2/.ENEHE HA KJIETKATA.

MMTO3A
CbHOCT M3HAYEHME naneaBaT. Koraro peiuIHKauuATa mpHkJIOYH no x
HA KNETbYHOTO AENEHE JnaTa o6uKoJIKa na MaiyHnara AHK, ABeTe AbiepH
H K ce pa3neiAT. MexAy TAx OCTaBa npa3Ho MaCTO.
EAHHCTBeHHAT HauHH B npHponara na ce o0-
Tam KJieTLYHaTa cCTeHa 3aii0 Ba 1a pacTe HaBbTpe.
pa3y BaT HOBH KJETKH, e KNeTbYHOTO IeJiCHe: ,,BCAKa
AOKaTO HaTbIHO pa3Aein ManiHHaTa KIeTKa Ha
KJIeTKa -OT KJICTka". ABe
AbuepHn KIeTKH (¢nr. 1).
AKo 6akTepHATa HMa AOTbIHHTETHH MaJikH
Kaembunomo denene e npouec, npH KoWTO OT
AHK MOIeKyiH (n1a3MHAH), Te CblMO Ce peIinunpar
eua H3xOAHa (MaüYHHa) KIeTKa ce n0JIyya-
H Ce pa3npejenAT MeKAY AbluepHHTe KIeTKH.
BAT ABe HOBH (IbmepHn) kieTKn. Bunaru ce
barTepHHHAT reHOM ce peruHIHpa Heipe-
npequecTBa OT penIHKauns, KOATO OCHrypaBa
KBCHaTO, Karo HOBa peiiukauHA 3aTToYBa ome npea
KonH OT MañyHHaTa AHR 3a ABeTe AbepHn
neieHeTO Ha kieTkaTa na e npwKJTOYMIO. Taka (npu
KJIeTKH.
61aronpHITHH ycHOBHA) ce noCTHraT Qbp3 pacTex H
JeTeHe Ha BCeKH 20- 30 MMHyTH.
AeneneTo oCHrypaBa
pa3MHOKaBaHeTo Ha eJHOKJIETbYHHTe opra
6eNTbyn, npuKpenaun AHK
HH3MM KbM KIETb4HaTa MeMópaHa
pacTeKa n pa3MHOKaBaHeTO Ha MHoroKJIe-
TbYHHTe opraHu3MH;
FAHK
BB3IpoH3BOICTBOTo (pereHepauuATa) Ha
KJIETKH, TbKaHH H opraHH B MHOrOKIETLYHHTe opra-
HH3MH.

KieTbYHOTO IeIeHe e cioKHO ABJICHHe, YHeTO0

H3yyaBaHe e H3HCKBaJIO BpeMe, HaTpyIBaHe Ha no3-
HaHHA H pa3BHTHe Ha H3cITejOBaTeJICKHTe METOAH.
TIpoiecbT 1pOTHYa no pa3inYeH HaYHH npH npoKa-
pHOTHHTe H npH eyKapHOTHHTe KIeTKHH TOBa e eAHO
OT BaKHHTe pa3JiHYHA MeKAY TAX.

AENEHE HA NPOKAPnOTHHTE
KMETKM

TIpH ónarompHATHH ycIOBHA npokapHOTHaTa

KJIETKa HMa ycnieHa oóMAHa, pacTe HenpeKbcHaTO H
iepoAHO ce enn, karo npenu TOBa peninunpa
CBOATa AHK. Duzypa 1. locnedo6amennu emanu na deneHe Ha
llpHnoMHeTe CH, Ye HaciejCTBEHHAT aiapaT oaKmepuA
reHOMBT) Ha npoKapHOTHaTa kieTka npejcTaBIABa
eAHa ronAMa npbcTeHHa MOJIeKyna HK, koATO He e AENEHE HA EVKAPnOTHWTE
000co6eHa B Anpo. Ta ce cBbp3Ba c KIeTbYHaTa MeM- KTETKM
6paHa nocpeicTBOM OenTbUH. OcHOBHH nOHATHA. MuTo3a
PeniHKauHATa Ha 6aKrepnHara AHK 3anoy- (0T rp. Mumoc
-

HMUIKa) B TecEH CMHCbI 03Ha1aBa

Ba oH3o o MSCTOTO Ha c»bp3BaHe c KIerbYHaTa pa3ueiAHe Ha
AApeHns MaTepHan (xpomo30MHTe). Pa3nenAHeTO
MeMópaHa. 3aenHo c HanpeABaneTo Ha peniukaun- Ha KJIeTYHOTO TAIO
ce
ATa reve H KIeTKara ce yabIKABa.
HapHva yumokUHe3a (OT Tp.
Apyr npouec -
-

ABMKEHHe Ha kJiETKATa) H ce
OpopMAIIuuTe ce AbuepHn AHK MOIeKyJIH ce TeriaT MHTO3aTa. BaTa
H3BbpIBa B kpas Ha
OT CBbp3BauuHTe rH 6eJTbUH B +poTHBOnoIOKHH
npoueca ca cBbp3aHM H 3aTOBa uec
TO UAJIOcTHOTO
AeieHe Ha
nocOKH. Taka 1buiepHuTe AHK nocTeneHHo ce pas- 03HavaBa kaTo Mumo3a.
eykapnoTHaTa kJieTKa ce

88
 MUTO3A
KJIETKATA.
ESNEHE HA

Munmo3ama e yinHBepca.ien npouec na ki1e- 3a aeiCHe IpoTH-

HTepda3a. IloIrOTOBKaTa
1BH0 enCne a eykapnornara kierKa,
1a B Tp NOCICAOBaTeJin cþa3n: G,,S, U,
uDH KOTO OT CAHa MainHa ce nojnyyaBar pacTe yBCJIHYaBa
TIpes G, dpazama KICTKaTa

IBe buepiii KICTKH Ch¢ Cblmua xpom030 HTOIJIa3MCHaTa cH Maca. ToBa e nan-ipoibJIKHTEI

MeH Habop. Hara dpa3.

B pe-
peUIHKaLAATa.
Tlpe3 S qpazama upoTHva OT ABe
AKO Man9HHaTa KieTKa e aumnonAna (2n), oka3Ba u3rpajeHa
3yTTaT BCIKa xpoMO30Ma ce

tepHNTe KJeTKH C'blMO ca AunioHAHu (2n). 3a na YABOABa ce H ueHTpo3OMa-

CecTpHHCKH xpOMaTHAH.
aHe TOBa, 1anuHHaTa KieTKa Tp«óBa Aa ce nonroOT- BCAKa o r cTapHTe
ueHTpHoIH IeprieH-
Ta kaTo B'bpxy
3 Ie1eHe, KaTo yABOH xpoMO3OMHTe, yBeIMIH HOBa.
AHKYIapHO Ce H3rpamAa
HeoPxOAHMH 3a

uacaTa cH H HaTpyna pa3iHuHH BeIIeCTBa. lIpe3 G, pazama ce HatpynBaT

ATD, docdonHriMAn
lonroroBKaTa 3a neneHe npeuIeCTBa MHTO3a- AeTeHeTO BeLIeCTBa
-

6esIT'biuH,
1A H Ce Hapnya uHimeppaza (OT J1aT. inter MeKAy,

BpeMeTO MEKAY Be AeNeHua).

T.e. AeneHe (MHTO3aTa)
MHTO3a. CbUHHCKOTO
nocHepoBaTeJIHH da3H: npopa3a,
IloaroToBkaTa 3a Je.iene (uuTepda3a) n ca poTHa B YeTHpH
3).
MOTO eene (MuTo3a) oõuno ce HapnyaT MU- METada3a, anada3a n Tenoda3a (Hur.
npean) xpo-
momuveH (Knemb4en) qukbn (Þur. 2). TIpes npopa3ama (oT rp. np0
3amoYBaT Aa ce BHKAaT
M030MHTe ce yiIBTHABAT H
NOCIe BCce
KaTO HHIWKH, O T H a v a i o - TbHKH
H ABITH,
AAbpije-
no-KbCH H AeõenH. TpaHckpHnUHATa cmupa,

M TO Ce pa3pyliaBa.
Me*-
BOMKHTe ueHTpHOIH ce pa31aneyaBaT.

TAX BpeTeHOBHAHO Ce moApeKAaT MHKpOTpbQHT-

Ay
cbBKyIHOCT OT MHKpOTpOHYKH
KHTe. IloAyyeHaTa
MHKpOTpb- a caMHTe
ceHapwa denumenHO 6pemeno,
OHYKH HHIKH Ha BpeTeHOTO. eIHTeIHOTO
Bpe-
G2 G1
TeHO HMa dyHKUMATa Aa ABHKH XpoMO3OMHTe npe3
KaTO Te He MOraT caMH Aa ce ABHKaT.
MHTO3aTa, Tb
B Kpas npoça3ara iapeHaTa oóBHBka
Ha
ce

pa3naja Ha MeMôpaHHH MexypueTa. HaukuTe Ha

AOCTHraT xpoMO3OMHTe H ce
S AeIHTeJIHOTO BpeTeHO
HM. BETe xpoMaTHAH Ha
Mumo3a; Gl, CBbp3BaTc yeHTpoMepHTe
Dueypa 2. Mumomuven yuxba (M
-

3akauBaT 3a HHIKA, HIBamH OT

uHmeppaza). BCAKa xpOMO3OMa ce
deneHe -

, G2 pa3u Ha nod2omo6kama 3a
cpeuyi0JIOKHHTEe noIOCH Ha BpeTeHOTO.
n o K a 3 a H u K o M n a x m u u dopu npe3 UHmep-
4poMo30.1ume ca
Pazama, 3a da ce eucda KO2a ce yo6o46am)
Meradasa AHapa3a Tenopasa
Kpan Ha npopasara
npodaza

AbyepHM KnETKn
ManynHa KneTKa
B MHTepdasa (G,)
B MHTeppa3a (6)

* u 6 0 m u n c k a Kaemka)
Du2ypa 3. Mumosa (Ha

.bnonor
rA 3ApaBHO o6pa30BaHne
3a 9. knac
-

M. MapkoBa n Ap. 89
Bb3nPOW380ACTBO HA KAETKATA

MHTeppa3a popa3a
MeTadaza AHaDa3a
Tenopa3a
MCma CICA) xp0-
lpe3 Mcmada anma (or ip. na
MO3OMIHTe ce nonpeRNaT 0 cpenaTa (R CKBa1opa)
CKbcCHu,
MakcHMaJino
1eiHTeNHOTO RpeTCHO. Te ca

BUIM11. CeCTp1ICKTC XpoMa-

KOMnakTHII 1 10Ópe
i a icTpOMepa.
B OÓJIaCT Ta
THM Ca RCC OIe CBb3aI
O11aT TaKa iojl-
Koraro BCHYKN XxpOMO3OM1
Murp0ckOnCKU
CiUMKU Ha denauu ce
ana
- BHKC- Dueypa 4.
3anoYBa aHadasama (or ip. nyk
peaeHn, CC pa3yicJiiT Om Kopene
na
KemKU
CecTpIINCKHTe xpoMaTHN
HHC Harope). caMOCTOATCJIIIH

KOCTO CTaBaT
11CHTpOMePa, c AMWTO3A
HB KBM
u3TerJIH
rH
AenTCJIHOTO BpeTCIHO ofiHCBaT ABa THna
xpOMO3OMH.
Ha 19. Bek yueHHTe
10JIOCH.
HnuikHTe Ha BpeTCnOTO, B Kpaa
cpeuuyno10KHHTe KJeTKH: MHTO3a, npH KOgTO
ATO
cK'bCABaT, eykapHoTHHTe
BCe nOBCYe ce HCICHe Ha
C xpoMo30MHTe, H IeIHTeIHO
CBbp3aHH KOMI1aKTHH XpOMO3OMH
Tara ABaTa cHMeTpHYHH ce HaónionaBaT
a KieTkata ce yAbIKaBa. KOATO TaKHBa CTpyKTVnu
H aMumo034, ipH
Haóopa ce pa3naieuaBaT. BpeTeHO,
NpoMO3OMHH H caMaTa KIeTKa npoCTa
1oCTHrHaT moi1OCHTe, 3a-
He ce
HaóJIOJaBaT, a aipoTo
loM xpoM03OMHTe
menoc 1pe3 20. BeK ce pa3kp
H pa3jenAT.
noyBa nocIeAHaTa dpa3a menopasama (OT rp.
-

ce npHbIBaT
3HayeHne Ha MHTO3aTa,
Ha Te3H OT H BCeoOjoTO
CDOHTHATa npe3 Hea ca oópaTHH BaT MexaHH3MBT
Kpa). Mpe- Ce HaoikOAaBa paiko, H TO BHHar
ce 3aMeHA C ,,aMHTO3a"
npoha3aTa. enHTeIHOTO BpeTeHO AOkaTO
KOHTO ca B kpaa Ha
CTpyiaH KJIeTKH H KIETKH,
Ka or MHKpOTpbôHYKH. XpoM030MHTe, npH yBpejeHn
H BH]HMHTe IBT. Hec nOBeueTo oHOIO3H CMATaT, ye
npH nonOCHTe, ryQAT KOMI1aKTHOCTTa
KH3HeHHA CH

cIHBAHe Ha Mexypue- H UJTaTa KIeTKa õe3 oÑpa3y.

CH O4epTaHHA. OkoJO TAX Ypes pa3nenAHeTO
Ha aapoTO
ce H JEIHTeIHO BpETeHO
Ta ceoópasyBa AapeHa oQBHBKa. TpaHckpunuHATa BaHe Ha
kOMIaKTHH xpOMO30MH
Ha iereHepaunA H
Bb30OHOBABa H ce oQpasyBaT sAbpna. He e cbIHHCKO IeJieHe, a mpH3Hak
Ha KJIETKATa.
npeacTOALYa CMbPT
kieTbYHOTO
IHToKHHe3a. Pa3AenAHeTO Ha
TA1O (UHTOKHHe3aTa) npoTH4a npe3 KbCHaTa aHada-
Hau-eaHomo
3a H Ipes Teiopazara. TIpu eKBaTOpa MHKPOHHIKKH
HoBn KneTKM Ce o6pa3yBaT OT npeqwecTBaun upes
ce ToApeKnaT B IpbCTeH (cbKPamumenen npbcmen)
ce n Taka
AeneHe. To ce npeaxOKAa OT pennMkayna.
mOA KIeTbHHaTa MeMQpaHa. CbKpaumaBar
AeneHeTo Ha npoKapnoTHHTe KnETKM CE oCHOBaBa
pHCTATraT" T.Hap. denumenna bpa3da.
KJIETkaTa c
Ha pennnKaynATa Ha AHK n Bpb3Kata C KneTbYHaTa
Ta CTaBa Bce no-AbIÓOKa, AOkaTo ABETE AbIuepHH
KJIETKH HaibiHO ce pa3jeiAT.
MeMópaHa.
3a eykapnOTHWTe KneTKW yHWBepcaneH TMn geneHe
e MMTO3aTa. Npn HeA OT eAHa MavyMHa ce nonyva8aT
OCOBEHOCTH HA MWTO3ATA
ABe pbepH KneTKn CbC CbuMA xpOMO3OMEH Ha6op.
M LMTOKWHE3ATA NoaroToBKara 3a AeneHe (MHTep¢asa) n caMoTO Ae-
NPM PACTHTENHMTE KNETKM
neHe (MMTO3a) o6ujo ce Hapnuar MMTOTWHEH (KneTbueH)
OmHcaHoTO m0-rope ieieHe ce ocbjeCTBABa yUKbi.
npH KHBOTHHCKHTe kIETKH. AeieneTo Ha pacTHTen-
HHTe KIerKH e noAoóHO, HO WMan pa3iMk. Mpoeepeme
IbpBo, TbÅ KaTo B pacTHTeIHara kieTka HAMa u npunoweme Hayyenomo
ueHTpHOnH, AeiHTenHOTO BpeTeHo ce warpakza no
1.OnpeneneTe KDae e Hayanoro Ha pennukaunATa
no-cJOKeH HayMH - p e 3 óeITbUM, CBbp3Balh MHK-
Ha AHK B KneTkaTa oT ¢¢nr. 1.
poTpLonyKHTe. Bropo, TBbpnara KieTb4Ha CTeHa 2. CpaBHeTe AeneHeTO Ha 6aKTepnWTe c MMTO3a.
He no3BOnABa uWToKHHe3a upe3 leiHTeIHa 6pa3Aa. 3. CpaBHeTe MMTO3a npn xuBOTWHCKa n npn pac
BMeCTO TOBa B eKBaTopHaiHaTa oQiacT ce oÑpazyBa THTenHa KnETKa.

naacmunra, KosTO pacTe or ueHTbpa KbM nepnde-

pHATa pa3uen MaivHHaTa KJeTKa (¢ur. 4). Caea
pa3jeiaHeTO Ha IbIepHWTe KJIeTKH NJIacTHHKaTa ce
Wowe...
ce
OM3rpaxAa HO bIHOYCHHa KICTbYHa CTeHa. HepaAko reHOMbBT Ha 6aKTepinHaTa kneTKa
03Hayasa Kato 6akmepuüHaxpOM030Ma", Ho TOBa
caMo ycn0BHO.

90
 MEMO3A

28. MEMO03A
CbLHOCT M3HAYEHUE HA MEHO3ATA
CPABHEHWE MEKAY MEMO3A M MMTO3A
TeJjeCHHTe KJICTKH B
MHOrOKJICTLUIHTe opra- Meño3aTa BKJl1OTBa 1Be nocICAOBaTeJIHH JeTe
uH MMaT AuINUIOHACH Hadop xpOMO30MH (2n). AKo Ha-
HI13MH
HHS-T H II, HapeyeHH Meüomumu. BcAKO OT TAx
uTe KJIeTKH OAxa CBIIIO
n o n O B H T .

AMILJIONAHH, TO mpH o - iOMHA MHTO3a H MMa no3HaTHTe YETHpH pa3n ipo- -

nOKna
aHeTO B 3HrOTaTa Ha0opbT Ón CTanan 4n H BbB oóaye
pa3a, MeTadasa, aHaha3a n renopa3a. OkaTo
BCAKO
CneABan0 mokoJIeHHe On ce
yiBoABan. ToBa MHTO3aTa 3aia3Ba xpoMo30MHHA Ha6op,
To MeHO3aTa

He ce ciyyBa. ro.
06a4e ro HaMaIABa Hano1OBHHa
-

peayunpa
BCAKO IOKOJICHHE ipHJiH4a Ha poAHTenHTe cM. AuIIonAHa kJieTka (2n) ce
llpn MHTO3a eJHa
TpoecbT, KoMTO OCHryp?Ba 3ama3BaneTo Ha HacIea- AenM Ha ABe AnUIOHAHH (2n), a npH MeÃO3a eiHa
cTBCHaTa HHPOpMalA B TOKOIeHHATa, e cneunaieH xanioHAHM
AMIIOHAHa kieTKa (2n) o6pa3yBa ueTHpH
THI KIeTbHH0 HeICHe, HapeueH Meüo3a. IIpoTHva npH (n) KIeTKH (Hur. 1). Ta3n pa3nnKa B pe3y1Tara npon3-
na3yBaHETO Ha iO.nOBM KIeTKH H 3aTOBa Te AMaT THa OT pa3iHuuA B MexaHH3Ma Ha ABaTa THI1a,JeTeHe
xannoHIeH (n) xpoMo3OMeH Ha6op. pHr. 2).
Meuo3amma e THn KieTbYH0 JeieHe, npH Koe-
MEXAHM3bM HA MEMO3ATA
MHTO0-
TO IHITOnAHMIT XpoM030MeH Haõop (2n) ce lIbpBo MenOTHYHO AeiEHe. KaKto npH
HaMaIABa HanonOBHHa (penyuwpa ce) 1o MeÃO3aTa AeTeHETO Ce ipea-
3aTa, Taka cblijo H npH
xanionIeH (n). eCTBa OT peiIHKaunA Ha AHR.

n
KoraTo TpH onJiOKNaHETO Ce cieAT ABe xamio- 2n M O 3 A MEMO 3 A
2n
HAHH nonOBH KIeTKH, B 3MroTaTa ce Bb3CTaHOBIBa

AML.nOMAHHAT Ha6op Ha BHAa. Har1pumep TeneCHWTe 2n

KAeTKH IpH YOBeKa HMaT xpOM03OMEH Ha6op 2n == 46,
deneHe
a sMueKnETKHTe H CIIepMaTo30HnATe - n = 23. Pu2ypa1. Cpa6HeHue Ha pesynmama om

pe3 Mumo3a u ype3 Meu03a

Meño3ara e npouec, ocHrypABai 3aia3BaHeTO

Ha reHoMa mpn nonOBOTO pa3MHOKaBaHe.

M T o 3 A MEM 0 3 A
AeneHe Il geneHe

npopa3a

2n n
2n

MeTadasa

AHaoasa

lenooaza

n n n
2n 2n
Mumo3a u Meúosa
ueypa 2. Cpaenenue .MecOy

91
Bb3NPOn3BONCTBO HA KNETKATA

c ocTaHa.1a yABoCHa cec-

Oóaue AHK
30MI. Tii kaTO
Ilpe3 npoda3a I xpouo3OMume ce yUIBTHABaT
HaóiIO]aBa ce TpHHCKHTe
xpOMaTHJII
OIe ca
peniwkauwa
3aelHo), penUIHka1.

no cbunA HauHi, kaKTo npi MUTO3ara. B HAKOH cayyaH A06uB.

XpoMO3OMIITe
He poTHva.
MUTO3A: XOMOJTOKHH= TeH) BHA, a B
O0aue 1 ABJICHHe, JIiNCBauO mpiu
3a
HHTepGpa3eH
KpaTKO
(HekOMI1aK
Apyrw
Te xpOM030MII Ce cóJIKaBaT no ABOoMKH H Ce CBbp3BaT cyyan oCTaBAT KOMI1aKTH.

1O LUAnaTa cH Abn*Hna. Hapuua Konioz0-

Npouecbr ce McnOTHYHO e n e n c . llpei BropoTO Me.
BTopo
XpOM03OMH
XOMOJIOKHH He ce peuiHuupa. ToBa Ieneue
/Ua, a AB0iIKATa KO11orupauI iOTHYHO 1eICHe HK
- OuGa.ieHm (1oncKe ca ABe) HJIH menpada (ioHCKe e CXOAHO C
MIITozaTa.
MexaHu3bM
OHBa- no CBOA
HMaT o6uio 4 xpomaTHAH). Ciea kaTo 0ópa3yBaT Ha npodasa lI xpoMO3OMHTe Cca 3akayeu
B Kpas
JIeHTIH, XOMOIOKHHTe xpoMO3OMH 0ÔMeHAT mOMeKAy Ha AeiHTeJIHOTo BpereH0. IIpe3 uemada.
3a HHILIKHTe
CH paBHocCTOÄHH yuacTbun OT MOIeKyJiHTe AHK. Ipo- ce moipeKAAT Ha
eKBaTopa. IIpea
H ce 3a II xpoMO3OMHTe
IeCST Ce HapHva kpocuH2o6b}p (npekpbCTOCBaHe) XpOMaTHAH ce pa3neNAT u
anabasa Il cecTpHHCKHTe
kaTain3Hpa oT eH3HMH. Ton BHHarH 3acara HeceCTpHH- TOJIKOCHTe. Ilpe3 meropaza
lI ce moTVua
noeMar KbM
CKH XpOMaTHAH (¢ur. 3). KJIeTKH C XaoNAHH AApa
n HeyABOeHO
BaT AblIepHH
ZDiepHHTe KIETKH,
(eAHHuuHo) KOJIHYeCTBO AHK.
CecTpHCKM XpOMaTnAn nO-
HececTpWHCKM XpOMaTMAM

OT eAHa ManuHHa kieTKa,

BCTbIIHIa B MeñO3a
JayyeHH

-
SnBaneHT (Tetpaga)
R-
KpocMHro8bp (npekpbCTOCBaHe
ca ueTHpH.

oE 3A 3HAYEHMETO HA MEo3ATA
B KpanHa cmeTKa ce oka3Ba, e
ABOAKa 6HOIOrHYHa pons. OT eAHa CTpaHa, TA 3ana3-
MeHO3aTa HMa

Duzypa 3. KpocuH206bp 6a 2enoMa 6 nokoneHuama, KaTo oopa3yBa xanIOHAHH

KpocnHroBbpbT npe3 npoda3a I HMa BaxHa óu-
KIETKH, KOHTO mpH OLTOKAaHe Bb3CTaHOBABaT Hop-
onorHHa pona: TbpBo, ocurypaBa HOBH CLHeTaHHs OT
MaJHM AunnoHIeH xpoMO3OMCH Habop. OT Apyra
reHM, H BTOpo, ykpeiBa oHBaneHTHTe, 3a na He ce pa3-
CTpaHa, Ta cb3da6a Ho6u KOMOUHayuu om eenu pes
maAHar npexjeBpeMeHHO, a Aa ce 3aiaAT AO Kpas Ha
1Ba npoueca - kpocHHrOBbp B npodasa I H cnyaäeo
MeTadazaI.
pa3npenenAHe Ha xOMONOKHHTe xpOMO30MH KbM enH-
B kpas Ha npoda3a I B UATOIIa3MaTa ce u3rpax-
Aa JeJiHTeIHO BPETeHO, a iapeHara oÑBHBKa ce pasnana HMA HM Apyrua nonOC npe3 anapa3a I.
(KaTO TpH MHTO3aTa).
Tlpes Memapasa I Ha eKBaTopa ce noApeKAaT Haù-eamHomo
eJiH oHBaneHTH, a He OTAeAHH xpoMo30MH. Bce«u 6n- MenosaTa e KneTbyHO AenEHe, KoETO npeoópasy8a
BaJTeHT Ce 3akauBa 3a aenHTeNHOTO BpeTeHO Taka, ve
AnnnonaHMA xpOMo3OMEH Ha6op B xannongeH. lpouye
eAHaTa xpOMO3OMa 1a e cBbp3aHa c HHlIKn OT eaHHua CDT npOTnya npn o6paaysaHe Ha nonoBnTe KnETK.
moIOC, a Apyrara - c HHIKH OT C p e u t y n o n o * H M a n o -
Meno3ata BKnIOYBa qBe nocnegoBatenHW AeneHnA.
JIIOC. CiyyañnoCTa ornpeienA kak ue 3acTaHe óHBa- lpe3 bpBOTO AeneHe xOMonoKHTe xpOM03OMM ce
JICHTBT H KOA xpOMO3OMa C HHUka OT KOÃ noIIOC Ue ce CABOABaT B
6MBaneHT (TeTpapn), n3BbpwBaT KpocMH
CBBpKe roBbp ce pa3npegenAT cnyyaVHO KDM ABaTa nonHOCa,

AHapasa 3ana3BanKW ABETE CW xpOMaTWAu. Taka

3amo4Ba c pa3kbCBaHe Ha Bpb3KHTe MM 6poAT CTa
Ba xannoWAeH. Mpe3 BTOPOTO AeneHe xpOMaTWAUTe Ha
MeKAY XOMOJIOKHHTe xpOMO30MH. buBaieHTHTe ce
BCAKa xpoMO3OMa ce pa3genAT n ce o6pa3yBaT oóujo 4
pasnanaT no xpoMo3OMH. XpOMO3OMHTe ce npHABHK
BaT KBM noIIOCHTe, TerieHH T HHIIKHTe Ha
KneTKM C xaninonpeH xpOM030MEH Haóop.
enwTeJ-
HOTO BpeTeHO. Te Bce ouje ca CBCTaBeHH OT
ABE xpOMa-
THAH - OCoóeHOCT, KOATO He Ce HabikoNasa npH HHKOA
Mpoeepeme
Apyra aHadaza. KBM KOÅ HoIOc ye noeMe MañunHa H unpunOKeme Hayyenomo
KDM KO -6auiHHa xOMOIOKHa xpOMO3OMa,ce
onpepe 1.paBHere npouecnTe MWTO3a M Meño3a upe3 or.
JIACHopen nonoKeHHeTO, KOeTO BCeKH OMBaJieHT cay- 2. B KOn
opraHn Ha 40BewKOTO TANO npoTnya npo
yaHO e 3aen npes MeTa¢pasa I. yecbT MEio3a?
Tlpes meopasa I OKOIO xpOMO3OMHTe Ha ABa- 3.1peCMeTHETE KOnKO xpOMaTnAn o6uO MMa ena
Ta noitoca ce 4OBeuka KneTKa: a) B paHHa uHTeppaza (G1); 6) 8 KbCHd
oópa3yBaT AapeHH O6BHBKH. Anpara Ha MHTeppa3a (G2); B) cneg I
ABeTe AbuepHH KJIeTKH ca c xanionneH ópoñ xpoMO- Aenehe; A) cneg ll MeioTWYHO
mUTO3a; r) cnea MenoTW
AgeneHe.

92
 KM3HEH LUKbJI HA KTETKATA

n9.Ku3HEH LIUKbI HA KNETKATA

foraTo
Kor KJIETKaTa e W
opraHu3bM (eAHOKJIETb-
34BHCHMo Maiu e 1poKapuOTHa, HIH TloBeYeTO KpaüHo AnpepeHUnpaHn KJIeTKH O0a-
KHBOT Ce wsuepiiBa c
eykapn- e KHBeAT KpaTKO, Hanpumep epHTpoWTHTe, KJIeTKH=
ucHHAT pacTeK H JeieHe. Te OT mOBbpXHOCTTa Ha enunepMuca H Ap. ToBa Haiara
oT
BMHOF
TeTLYHHA opraHn3bM Oðaye noiOKeHneTO e uacmuyHo
0OHOBABaHeTo cmeo106U KIemxu
-

HM upe3
HO. KJIETKHTe
pa3nnyp
Ce
ciennain3upaT H H3rpaxnaT CTBOJIOBHTe KJeTKH Heripe-
H O UIo, Ha koeTO ca noAYMHeHH. dudepenyupanu knemku.
KJieTKH
eanHHe

KbCHaTO ce nenaT, KaTo 9acT OT AbIIepHHTe

OCTaBaT CTBOJIOBH, a apyrH ce HacoYBaT KbM KpaH-
lociejoBaTeiHoCTTa OT CbOWTHA MeK]y Ha AnpepeHYnaun. Taka HanpHMep oT KpbBOTBOp-
Bb3HHKBaHeTo Ha kJieTKaTa upe3 npejuiec- HH CTBOIOBH KJeTKH B KOCTHuA M03bK ce moiyvaBaT
TBamoAeieHe H Kpaa Ha CbueCTByBaHeTo Ha eIIH-
CpHTpoUATHTE, a oT KiETKH B A'bi6OKHA CIOH
mocpeicTBOM IeJieHe MJIM
CMbpT ce
HapHua MepMAca ce oopa3yBaT mOBbpXHOCTHHTe eTHAepMai-
Cu3Hen uuKbA. HH KJIETKH.

Ku3HeHHAT UMKbJI ipH eHOKJIETB4HHTe eyKa- KNETbYHA CMBPT

nHOTH CDBnana c MMTOTHYHMA HM UAKBA. Ipu KieTKH- 3a-
BcAka IETKa MOKe mpeKAEBPEMEHHO Aa
Te BMHOrOKICTDYHATO opraHn3MM KU3HeHHAT UHKLI no BbHUIHH
THHe, npeTbpmH TeKKo yBpeKAaHe
ako
e MHOTO no-cioKeH. B MHOro cnyuan Ton BKIIO4Ba
ipHYHHH. TakaBa KIeTBYHa cMbpT
ce Hapya HeKpo-
Cneuncpn ueH npouec Ha kiembyHa dupepenyuayua. C
KHBOTHHCKHTe KJeTKH TA ce cbIipoBOKAa
3a. TIpH
KJieTbUHaTa MeMöpaHa, npn
HaxnyBaHe Ha BOAa npe3
KNETbHA AUOEPEHYWAYUA KoeTO KIeTKaTa ce pasayBancnyKBa.
PaHHHTe 3apoAMHH KIeTKH ca HeOTIHYHM
oõave Me*Ay TAX ce nos-
eaHa OT Apyra. TlocrenieHHO
BABaT pa3iHYHA (Hu. 1). popMHpaHeTO Ha pasinyH
(}þyHKuHHTe Ha kneTKHTe OT eAHH
B yCTpoÃcTBOTO H
HeBpoH
KJemb4Ha dugpepeuyuaqua.
opraHn3bM ce Hapn1a
Ha Ha-
AbIKH Ce Ha pa3JiHKH npH OCbIeCTBABAHETO
CnencTBeHaTa nporpaMa. CamaTa nporpaMa (JHK) OC
KIeTKH H3IO13BaT CbpaeuHo-MyCKynHM
TaBa HenpoMCHeHa, HO pa3nuYHHTe
KJieTKW
HanpHMep reDT 3a KepaTHH
pasnHHH yacTH OT HeA.
KIeTKH,
paöorH" (ce npe3anuCBa) B eriiHAepMaiHHTe
reHBT 3a HHCyJIHH BKJIeTKH Ha naHKpeaca, H T.H.
HanpeuHoHaQpazjeHM
KIETDYHA AnOEPEHLYMAL;UA MyCKynH KTeTKW

MKNETbYHO AENEHE HeandepeHynpaHn

cio- 3apoanuHM
KJeTKH 3ana3BaT
HAkon andepeHpaHH KneTK

HanpuMep, ako ce OTCTpa-

OHOCTTa CH Ja ce nenAT.
KIETKH 3a-
vepHOAPOÓHHTe peBHO-enMTeNHnM
dCT OT uepHHA Apoó, BL3CTaHOBAT MacaTa My. KneTKM
83T Aa ce AeNAT, AOkaTO ce JeisT, ako
PHTe nHMdOUHTH C'bILO 3anoyBaT 1a

opraHu3Ma nonaaHe aHTHTeH.

BCIeACTBHe Ha AHHepeH-
IMa KneTKH, KoHTO
ce eiAT.
cnocoÑHOCTTa cH Aa
ATa 3aryôBar epHOApo6HM
du pepeHyupaHu.
Ba KIeTKH ce HapHuaT xpaiino *HBeAT Abiro KUiETKW

O T TAx, HanpHMep HeBpoHHTe, ce oHo-

YeCTO KOkOTOc a M H A opraHH3bM) õe3 na
Duzypa 1. KzembuHa dupepenyuayua (npunepu)
BBAT.

93
Bb3NPOM3BOACTBO HA KNETKATA

HCH OTrOBOp, CJIeA KaTo aHTHTOHbT eyHHmOKEH. nn

BMHOrOKJICTBUuna opraH13BM KICTKa MOKC ipw
a 3arnHe H no noaJCn MOICKYNCH curuaJi, aKO *M- KJICTKHTeB Oiaikara Ha ronoBara iTbkuka H Ap. B

BOTBT 1 He e nyken Beuc Ha oprauw3Ma. SlBicuCTO porpamHpaHaTa KICTb9Ha CMbpi yacTBaT eH3HMu
Ha camara kJieTKa. 3a pa3JI HKa OT HeKpo3aTa
ce napiya upoepamupana Knemouna capm (pur. 2).
HaoiionaBa ce np1 IMd)ouITH, yyaCTBaJIIn B HMy- KaTa He ce pa3iyBa H JIMSHpa, a
HaipoTHB, CBHBa.
3ana3BaiKH MeMópaHaTa cn. AupOTO, a cieI;TOBa H
ce
NporpamwpaHa LLMATa KJIeTKa ce pa3ACiAT Ha uacTH, KOWTo HeCHO Ce
CMbpT 06XBauaT u noribuaT OT (parouWTH. Taka TbKaHTa
OLp30 ce,1oYHCTBa', AOKaTO TipH Hekpo3a oCTaHkH
Te OT MBpTBWTe KIeTKH TPYAHO Ce H34MCTBaT H nOHR
Kora mpeAn3BHKBaT Bb3I1aJieHHe.

Aenenero, KIeTbYHaTa IMpepeHunana n npo-

rpaMupaHaTa CMbpT ca tpHTe OCHOBHH Tpoueca, CBC
Hexpo3a TaBIHBaun Ku3HeHHA IMKbI Ha kieTKHTe B HO
Dueypa 2. Budose kxnembyna cMbpm KIIeTbYHHA OpraHH3BM (HHr. 3).

KpaHO AndepeHuupaHn KpanHo AdepeHunpaH AndepeupaH KneTKM,

KneTK C KbC KUBOT cnoco6HM Aa ce penaT
KnerK CAbbrKuBoT
(Hanp. upeBeH enMTen) (Hanp. HeBpoHn) (Hanp. yepHOApo6HW)

CTBONOBn KiETKM

CMbpT
MMTOTWHeH
yUKb
M

nporpaMMpaHd
eHhLÐUN 1dqwo
eneHe
PaHHM
3apoanwH
KJieTK G2

KneTKM, KneTKW, eiaun ce KneTKM

Hecnoco6HM cnoco6Hn
Aa ce AenAT Aa ce AenaT

Durypa 3. O6oóyena cxema na vcuzHen yuxba

Haü-eaHOmo
Kn3HeHuAT YWKDI Ha kKneTKaTa o6xBauma cbónTWA-
Moye.. HOKaTo eHOKneTbYHWTe ce genAT Bb3MOKHO
Ta OT Bb3HUKBaHeTO MAO HeMHOTO AeneHe wnn CMbpT.
pn enHoKneTbYHMTe opraHn3M KM3HEHUAT YW-
Kbn CDBnapa c MMTOTWYHUA YUKbn.
Npn KneTKWTe B MHOrOKneTbYHWA opraHn3bM
KM3HEHWAT YMKb 06XBauja AeneHeTO, KleTbYHaTa
AndepeHynauua n nporpamnpaHara CMbpT.
Han-yecTo, npn MHoroKneTbYHTe eykapnorH KneTb¥-
HTe geneHVA Ce cboÑpa3sBaT c Hy*AVTe Ha uenMA
opraHn3bM WCe KOHTponnpar ctporo. KneTkaTra npic
TbnBa KbM pennMKauua n AeneHe caMO ako nony
MOnekyneH CMrHan OT APyrn KnETKW, Ye AeneHero
pa3peweHO". TaKa ce ocnrypaBa HyXHWAT 6poH kner
KM OT BCeKM THN. NoHAKOra o6aue oTAenHn KneTkn no

pa3nnHM npnyMHn npectaBaT Aa n3ncKBaT pa3pew

Mpoeepeme TeneH curHan n 3anoyBaT 4a ce genAT,caMOBONH
unpunowemeHayyeHomo KaTO eAHOKNETbYHn opraHn3Mn. NpoMAHaTa npe
1. ApryMeHTWpañTe 3HayeHneTO Ha kneTbYHaTa TasnABa M3paxpaHe Ha HopManHu KneTKn B pakKOB
AnoepeHuuasnA. BOAM AO Bb3HWKBaHe Ha TyMop. CApyrn ayMn, pakoB
2. PakosTe KneTKM Ce genaT 6bp30 M HeKOHTponn Te KneTK ce pa3nn4asaT OT HOopManHWTe no TOBa,
paHo. Koa pasa oT MUTOTMYHMA MM MKbi e cKbceHa? ce AenAT HeKOHTponwpaHo.
3. 06acHeTe 3auo TpaBMMTe Ha yeHTpanHara
HepBHa cnCTEMa uecTO BOAAT AO TpañHn yBpemgaHwA.

94