1 Fundamental theorem of Arithmetic: Every composite number can be expressed (factorised) as ¢ product of primes, and this factorisation is unique apart from the order in which the prime factor: ‘occur. 11 Ifxisa positive prime, then yx is an irrational number. For example, 7 is a positive prime => 7 isan irrational number. Some Important Facts/Tips: (@ Up'isa prime and p divides a®, then p divides ‘a’ also, where a is positive integer. For example: 3 divides 36 i., 6” > S divides 6. e integers a and b; HCF (a, 6) x LCM (a, 8) =a Xb ,b LOM of (6, 4) = 12 HCF of 6, 4) LOM (6, 4) x HGF (6, 4) 12x2=6x4=24 (#) The sum or difference of a rational and an irrational number is irrational. Qa (® For any wo posi () The product and quotient of a non-zero rational number and an irrational number is irrational, 1. An army contingent of 616 members is to march behind an army band of 32 members in ¢ parade. The two groups are to march in the same number of columns. What is the maximum number of columns in which they can march? Sol. For the maximum number of columns, we have to find the HCF of 616 and 32. 616 =2x2x2x7x II x7 11 2| 616 2| 32 B2=2XWKBxW*D 2 | 308 2/16 Pix oP 2| 154 2 HF of 616, 32 = = 8 a| 7 2 Hence, maximum number of columns is 8. 1 22. Check whether 6” can end with the digit 0 for any natural number n. Sol. Ifthe number 6°, for any x, were to end with the digit zero, then it would be divisible by 5. That is, the prime factorisation of 6" would contain the prime 5. But 6” = (2 x 3)" = 2" x 8" so the primes in factorisation of 6” are 2 and 3. So the uniqueness of the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic guarantees that there are no other primes except 2 and 3 in the factorisation of 6°. So there is no natural number n for which 6" ends with digit zero. 3. Explain why 7X 1 X 13 + 13 and 7 X 6 X5X4X3.X 2X 1 +5 are composite numbers? Sol. Wehave, 7X 11 X 13 + 13 = 1001 + 13 = 1014 1014 = 2X 3x 13X13 So, itis the product of more than two prime numbers. 2, 3 and 13. Hence, it is a composite number. TKOXBXAXSX2XI+S > 5045, tis the product of prime factor 5 and 1009. 5040 +5 = 5045, 5 x 1009 Hence, it is a composite number. 4, There is a circular path around a sports field. Sonia takes 18 minutes to drive one round of the field, while Ravi takes 12 minutes for the same. Suppose they both start from the same point and at the same time, and go in the same direction, After how many minutes will they meet again at the starting point? Sol. ‘To find the time after which they meet again at the starting point, we have to find LCM of 18 and 12 minutes. We have ieeastat 2| 1s a and 12=2%3 at? +4 ‘Therefore, LCM of 18 and 12 = 2 x 3° = 36 ‘i ' So, they will meet again at the starting point after 36 minutes. 5. Show that 5~/3 is irrational. Sol. Let us assume, to the contrary, that 5 ~ V3 is rational, That is, we can find coprime a and b (b #0) such that5— /3 = 7 5b. Since a and b are integers, we get is rational, and so ¥3 is rational. But this contradicts the fact that. / is irrational This contradi So, we conclude that 5 ~ ¥3 is irrational. 6. Prove that 8 42,3 is ani n has arisen because of our incorrect assumption that 5 ~ Vis rational, rational number. Sol. Let 3 + 2V5 isa rational number, => B+ 2V5= f where p.gare integers and q #0 =3 -3 = we > 25 = 7 -@)Since, p,q, 2 and -3 are integers, p, ~3q, 2g are also integers. Also, 220,920 > #0 [> Product of two non-zero numbers can never be zero] ‘Therefore, RHS of (is rational number and LHS) But this is not possible. So, our assumption is wrong. ¥5 isan irrational number. Hence, 3 + 2/5 _ is irrational number. 7. Prove that 7/5 is an irrational number. Sol. Let 7Y5 bea rational number. 2 75 4 where p, q are integers and q # 0 p = v5 = (i) p, T,qare integers = p, 7q are integers Also 7 # 0.4 #0, = #0 ‘Therefore RHS of (i) is rational number but LHS = ¥5_ is irrational, which is contradiction Hence, 7/3 is an irrational number. 8 Prove that 6 + /2 is an irrational number. Sol. Let 6 + /2 bea rational number. 2 6+V2 =F where p, gate integers and q 0. = v2 =f 6 = Ai) “: PqeBareimegers. => — p~6y,qareintegers. Abo, #0 ‘Therefore, RHS of (i) is rational number but LHS 2 is irrational, which is contradiction. Hence, 6 + 2 is irrational. Choose and write the correct option in the following questions. 1, n*—1 is divisible by 8 ifn is INCERT Exemplar] (@) an integer (®) anatural number (©) an odd integer (@) an even integer 2. The product of three consecutive integers is divisible by () 5 6 o7 (@) none of these 3. The largest number which divides 615 and 963 leaving remainder 6 in each case is (a) 82 (0) 9% 87 @ 93 ‘The largest number which divides 70 and 125 leaving remainders 5 and 8 respectively is (NCERT Exemplar] (a) 13 (0) 65 (875 (@) 1750If two positive integers a and 6 are written asa = xy" and b = ay’; x,y are prime numbers, then LCM (a, b) i INCERT Exemplar] @ ay @)ay* oxy @ xy 6. IFHCE (26, 169) = 13 then LCM (26, 169) is (@) 26 (0) 32 (©3398 @ 13 7. The HCF and the LCM of 12, 21, 15 respectively are [CBSE 2020 (30/1/1)] (@) 3, 140 @) 12, 420 © 3,420 (d) 420,3 8, The product of two irrational numbers is (@) always irrational ©) always rational (0) rational or irrational @ one 9. 3.27 (a) an integer (6) arational number (€) a natural number (@) an irrational number 10, If 3 is the least prime factor of number @ and 7 is the least prime factor of number b, then the least prime factor of (a + 8) is [Competency Based Question] @2 Os os (@) 10 11. Which of these is a RATIONAL number? (CBSE Question Bank] (@) 3x ) BB (©) 0.846666, (@) 0.345210651872849. 12. Which of these numbers can be expressed as a product of two or more prime numbers? @ 15 (@ 34568 (ii) (15 & 13) [CBSE Question Bank} (@) only Gi) (6) only (iy (© only (and (ii) (d) all), Gi) and (iy 13. A number of the form 8°, where m is a natural number greater than 1, cannot be divisible by [CBSE Question Bank] (@) 1 40 (© 6 ao 14, 1245 is a factor of the numbers p and q. Which of the following will always have 1245 as a factor? Opt px (it) pq [Competency Based Question] {@) only (i) (6) only (and (6) only (i) and (ii) (4) all-@), (i) and (ii) Answers L@ 2. @) 3.0) 4 @) 5.0) 6.) 7.@ 8.0) 9.) 10. (a) 1 12 @) 13.) 14. (b) Each of the following questions are of 1 mark, 1 Sol. ‘What is the HCF of the smallest composite number and the smallest prime number? [CBSE 2018] = = = Tina primes 2 3 ss } States conpatite © 4 +H ree { [The HCP of the Sweatétt prime and _smatlot [opper’s Answer 2018}2. IFHICE (836, 54) = 6, Find LCM (836, 54). [CBSE 2019(80/2/1)} Sol, LOM (336,54) = 88254 % = 336 9 = 3024 % [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019(80/2/1)] 8. ais an odd number b is not divisible by 8 and LCM of a and bis P, what isthe LCM of Sa and 2b? So: aisodd 5 tise ra eaa bee 1,85 5,7 bis not divisible by3 > factors of b can be : 1, 2,4, 5,7 (fa) LOM (a, 6) = P [Given] Factors of 3a = 3(1, 3, 5,75 -) [From @] Factors of 2b = 2(1, 2,4,5, 7, ..) [From ()) LOM (a and 26) = 3 x 2 x LCM (a, 6) = 6P 4, ‘Two positive integers p and q can be expressed as p = a°6° and g = a°b°, a and 6 are prime numbers. What is the LOM of p and q? Sol. LCM (p,q) = a°b* [Highest power of the variables] Each of the following questions are of 2 marks. 1, Explain whether 3 X 12 x 101 + 4 is prime number or a composite number. Sol. We have, 3K I2X 10144 =43% 3x 10141) = 4909 + 1) = 4(910) X 2X 2K 5X 7X 13 isa composite number (Ce Product of more than two prime factors) ‘Check whether 12" can end with the digit 0 for any natural number n. [CBSE 2020(30/5/1)) 3. Find the HCF of 612 and 1314 using prime factorisation. [CBSE 2019(80/5/3)) Sol. 2 | e2 2 | sia 2 | 306 3 | 697 3 | 153 3 | 219 “3 [51 7B 7 612=2x2x3x3x 17 1314 =2x8x3x 73 HOF =2x8x3=184. Sol. Sol. Given that v2 rational, prove that (6 + 343) an irrational number. [CBSE 2018(30/1)] » Givers && ie irraboral Te prove: S80 is jovabonal. Prost Let ut esteme 32 B rable: Su it is ie fonm 2. fonder =) sata favez, 40, HCrG ei] © | siege ihr | as ast ‘Wir shour thet JE is trmedtonas (Sh canct Share tatege) | Fierneh Bot Wwe kww that Eis Tanationat | Te “Hi coptnadicl ovr estumphion Hat SHES ig rational. 5D SAR is imrabinal . pence proved. anh Find the smallest natural number by which 1200 should be multiplied so that the square root of the product is a rational number. We have, 1200 = 4x 3 x 10x 10 SAX BXQKEXDKS SAKE x (2x5) Px Sx 2x 5? ats x BF Hence, the required smallest natural number is 8. Find the value of x, and : in the given factor tree. Can the value of x’ be found without finding the value of ‘y’ and‘? If yes, explain, 2=2x 17 = 34; 9-34 x 2-68 and x= 2% 68= 136 ‘Yes, value of x can be found without finding value of y or z as x= 2X 2X 2X 17 which are prime factors of x Each of the following questions are of 3 marks. 1 Sol. Sol. ‘Write the smallest number which is divisible by bath 306 and 657. Here, to find the required smallest number we will find LCM of 306 and 657. xB? x 17 2 | 306 3 | 657 2 56 78, 3 | 153 3 | 219 'z 351 3 x 3° x 17 X73 = 22838 =e Express the number 0.3178 in the form of rational number = Let x= 0.3178 Then x= 08178178178, ~@ 10x = 8.178178178... i) 10000x = 3178.178178... . ii) (On subtracting (i) from (ii), we get = 317 3175 _ 635 9990 = 3175 > aoa ae 635 03178 = qeo53. Find HCF and LCM of 404 and 96 and verify that HCF x LCM = Product of the two given [CBSE 2018(30/1)) Sol. 4. Find the largest number which on dividing 1251, 9877 and 15628 leaves remainders 1, 2 and 3 respectively. [NCERT Exemplar, CBSE 2019(30/3/1)] Each of the following questions are of 5 marks. 1. Prove that (v2 + V5) is irrational. [CBSE 2020(30/3/1)] Sol. On the contrary, let /2 +5 is rational, ie, (2 +5 = fr where @ and b are co-prime and bed. = Bat ‘Squaring both sides, we have a y a a 5=(§-8) = Sap ep te oe ao yb 2 2vat > v= 22a” 2aSol. Sol. L + Irrational = Rational, which is not possible as Irrational « Rational. This contradicts our assumption, Thus, y2 +5 isan irrational number. Proved Prove that ,/3 isan irrational number. [CBSE 2019(80/3/1)] | sthem, JB tan be A Z as _Spge tobarae G frame | _ —paganecopninnds {HP (e4H} hepa | Taafpt oun atausnsp hounds ibtsop—————— aor Pris tena beconal. ‘Show that there is no positive integer n for which n-1 + s/n +1 is rational. (HOTS) Let there be a positive integer nm for which v= + n+ 1 bea rational number yn-T+fntl= q A. here p,q are integers and q #0 4)Sol. > vnt 1-yn-1 oli) Adding ( and Gi), we get vn-1+Vntl4ynFl—yn 2 968 > ayant 22 > vnel = Vi #1 is rational number as “g57-1is rational. => vin #1 is perfect square of positive integer. wef) Again subtracting (i) from (@, we get Vn-14yn¥1-yn414yn-1 = n= Fe => Va=1 is rational number as oe is rational. > a= T isalso perfect square of positive integer: ®) From (A) and (B) vn +1 and \‘n-1 are perfect squares of positive integer. It contradict the fact that two perfect squares difler at least by 3. Hence, there is no positive integer n for which y/n—1 + yn + 1 is rational. Let a, b, ¢,k be rational numbers such that & is not a perfect cube. (HoTs} If a + bk” + ch™ then prove thata =b =¢ = 0. Given, a+ Uk +k" =0 i) ‘Multiplying both sides by £', we have ak = HES + ch = 0 li) Multiplying () by 6 and (i) by and then subtracting, we have => (ab + BRM + beh®) — (ack + bek®® + c*k) = 0 = GP = ach! + ab- ck = 0 > Bae = 0 and ab-Ck=0 [Since 4 is irrational]> and ab=c'k = Wace and ab = ck = ac) = A [By putting 6° = ac in a6" > wee =0 > @ Ree = 0 3, a BE = 0ore= = es; ee This is impossible as #2" is irrational and & is rational @-RS 20 From other condition ¢ = 0. Substituting ¢ = 0 in b” = ac = 0, we getb = 0 Substituting 6 = Oand ¢ = Oina + bk" + ch?"= 0, we geta = 0 Hence, a Each of the following questions are of 4 marks. Read the following and answer any four questions from (i) to (2). A Mathematics Exhibition is being conducted in your School and one of your friends is making a model of a factor tree. He has some difficulty and asks for your help in completing a quiz for the audience. [CBSE Question Bank] ‘Observe the following factor tree and answer the following: Ze N 5 2783) (#) What will be the value of x? (a) 15005 © 13915 (© 56920 17429 (é#) What will be the value of y? (a 23 m2 ut wi9(iii) What will be the value of :? (a 22 23 ov @19 (i) According to Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic 13915 is a (@ Composite number ()) Prime number (©) Neither prime nor composite (@) Even number (0) The prime factorisation of 13915 is @5x 18x 18? ®5x 1x28? @5xX1 x23 dS x 11? x 13? Sol. (i) From the factor tree it is clear that x= 5X 2783 = 13915 correct, Hence option (b (i) From the factor tree Hence option (¢) is correct. (iii) From the factor tree 253 za a2 Hence option (b () © The given number 13915 is not an even number and have more than two factors. correct, According to fundamental theorem of arithmetic 18915 is a composite number. Hence option (@) is correct. (@) The prime factorisation of 13915 13915 5x 11x 11x28 12788 1 283 [es 2. Read the following and answer any four questions from (i) t0 (2). ‘To enhance the reading skills of grade X students, the school nominates you and two of your friends to set up a class library. There are two sections- section A and section B of grade X. There are 82 students in section A and 36 students in section B. ICBSE Question Bank)Sol. ( What is the minimum number of books you will require for the class library, so that they can be distributed equally among students of Section A or Section B? (@ 144 (0) 128 (©) 288 x2 (ii) If the product of two positive integers is equal to the product of their HCF and LCM is true then, the HCF (32, 36) is @2 4 6 ws (iii) 36 can be expressed as a product of its primes as (a) 2 x 3° @2'xs* @2xs' (a2 x 3° (ie) 7X11 X18 X15 + Iisa (@) Prime number (6) Composite number (©) Neither prime nor composite (d) None of the above (e) If p and q are positive integers such that p = ab and g = a°b, where a, b are prime numbers, then the LCM (p, ) is (@) ab Oat oae Wa ( Minimum number of books required to distribute equally among students of both the sections = LCM(32, 36) 2 | 32,36 2 1618 18.9 LOM (32, 36) Hence option ( 2x 2X8 xXO= 288 correct @ Wis given that Product of two positive integers = HOF x LCM Product of two integers So, HCF = Tc _ 32x36 ie Hence option @) is correct 2| 38 (i) Prime factorisation of 36 is 2 36=2K2K3KS 39 eg 33 Hence option (a) is correct. (@) Given expression is 7X 11 X13 X15 + 15 = 15(7 K LL x 18 4) = 15 x 1002 So, itis composite number. Hence option (b) is correct. () Given p = a6" and g = a%b, where a, b are prime numbers. LCM ofp and q is the highest power of the variables. LOM (p,q) = a°0* Hence option (6) is correct,3. Read the following and answer any four questions from (i) to (v). A seminar is being conducted by an Educational Organisation, where the participants will be educators of different subjects. The number of participants in Hindi, English and Mathematics are 60, 84 and 108 respectively. [CBSE Question Bank] (@ In each room the same number of participants are to be seated and all of them being in the same subject, hence maximum number of participants that can accommodated in each room are (@ 14 Iz O16 18 (é) What is the minimum number of rooms required during the event? (a) 1 © 31 @a4t (@2t (iii) The LOM of 60, 84 and 108is (a) 3780 (0) 3680 (©) 4780 (a) 4680 (jo) The product of HGF and LCM of 60,84 and 108 is (a) 55860 (0) 35360 (©) 45500 (a) 45360 (®) 108 can be expressed as a product of its primes as @ exe 2x 3 @2xs 2x3 Sol. (i) Maximum number of participants that can be accommodated in each room = HGF (60, 84, 108) 60 = 2x 2xX3xX5=2X3X5 2 |60 2 |108 84 52x 2x8x 7S 2x3XT7 _2 | 30 2 [54 108 =2x2x3x3x3=2 x99 bs Wet So, HCF (60, 84, 108) = 2 x 8 55 oo =2x2x3=12 : a8 Hence option (b) is correct. (i) Minimum number of rooms required during the event Sum of all the students _ 60+ 84 +108 © “HCE of participants 12 Hence option (f) is correct. (i) LOM (60, 84, 108)=2x2x3x5x7x9 2 60.84, 108 te 280,42, 54 _8 | 15,21,27 Hence option (a) is correct. mae(@) The product of HCF and LCM of 60, 84 and 108, = HOF x LOM = 12 X 3780 = 45360 Hence option (@) is correct. (@) Prime factorisation of 108 =2LKIKSKSKS a Bonk Hence option (2) is correct. & Objective Type Questions: [1 mark each] 1, Choose and write the correct option in each of the following questions. (@ For some integer a, every odd integer is of the form @2atl 2a @a+l Wa i) the LOM ofp and 18 is $6 and the HGF ofp and 18 is 2 then p is equal to @2 Os @4 @i (i) Which of the following is an irrational number? £2 63 i v3 @ = 0 ©) id) OR On © a0 O36 () 189 + 2 an irrational number? a-9% (@) Yes, because if 9+ YZ a where a and b are integers and b # 0, then /2= » but #2 is an irrational number. So, 9+ VE #5 (Yes, because if 9+ V2 =F, where a and Bare imegers and b # 0, then /2 = ore but 3 is an irrational number. So, 9+ /F + © No, because if 9+ /2 = 4, where a and b are imegers and b 0, then /2 = abet ah ¥2 isan irrational number. So, 9+ (24. Gd) No, because it 9+ /2 =, where a and b are integers and } # 0, then ¥2 = wre but #2 is an irrational number. So, 9+ V4 (@) The LCM of smallest two digit composite number and smallest composite number is ICBSE Sample Question Paper 2020) (@ 12 ws 20 ws 1 Very Short Answer Questions: [1 mark each] 2. Arnay has 40 cm long red and 84 cm long blue ribbon, He cuts each ribbon into pieces such that all pieces are of equal length. What is the length of each piece?3. The LCM of two numbers is 9 times their HCE. The sum of LCM and HGF is 500. Find the HCF of two numbers. [CBSE 2019 (©) (80/1/1)] 4. Write whether ae svelte give ai ran ba ahi TE [CBSE 2018 (C) (80/1)] 5. Find a rational number between v2 and V3. [CBSE 2019(30/4/2)] © Short Answer Questions-I: [2 marks each] 6. Write whether every positive integer can be of the form 4g + 2, where q is an integer. Justify your answer, 7. Can the numbers 4", » being a natural number end with the digit 5? Give reasons. 8. The HCF and LCM of wo numbers are 9 and 360 respectively if one number is 45, find the other number. [CBSE Sample Question Paper 2019) 9. Ona morning walk, three persons step out together and their steps measure 80 cm, 86 em and 40 cm respectively. What is the minimum distance each should walk so that each can cover the same distance in complete steps? [CBSE 201980/3/1)) 10. Show that 7-/5 is irrational number, given that y is irrational number. [CBSE Sample Question Paper 2019) @ Short Answer Questions-IT: [3 marks each] 11. Ifthe HGF (210, 55) is expressible in the form 210 x 5 ~55y, find y. 12, Three bulbs red, green and yellow flash at intervals of 80 seconds, 90 seconds and 110 seconds, All three flash together at 8:00 am, At what time will the three bulbs flash altogether again 18, Find the greatest number that will divide 445, 572 and 699 leaving remainders 4, 5 and 6 respectively 14. Show that 9" cannot end with digit 0 for any n € N. 15. Prove that /2 isan irrational number. 16. Prove that 2 + 58 is an irrational number, given that 73 is an irrational number. [CBSE 201980/2/1)) = Long Answer Questions: [5 marks each] 17. Prove that V5 isan irrational number and hence show that 3+ V5 isalso an irrational number. 18. Show that yp + 7 isan irrational number, where p,q are primes. Answers LO@® wo Git) (a) @) @ © 24cm 3. HCF = 50 4. Rational 5. 1.7, Any rational number between L.41 and 1.73 6. No, because an integer can be written in the form 49, 49 + 1, 4q + 2,49 48 7. No, because 4" 872 9. 360cm 11. 19 12. 10:12. AM 13. 68 (2 x 2)" = 2" x 2", so the only primes in the factorisation of 4" are 2 only, and not 5,Bela Ss SSMS ‘Time allowed: 1 hour Max. marks: 40 SECTION A 1. Choose and write the correct option in the following questions. @x1=3) ( The sum of exponents of prime factors in the prime factorisation of 196 is (ays 4 @s5 @2 (i) The LCM and HGF of two rational numbers are equal then the numbers must be (@) prime (®)composite (6) not equal @ equal (ii) The product ofa non zero rational and an irrational number is INCERT Exemplar] (a) always irrational (0) always rational (©) rational or irrational (@) one 2. Solve the following questions. @x1=2) ( Iftwo positive integers p and q are written asp then find HGF (pq). (i) Given that HGF (135, 225) = 45, find the LOM (135, 225). [CBSE 2020(80/4/1)] SECTION B © Solve the following questions. (@x2=8) 3. What is the least number that is divisible by all the numbers from | to 107 4, Find the sum of 0.68 + 0. 5. Show that 5 + 27 is an irrational number, where ¥7 is given to be an irrational number. 6? and q = ab; a, b are prime numbers [CBSE 2020(80/5/1)] 6. Given that ¥2 is irrational, prove that (5 +372) isan irrational number. [CBSE 2018] Solve the following questions. (4x3 =12) 7. Given that 5 is irrational, prove that 2/5 —3 is an irrational number. [CBSE Sample Question Paper 2021] 8. Find the LOM and HCF of 12, 15 and 21 by applying the prime factorisation method. 9, Find the LOM of x*~4 and x*- 16. 1! Show thal §y3 ie at irrational ornher: 1 Solve the following questions. (x5 =15) 11, 144 cartons of coke cans and 90 cartons of pepsi cans are to be stacked in a canteen. Ifeach stack is of the same height and is to contain carton of same drink. What would be the greatest number ‘of cartons in each stack? 12. 105 donkeys, 140 cows and 175 goats have to be taken across a river. There is only one boat which will have to make many trips in order to do so. The lazy boatman has his own conditions for transporting them. He insists that he will take the same number of animals in every trip and they have to be of the same kind. He will naturally like to tke the largest possible number each limes, find how many animals went in exch trip? 13. Prove that ¥7 isan irrational number. Answers LOH w@@ (a) (@) 2a — (a) 675 3. 2520 4.142 8. LCM=420; HCF=3 9. G2 +.4)6"-4) 11. 18