is tue inthis ease? (5) Solatons (9) Y undergoes dissociation in water while X undergoes nochange, 0) Xis undergoing dissociation in HyO (©) molar macs of X is greater than eolar mato Y (8) molar mas of Xi lne than molar pass oy 181. The experimental molecular weight of on electrolyte will always be leas thas the 1 w=! Wiw 182.0.5 mola aqueous solution ofa weak cid (HX) is 207 tensed, If K; fr water 3.86 Ka; the lowering in rcting point of the soltion ie @-116K ® 056K 116K (056K 188. The degree of dissociation (a of « weak letroiyte A,B, ia related fo the van Hoff factor bythe expresion 1 ia Ory MEST asB2=1 ge ttyet 184. Which ofthe following slutions has loweet @O1mKC! 02m ue (© O1mNa,$0, (0.1m K{FeCN) 185, vant Hot stor fr KgPCN ie 1 @2 3 wae 2126. 40.004M eoltionof BCI ie istonie witha 0.010 M solution of ure st the same tems erature. The degre af dissoriatien of aC, wll be (75%) 85% fe) 50% (1285 197. The ratio of the valve of any eallgative Droperty for KCI solution to that for agar altion nearly @1 0s @20 ws