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Waves and Oscillations: Lecture No. 8 Topic: Stationary Wave Teacher's Name: Dr. Mehnaz Sharmin
Waves and Oscillations: Lecture No. 8 Topic: Stationary Wave Teacher's Name: Dr. Mehnaz Sharmin
Waves and Oscillations: Lecture No. 8 Topic: Stationary Wave Teacher's Name: Dr. Mehnaz Sharmin
Lecture No. 8
Topic: Stationary Wave
Teacher’s name: Dr. Mehnaz Sharmin
• All particles except at the nodes vibrate simple • For a longitudinal stationary wave the pressure
harmonically with time period equal to that of each (density) variations are maximum at the node and
component wave. minimum at the antinode.
Let, a + bcosφ = Acosθ ii. When φ=π, 3π, 5π ……=(2n+1)π; where, n=0, 1, 2,……
cosφ = -1
and bsinφ = Asinθ
A= 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 − 2𝑎𝑏= a-b (Amplitude is minimum)
∴ A= A2cos2θ + A2sin2θ = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 + 2𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠φ
This is the case of destructive interference and feeble
bsinφ sound will be produced.
and θ= tan-1𝑎+𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠φ
If a=b, A=0, no sound is heard.
Prepared by: Dr. Mehnaz Sharmin, Department of Physics,
4
BUET, Dhaka-1000
Intensity of resultant wave is
If a=b,
I ∝ 𝑎2 +𝑎2 + 2𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 = 2𝑎2 (1+cosφ)
= 2𝑎2 ×2cos2φ/2
= 4𝑎2 cos2φ/2
For constructive interference: Imax=4𝑎2
Figure: Interference of sound wave
For destructive interference: Imin=0
Let us consider, ω1- ω2= Δω and k1- k2= Δk; where Δω and Δk are
very small.
1 1
Also, ω = (ω1+ω2) and k = (k1+ k2)
2 2
1
y = 2a cos (Δω.t –Δk.x) sin (ωt – k.x) (9.11)
2
Thus, the resultant wave has the same frequency and wavelength
1
as the original with the amplitude modulated by a factor cos (Δω.t
2
–Δk.x). Figure: Phase velocity and group velocity
Prepared by: Dr. Mehnaz Sharmin, Department of Physics,
8
BUET, Dhaka-1000
Relation between phase velocity and group velocity
The envelope travels as a wave with the Hence the relation between group
1
wave number 2Δk and angular frequency velocity (u) and phase velocity (v) is
1 given by,
Δω.
2 Δω Δ(𝑣𝑘)
u= =
The velocity at which the envelope travels Δk Δk
can be determined by considering the Δ𝑣
Or, u = v + k
1
modulating factor, cos 2(Δω.t – Δk.x) Δk
Δ𝑣 Δλ
1 1 Or, u = v + k Δλ
=cos ( Δω.t - Δk.x) Δk
2 2
2𝜋 2𝜋
1 Δω Since k= or, 𝜆=
= cos 2Δk (x - . t) 𝜆 k
Δk
Δλ 2π
1 Hence, = - 𝑘2
= cos Δk (x - ut) Δk
2
Δ𝑣 2π 2π Δ𝑣
Δω Thus, u = v -k =v -
Where, u= is called the group velocity. Δλ 𝑘 2 𝑘 Δλ
Δk
Δ𝑣
But, ω= vk and v is the phase velocity. ∴ u = v -𝜆 (9.12)
Δλ