NIRMAAN CLUB

Let's Talk About PRESENTS

LEANING TOWER OF PISA
1. HISTORY friday facts!
The Leaning Tower of Pisa or simply the Tower of is the campanile, or freestanding bell tower, of the
cathedral of the Italian city of Pisa, known worldwide for its nearly four-degree lean, the result of an unstable
foundation. The tower is situated behind the Pisa Cathedral and is the third-oldest structure in the city's
Cathedral Square after the cathedral and the Pisa Baptistry.The height of the tower is 55.86 metres (183 feet
3 inches) from the ground on the low side and 56.67 m (185 ft 11 in) on the high side. The width of the walls at
the base is 2.44 m (8 ft 0 in). Its weight is estimated at 14,500 tonnes (16,000 short tons). The tower has 296
or 294 steps; the seventh floor has two fewer steps on the north-facing staircase.

2. PROBLEM
The Tower of Pisa was built in 1173 and was intended to stand vertically. But due to poor foundations and
poor soils, the tower began to lean shortly after construction began. constructed mainly of marble and lime;
the tower was built in a circular ditch, about five feet deep, over ground consisting of clay, fine sand, and
shells. The cause of the lean is due to a reaction of the composite of clay, fine sand, and shells that the tower
is built on. This soil mix is more compressible on the south side, but over the years as the tilt increased, the
Tower of Pisa stopped sinking and began to rotate, causing the north side to move up toward the surface.

3. SOLUTION
Soil was extracted from two layers of earth: the top layer of sandy soil and the second of marine clay.
The theory was that while the soil was being removed, the ground compression would surge and the clay
would consolidate, providing a stronger foundation. The drills extracted soil from inside a casing without
acting upon other elements or outside of it. The drill cavity then closes smoothly when the drill is
retracted and the soil settles, forming a cradle that cushions the tower as it shifts slightly to the north.

4. THOUGHTS
Each project is unique and will require a different combination of techniques depending on the type of
materials being used, the type of structure, and the specific soil conditions in each case. Keep in mind that
the required regulations and codes must be met in every condition.Inject a soil/cement slurry. This process
requires four key pieces of equipment: a drill rig to advance the slurry to design depth, a batch plant or tank
to mix the cement slurry, a pump to push the slurry to the drill rig, and specialized tooling to blend the
cement slurry with soil in situ

CHIKKANNA P N , 3rd SEMESTER , DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING